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Salyha N, Oliynyk I. Hypoxia modeling techniques: A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13238. [PMID: 36718422 PMCID: PMC9877323 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is the main cause and effect of a large number of diseases, including the most recent one facing the world, the coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Hypoxia is divided into short-term, long-term, and periodic, it can be the result of diseases, climate change, or living and traveling in the high mountain regions of the world. Since each type of hypoxia can be a cause and a consequence of various physiological changes, the methods for modeling these hypoxias are also different. There are many techniques for modeling hypoxia under experimental conditions. The most common animal for modeling hypoxia is a rat. Hypoxia models (hypoxia simulations) in rats are a tool to study the effect of various conditions on the oxygen supply of the body. These models can provide a necessary information to understand hypoxia and also provide effective treatment, highlighting the importance of various reactions of the body to hypoxia. The main parameters when choosing a model should be reproducibility and the goal that the scientist wants to achieve. Hypoxia in rats can be reproduced both ways exogenously and endogenously. The reason for writing this review was the aim to systematize the models of rats available in the literature in order to facilitate their selection by scientists. The relative strengths and limitations of each model need to be identified and understood in order to evaluate the information obtained from these models and extrapolate these results to humans to develop the necessary generalizations. Despite these problems, animal models have been and remain vital to understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of hypoxia. The eligibility criteria for the selected studies was a comprehensive review of the methods and results obtained from the studies. This made it possible to make generalizations and give recommendations on the application of these methods. The review will assist scientists in choosing an appropriate hypoxia simulation method, as well as assist in interpreting the results obtained with these methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nataliya Salyha
- Institute of Animal Biology NAAS, Lviv, Ukraine,Corresponding author
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Inhibition effect of PPAR-γ signaling on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation through down-regulation of PAK1/ NF-κB activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108692. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Patel D, Newell M, Goruk S, Richard C, Field CJ. Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Supplementation in the Suckling and the Post-weaning Diet Influences the Immune System Development of T Helper Type-2 Bias Brown Norway Rat Offspring. Front Nutr 2021; 8:769293. [PMID: 34790691 PMCID: PMC8592062 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play an important role in the development of the infant immune system. The role of LCPUFA in the T helper type 2 (Th2) biased immune system is unknown. We aimed to understand the effect of feeding LCPUFA during suckling and post-weaning on immune system development in Th2 bias Brown Norway rat offspring. Methods: Brown Norway dams were randomly assigned to nutritionally adequate maternal diet throughout the suckling period (0–3 weeks), namely, control diet (0% ARA, 0% DHA; n= 8) or ARA + DHA (0.45% ARA, 0.8% DHA; n = 10). At 3 weeks, offspring from each maternal diet group were randomized to either a control (0% ARA, 0% DHA; n = 19) or ARA+DHA post-weaning (0.5% ARA, 0.5% DHA; n = 18) diet. At 8 weeks, offspring were killed, and tissues were collected for immune cell function and fatty acid composition analyses. Results: ARA + DHA maternal diet resulted in higher (p < 0.05) DHA composition in breast milk (4×) without changing ARA levels. This resulted in more mature adaptive immune cells in spleen [T regulatory (Treg) cells and B cells], mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN, lower CD45RA+), and Peyer's patches (PP; higher IgG+, B cells) in the ARA+DHA group offspring at 8 weeks. ARA+DHA post-weaning diet (3–8 weeks) resulted in 2 × higher DHA in splenocyte phospholipids compared to control. This also resulted in higher Th1 cytokines, ~50% higher TNF-α and IFNγ, by PMAi stimulated splenocytes ex vivo, with no differences in Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) compared to controls. Conclusion: Feeding dams a diet higher in DHA during the suckling period resulted in adaptive immune cell maturation in offspring at 8 weeks. Providing ARA and DHA during the post-weaning period in a Th2 biased Brown Norway offspring model may support Th1 biased immune response development, which could be associated with a lower risk of developing atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvesh Patel
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marnie Newell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Enterocytes in Food Hypersensitivity Reactions. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092713. [PMID: 34573679 PMCID: PMC8466009 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Hypersensitivity to food, affecting both animals and humans, is increasing. Until a decade ago, it was thought that enterocytes, the most abundant constituent of the intestinal surface mucosa layer, served only to absorb digested food and prevent foreign and non-digested substances from passing below the intestinal layer. Growing evidence supports the involvement of enterocytes in immunological responses. Here, we present a comprehensive review of the new roles of enterocytes in food hypersensitivity conducted in animal models in order to better understand complicated immune pathological conditions. In addition, resources for further work in this area are suggested, along with a literature overview of the specific roles of enterocytes in maintaining oral tolerance. Lastly, it will be beneficial to investigate the various animal models involved in food hypersensitivity to reach the needed momentum necessary for the complete and profound understanding of the mechanisms of the ever-growing number of food allergies in animal and human populations. Abstract Food hypersensitivity reactions are adverse reactions to harmless dietary substances, whose causes are hidden within derangements of the complex immune machinery of humans and mammals. Until recently, enterocytes were considered as solely absorptive cells providing a physical barrier for unwanted lumen constituents. This review focuses on the enterocytes, which are the hub for innate and adaptive immune reactions. Furthermore, the ambiguous nature of enterocytes is also reflected in the fact that enterocytes can be considered as antigen-presenting cells since they constitutively express major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II molecules. Taken together, it becomes clear that enterocytes have an immense role in maintaining oral tolerance to foreign antigens. In general, the immune system and its mechanisms underlying food hypersensitivity are still unknown and the involvement of components belonging to other anatomical systems, such as enterocytes, in these mechanisms make their elucidation even more difficult. The findings from studies with animal models provide us with valuable information about allergic mechanisms in the animal world, while on the other hand, these models are used to extrapolate results to the pathological conditions occurring in humans. There is a constant need for studies that deal with this topic and can overcome the glitches related to ethics in working with animals.
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Reyes-Pavón D, Cervantes-García D, Bermúdez-Humarán LG, Córdova-Dávalos LE, Quintanar-Stephano A, Jiménez M, Salinas E. Protective Effect of Glycomacropeptide on Food Allergy with Gastrointestinal Manifestations in a Rat Model through Down-Regulation of Type 2 Immune Response. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102942. [PMID: 32992996 PMCID: PMC7601722 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycomacropeptide (GMP) is a bioactive peptide derived from milk κ-casein with immune-modulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Food allergy (FA) is an adverse immune reaction with a broad spectrum of manifestations. Allergen intake induces persistent intestinal inflammation and tissue damage. In this study, the anti-allergic activity of GMP was evaluated using a rat ovalbumin (OVA)-induced FA model with gastrointestinal manifestation. Rats were orally GMP treated from 3 days prior and during FA development. The severity of food anaphylaxis and diarrheal episodes, antibody production and histamine level were measured. Histopathological changes, inflammation and predominant cytokine profile at intestine were analyzed. Oral GMP intake decreased clinical signs and diarrhea severity induced by allergen, with a significant reduction in intestinal edema and expression level of IL-1β and TNF-α. Prophylaxis with GMP also diminished serum anti-OVA IgE and IgG1, and histamine levels. GMP treatment markedly decreased eosinophil infiltration, mast cell and goblet cell hyperplasia, total IgE expression in intestine, and prevented histological changes in villi, crypts and internal muscularis layer. The treatment effectively suppressed IL-5, IL-13 and GATA3 expression and skewed the intestinal cytokine profile toward type 1 and regulatory. These results suggest that GMP may protect against FA through down-regulating the type 2 inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Reyes-Pavón
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
| | - Daniel Cervantes-García
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- National Council of Science and Technology, 03940 Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Laura Elena Córdova-Dávalos
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
| | - Andrés Quintanar-Stephano
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico;
| | - Mariela Jiménez
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (E.S.); Tel.: +52-(449)-910-8424 (E.S.)
| | - Eva Salinas
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Science Center, Autonomous University of Aguascalientes, 20131 Aguascalientes, Mexico; (D.R.-P.); (D.C.-G.); (L.E.C.-D.)
- Correspondence: (M.J.); (E.S.); Tel.: +52-(449)-910-8424 (E.S.)
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Périz M, Pérez-Cano FJ, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Cambras T, Pastor-Soplin S, Best I, Castell M, Massot-Cladera M. Development and Characterization of an Allergic Asthma Rat Model for Interventional Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3841. [PMID: 32481675 PMCID: PMC7312681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Allergic asthma is one of the most common chronic diseases of the airways, however it still remains underdiagnosed and hence undertreated. Therefore, an allergic asthma rat model would be useful to be applied in future therapeutic strategy studies. The aim of the present study was to develop an objective model of allergic asthma in atopic rats that allows the induction and quantification of anaphylactic shock with quantitative variables. Female Brown Norway rats were intraperitoneally sensitized with ovalbumin (OVA), alum and Bordetella pertussis toxin and boosted a week later with OVA in alum. At day 28, all rats received an intranasal challenge with OVA. Anaphylactic response was accurately assessed by changes in motor activity and body temperature. Leukotriene concentration was determined in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and total and IgE anti-OVA antibodies were quantified in blood and BALF samples. The asthmatic animals' motility and body temperature were reduced after the shock for at least 20 h. The asthmatic animals developed anti-OVA IgE antibodies both in BALF and in serum. These results show an effective and relatively rapid model of allergic asthma in female Brown Norway rats that allows the quantification of the anaphylactic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Périz
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Maria J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Trinitat Cambras
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
| | - Santiago Pastor-Soplin
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, 15842 Lima, Peru; (S.P.-S.); (I.B.)
| | - Iván Best
- Programa Cacao, Ingeniería Agroforestal, Facultad de Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Científica del Sur, 15842 Lima, Peru; (S.P.-S.); (I.B.)
- Unidad de Investigación en Nutrición, Salud, Alimentos Funcionales y Nutracéuticos, Universidad San Ignacio de Loyola, 15024 Lima, Peru
| | - Margarida Castell
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Malén Massot-Cladera
- Secció de Fisiologia, Departament de Bioquímica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (M.P.); (F.J.P.-C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (T.C.); (M.M.-C.)
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària (INSA-UB), UB, 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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Graversen KB, Bahl MI, Larsen JM, Ballegaard ASR, Licht TR, Bøgh KL. Short-Term Amoxicillin-Induced Perturbation of the Gut Microbiota Promotes Acute Intestinal Immune Regulation in Brown Norway Rats. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:496. [PMID: 32292395 PMCID: PMC7135894 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal gut microbiota is essential for maintaining host health. Concerns have been raised about the possible connection between antibiotic use, causing microbiota disturbances, and the increase in allergic and autoimmune diseases observed during the last decades. To elucidate the putative connection between antibiotic use and immune regulation, we have assessed the effects of the antibiotic amoxicillin on immune regulation, protein uptake, and bacterial community structure in a Brown Norway rat model. Daily intra-gastric administration of amoxicillin resulted in an immediate and dramatic shift in fecal microbiota, characterized by a reduction of within sample (α) diversity, reduced variation between animals (β diversity), increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes and Gammaproteobacteria, with concurrent reduction of Firmicutes, compared to a water control group. In the small intestine, amoxicillin also affected microbiota composition significantly, but in a different way than observed in feces. The small intestine of control animals was vastly dominated by Lactobacillus, but this genus was much less abundant in the amoxicillin group. Instead, multiple different genera expanded after amoxicillin administration, with high variation between individual animals, thus the small intestinal α and β diversity were higher in the amoxicillin group compared to controls. After 1 week of daily amoxicillin administration, total fecal IgA level, relative abundance of small intestinal regulatory T cells and goblet cell numbers were higher in the amoxicillin group compared to controls. Several bacterial genera, including Escherichia/Shigella, Klebsiella (Gammaproteobacteria), and Bifidobacterium, for which the relative abundance was higher in the small intestine in the amoxicillin group than in controls, were positively correlated with the fraction of small intestinal regulatory T cells. Despite of epidemiologic studies showing an association between early life antibiotic consumption and later prevalence of inflammatory bowel diseases and food allergies, our findings surprisingly indicated that amoxicillin-induced perturbation of the gut microbiota promotes acute immune regulation. We speculate that the observed increase in relative abundance of small intestinal regulatory T cells is partly mediated by immunomodulatory lipopolysaccharides derived from outgrowth of Gammaproteobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Iain Bahl
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jeppe Madura Larsen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Tine Rask Licht
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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Huang J, Liu C, Wang Y, Wang C, Xie M, Qian Y, Fu L. Application of in vitro and in vivo models in the study of food allergy. FOOD SCIENCE AND HUMAN WELLNESS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fshw.2018.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Ladics GS. Assessment of the potential allergenicity of genetically-engineered food crops. J Immunotoxicol 2018; 16:43-53. [PMID: 30409058 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2018.1533904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
An extensive safety assessment process exists for genetically-engineered (GE) crops. The assessment includes an evaluation of the introduced protein as well as the crop containing the protein with the goal of demonstrating the GE crop is "as-safe-as" non-GE crops in the food supply. One of the evaluations for GE crops is to assess the expressed protein for allergenic potential. Currently, no single factor is recognized as a predictor for protein allergenicity. Therefore, a weight-of-the-evidence approach, which accounts for a variety of factors and approaches for an overall assessment of allergenic potential, is conducted. This assessment includes an evaluation of the history of exposure and safety of the gene(s) source; protein structure (e.g. amino acid sequence identity to human allergens); stability of the protein to pepsin digestion in vitro; heat stability of the protein; glycosylation status; and when appropriate, specific IgE binding studies with sera from relevant clinically allergic subjects. Since GE crops were first commercialized over 20 years ago, there is no proof that the introduced novel protein(s) in any commercialized GE food crop has caused food allergy.
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Karpova YD, Lyupina YV, Alabedal’karim NM, Legach EI, Bozhok GA, Sharova NP. Changes in the Content of Mononuclear Liver Cells Expressing Immune Proteasomes after Transplantation of Ovarian Tissues Depending on Donor–Recipient Differences in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2018; 165:772-776. [DOI: 10.1007/s10517-018-4263-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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A comparative study between outbred and inbred rat strains for the use in in vivo IPV potency testing. Vaccine 2018; 36:2917-2920. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Zhu Q, Li F, Wang J, Ma J, Sheng X. Upregulation of calprotectin in mild IgE-mediated ovalbumin hypersensitivity. Oncotarget 2018; 8:37342-37354. [PMID: 28454097 PMCID: PMC5514913 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Calprotectin, also known as S100A8/A9, has been linked to gut inflammation caused by IgE-mediated food hypersensitivities, but the pathophysiologic abnormalities it causes remain to be determined. We created a mild food hypersensitivity model through oral gavage of ovalbumin in Norway brown rats without using immune adjuvant. Changes in the levels of calprotectin and inflammation-associated cytokines were then observed over time. We found that fecal calprotectin as well as jejunal and liver TLR4, TNF-α, NF-κB, IL-1β, and IL-6 were upregulated in hypersensitive rats. Additionally, the influence of calprotectin on CD4+ T and dendritic cells was observed by co-culturing CD4+ T cells with dendritic cells, which revealed a shift toward increased Th2 T cells in calprotectin-treated cultures. These results suggest that calprotectin, along with other inflammatory factors, promotes the inflammation seen in mild food allergy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Li
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Junli Wang
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingqiu Ma
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyang Sheng
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 200092, Shanghai, China
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Zhu QL, Li F, Wang JL, Ma JQ, Sheng XY. [Establishment of a rat model of oral food allergy]. ZHONGGUO DANG DAI ER KE ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY PEDIATRICS 2016; 18:757-761. [PMID: 27530796 PMCID: PMC7399526 DOI: 10.7499/j.issn.1008-8830.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To establish a food allergy model in Brown Norway (BN) rats by gavage of ovalbumin (OVA) without any adjuvant, and to evaluate this model. METHODS A total of 20 male BN rats aged 3 weeks were randomly divided into allergy group and control group (n=10 each). BN rats in the allergy group were given OVA 1 mg per day by gavage, and all the rats were treated for 41 days continuously. On day 42, the rats in the allergy group were given OVA 100 mg by gavage for challenge. The rats in the control group were given normal saline of the same volume by gavage. Differences in body length, body weight, and food intake were compared between the two groups on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. ELISA was used to measure the serum OVA-IgE level and plasma histamine level after challenge on day 42, and the changes in rats' appearance and fecal properties were observed. The model of food allergy was considered successful when the serum OVA-IgE level in the allergy group was no less than the mean serum OVA-IgE level + 3 standard deviation in the control group. RESULTS There were no significant differences in body length, body weight or food intake between the allergy and control groups at all time points (P>0.05). On day 21, the control group had a significantly higher food intake than the allergy group (P<0.05). On day 42 after challenge, the allergy group showed significantly higher serum OVA-IgE and plasma histamine levels than the control group (P<0.05). The sensitization rate (rate of successful modeling) was 90%. The fecal properties showed no significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS OVA by gavage without any adjuvant can successfully establish the model of food allergy in BN rats and has a high success rate. Food allergy induced by OVA may reduce food intake within a short period of time, but no influence on rats' body length or body weight has been observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Ling Zhu
- Department of Child and Adolescent Healthcare, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine/Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Abril-Gil M, Garcia-Just A, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À, Castell M. Development and characterization of an effective food allergy model in Brown Norway rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0125314. [PMID: 25923134 PMCID: PMC4414460 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0125314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy (FA) is an adverse health effect produced by the exposure to a given food. Currently, there is no optimal animal model of FA for the screening of immunotherapies or for testing the allergenicity of new foods. OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study was to develop an effective and rapid model of FA in Brown Norway rats. In order to establish biomarkers of FA in rat, we compared the immune response and the anaphylactic shock obtained in this model with those achieved with only intraperitoneal immunization. METHODS Rats received an intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) with alum and toxin from Bordetella pertussis, and 14 days later, OVA by oral route daily for three weeks (FA group). A group of rats receiving only the i.p. injection (IP group) were also tested. Serum anti-OVA IgE, IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b and IgA antibodies were quantified throughout the study. After an oral challenge, body temperature, intestinal permeability, motor activity, and mast cell protease II (RMCP-II) levels were determined. At the end of the study, anti-OVA intestinal IgA, spleen cytokine production, lymphocyte composition of Peyer's patches and mesenteric lymph nodes, and gene expression in the small intestine were quantified. RESULTS Serum OVA-specific IgG1, IgG2a and IgG2b concentrations rose with the i.p. immunization but were highly augmented after the oral OVA administration. Anti-OVA IgE increased twofold during the first week of oral OVA gavage. The anaphylaxis in both IP and FA groups decreased body temperature and motor activity, whereas intestinal permeability increased. Interestingly, the FA group showed a much higher RMCP II serum protein and intestinal mRNA expression. CONCLUSIONS These results show both an effective and relatively rapid model of FA assessed by means of specific antibody titres and the high production of RMCP-II and its intestinal gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mar Abril-Gil
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alba Garcia-Just
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àngels Franch
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Institut de Recerca en Nutrició i Seguretat Alimentària, Universitat de Barcelona (INSA-UB), Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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16
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Ladics GS, Fry J, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K, Madsen CB, Penninks A, Pomés A, Roggen EL, Smit J, Wal JM. Allergic sensitization: screening methods. Clin Transl Allergy 2014; 4:13. [PMID: 24739743 PMCID: PMC3990213 DOI: 10.1186/2045-7022-4-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental in silico, in vitro, and rodent models for screening and predicting protein sensitizing potential are discussed, including whether there is evidence of new sensitizations and allergies since the introduction of genetically modified crops in 1996, the importance of linear versus conformational epitopes, and protein families that become allergens. Some common challenges for predicting protein sensitization are addressed: (a) exposure routes; (b) frequency and dose of exposure; (c) dose-response relationships; (d) role of digestion, food processing, and the food matrix; (e) role of infection; (f) role of the gut microbiota; (g) influence of the structure and physicochemical properties of the protein; and (h) the genetic background and physiology of consumers. The consensus view is that sensitization screening models are not yet validated to definitively predict the de novo sensitizing potential of a novel protein. However, they would be extremely useful in the discovery and research phases of understanding the mechanisms of food allergy development, and may prove fruitful to provide information regarding potential allergenicity risk assessment of future products on a case by case basis. These data and findings were presented at a 2012 international symposium in Prague organized by the Protein Allergenicity Technical Committee of the International Life Sciences Institute's Health and Environmental Sciences Institute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Ladics
- DuPont Pioneer Agricultural Biotechnology, DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19880-0400, USA
| | - Jeremy Fry
- ProImmune Limited, The Magdalen Centre, The Oxford Science Park, Robert Robinson Avenue, Oxford OX4 4GA, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Goodman
- Department of Food Science & Technology, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, 143 Food Industry Complex, Lincoln, Nebraska, USA
| | | | - Karin Hoffmann-Sommergruber
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Charlotte B Madsen
- Department of Toxicology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, 19, Mørkhøj Bygade, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark
| | - André Penninks
- TNO Triskelion BV, Utrechtseweg 48, 3700 AV Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Anna Pomés
- Indoor Biotechnologies, Inc, 1216 Harris Street, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Erwin L Roggen
- Novozymes AS and 3Rs Management and Consultancy, Krogshoejvej 36, 2880 Bagsvaerd, Denmark
| | - Joost Smit
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 104, 3508 TD Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jean-Michel Wal
- AgroParisTech, Department SVS, 16 rue Claude Bernard, F-75231, Paris Cedex 05, France
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Dhanasekaran S, Nemmar A, Aburawi EH, Kazzam EE, Abdulle A, Bellou M, Bellou A. Glyburide, a K+ATP channel blocker, improves hypotension and survival in anaphylactic shock induced in Wistar rats sensitized to ovalbumin. Eur J Pharmacol 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Van Gramberg JL, de Veer MJ, O'Hehir RE, Meeusen ENT, Bischof RJ. Use of animal models to investigate major allergens associated with food allergy. J Allergy (Cairo) 2013; 2013:635695. [PMID: 23690797 PMCID: PMC3649177 DOI: 10.1155/2013/635695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy is an emerging epidemic that affects all age groups, with the highest prevalence rates being reported amongst Western countries such as the United States (US), United Kingdom (UK), and Australia. The development of animal models to test various food allergies has been beneficial in allowing more rapid and extensive investigations into the mechanisms involved in the allergic pathway, such as predicting possible triggers as well as the testing of novel treatments for food allergy. Traditionally, small animal models have been used to characterise immunological pathways, providing the foundation for the development of numerous allergy models. Larger animals also merit consideration as models for food allergy as they are thought to more closely reflect the human allergic state due to their physiology and outbred nature. This paper will discuss the use of animal models for the investigation of the major food allergens; cow's milk, hen's egg, and peanut/other tree nuts, highlight the distinguishing features of each of these models, and provide an overview of how the results from these trials have improved our understanding of these specific allergens and food allergy in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna L. Van Gramberg
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Michael J. de Veer
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robyn E. O'Hehir
- Department of Allergy, Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Alfred Hospital and Monash University, Prahran, VIC 3181, Australia
| | - Els N. T. Meeusen
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Robert J. Bischof
- Biotechnology Research Laboratories, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
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Sun N, Zhou C, Pu Q, Wang J, Huang K, Che H. Allergic reactions compared between BN and Wistar rats after oral exposure to ovalbumin. J Immunotoxicol 2012; 10:67-74. [PMID: 23110332 DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2012.693546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
There is currently no validated animal model for evaluating the potential allergenicity of food proteins. This study aimed to compare the allergic reactions between BN and Wistar rats after oral exposure to ovalbumin (OVA) by studying immune responses and clinical manifestations. Female BN and Wistar rats were orally exposed to OVA on days 1 and 14, and thereafter daily from day 15 to day 42. Sera and plasma were screened for OVA-specific antibodies and histamine. On day 49, all the OVA-sensitized animals were orally challenged with OVA before blood pressure was measured. One day later (on day 50), histopathology and differential cell counts were performed. The results indicate that oral exposure of BN rats to OVA yielded IgE, IgG, and IgG(2a) antibody responses that were generally of higher levels than those observed in Wistar rats (p < 0.05). However, the Wistar rats presented with more serious clinical manifestations and histopathologic changes that could have serious implications for any OVA-induced anaphylaxis. The studies here proved that OVA-sensitized BN and Wistar rats evinced different immune responses and clinical manifestations; these outcomes suggested that the two rat strains might differ in their immunologic mechanisms of allergy and that there was no correlation between immune responses and the severity of clinical symptoms. To be clear, the data from these studies should be viewed as 'preliminary', as only a single protein allergen was examined. Accordingly, further studies are needed to compare the allergic reactions between BN and Wistar rats by using purified strong-, weak-, and non-allergenic proteins based on the experiments reported here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Sun
- College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, PR China
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20
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Guibas GV, Makris M, Spandou E, Priftis KN. Exposure of immunologically naive laboratory rodents to antigen via the airways. Where does tolerance stop and sensitization begin? Clin Exp Allergy 2012; 42:1552-65. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2012.03974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - M. Makris
- Allergy Unit; 2nd Department of dermatology and Venereology; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
| | - E. Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology; Medical School; Aristotle University of Thessaloniki; Thessaloniki; Greece
| | - K. N. Priftis
- 3rd Department of Pediatrics; Medical School; “Attikon” General University Hospital; Athens; Greece
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21
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Potential allergenicity research of Cry1C protein from genetically modified rice. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2012; 63:181-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2012.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ikejiri A, Ito Y, Naito S, Takada K. Two-and Three-Layered Dissolving Microneedles for Transcutaneous Delivery of Model Vaccine Antigen in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.4236/jbnb.2012.33030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Kroghsbo S, Bøgh KL, Rigby NM, Mills ENC, Rogers A, Madsen CB. Sensitization with 7S globulins from peanut, hazelnut, soy or pea induces IgE with different biological activities which are modified by soy tolerance. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2011; 155:212-24. [PMID: 21282960 DOI: 10.1159/000321200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is not known why some foods sensitizing via the gastrointestinal tract are prevalent allergenic foods and others are not. Eating habits, processing, and the food matrix have been suggested to influence the allergenicity of a given food. Factors related to protein structure, such as stability to digestion, have also been suggested. 7S globulins from peanut, hazelnut, soy, and pea were studied to determine whether related proteins would induce a similar sensitization when removed from their 'normal' matrix. METHODS Brown Norway rats (soy tolerant or nontolerant) were immunized i.p. 3 times with 100 μg purified peanut, hazelnut, soy, or pea 7S without adjuvant. Sera were analyzed for specific antibodies by different ELISAs (IgG1, IgG2a, and IgE), inhibition ELISA, and rat basophilic leukemia cell assay. RESULTS The 4 related 7S globulins induced a response with an almost identical level of specific antibodies, but peanut 7S induced IgE of higher avidity than hazelnut and pea 7S which, again, had a higher avidity than IgE induced by soy 7S. Soy tolerance reduced the functionality of IgE without influencing antibody titers. CONCLUSIONS Although the 4 7S globulins are structurally related allergens, they induce antibodies with different antigen-binding characteristics. Peanut 7S induces IgE of a higher avidity than hazelnut and pea 7S which, again, has a higher avidity than IgE induced by soy 7S. We also show that soy tolerance influences the function of antibodies to peanut 7S. These findings may help explain how antibodies of different clinical significances can develop in different individuals sensitized to the same allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Kroghsbo
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Søborg, Denmark.
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Ahuja V, Quatchadze M, Ahuja V, Stelter D, Albrecht A, Stahlmann R. Evaluation of biotechnology-derived novel proteins for the risk of food-allergic potential: advances in the development of animal models and future challenges. Arch Toxicol 2010; 84:909-17. [PMID: 20842347 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-010-0582-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Increasing concern from the public about the safety of genetically modified food has made critical to have suitable methods for recognizing associated potential hazards. Hierarchical approaches to allergenicity determination were proposed, and these include evaluation of the structural and sequence homology and serological identity of novel proteins with existing allergens, measuring the resistance to proteolytic digestion and assessment of sensitizing potential using animal models. Allergic individuals have a predisposed (i.e. atopic) genetic background, and a close resemblance to this setup is therefore desirable in animal models, which is possible by using a strain of an animal species that is prone for allergic disorders. So far, none of the animal model has been validated for the purpose of hazard identification in the context of safety assessment. However, the available knowledge suggests that the judicious use of an appropriate animal model could provide important information about the allergic potential of novel proteins. This paper provides an up-to-date review of the progress made in the field of development of in vivo models in this direction and the further goals that have to be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Ahuja
- In Vivo Pharmacology and Toxicology, BSL Bioservice Scientific Laboratories GmbH, Behringstr. 6/8, Planegg/Munich, 82152, Germany.
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25
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Scientific Opinion on the assessment of allergenicity of GM plants and microorganisms and derived food and feed. EFSA J 2010. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Ladics G, Knippels L, Penninks A, Bannon G, Goodman R, Herouet-Guicheney C. Review of animal models designed to predict the potential allergenicity of novel proteins in genetically modified crops. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2010; 56:212-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Traver E, Torres R, de Mora F, Vergara P. Mucosal mast cells mediate motor response induced by chronic oral exposure to ovalbumin in the rat gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2010; 22:e34-43. [PMID: 19682267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2009.01377.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that oral chronic exposure to ovalbumin (OVA) causes intestinal hypermotility in Sprague-Dawley rats. In this study, the objective was to determine the mechanism of action of OVA and the role of mucosal mast cells in the regulation of motor activity in this model. Rats were orally exposed to OVA during 6 weeks. Intestinal mucosal mast cells (IMMCs) were counted and rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII) measured in duodenum, jejunum, ileum and colon. Anti-OVA IgE, IgG, and IL-4 were measured in serum. Eosinophils and IgE(+) cells were counted in jejunum. In an additional study rats were treated with the mast cell stabilizer ketotifen and mast cell number, RMCPII concentration and motor activity in vitro were evaluated. OVA exposed rats showed an increase in mucosal mast cell number and in RMCPII content in small intestine and colon. However, variables of a Th(2) type response were not affected by exposure to OVA: (i) neither OVA specific IgE nor IgG were found; (ii) IL-4 did not increase and, (iii) the number of eosinophils and IgE(+) cells was identical in the exposed and unexposed groups. These results brought us to hypothesize a possible non-Ig-mediated action of OVA on mast cells. Ketotifen significantly diminished the response to OVA: Ketotifen reduced the number of mast cells and the RMCPII content and blocked increased intestinal contractility. In addition ketotifen modified motor response in both OVA exposed and unexposed animals giving evidence of the importance of mast cells in intestine motor activity driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Traver
- Department of Cell Biology, Immunology and Physiology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
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28
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW In this review we will focus on recent advances in the role of mast cells in the pathophysiology of insect allergy and the possible mechanisms of mast cell activation in anaphylaxis. RECENT FINDINGS Anaphylactic reactions in the mouse can be induced by several independent pathways involving immunoglobulin E, immunoglobulin free light chains, or immunoglobulin G. There is considerable evidence that mast cells play a central role in anaphylactic reactions to insect stings. Mast cells can be directly activated by components of insect venom or after allergic sensitization. Of interest is the observation that mast cells are not only effector cells in insect allergy, but may also play a protective role in preventing the development of severe anaphylactic responses or by controlling inflammatory reactions by modulation of antigen-specific T-cell responses. SUMMARY The contribution of mast cells in anaphylactic responses to insect venom may be heterogeneous. On the one hand, activation of mast cells contributes to the pathology by the release of bioactive and tissue-damaging mediators. However, mast cell activation may neutralize constituents in insect venom and defend against the adverse effects of these toxins or they may modulate inflammation through downregulation of antigen-specific immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Nauta
- Numico Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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de Jonge JD, Ezendam J, Knippels LMJ, Odink J, Pourier MS, Penninks AH, Pieters R, van Loveren H. Bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO) decreases the food allergic response against peanut and ovalbumin in Brown Norway rats. Toxicology 2007; 239:68-76. [PMID: 17669578 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.06.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2007] [Revised: 06/19/2007] [Accepted: 06/19/2007] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Other factors than the allergen itself may be of importance in the development of food allergy. This report describes the influence of the immunosuppressive compound bis(tributyltin)oxide (TBTO), present in the food chain, on the development of food allergy to peanut or ovalbumin in Brown Norway (BN) rats. To study these effects BN rats were sensitized to either 1 or 10mg peanut or ovalbumin by daily oral gavage and the TBTO-groups were fed a diet containing 80 mg TBTO per kg diet. Co-exposure to TBTO not only resulted in decreased general immunologic parameters such as weights of mesenteric lymph nodes and Peyer's patches, lymphocyte proliferation rates in splenocytes, but also on allergic parameters. In the peanut allergen-model TBTO decreased allergen-specific Th2 cytokine production by spleen cells, number of eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes in the blood and production of mast cell protease II after oral food challenge. In the ovalbumin allergen-model TBTO decreased the number of eosinophilic and basophilic granulocytes, allergen-specific IgE and production of mast cell protease II after oral food challenge. The data imply that in the process of risk assessment of food allergy attention should be given to immunomodulating compounds present in the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- University Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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de Jonge JD, Knippels LMJ, Ezendam J, Odink J, Penninks AH, van Loveren H. The importance of dietary control in the development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway rats. Methods 2007; 41:99-111. [PMID: 17161306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2006.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This report describes the further development of a peanut allergy model in Brown Norway (BN) rats and in particular the importance of allergen-free breeding of the laboratory animals for the allergen to be used. For this purpose BN rats were bred for 3 generations on soy- and peanut-free feed since it is known that the legumes peanut and soy are cross-reactive. In addition, the effect of cholera toxin (CT), an oral adjuvant often used to increase the sensitivity of food allergy models, was investigated in the BN rat model. BN rats that were bred on both soy- and peanut-free feed could be sensitized orally to peanut (all exposed rats developed peanut-specific IgE, IgG2a and IgG1) and the adjuvant CT could only enhance this sensitization to a limited extent. We also found different protein recognition patterns against purified peanut allergens (Ara h1, Ara h2 and Ara h3) between intraperitoneally (i.p.) and orally sensitized BN rats. Orally sensitized rats recognized all tested allergens whereas i.p. sensitized rats only recognized Ara h1 and Ara h2. Our conclusion is that a model for food allergy should preferably be (A) oral and (B) if possible without the use of adjuvantia. Our model in BN rats unites these preferred characteristics. In addition, we show the importance of dietary control when conducting oral sensitization studies. Special attention must be paid to unscheduled dietary pre-exposure of the animals to the protein under investigation to obtain optimal oral sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D de Jonge
- University Maastricht, Department of Health Risk Analysis and Toxicology, Universiteitssingel 50, Postbus 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Mine Y, Yang M. Epitope characterization of ovalbumin in BALB/c mice using different entry routes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2006; 1774:200-12. [PMID: 17236828 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2006.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2006] [Revised: 12/04/2006] [Accepted: 12/05/2006] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ovalbumin (OVA) is known as a major allergen in egg white. A number of studies have reported the partial T and B cell epitope mapping of OVA using murine models and allergic patients' sera. Recently, we have reported the IgE-binding regions of the entire OVA molecule using egg allergic patients' sera. However, the entire epitope mapping of OVA in a murine model has not been completed yet. In the present study, BALB/c mice were administered a solution of OVA using three different entry routes (oral, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous) with their respective adjuvant (cholera toxin, aluminum hydroxide and Freund's adjuvant). Two nitrocellulose membranes containing 188 overlapping synthetic peptides (with a length of 12 amino acids and an offset of two amino acids) covering the primary sequence of OVA, were probed with the three different BALB/c mice antisera. Antisera obtained from orally challenged mice identified eight IgE epitope regions, i.e. I53D60; V77R84; S103E108; G127T136; E275V280; G301F306; I323A332 and A375S384, while sera raised by intraperitoneal and subcutaneous injections exhibited two (K55D60 and K277L282) and five (K55R58; G127T136; K279L282; T303S308 and I323A332) IgE binding sequences, respectively. The residues critical for the epitope-paratope interactions were finely characterized using the oral immunization serum. Analysis of IgE binding epitopes in mice provides us with potential strategies for design of specific immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Mine
- Department of Food Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
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Untersmayr E, Jensen-Jarolim E. Mechanisms of type I food allergy. Pharmacol Ther 2006; 112:787-98. [PMID: 16876254 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2006.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2006] [Accepted: 06/02/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The gastrointestinal tract represents the biggest immune organ of the human body and has 3 distinct functions: (1) barrier and defense against potential pathogens, (2) ignorance or tolerance of innocuous agents, and (3) digestion and nutritional uptake of alimentary compounds. Recent studies have indicated that especially structural features of dietary proteins seem to be a precondition for the induction of immediate type immune responses. Crystallographic studies of allergen molecules have been fundamental for epitope studies in a 3-dimensional format using peptides or mimotopes. The identified IgE epitopes were all conformational and responsible for high-affinity interactions with specific IgE. Moreover, numerous studies have indicated that allergens, among them food allergens, preferentially form di-, tri-, or multimers, thus leading to a repetitive display of epitopes. As B-lymphocytes are pattern recognizers, this feature is essential for a memory response, but may also be critical for the very first allergen contact and initiation of the IgE response. Here we review the key candidate cells in the gut, which are capable of recognizing conformation and molecular patterns, but may also be involved in skewing the immune response towards Th2. Animal models have been basic for understanding the molecular principles of food allergy and they will be increasingly indispensable for the definition of novel vaccination strategies. Therefore, the available models are critically analyzed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Untersmayr
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Medical University Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, E3Q, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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Matsuda T, Matsubara T, Hino S. Immunogenic and allergenic potentials of natural and recombinant innocuous proteins. J Biosci Bioeng 2006; 101:203-11. [PMID: 16716919 DOI: 10.1263/jbb.101.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A new aspect of protein immunogenic and allergenic properties has become important recently, when there is a higher chance that our immune system will be exposed to novel protein antigens and/or familiar protein antigens with an unprecedented high frequency and large amount. These proteins are innocuous, nontoxic, and noninvasive by themselves, and include various natural proteins from the environment and recombinant proteins from industry. The technical term allergenic has been used for such proteins and their abilities to induce specific IgE production and to cross-link IgE/Fc epsilonRI on the surface of mast cells and basophiles have been recognized. As for the environmental proteins, some physicochemical properties (solubility, stability, and permeability across a mucosal epithelium) of the proteins indirectly play important roles in their allergenic potential because they do not originate from invasive pathogens as vehicles. Indeed, several lines of experimental evidences have been accumulated indicating that all proteins are absorbed across mucosal epithelia by transcellular transport and/or through interstitial spaces among the epithelial cells but not at equal levels. Some animal models have been established for natural sensitization to some allergenic proteins by feeding or intragastric administration without an adjuvant and, in a few cases, some symptoms resembling human allergy and even anaphylaxis have been induced by oral challenge with the proteins. Sometimes, even to self-proteins, the immunogenic or allergenic potential is given by post-translational modifications and possibly by unknown structural/conformational alterations, when they are exogenous self-proteins, such as recombinant human proteins for drug use. Despite the accumulation of knowledge and the progress in analytical technology on protein allergenicity, it is still crucial to predict the allergenic potential of novel and unused proteins. However, some animal models are applicable for assessing the relative allergenic potential of processed proteins in comparison with that of native proteins in preclinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsukasa Matsuda
- Department of Applied Molecular Biosciences, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Chikusa, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan.
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Cheeseman JH, Kaiser MG, Lamont SJ. Genetic line effect on peripheral blood leukocyte cell surface marker expression in chickens. Poult Sci 2004; 83:911-6. [PMID: 15206617 DOI: 10.1093/ps/83.6.911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To determine the role of genetics in baseline lymphocyte parameters, several distinct lines of chickens were examined for differences in peripheral blood leukocyte (PBL) populations. Four highly inbred chicken lines (MHC congenic Fayoumi lines M15.2 and M5.1, and MHC congenic Leghorn lines G-B1 and G-B2), two advanced intercrosses [F5 (Broiler x G-B2) and F5 (Broiler x M15.2)], and an outbred population of broilers were used. Leukocytes isolated from healthy adult birds were labeled with monoclonal antibodies: chCD3, chCD4, chCD8, chBu-1, and hCD14. Flow cytometry was used to determine the total percentage of positively labeled cells for each surface marker in a sample, as well as the mean fluorescent intensity, or surface marker density, of a labeled subset. Significant line differences for percentage positive CD3 T cells and the ratio of B cells:T cells (represented by the Bu-1:CD3 ratio) were found. The effect of line was also significant for CD3 and CD8 T cell receptor density. Effects of sex and MHC on PBL cell surface marker expression were not significant in the lines examined. This study demonstrates the effect of genetic line on resting leukocyte composition of peripheral blood in the chicken lines examined. Observed PBL differences add to our growing knowledge of the varied roles that immune system status (defined by specific cell populations) and genetic background have in determining susceptibility and disease progression in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Cheeseman
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011-3150, USA
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Pilegaard K, Madsen C. An oral Brown Norway rat model for food allergy: comparison of age, sex, dosing volume, and allergen preparation. Toxicology 2004; 196:247-57. [PMID: 15036751 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2003.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the presented experiments was to study the possibility of using the Brown Norway rat as a model for food allergy in our laboratory. Specific serum IgE against ovalbumin (OVA) was induced after dosing male and female Brown Norway rats daily by gavage for 35 days. The influence of various preparations of allergen: OVA grade II, OVA grade V, and fresh egg white, age (4 versus 8 weeks), dosing volumes, and animal suppliers was studied. A general finding was that females had statistically significantly higher specific IgE and IgG titres and number of responders than males. Egg white preparation, age, dosing volume, and animal supplier did not statistically significantly influence the median IgE and IgG titres and number of responders. The difference between immune responses in males and females could not be attributed to variations in daily intake of OVA or exposure via the lung. In our hands, the oral Brown rat food allergy model gives rise to a moderate number of IgE responders, 13-38 and 38-75% in males and females, respectively. For further experiments with this model in our laboratory, females seem the sex of choice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Pilegaard
- Institute of Food Safety and Nutrition, Danish Veterinary and Food Administration, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Dearman RJ, Stone S, Caddick HT, Basketter DA, Kimber I. Evaluation of protein allergenic potential in mice: dose-response analyses. Clin Exp Allergy 2003; 33:1586-94. [PMID: 14616873 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2222.2003.01793.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the increasing interest in novel foods derived from transgenic crop plants, there is a growing need for the development of approaches for the characterization of the allergenic potential of proteins. Whereas immunogenicity is a common property of foreign proteins, including food proteins, relatively few are significant dietary allergens with the inherent capacity to provoke IgE antibody production and immediate-type hypersensitivity responses. OBJECTIVE In order to evaluate an approach for the measurement of the allergenic potential of proteins, detailed dose-response analyses of humoral immune responses induced following systemic exposure of BALB/c strain mice to proteins known to differ in terms of sensitizing activity have been conducted. RESULTS Mice were exposed to a range of concentrations of ovalbumin, a major allergenic constituent of hen's egg, a purified peanut allergen, Arachis hypogea agglutinin, or to the milk allergen bovine serum albumin, and to materials considered to lack significant allergenicity: a crude potato protein extract and a purified potato protein, potato agglutinin. The specific IgE antibody was measured by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis assay, and the specific IgG antibody was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Each of the five proteins was immunogenic in mice, inducing IgG antibody responses at all doses tested, although there was some variation with respect to the vigour of IgG responses. Marked differences in the capacity of these proteins to induce IgE responses were observed, however, with relatively high-titre IgE antibody provoked by all three allergens over the dose ranges examined, whereas the potato proteins stimulated low-titre IgE antibody at the highest dose (10%) only. Importantly, differences in IgE antibody production have been observed against a background of equivalent immunogenicity (IgG antibody responses). CONCLUSION The data presented here suggest that the measurement of antibody (IgE) responses in BALB/c mice appears to identify allergens accurately and to distinguish them from those materials that apparently lack allergenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, UK.
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Abstract
The development of novel foods, including foods derived from genetically modified plants, has generated considerable interest in the design and application of appropriate safety assurance measures. A specific focus of attention has been on allergenicity, and in particular the need to determine whether the products of novel genes introduced into food plants have the potential to cause allergic sensitisation. Among the approaches applied currently are considerations of whether a new protein has structural, sequence and/or antigenic similarities with known food allergens, and whether or not it displays resistance to digestion within a simulated gastric fluid, or by pepsin. Although such data are useful in an overall hazard assessment, they are neither individually, nor collectively, able to provide a direct evaluation of inherent sensitising potential. For this reason there is a need to develop and apply appropriate animal models that will offer a more holistic view of sensitising activity. Several methods have been suggested, but as yet none has been evaluated fully or validated. Nevertheless, significant progress has been made and in this article an experimental approach using BALB/c strain mice in which animals are exposed to the test protein via systemic (intraperitoneal, or in certain circumstances, intradermal) administration is described. Inherent sensitising potential is measured as a function of induced IgE antibody responses. Experience to date is encouraging and the data available reveal that this method is able to distinguish between proteins of different allergenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, Macclesfield, UK.
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Singh P, Daniels M, Winsett DW, Richards J, Doerfler D, Hatch G, Adler KB, Gilmour MI. Phenotypic comparison of allergic airway responses to house dust mite in three rat strains. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2003; 284:L588-98. [PMID: 12618421 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00287.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Brown Norway (BN) rats develop a robust response to antigens in the lung, characterized by a large increase in allergen-specific immune function and pulmonary eosinophilia. The objective of this study was to investigate alternative models by determining whether other rat strains could be sensitized to house dust mite (HDM) antigen and whether the allergic disease process could be worsened with repeated allergen exposure. In general, BN rats sensitized by either subcutaneous or intratracheal routes exhibited increased pulmonary allergy compared with Sprague-Dawley (SD) and Lewis (L) rats. Multiple intratracheal allergen exposures incrementally increased HDM-specific immune function in BN rats but progressively decreased eosinophil recruitment and markers of lung injury. SD rats had more moderate responses, whereas L rats were relatively unresponsive. Because BN rats developed stronger clinical hallmarks of allergic asthma under various immunization regimes compared with SD and L rats, we conclude that the BN is the most appropriate strain for studying allergic asthma-like responses in rats. Phenotypic differences in response to HDM were associated with differences in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance and antioxidant capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramila Singh
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh 27606, USA
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Teshima R, Watanabe T, Okunuki H, Isuzugawa K, Akiyama H, Onodera H, Imai T, Toyoda M, Sawada JI. Effect of subchronic feeding of genetically modified corn (CBH351) on immune system in BN rats and B10A mice. SHOKUHIN EISEIGAKU ZASSHI. JOURNAL OF THE FOOD HYGIENIC SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2002; 43:273-9. [PMID: 12607925 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.43.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Subchronic animal feeding studies to examine the effect on the immune system of genetically modified corn CBH351, which contains the Cry9C protein derived from Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies tolworthi, were conducted in female BN rats and B10A mice. The studies were designed to compare the effect of a line of genetically modified corn CBH351 (GM corn) with that of isoline corn (non-GM corn). Heat-treated corn meal was incorporated into the diets of the rats and mice at a concentration of 50%. The study duration was 13 weeks. Growth, food intake, and organ weights of the thymus, spleen, and liver were compared between animals fed the non-GM and GM lines. The histological findings in thymus, spleen, mesenteric lymph nodes, Peyer's patches, small intestines, liver, kidney, and bone marrow, and the presence of Cry9C-specific IgE, IgG, IgG1 and IgA antibodies in serum were also compared. The results showed no significant differences in growth, feeding value, or the histological findings in immunity-related organs between the animals fed the GM and non-GM lines. Production of Cry9 C-specific IgE and IgA was not detected in the serum of either group. Production of Cry9C-specific IgG and IgG1 was slightly increased in the 50% GM groups of BN rats. No Cry9C-specific IgG or IgG1 was detected in the serum of BN rats fed the diet containing 5% GM-corn In conclusion, no immunotoxic activity was detected in the GM-corn-fed rats and mice in this subchronic dietary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiko Teshima
- National Institute of Health Sciences: 1-18-1, Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 158-8501, Japan
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Rytkönen J, Karttunen TJ, Karttunen R, Valkonen KH, Jenmalm MC, Alatossava T, Björkstén B, Kokkonen J. Effect of heat denaturation on beta-lactoglobulin-induced gastrointestinal sensitization in rats: denatured betaLG induces a more intensive local immunologic response than native betaLG. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2002; 13:269-77. [PMID: 12390443 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-3038.2002.01028.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Beta-lactoglobulin (betaLG) is one of the first foreign antigens encountered by a newborn child, and it is the major allergen causing cow's milk allergy. Heat denaturation causes changes to the protein structure, but the significance of heat-induced changes for immunogenicity or allergenicity is not known. To clarify how heat denaturation affects allergenicity and immunogenicity, we immunized Hooded-Lister rat pups with intra-peritoneal injections of native or heat-denatured betaLG at days 43 and 62 after birth. The animals were then fed native and denatured milk products twice weekly from 73 to 101 days of age with a feeding tube, after which they were allowed cheese and milk ad libitum, until they were killed on day 131. Total immunoglobulin (Ig)E and betaLG-specific IgG1 and IgG2a levels were determined from serum samples. Spontaneous interleukin-4 (IL-4) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) production was measured from duodenal specimens, and specimens of gastrointestinal mucosae were studied for the presence of inflammatory cells. The rats immunized with native betaLG had higher levels of total serum IgE than the unimmunized controls or the rats immunized with heat-denatured betaLG, while heat-denatured betaLG induced a significantly more intensive mononuclear inflammatory cell and eosinophil infiltration in the gastroduodenal mucosa. The betaLG-specific IgG antibody and IL-4 and IFN-gamma responses were similar in the two groups of immunized animals. Hence, denaturation modifies the immunogenic and allergenic properties of betaLG. Heat-denatured betaLG induces a more intensive local reaction in the gastrointestinal mucosa, while there is some evidence for enhanced systemic allergic sensitization by native betaLG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jani Rytkönen
- Biotechnology Laboratory, Sotkamo, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Abstract
Foods produced through agricultural biotechnology, including such staples as corn, soybeans, canola, and potatoes, are already reaching the consumer marketplace. Agricultural biotechnology offers the promise to produce crops with improved agronomic characteristics (eg, insect resistance, herbicide tolerance, disease resistance, and climatic tolerance) and enhanced consumer benefits (eg, better taste and texture, longer shelf life, and more nutritious). Certainly, the products of agricultural biotechnology should be subjected to a careful and complete safety assessment before commercialization. Because the genetic modification ultimately results in the introduction of new proteins into the food plant, the safety, including the potential allergenicity, of the newly introduced proteins must be assessed. Although most allergens are proteins, only a few of the many proteins found in foods are allergenic under the typical circumstances of exposure. The potential allergenicity of the introduced proteins can be evaluated by focusing on the source of the gene, the sequence homology of the newly introduced protein to known allergens, the expression level of the novel protein in the modified crop, the functional classification of the novel protein, the reactivity of the novel protein with IgE from the serum of individuals with known allergies to the source of the transferred genetic material, and various physicochemical properties of the newly introduced protein, such as heat stability and digestive stability. Few products of agricultural biotechnology (and none of the current products) will involve the transfer of genes from known allergenic sources. Applying such criteria provides reasonable assurance that the newly introduced protein has limited capability to become an allergen.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Taylor
- University of Nebraska, Food Allergy Research and Resource Program, Lincoln, USA
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Abstract
For the safety evaluation of genetically engineered crops the potential allergenicity of the newly introduced protein(s) has become an important issue. There is, however, no universal and reliable test system for the evaluation of the allergenic potency of food products. The best known allergy assessment proposal is the careful stepwise process using the IFBC/ILSI decision tree. Unfortunately, the described tests are not always conclusive, especially if the gene source coding for the protein has no history of dietary use and/or an unknown history in terms of allergenicity. The further testing warranted should in particular be focused on the prediction of the sensitizing potential of the novel protein, for which animal models are considered to be needed. In this paper the results are summarized of a promising food allergy model developed in Brown Norway (BN) rats. The results demonstrate that BN rats can be sensitized orally to the various allergenic food proteins tested, resulting in significant antigen-specific IgE responses, without the use of adjuvants. Upon oral challenge of previously sensitized animals, local and systemic immune-mediated effects, such as increased gastrointestinal permeability and decreased breathing frequency and blood pressure, could also be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Penninks
- Experimental Immunology, Division of Toxicology, TNO Nutrition and Food Research, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
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Abstract
There is a need to identify and characterize the allergenic potential of novel proteins introduced into genetically-modified crop plants. Although several approaches have already been described, none of these measures directly the ability of proteins to cause allergic sensitization. For this reason there has been a growing interest in the development of suitable animal models. This article describes experience to date with a method based upon assessment of serological (IgG and IgE antibody) responses induced in BALB/c strain mice by proteins. Comparisons have been made between intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration and exposure by gavage using both allergenic and non-allergenic proteins. The available data indicate that responses provoked by i.p. exposure permit the identification of proteins that have the inherent potential to induce IgE antibody production and allergic sensitization. Moreover, this approach also provides a rank order of proteins with respect to allergenic potency that apparently reflects what is known of their relative sensitizing activity in humans. By comparison, oral exposure of mice by gavage is somewhat less sensitive. On this basis it is proposed that the inherent sensitizing potential of novel proteins can be evaluated as a function of IgE antibody responses stimulated by parenteral (i.p.) exposure of BALB/c mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Dearman
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, Macclesfield, UK.
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Abstract
With a growing interest in the development of genetically modified crop plants there is a need for appropriate approaches to safety assessment. Among the issues that have to be addressed is consideration of whether the products of novel genes have the potential to cause allergic sensitization. Resulting from a collaboration between the International Food Biotechnology Council and the International Life Sciences Institute recommendations have been made for a step-wise approach to the assessment of allergenic potential based upon considerations of serological identity, and sequence or structural homology, with known allergens and examination of the stability of the test protein in a simulated gastric fluid. In parallel there has been interest in the development of animal models, which would permit a more direct evaluation of potential allergenic activity. Progress in these areas is reviewed briefly in the context of what is known of food allergy and some of the important issues, which must be addressed in designing safety assessment strategies identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- Syngenta Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Cheshire SK10 4TJ, Macclesfield, UK.
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Knippels LM, van der Kleij HP, Koppelman SJ, Houben GF, Penninks AH. Comparison of antibody responses to hen's egg and cow's milk proteins in orally sensitized rats and food-allergic patients. Allergy 2000; 55:251-8. [PMID: 10753016 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2000.00403.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND No adequate enteral sensitization models are available to study food allergy and the allergenicity of food proteins. To further validate an enteral brown Norway (BN) rat sensitization model under development, we studied specific protein recognition to determine whether a comparable pattern of proteins is recognized by the rat immune system and the human immune system. METHODS The animals were exposed to either ovalbumin as a positive reference control, hen's egg-white-protein extract, or a cow's milk preparation by daily gavage dosing (0.5, 1, 2.5, 5, 10, or 15 mg protein per rat/day) for 9 weeks. No adjuvants were used during the sensitization studies. The specificities of antibodies against hen's egg-white proteins or cow's-milk proteins in sera from orally sensitized rats and food-allergic patients were studied and compared by immunoblotting. RESULTS The IgG and IgE antibodies to hen's egg-white proteins and cow's-milk proteins present in sera from orally sensitized rats and food-allergic patients showed a comparable pattern of protein recognition. CONCLUSIONS Upon daily intragastric exposure to food allergens, the specificities of the induced antibody responses in the BN rat resemble those found in food-allergic patients. These studies add further support to the hypothesis that the BN rat may provide a suitable animal model for food allergy research and research on the allergenicity of food proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Knippels
- TNO Nutrition and Food Research Institute, Zeist, The Netherlands
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TESHIMA R, AKIYAMA H, OKUNUKI H, SAKUSHIMA JI, GODA Y, ONODERA H, SAWADA JI, TOYODA M. Effect of GM and Non-GM Soybeans on the Immune System of BN Rats and B10A Mice. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2000. [DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.41.188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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