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Lawana V, Um SY, Rochet JC, Turesky RJ, Shannahan JH, Cannon JR. Neuromelanin Modulates Heterocyclic Aromatic Amine-Induced Dopaminergic Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2021; 173:171-188. [PMID: 31562763 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) are mutagens and potential human carcinogens. Our group and others have demonstrated that HAAs may also produce selective dopaminergic neurotoxicity, potentially relevant to Parkinson's disease (PD). The goal of this study was to elucidate mechanisms of HAA-induced neurotoxicity through examining a translational biochemical weakness of common PD models. Neuromelanin is a pigmented byproduct of dopamine metabolism that has been debated as being both neurotoxic and neuroprotective in PD. Importantly, neuromelanin is known to bind and potentially release dopaminergic neurotoxicants, including HAAs (eg, β-carbolines such as harmane). Binding of other HAA subclasses (ie, aminoimidazoaazarenes) to neuromelanin has not been investigated, nor has a specific role for neuromelanin in mediating HAA-induced neurotoxicity been examined. Thus, we investigated the role of neuromelanin in modulating HAA-induced neurotoxicity. We characterized melanin from Sepia officinalis and synthetic dopamine melanin, proposed neuromelanin analogs with similar biophysical properties. Using a cell-free assay, we demonstrated strong binding of harmane and 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) to neuromelanin analogs. To increase cellular neuromelanin, we transfected SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells with tyrosinase. Relative to controls, tyrosinase-expressing cells exhibited increased neuromelanin levels, cellular HAA uptake, cell toxicity, and oxidative damage. Given that typical cellular and rodent PD models form far lower neuromelanin levels than humans, there is a critical translational weakness in assessing HAA-neurotoxicity. The primary impacts of these results are identification of a potential mechanism by which HAAs accumulate in catecholaminergic neurons and support for the need to conduct neurotoxicity studies in systems forming neuromelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Lawana
- School of Health Sciences.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience
| | | | - Jean-Christophe Rochet
- Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience.,Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Robert J Turesky
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455
| | | | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neuroscience
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Galeb HA, Wilkinson EL, Stowell AF, Lin H, Murphy ST, Martin‐Hirsch PL, Mort RL, Taylor AM, Hardy JG. Melanins as Sustainable Resources for Advanced Biotechnological Applications. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2021; 5:2000102. [PMID: 33552556 PMCID: PMC7857133 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.202000102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Melanins are a class of biopolymers that are widespread in nature and have diverse origins, chemical compositions, and functions. Their chemical, electrical, optical, and paramagnetic properties offer opportunities for applications in materials science, particularly for medical and technical uses. This review focuses on the application of analytical techniques to study melanins in multidisciplinary contexts with a view to their use as sustainable resources for advanced biotechnological applications, and how these may facilitate the achievement of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa A. Galeb
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Department of ChemistryScience and Arts CollegeRabigh CampusKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddah21577Saudi Arabia
| | - Emma L. Wilkinson
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Alison F. Stowell
- Department of Organisation, Work and TechnologyLancaster University Management SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YXUK
| | - Hungyen Lin
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - Samuel T. Murphy
- Department of EngineeringLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
| | - Pierre L. Martin‐Hirsch
- Lancashire Teaching Hospitals NHS TrustRoyal Preston HospitalSharoe Green LanePrestonPR2 9HTUK
| | - Richard L. Mort
- Department of Biomedical and Life SciencesLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YGUK
| | - Adam M. Taylor
- Lancaster Medical SchoolLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YWUK
| | - John G. Hardy
- Department of ChemistryLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
- Materials Science InstituteLancaster UniversityLancasterLA1 4YBUK
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3
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Passivation of black phosphorus as organic-phase enzyme platform for bisphenol A determination. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1095:197-203. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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El Yakhlifi S, Ball V. Polydopamine as a stable and functional nanomaterial. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 186:110719. [PMID: 31846893 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The mussel inspired chemistry of dopamine leading to versatile coatings on the surface of all kinds of materials in a one pot process was considered as the unique aspect of catecholamine for a long time. Only recently, research has been undertaken to valorize the simultaneous oxidation and colloid formation in dopamine solutions in the presence of an oxidant. This mini review summarizes the synthesis methods allowing to get controlled nanomaterials, either nanoparticles, hollow capsules or nanotubes and even chiral nanomaterials from dopamine solutions. Finally the applications of those nanomaterials will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima El Yakhlifi
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 Rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité mixte de recherche 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Vincent Ball
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 Rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000, Strasbourg, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité mixte de recherche 1121, 11 Rue Humann, 67085, Strasbourg Cedex, France.
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5
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Lemaster JE, Jeevarathinam AS, Kumar A, Chandrasekar B, Chen F, Jokerst JV. Synthesis of Ultrasmall Synthetic Melanin Nanoparticles by UV Irradiation in Acidic and Neutral Conditions. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2019; 2:4667-4674. [PMID: 31930189 PMCID: PMC6953903 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.9b00747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic melanin nanoparticles have value in metal chelation, photoprotection, and biocompatibility. Applications of these materials have been reported in optics, biomedicine, and electronics. However, precise size control has remained relatively difficult-especially for materials below 1000 nm. In this paper we describe the synthesis of ultrasmall synthetic nanoparticles with size of 9.4-31.4 nm in weakly acidic and neutral conditions via UV-irradiation. Size control of these particles was possible by varying the pH from 6.4-10.0. We then used UV-vis, FTIR, and nuclear magnetic resonance to investigate the mechanism of UV-induced polymerization. The data show that reactive oxygen species from UV irradiation oxidizes intermediates of the reaction and accelerates the formation of these synthetic melanin structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne E. Lemaster
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Bhargavi Chandrasekar
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jesse V. Jokerst
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Ball V. Polydopamine Nanomaterials: Recent Advances in Synthesis Methods and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:109. [PMID: 30175095 PMCID: PMC6108306 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA), the final oxidation product of dopamine or other catecholamines, attracted much attention as versatile coatings that can be used to cover the surface of almost all materials with a conformal layer of adjustable thickness ranging from a few to about 100 nm. These PDA layers can be subsequently modified with molecules carrying nucleophilic groups or with metallic nanoparticles from solutions containing metallic cations. However, during the deposition of PDA film on the surfaces, the reaction products that are simultaneously obtained from the oxidation of catecholamines in solution precipitate. Hence, some recent effort has been devoted to produce PDA in the form of nanoparticles. The aim of this short review is to give a comprehensive description of the synthesis methods yielding of PDA nanoparticles in the absence or in the presence of templating agents (polymers, polyelectrolytes, surfactants, proteins, and even some small organic molecules). We will also describe the use of thin PDA layers to coat already synthesized nanoparticles or nanotubes. Finally, several first applications of the obtained PDA nanoparticles will be described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ball
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
- Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Strasbourg, France
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Bergtold C, Hauser D, Chaumont A, El Yakhlifi S, Mateescu M, Meyer F, Metz-Boutigue MH, Frisch B, Schaaf P, Ihiawakrim D, Ersen O, Monnier CA, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Ball V. Mimicking the Chemistry of Natural Eumelanin Synthesis: The KE Sequence in Polypeptides and in Proteins Allows for a Specific Control of Nanosized Functional Polydopamine Formation. Biomacromolecules 2018; 19:3693-3704. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.8b00818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Bergtold
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Daniel Hauser
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 4 Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alain Chaumont
- Faculté de Chimie, Chimie de la Matière Complexe, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7140, 4 rue Blaise Pascal, 67081, Strasbourg, France
| | - Salima El Yakhlifi
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Mihaela Mateescu
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
| | - Florent Meyer
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Hélène Metz-Boutigue
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
| | - Benoît Frisch
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Pharmacie, Laboratoire de Conception et application de molécules bioactives, 74 Route du Rhin, 67400 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | - Pierre Schaaf
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Charles Sadron, Unité Propre 22, 23 rue du Loess, 67034 Strasbourg, France
| | - Dris Ihiawakrim
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Ovidiu Ersen
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut de Physique et de Chimie des Matériaux, Unité Mixte de Recherche 7504, 23 rue du Loess, 67034, Strasbourg, Cedex 2, France
| | - Christophe A. Monnier
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 4 Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Alke Petri-Fink
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, 4 Chemin des Verdiers, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | - Vincent Ball
- Université de Strasbourg, Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, 8 rue Sainte Elisabeth, 67000 Strasbourg France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité Mixte de Recherche 1121, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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8
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De Souza RA, Kamat NM, Nadkarni VS. Purification and characterisation of a sulphur rich melanin from edible mushroom Termitomyces albuminosus Heim. Mycology 2018; 9:296-306. [PMID: 30533254 PMCID: PMC6282441 DOI: 10.1080/21501203.2018.1494060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Production, purification and characterisation of a black pigment from Termitomyces albuminosus as melanin is reported, for the first time, from shaken submerged culture condition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), elemental analysis, ultraviolet-visible (UV-VIS), and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectra. SEM results on T. albuminosus revealed nanogranular nature of melanin nanoparticles within size range of 400-100 nm with fractal dimension D = 1.195-1.73. Elemental analysis of melanin indicated 54.6% C, 3.5% H, 2.4% N, 26.9% O, and 12% S. UV-VIS and FTIR spectra confirmed to the characteristic of melanin and were identical to the reference commercial sepia melanin. Further validation of the identity of pigment as melanin was achieved by EPR analysis. Termitomyces albuminosus melanin is postulated to be DOPA-type melanin confirmed by 13C (CP/MAS) NMR spectral analysis showing chemical shift at 200-170 ppm carbonyl, 160-110 ppm aromatic region, and with high 40-30 ppm open chain aliphatic region. Chemical modification through oxidation and cysteinylation (Pheomelanin) is implied as indicated by relatively high sulphur content (12%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosy Agnes De Souza
- Mycological Laboratory, Department of Botany, Goa University, Taleigao, Goa, India
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9
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Synthetic melanin bound to subunit vaccine antigens significantly enhances CD8+ T-cell responses. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181403. [PMID: 28715455 PMCID: PMC5513539 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) play a key role in immunity against cancer; however, the induction of CTL responses with currently available vaccines remains difficult. Because several reports have suggested that pigmentation and immunity might be functionally linked, we investigated whether melanin can act as an adjuvant in vaccines. Short synthetic peptides (8-35 amino acids long) containing T-cell epitopes were mixed with a solution of L-Dopa, a precursor of melanin. The mixture was then oxidized to generate nanoparticles of melanin-bound peptides. Immunization with melanin-bound peptides efficiently triggered CTL responses in mice, even against self-antigens and at a very low dose of peptides (microgram range). Immunization against a tumor antigen inhibited the growth of established tumors in mice, an effect that was abrogated by the depletion of CD8+ lymphocytes. These results demonstrate the efficacy of melanin as a vaccine adjuvant.
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Abstract
Melanins are ancient biological pigments found in all kingdoms of life. In fungi, their role in microbial pathogenesis is well established; however, these complex biomolecules also confer upon fungal microorganisms the faculty to tolerate extreme environments such as the Earth's poles, the International Space Station and places contaminated by toxic metals and ionizing radiation. A remarkable property of melanin is its capacity to interact with a wide range of electromagnetic radiation frequencies, functioning as a protecting and energy harvesting pigment. Other roles of fungal melanin include scavenging of free radical, thermo-tolerance, metal ion sequestration, cell development, and mechanical-chemical cellular strength. In this review, we explore the various functions ascribed to this biological pigment in fungi and its remarkable physicochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radames JB Cordero
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205
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11
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Solano F. Photoprotectionversusphotodamage: updating an old but still unsolved controversy about melanin. POLYM INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.5117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Solano
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Research Group for Molecular Control of Cell Proliferation, School of Medicine and IMIB; University of Murcia; 30100 Murcia Spain
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12
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Schroeder R, Pendleton P, Gerber J. Physical factors affecting chloroquine binding to melanin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2015; 134:8-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2015.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 06/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Using Sepia melanin as a PD model to describe the binding characteristics of neuromelanin – A critical review. J Chem Neuroanat 2015; 64-65:20-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Revised: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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14
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Perna G, Lasalvia M, D’Antonio P, Mallardi A, Palazzo G, Fiocco D, Gallone A, Cicero R, Capozzi V. Morphology of synthetic DOPA-eumelanin deposited on glass and mica substrates: An atomic force microscopy investigation. Micron 2014; 64:28-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2014.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Ball V, Gracio J, Vila M, Singh MK, Metz-Boutigue MH, Michel M, Bour J, Toniazzo V, Ruch D, Buehler MJ. Comparison of synthetic dopamine-eumelanin formed in the presence of oxygen and Cu2+ cations as oxidants. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2013; 29:12754-12761. [PMID: 24015825 DOI: 10.1021/la4029782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanin is not only a ubiquitous pigment among living organisms with photoprotective and antioxidant functions, but is also the subject of intense interest in materials science due to its photoconductivity and as a possible universal coating platform, known as "polydopamine films". The structure of eumelanin remains largely elusive, relying either on a polymeric model or on a heterogeneous aggregate structure. The structure of eumelanin as well as that of the closely related "polydopamine films" can be modified by playing on the nature of the oxidant used to oxidize dopamine or related compounds. In this investigation, we show that dopamine-eumelanins produced from dopamine in the presence of either air (O2 being the oxidant) or Cu(2+) cations display drastically different optical and colloidal properties in relation with a different supramolecular assembly of the oligomers of 5,6 dihydroxyindole, the final oxidation product of dopamine. The possible origin of these differences is discussed on the basis of Cu(2+) incorporation in Cu dopamine-eumelanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Ball
- Faculté de Chirurgie Dentaire, Université de Strasbourg , 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
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16
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Chen CT, Ball V, de Almeida Gracio JJ, Singh MK, Toniazzo V, Ruch D, Buehler MJ. Self-assembly of tetramers of 5,6-dihydroxyindole explains the primary physical properties of eumelanin: experiment, simulation, and design. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1524-1532. [PMID: 23320483 DOI: 10.1021/nn305305d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Eumelanin is a ubiquitous pigment in nature and has many intriguing physicochemical properties, such as broad-band and monotonous absorption spectrum, antioxidant and free radical scavenging behavior, and strong nonradiative relaxation of photoexcited electronic states. These properties are highly related to its structural and mechanical properties and make eumelanin a fascinating candidate for the design of multifunctional nanomaterials. Here we report joint experimental-computational investigation of the structural and mechanical properties of eumelanin assemblies produced from dopamine, revealing that the mass density of dry eumelanin is 1.55 g/cm³ and its Young's modulus is ≈5 GPa. We also find that wet eumelanin has a lower mass density and Young's modulus depending on the water-to-melanin ratio. Most importantly, our data show that eumelanin molecules tend to form secondary structures based on noncovalent π stacking in both dry and wet conditions, with an interlayer distance between eumelanin molecules of 3.3 Å. Corresponding transmission electron microscope images confirm the supramolecular organization predicted in our simulations. Our simulations show that eumelanin is an isotropic material at a larger scale when eumelanin molecules are randomly oriented to form secondary structures. These results are in good agreement with experimental observations, density functional theory calculations, and bridge the gap between earlier experimental and small-scale quantum mechanical studies of eumelanin. We use the knowledge acquired from the simulations to select a partner molecule, a cationic phthalocyanine, allowing us to produce layer-by-layer films containing eumelanin that display an electrical conductivity 5 orders of magnitudes higher than that of pure eumelanin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Teh Chen
- Laboratory for Atomistic and Molecular Mechanics, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Room 1-235A&B, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Arzillo M, Mangiapia G, Pezzella A, Heenan RK, Radulescu A, Paduano L, d'Ischia M. Eumelanin buildup on the nanoscale: aggregate growth/assembly and visible absorption development in biomimetic 5,6-dihydroxyindole polymerization. Biomacromolecules 2012; 13:2379-90. [PMID: 22651227 DOI: 10.1021/bm3006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Establishing structure-property relationships in the black insoluble eumelanins, the key determinants of human pigmentation and skin photoprotective system, is a considerable conceptual and experimental challenge in the current drive for elucidation of the biological roles of these biopolymers and their application as advanced materials for organoelectronics. Herein, we report a new breakthrough toward this goal by the first detailed investigation on the nanoscale level of the oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole (DHI), a model process of eumelanin synthesis. On the basis of a combined use of spectrophotometry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) investigations, it was possible to unveil the dynamics of the aggregation process before precipitation, the key relationships with visible light absorption and the shape of fundamental aggregates. The results indicated a polymerization mechanism of the type: Polymer(n) + DHI(x) = Polymer(n+x), where DHI(x) indicates monomer, dimer, or low oligomers (x ≤ 5). During polymerization, visible absorption increases rapidly, reaching a plateau. Particle growth proceeds slowly, with formation of 2-D structures ~55 nm thick, until precipitation occurs, that is, when large aggregates with a maximum hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) of ~1200 nm are formed. Notably, markedly smaller R(h) values, up to ~110 nm, were determined in the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) that was shown to be an efficient aggregation-preventing agent for polymerizing DHI ensuring water solubilization. Finally, it is shown that DHI monomer can be efficiently and partially irreversibly depleted from aqueous solutions by the addition of eumelanin suspensions. This behavior is suggested to reflect oxidant-independent competing pathways of polymer synthesis and buildup via monomer conversion on the active aggregate surface contributing to particle growth. Besides filling crucial gaps in DHI polymerization, these results support the attractive hypothesis that eumelanins may behave as a peculiar example of living biopolymers. The potential of PVA as a powerful tool for solution chemistry-based investigations of eumelanin supramolecular organization and for technological manipulation purposes is underscored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Arzillo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Napoli (NA), Italy
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Kumar CG, Mongolla P, Pombala S, Kamle A, Joseph J. Physicochemical characterization and antioxidant activity of melanin from a novel strain of Aspergillus bridgeri ICTF-201. Lett Appl Microbiol 2011; 53:350-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2011.03116.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Bernsmann F, Ersen O, Voegel JC, Jan E, Kotov NA, Ball V. Melanin-containing films: growth from dopamine solutions versus layer-by-layer deposition. Chemphyschem 2010; 11:3299-305. [PMID: 20806310 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201000384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2010] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Films formed by oxidation of dopamine are of interest for functionalisation of solid-liquid interfaces owing to their versatility. However, the ability to modulate the properties of such films, for example, permeability to ionic species and the absorption coefficient, is urgently needed. Indeed, melanin films produced by oxidation of dopamine absorb strongly over the whole UV/Vis part of the electromagnetic spectrum and are impermeable to anions even for a film thickness as low as a few nanometers. Herein we combine oxidation of dopamine to produce a solution containing dopamine-melanin particles and their alternating deposition with poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) to produce films which have nearly the same morphology as pure dopamine-melanin films but are less compact, more transparent and more permeable to ferrocyanide anions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Bernsmann
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 977, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, 11 rue Humann, 67085 Strasbourg Cedex, France
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Domingues MM, Santiago PS, Castanho MARB, Santos NC. What can light scattering spectroscopy do for membrane-active peptide studies? J Pept Sci 2008; 14:394-400. [DOI: 10.1002/psc.1007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lagunas-Muñoz VH, Cabrera-Valladares N, Bolívar F, Gosset G, Martínez A. Optimum melanin production using recombinant Escherichia coli. J Appl Microbiol 2007; 101:1002-8. [PMID: 17040223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS A parametric study was conducted to define optimum conditions to achieve high yields in the conversion of tyrosine to eumelanin (EuMel) using recombinant Escherichia coli. METHODS AND RESULTS Escherichia coli W3110 (pTrcMutmelA) expressing the tyrosinase coding gene from Rhizobium etli and glucose-mineral media were used to transform tyrosine into EuMel. Batch aerobic fermentor cultures were performed to study the effect of temperature, pH and inducer concentration (isopropyl-D-thio-galactopyranoside) on melanin production. Under optimum conditions, 0.1 mmol l(-1) of isopropyl-D-thio-galactopyranoside, temperature of 30 degrees C, and changing pH from 7.0 to 7.5 during the production phase, a 100% conversion of tyrosine into EuMel is obtained. Furthermore, tyrosine feeding allowed us to obtain the highest level (6 g l(-1)) of EuMel produced by recombinant E. coli reported until now. CONCLUSIONS The most important factors affecting melanin formation and hence influencing the rate and efficiency in the conversion of tyrosine into EuMel in this system, are the temperature and pH. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Maximum theoretical yield was obtained using a simple culture process and mineral media to convert tyrosine (a medium value compound) into melanin, a high value compound. The process reported here avoids the use of purified tyrosinase, expensive chemical methods or the cumbersome extraction of this polymer from animal or plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- V H Lagunas-Muñoz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Celular y Biocatálisis, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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Liu Y, Hong L, Kempf VR, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Simon JD. Ion-exchange and adsorption of Fe(III) by Sepia melanin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 17:262-9. [PMID: 15140071 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00140.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Sepia eumelanin is associated with many metal ions, yet little is known about its metal binding capacity and the chemical nature of the binding site(s). Herein, the natural concentrations of metal ions are presented and the ability to remove metals by exposure of the melanin granules to EDTA is quantified. The results reveal that the binding constants of melanin at pH 5.8 for Mg(II), Ca(II), Sr(II) and Cu(II) are, respectively, 5, 4, 14 and 34 times greater than the corresponding binding constants of these ions with EDTA. By exposing Sepia eumelanin to aqueous solutions of FeCl(3), the content of bound Fe(III) can be increased from a natural concentration of approximately 180 ppm to a saturation limit of approximately 80 000 ppm or 1.43 mmol/g of melanin. Similar saturation limits are found for Mg(II) and Ca(II). Exposure of Sepia melanin granules to aqueous solutions containing Ca(II) results in the stoichiometric replacement of the initially bound Mg(II), arguing that these two ions occupy the same binding site(s) in the pigment. The pH-dependent binding of Mg(II) and Ca(II) suggests coordination of these ions to carboxylic acid groups in the pigment. Mg(II) and Ca(II) can be added to a Fe(III)-saturated melanin sample without affecting the amount of Fe(III) pre-adsorbed, clearly establishing Fe(III) and Mg(II)/Ca(II) occupy different binding sites. Taking recent Raman spectroscopic data into account, the binding of Fe(III) is concluded to involve coordination to o-dihydroxyl groups. The effects of metal ion content on the surface morphology were analyzed. No significant changes were found over the full range of Fe(III) concentration studied, which is supported by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area analysis. These observations imply the existence of channels within the melanin granules that can serve to transport metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
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Crippa PR, Fornes JA, Ito AS. Photophysical properties of pyrene in interaction with the surface of melanin particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2004; 35:137-41. [PMID: 15261046 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2004.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2003] [Revised: 09/03/2003] [Accepted: 03/01/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Melanins perform their biological activity (photoprotection and light enhanced chemical reactivity) under the form of porous aggregates on which ions and neutral molecules can be adsorbed. For this reason, the photochemistry of natural and synthetic melanins must be investigated in the framework of the physico-chemical theory of the heterogeneous reactions and a detailed knowledge of the surface properties, is therefore, necessary. In this work, some surface characteristics of melanin particles have been investigated taking advantage of the photophysical behaviour of pyrene, a dye widely used in studies of the interface properties of micelles and colloidal semiconductors. Our fluorescence study has allowed to obtain valuable informations regarding the micro-environmental polarity of the melanin surface (that influences the vibronic structure of the emission spectra), the excimer formation, the lifetimes of the emissions and the kinetics of quenching by Cu2+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Raimondo Crippa
- INFM e Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali, Università di Parma, 43100 Parma, Italy.
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25
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Abstract
Melanins are enigmatic pigments that are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms including several species of pathogenic bacteria, fungi and helminths. The study of melanin is difficult because these pigments defy complete biochemical and structural analysis. Nevertheless, the availability of new reagents in the form of monoclonal antibodies and melanin-binding peptides, combined with the application of various physical techniques, has provided insights into the process of melanization. Melanization is important in microbial pathogenesis because it has been associated with virulence in many microorganisms. Melanin appears to contribute to virulence by reducing the susceptibility of melanized microbes to host defence mechanisms. However, the interaction of melanized microbes and the host is complex and includes immune responses to melanin-related antigens. Production of melanin has also been linked to protection against environmental insults. Interference with melanization is a potential strategy for antimicrobial drug and pesticide development. The process of melanization poses fascinating problems in cell biology and provides a type of pathogenic strategy that is common to highly diverse pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Nosanchuk
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Ave, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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Usunoff KG, Itzev DE, Ovtscharoff WA, Marani E. Neuromelanin in the human brain: a review and atlas of pigmented cells in the substantia nigra. Arch Physiol Biochem 2002; 110:257-369. [PMID: 12516659 DOI: 10.1076/apab.110.4.257.11827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K G Usunoff
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, Medical University, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Turick CE, Tisa LS, Caccavo F. Melanin production and use as a soluble electron shuttle for Fe(III) oxide reduction and as a terminal electron acceptor by Shewanella algae BrY. Appl Environ Microbiol 2002; 68:2436-44. [PMID: 11976119 PMCID: PMC127558 DOI: 10.1128/aem.68.5.2436-2444.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dissimilatory metal-reducing bacteria (DMRB) utilize numerous compounds as terminal electron acceptors, including insoluble iron oxides. The mechanism(s) of insoluble-mineral reduction by DMRB is not well understood. Here we report that extracellular melanin is produced by Shewanella algae BrY. The extracted melanin served as the sole terminal electron acceptor. Upon reduction the reduced, soluble melanin reduced insoluble hydrous ferric oxide in the absence of bacteria, thus demonstrating that melanin produced by S. algae BrY is a soluble Fe(III)-reducing compound. In the presence of bacteria, melanin acted as an electron conduit to Fe(III) minerals and increased Fe(III) mineral reduction rates. Growth of S. algae BrY occurred in anaerobic minimal medium supplemented with melanin extracted from previously grown aerobic cultures of S. algae BrY. Melanin produced by S. algae BrY imparts increased versatility to this organism as a soluble Fe(III) reductant, an electron conduit for iron mineral reduction, and a sole terminal electron acceptor that supports growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Turick
- Department of Microbiology University of New Hampshire, Durham, New Hampshire 03824-2617, USA.
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Crippa PR. Oxygen adsorption and photoreduction on fractal melanin particles. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2001; 20:315-319. [PMID: 11166541 DOI: 10.1016/s0927-7765(00)00206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The main putative functions of melanins in living cells, that is photoprotection and dark or light-dependent oxido-reductive activity, still requires an interpretation which takes into account the micro-mesoscopic structure of native melanin particles. It is indeed well established that a different chemical composition of melanins, even if derived from different biosynthetic pathways, has only a little influence on the biological and physical properties of the solid aggregates, the common form in which the pigment is found [P.R. Crippa et al., Chemistry of melanins, in: A. Brossi (Ed.) The Alkaloids, vol. 36, Academic Press, New York, 1989, pp. 253-323]. In the present work a model for interfacial electron transfer is proposed describing the process of light induced superoxide formation through a monoelectronic reduction of dioxygen adsorbed on melanin solid surface. This process is presumed to be dependent on the surface fractal characteristics, and its kinetics must be interpreted as a heterogeneous interfacial reaction involving light produced carriers and the adsorbed acceptor, like in colloidal inorganic semiconductors such as TiO(2).
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Affiliation(s)
- P R. Crippa
- INFM and Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 7/A, 43100, Parma, Italy
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Gallas JM, Littrell KC, Seifert S, Zajac GW, Thiyagarajan P. Solution structure of copper ion-induced molecular aggregates of tyrosine melanin. Biophys J 1999; 77:1135-42. [PMID: 10423458 PMCID: PMC1300404 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3495(99)76964-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin, the ubiquitous biological pigment, provides photoprotection by efficient filtration of light and also by its antioxidant behavior. In solutions of synthetic melanin, both optical and antioxidant behavior are affected by the aggregation states of melanin. We have utilized small-angle x-ray and neutron scattering to determine the molecular dimensions of synthetic tyrosine melanin in its unaggregated state in D(2)O and H(2)O to study the structure of melanin aggregates formed in the presence of copper ions at various copper-to-melanin molar ratios. In the absence of copper ions, or at low copper ion concentrations, tyrosine melanin is present in solution as a sheet-like particle with a mean thickness of 12.5 A and a lateral extent of approximately 54 A. At a copper-to-melanin molar ratio of 0.6, melanin aggregates to form long, rod-like structures with a radius of 32 A. At a higher copper ion concentration, with a copper-to-melanin ratio of 1.0, these rod-like structures further aggregate, forming sheet-like structures with a mean thickness of 51 A. A change in the charge of the ionizable groups induced by the addition of copper ions is proposed to account for part of the aggregation. The data also support a model for the copper-induced aggregation of melanin driven by pi stacking assisted by peripheral Cu(2+) complexation. The relationship between our results and a previous hypothesis for reduced cellular damage from bound-to-melanin redox metal ions is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Gallas
- Division of Earth and Physical Sciences, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas 78249, USA.
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