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Zhu L, Yuan X, Ji H, Liu R, Xie Y, Li H, Sun J, Yu H, Zhou J, Dong W. A comparative study of dietary amino acid patterns: unveiling growth, composition, and molecular signatures in juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2024; 50:1831-1847. [PMID: 38954179 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-024-01372-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The wild Onychostoma macrolepis, a species under national class II protection in China, lacks a specific compound feed for captive rearing. Understanding the dietary amino acid pattern is crucial for optimal feed formulation. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the four different dietary amino acid patterns, i.e., anchovy fishmeal protein (FMP, control group) and muscle protein (MP), whole-body protein (WBP), fish egg protein (FEP) of juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis, on the growth performance, body composition, intestinal morphology, enzyme activities, and the expression levels of gh, igf, mtor genes in juveniles. In a 12-week feeding trial with 240 juveniles (3.46±0.04g), the MP group demonstrated superior outcomes in growth performance (FBW, WGR, SGR), feed utilization efficiency (PER, PRE, FCR). Notably, it exhibited higher crude protein content in whole-body fish, enhanced amino acid composition in the liver, and favorable fatty acid health indices (AI, TI, h/H) in muscle compared to other groups (P < 0.05). Morphologically, the MP and FMP groups exhibited healthy features. Additionally, the MP group displayed significantly higher activities of TPS, ALP, and SOD, along with elevated expression levels of gh, igf, mtor genes, distinguishing it from the other groups (P < 0.05). This study illustrated that the amino acid pattern of MP emerged as a suitable dietary amino acid pattern for juvenile Onychostoma macrolepis. Furthermore, the findings provide valuable insights for formulating effective feeds in conserving and sustainably farming protected species, enhancing the research's broader ecological and aquacultural significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Xiangtong Yuan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Hong Ji
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Ruofan Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Ying Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Handong Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Haibo Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Jishu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
| | - Wuzi Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China
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Sukmak R, Suttinun C, Kovitvadhi U, Kovitvadhi A, Vongsangnak W. Uncovering nutrients and energy related gene functions of black soldier fly Hermetia illucens strain KUP. Gene 2024; 896:148045. [PMID: 38042219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2023.148045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) has emerged as a significant insect species in the decomposition of organic waste for sustainable agricultural practices. Due to its remarkable characteristics and performance, H. illucens is increasingly utilised for insect farming, particularly for industrial-scale rearing throughout the world. In this study, we employed whole-genome sequencing to annotate the gene and protein functions of H. illucens and to explore the functional genomics related to nutrients and energy. As a result, a genome size of H. illucens strain KUP 1.68 Gb with a GC content of 42.13 % was achieved. Of the 14,036 coding sequences, we determined the function of 12,046 protein-coding genes. Based on metabolic functional assignment, we classified 4,218 protein-coding genes; the main category was metabolism (32.86 %). Comparative genomic analysis across the other H. illucens strain and insect species revealed that the major metabolic gene functions and pathways related to nutrient and energy sources of H. illucens KUP are involved in key amino acid metabolism (e.g., cysteine and methionine) as well as fatty acid biosynthesis and glycerolipid metabolism. These findings underscore the metabolic capability and versatility of H. illucens, which is regarded as a potential source of proteins and lipids. Our study contributes to the knowledge regarding the feed utilisation of H. illucens and offers insights into transforming waste into valuable products. H. illucens has the potential to create globally sustainable nutrients and environmentally friendly solutions, aligning with the goal of responsible resource utilisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachrapee Sukmak
- Graduate Student in Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanaporn Suttinun
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Uthaiwan Kovitvadhi
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Wanwipa Vongsangnak
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand; Omics Center for Agriculture, Bioresources, Food, and Health, Kasetsart University (OmiKU), Bangkok, Thailand.
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Budel JCDC, de Castro VCG, de Souza SM, Nahúm BDS, Barbosa AVC, Rodrigues LS, Berndt A, Rennó LN, de Morais E, da Silva JAR, Rodrigues TCGDC, Silva AGME, Lourenço-Junior JDB. Methane emission, intake, digestibility, performance and blood metabolites in sheep supplemented with cupuassu and tucuma cake in the eastern Amazon. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1106619. [PMID: 37180068 PMCID: PMC10167019 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1106619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of co-products as a feed supplement for ruminants makes livestock sustainable and optimizes the use of available areas and animal performance. Furthermore, when cakes are used, the residual fat composition can influence ruminal metabolism and methane (CH4) production. This study aimed to assess the effects of a diet containing cupuassu (CUP; Theobroma grandiflorum) and tucuma (TUC; Astrocaryum vulgare Mart.) cakes on intake, digestibility, serum metabolites, performance, and CH4 emissions in confined sheep in the Amazon. Approximately 28 animals, Dorper-Santa Inês, castrated, with an average initial live weight (ILW) of 35 ± 2.3 kg, were distributed in metabolic cages, in a completely randomized design, with four treatments and seven replications: (1) Control (C40), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 40 g of ether extract (EE)/kg of dietary dry matter (DM); (2) CUP, the inclusion of the CUP cake and 70 g of EE/kg; (3) TUC, the inclusion of the TUC cake and 70 g of EE/kg; and (4) Control (C80), without the addition of Amazonian cake and with 80 g of EE/kg of dietary DM, with roughage to concentrate ratio of 40:60. The use of the TUC cake as a feed supplement reduced the intake of DM, crude protein (CP), and EE compared to the inclusion of the CUP cake (p < 0.05); however, it increased the intake of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) by 32% (p < 0.01). The highest averages of DM (732 g/kg) and CP (743 g/kg) digestibility were presented in C40, while the highest digestibility of NDF was presented in TUC (590 g/kg). Albumin levels stayed above and protein levels were below the reference values, and the C40 diet also obtained below results for cholesterol, triglycerides and High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) (P < 0.05). Sheep fed CUP (91 g) and TUC (45 g) had lower daily weight gains (DWGs) than those fed with diets without the inclusion of cakes (C40 = 119 g; C80 = 148 g), and feed efficiency (FE) was also lower in CUP (84) and TUC (60) diets than in C40 (119) and C80 (137) diets. CH4 emissions were lower in animals fed TUC (26 L/day) and higher in C40 (35 L/day); however, TUC resulted in higher CH4 emissions in grams/body live weight (BW) gain/day (353 g/BW/day) vs. 183 g/BW/day (C40), 157 g/BW/day (C80), and 221 g/BW/day (CUP). The supplementation with cakes did not improve intake, digestibility and performance, did not compromise blood metabolites and did not reduce the enteric CH4 emission in confined sheep in the Amazon; however, the use of CUP cake showed similar results to the control treatments and did not increase CH4 emissions, as occurred with the inclusion of TUC cake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vinicius Costa Gomes de Castro
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Laurena Silva Rodrigues
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará, Abaetetuba, Pará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eziquiel de Morais
- Department of Animal Science, Federal Institute of Pará, Castanhal, Brazil
| | - Jamile Andrea Rodrigues da Silva
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal Rural University of the Amazon, Belém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - André Guimarães Maciel e Silva
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará, Castanhal, Pará, Brazil
| | - José de Brito Lourenço-Junior
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
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Low-protein diets for broilers: Current knowledge and potential strategies to improve performance and health, and to reduce environmental impact. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2023.115574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Anoop AA, Pillai PKS, Nickerson M, Ragavan KV. Plant leaf proteins for food applications: Opportunities and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2023; 22:473-501. [PMID: 36478122 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Plant-based proteins are gaining a lot of attention for their health benefits and are considered as an alternative to animal proteins for developing sustainable food systems. Against the backdrop, ensuring a healthy diet supplemented with good quality protein will be a massive responsibility of governments across the globe. Increasing the yield of food crops has its limitations, including low acceptance of genetically modified crops, land availability for cultivation, and the need for large quantities of agrochemicals. It necessitates the sensible use of existing resources and farm output to derive the proteins. On average, the protein content of plant leaves is similar to that of milk, which can be efficiently tapped for food applications across the globe. There has been limited research on utilizing plant leaf proteins for food product development over the years, which has not been fruitful. However, the current global food production scenario has pushed some leading economies to reconsider the scope of plant leaf proteins with dedicated efforts. It is evident from installing pilot-scale demonstration plants for protein extraction from agro-food residues to cater to the protein demand with product formulation. The present study thoroughly reviews the opportunities and challenges linked to the production of plant leaf proteins, including its nutritional aspects, extraction and purification strategies, anti-nutritional factors, functional and sensory properties in food product development, and finally, its impact on the environment. Practical Application: Plant leaf proteins are one of the sustainable and alternative source of proteins. It can be produced in most of the agroclimatic conditions without requiring much agricultural inputs. It's functional properties are unique and finds application in novel food product formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Anoop
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Prasanth K S Pillai
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Michael Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - K V Ragavan
- Agro-Processing and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
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Molosse VL, Pereira DAB, Rigon F, Loregian KE, Magnani E, Marcondes MI, Branco RH, Benedeti PDB, Paula EM. Use of Heating Methods and Xylose to Increase Rumen Undegradable Protein of Alternative Protein Sources: 2) Cottonseed Meal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:41. [PMID: 36611654 PMCID: PMC9817811 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ruminal kinetics of protein sources may be changed by heat and sugar treatments. Thus, these processing methods may be used as alternatives to increase beef-cattle diets’ rumen undegradable protein (RUP). We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing cottonseed meals with autoclave, conventional, and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose, on the ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted, and each sample was incubated in the rumen to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were also conducted to evaluate ID. The control treatment had a greater soluble fraction for DM and CP than processed cottonseed meals (p < 0.05). The addition of xylose decreased both DM and CP water-soluble fractions (fraction A) of cottonseed meal heated in a conventional oven (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, we observed a decrease in effective degradability and increased RUP for all processed methods (p < 0.05). Furthermore, conventional and microwave ovens showed greater ID than the control. Moreover, xylose-treated groups heated in the autoclave and conventional ovens had greater ID than xylose-untreated cottonseed meal. Under these experimental conditions, cottonseed RUP was increased by the evaluated processing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor L. Molosse
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - David A. B. Pereira
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Rigon
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Kalista E. Loregian
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Elaine Magnani
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos I. Marcondes
- Department of Animal Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA
| | - Renata H. Branco
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro D. B. Benedeti
- Department of Animal Science, Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Chapecó 89815-630, SC, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M. Paula
- Instituto de Zootecnia, Centro APTA Bovinos de Corte, Sertãozinho 14160-970, SP, Brazil
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Use of Heating Methods and Xylose to Increase Rumen Undegradable Protein of Alternative Protein Sources: 1) Peanut Meal. Animals (Basel) 2022; 13:ani13010023. [PMID: 36611633 PMCID: PMC9818018 DOI: 10.3390/ani13010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Peanut meal has an excellent total protein content but also has low rumen undegradable protein (RUP). High-performance ruminants have high RUP requirements. We aimed to evaluate the effects of processing peanut meal with an autoclave and conventional and microwave ovens, with and without using xylose on its ruminal kinetics degradation parameters and intestinal digestibility (ID). In situ studies were conducted to determine dry matter (DM) and crude protein (CP) rumen degradation kinetics. In vitro studies were conducted to evaluate intestinal digestibility (ID). The control treatment had a greater fraction A for DM and CP than peanut meals processed with an autoclave or conventional oven. The control had greater kd for CP compared with the microwave. The addition of xylose decreased fraction A, the degradation rate of fraction B (kd) and RUP, and increased the protein B fraction of autoclaved peanut meal. We observed a decrease in effective degradability (ED) and increased RUP for processed treatments in all experiments compared with the control. Processing methods did not affect the protein ID of autoclaved peanut meal compared to the control. An interaction between xylose and heating time was observed, where increasing heating time linearly reduced the ID of xylose-untreated treatments. Overall, these results suggest that the tested methods effectively increased the RUP content of peanut meal.
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Wang B, Sun H, Wang D, Liu H, Liu J. Constraints on the utilization of cereal straw in lactating dairy cows: A review from the perspective of systems biology. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 9:240-248. [PMID: 35600542 PMCID: PMC9097690 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Can Karaca A, Nickerson M, Caggia C, Randazzo CL, Balange AK, Carrillo C, Gallego M, Sharifi-Rad J, Kamiloglu S, Capanoglu E. Nutritional and Functional Properties of Novel Protein Sources. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2067174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Asli Can Karaca
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Michael Nickerson
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Cinzia Caggia
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna srl, Spin off of Univesity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Cinzia L. Randazzo
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment (Di3A), University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- ProBioEtna srl, Spin off of Univesity of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Amjad K. Balange
- Technology, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries EducationDepartment of Post-Harvest, Mumbai, India
| | - Celia Carrillo
- Bromatología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de BurgosÁrea de Nutrición y , Burgos, Spain
| | - Marta Gallego
- Departamento de Tecnología de Alimentos, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Javad Sharifi-Rad
- Phytochemistry Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Senem Kamiloglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
- Science and Technology Application and Research Center (BITUAM), Bursa Uludag University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Esra Capanoglu
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Singer WM, Shea Z, Yu D, Huang H, Mian MAR, Shang C, Rosso ML, Song QJ, Zhang B. Genome-Wide Association Study and Genomic Selection for Proteinogenic Methionine in Soybean Seeds. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:859109. [PMID: 35557723 PMCID: PMC9088226 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.859109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] seeds have an amino acid profile that provides excellent viability as a food and feed protein source. However, low concentrations of an essential amino acid, methionine, limit the nutritional utility of soybean protein. The objectives of this study were to identify genomic associations and evaluate the potential for genomic selection (GS) for methionine content in soybean seeds. We performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) that utilized 311 soybean accessions from maturity groups IV and V grown in three locations in 2018 and 2019. A total of 35,570 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were used to identify genomic associations with proteinogenic methionine content that was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Across four environments, 23 novel SNPs were identified as being associated with methionine content. The strongest associations were found on chromosomes 3 (ss715586112, ss715586120, ss715586126, ss715586203, and ss715586204), 8 (ss715599541 and ss715599547) and 16 (ss715625009). Several gene models were recognized within proximity to these SNPs, such as a leucine-rich repeat protein kinase and a serine/threonine protein kinase. Identification of these linked SNPs should help soybean breeders to improve protein quality in soybean seeds. GS was evaluated using k-fold cross validation within each environment with two SNP sets, the complete 35,570 set and a subset of 248 SNPs determined to be associated with methionine through GWAS. Average prediction accuracy (r 2) was highest using the SNP subset ranging from 0.45 to 0.62, which was a significant improvement from the complete set accuracy that ranged from 0.03 to 0.27. This indicated that GS utilizing a significant subset of SNPs may be a viable tool for soybean breeders seeking to improve methionine content.
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Affiliation(s)
- William M. Singer
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Zachary Shea
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Dajun Yu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Haibo Huang
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - M. A. Rouf Mian
- Soybean and Nitrogen Fixation Unit, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Chao Shang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Maria L. Rosso
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Qijan J. Song
- Soybean Genomics and Improvement Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), Beltsville, MD, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are required for syntheses of proteins and low-molecular-weight substances with enormous physiological importance. Since 1912, AAs have been classified as nutritionally essential amino acids (EAAs) or nonessential amino acids (NEAAs) for animals. EAAs are those AAs that are either not synthesized or insufficiently synthesized de novo in the organisms. It was assumed that all NEAAs (now known as AAs that are synthesizable in animal cells de novo [AASAs]) were formed sufficiently in animals and were not needed in diets. However, studies over the past three decades have shown that sufficient dietary AASAs (e.g. glutamine, glutamate, glycine, and proline) are necessary for the maximum growth and optimum health of pigs, chickens, and fish. Thus, the concept of "ideal protein" (protein with an optimal EAA pattern that precisely meets the physiological needs of animals), which was originally proposed in the 1950s but ignored AASAs, is not ideal in animal nutrition. Ideal diets must provide all physiologically and nutritionally essential AAs. Improved patterns of AAs in diets for swine and chickens as well as zoo and companion animals have been proposed in recent years. Animal-sourced feedstuffs supply abundant EAAs and AASAs (including glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, 4-hydroxyproline, and taurine) for diets of swine, poultry, fish, and crustaceans to improve their growth, development, reproduction, and health, while sustaining global animal production. Nutritionists should move beyond the "ideal protein" concept to consider optimum ratios and amounts of all proteinogenic AAs in diets for mammals, birds, and aquatic animals, and, in the case of carnivores, also taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoyao Wu
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Peng Li
- North American Renderers Association, Alexandria, VA 22314, USA
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Fish Feeds in Aquaponics and Beyond: A Novel Concept to Evaluate Protein Sources in Diets for Circular Multitrophic Food Production Systems. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14074064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
With the general objective of optimizing internal nutrient recycling, circular multitrophic food production systems, e.g., combining fish, plant, and insect larvae production, rely on the quality and composition of sustainable nutritional inputs. Therefore, differences in dissolved and solid nutrient excretion patterns produced by Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) with 5% daily water exchange and fed black soldier fly meal (BSFM), poultry by-product meal (PM), poultry blood meal (PBM) and fish meal (FM) as single protein sources were investigated to evaluate the potential for creating specific fish meal-free diets. Fish fed the FM and PM diet showed the significantly best (p < 0.05) and among each other similar (p > 0.05) growth performance (specific growth rate (SGR): 2.12 ± 0.04/2.05 ± 0.11; feed conversion ratio (FCR): 0.86 ± 0.03/0.92 ± 0.01), whereas the PBM diet caused significantly reduced performance (SGR: 1.30 ± 0.02; FCR: 1.79 ± 0.05) in comparison to the FM/PM diet as well as the BSF diet (SGR: 1.76 ± 0.07; FCR: 1.11 ± 0.05). The FM and PM diet resulted in a faster increase and significantly higher dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus levels, while the BSF diet caused faster accumulation and significantly elevated levels of dissolved potassium, magnesium, and copper. The PBM diet resulted in the feces with the significantly highest nutrient density (gross energy, crude protein, and amino acids) but overall much lower dissolved nutrient levels in the water. Results are discussed with regard to implications for developing circular multitrophic food production systems.
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Rodrigues AT, Mansano CFM, Khan KU, Nascimento TMTD, Santos MVBD, Sakomura NK, Fernandes JBK. Estimation of the ideal dietary essential amino acid pattern for pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) in the later-juvenile growth phase. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Hussain M, Qayum A, Xiuxiu Z, Liu L, Hussain K, Yue P, Yue S, Y F Koko M, Hussain A, Li X. Potato protein: An emerging source of high quality and allergy free protein, and its possible future based products. Food Res Int 2021; 148:110583. [PMID: 34507729 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently protein has gained eminence due to awareness and demand for healthy food. Potato proteins are extracted from potato fruit juice and industrial potato waste; its nutritional and functional values have been found more significant than other vegetables and cereal proteins. Potato proteins can be easily extracted by various separation techniques, including an ion exchange (IEX) and expanded bed adsorption (EBA), and their functional properties can be modified for desire purposes. It contains many essential amino acids necessary for the human body, with an amino acid score (AAS) of 65%. Recent research on potato proteins resulted in several descriptions of new technologies to produce food-grade potato protein. It has recently drawn more attention as a protein source for human consumption, especially as an allergy free protein source and selective activity against cancer cells. Growing shreds of evidence have highlighted that potato protein can be used in many upcoming nutraceuticals and allergy-free food products. Therefore it is gaining more attention from nutritionists and food scientists. This review has summarized the recent knowledge on the nutritional and functional aspects of potato proteins, especially its non-allergic properties, enhancement in functional properties, and possible future-based products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Hussain
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Abdul Qayum
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Zhang Xiuxiu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Kifayat Hussain
- Departments of Animal Nutrition, Institute of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Pan Yue
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Sun Yue
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China
| | - Marwa Y F Koko
- Department of Food, Greases and Vegetable Protein Engineering, School of Food Sciences, Northeast Agriculture University Harbin, China
| | - Abid Hussain
- Department of Agriculture and Food Science, Karakorum International University, Gilgit, Pakistan
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, No. 600 Changjiang St. Xiangfang Dist, 150030 Harbin, China.
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15
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Xiang Q, Wei X, Yang Z, Xie T, Zhang Y, Li D, Pan X, Liu X, Zhang X, Yao C. Acclimation to a broad range of nitrate strength on a euryhaline marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis for photosynthetic nitrate removal and high-quality biomass production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146687. [PMID: 33812104 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Industrial wastewaters usually possess a wide range of nitrate strength. Microalgae-based nitrate-rich wastewater treatment could realize nitrate recovery along with CO2 sequestration for sustainable biomass production, but the low tolerance of the microalgal strains to high-strength nitrate restricted the treatment process. The present study comprehensively evaluated a euryhaline marine microalga Tetraselmis subcordiformis for photosynthetic nitrate removal and biomass production in synthetic wastewater with a broad range of nitrate strength (0.24-7.0 g NO3--N/L). This alga could acclimate to high nitrate strength up to 3.5 g NO3--N/L (HN) without compromising biomass production. Nitrate could be completely removed within four days when low nitrate (0.24 g NO3--N/L, LN) was loaded. The maximum nitrate removal rate of 331 mg N/L/day and specific nitrate removal rate of 360 mg N/day/g cell was obtained under medium nitrate condition (1.8 g NO3--N/L, MN). High-nitrate stress under 7.0 g NO3--N/L (SHN) caused an increased light energy dissipation while decreased the density of photosystem II active reaction center, which partially protect the cells from photodamage and contributed to their acclimation to SHN. The algae also enhanced amino acid/fatty acid proportions essential for maintaining intracellular redox states to cope with the stress caused by LN or SHN. HN and SHN was in favor of protein accumulation and maintenance with enhanced proportion of essential amino acids, which entitled the algal biomass to be of high quality for animal feed applied in livestock graziery and aquaculture. LN facilitated productive starch and lipid accumulation with good quality for biofuels production. The nitrate removal rate and biomass productivity exceeded most of the microalgae reported in literature under similar conditions, which highlighted Tetraselmis subcordiformis as a potent strain for flexible nitrate-rich wastewater remediation coupled with fast CO2 bio-mitigation and high-quality biomass production for sustainable algal biorefinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xiaolong Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Zezhou Yang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Tonghui Xie
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Yongkui Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Defu Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China
| | - Xuerong Pan
- Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China
| | - Xiaolong Liu
- Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Science and Technology on Reactor Fuel and Materials Laboratory, Nuclear Power Institute of China, Chengdu, Sichuan 610213, China
| | - Changhong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical & Biological Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, China.
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16
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Misiura MM, Filipe JAN, Kyriazakis I. A Novel Estimation of Unobserved Pig Growth Traits for the Purposes of Precision Feeding Methods. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:689206. [PMID: 34395575 PMCID: PMC8360350 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.689206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances make it possible to deliver feeding strategies that can be tailored to the needs of individual pigs in order to optimise the allocation of nutrient resources and contribute toward reducing excess nutrient excretion. However, these efforts are currently hampered by the challenges associated with: (1) estimation of unobserved traits from the available data on bodyweight and feed consumption; and (2) characterisation of the distributions and correlations of these unobserved traits to generate accurate estimates of individual level variation among pigs. Here, alternative quantitative approaches to these challenges, based on the principles of inverse modelling and separately inferring individual level distributions within a Bayesian context were developed and incorporated in a proposed precision feeding modelling framework. The objectives were to: (i) determine the average and distribution of individual traits characterising growth potential and body composition in an empirical population of growing-finishing barrows and gilts; (ii) simulate the growth and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus of the average pig offered either a commercial two-phase feeding plan, or a precision feeding plan with daily adjustments; and (iii) simulate the growth and excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus across the pig population under two scenarios: a two-phase feeding plan formulated to meet the nutrient requirements of the average pig or a precision feeding plan with daily adjustments for each and every animal in the population. The distributions of mature bodyweight and ratio of lipid to protein weights at maturity had median (IQR) values of 203 (47.8) kg and 2.23 (0.814) kg/kg, respectively; these estimates were obtained without any prior assumptions concerning correlations between the traits. Overall, it was found that a proposed precision feeding strategy could result in considerable reductions in excretion of nitrogen and phosphorus (average pig: 8.07 and 9.17% reduction, respectively; heterogenous pig population: 22.5 and 22.9% reduction, respectively) during the growing-finishing period from 35 to 120 kg bodyweight. This precision feeding modelling framework is anticipated to be a starting point toward more accurate estimation of individual level nutrient requirements, with the general aim of improving the economic and environmental sustainability of future pig production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joao A N Filipe
- Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom.,Biomathematics & Statistics Scotland, Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ilias Kyriazakis
- Biological Sciences Building, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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17
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Standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratios affect performance and regulate intestinal mRNA expression of amino acid transporters in weaning pigs fed a low crude protein diet. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.114857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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18
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Hansen NP, Johansen M, Wiking L, Larsen M, Lund P, Larsen T, Weisbjerg MR. Fava beans can substitute soybean meal and rapeseed meal as protein source in diets for lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:5508-5521. [PMID: 33685672 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of replacing mixtures of wheat and soybean meal and wheat and rapeseed meal by toasted fava beans, and the effect of toasting fava beans on feed intake, milk yield, and composition of milk and feces were investigated using 40 Holstein cows in each of two 4 × 4 Latin square design trials conducted simultaneously. In trial 1, the 4 treatment concentrates were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 42% soybean meal + 58% rolled wheat, and a 21, 29, and 50% mix of soybean meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively [on dry matter (DM) basis]. In trial 2, the 4 experimental treatments were untreated fava beans, toasted fava beans, 64% rapeseed meal + 36% rolled wheat, and a 32, 18, and 50% mix of rapeseed meal, rolled wheat, and toasted fava beans, respectively (on DM basis). In each trial, 16 primiparous and 24 multiparous cows were fed the treatment concentrates as part of a partial mixed ration, of which the forage consisted of 50% corn silage and 50% grass-clover silage. Substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans did not affect total DM intake, and no linear effects were observed on milk yield or energy-corrected milk (ECM) yield. However, in trial 2, a quadratic effect was observed on milk yield when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In both trials, substitution of soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans increased milk lactose concentration and decreased milk protein yield and concentration of protein in milk. In both trials, fecal concentration of starch increased linearly when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In trial 2, fecal concentration of P decreased when substituting rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. In situ investigations showed increased rumen undegradable protein concentration and thereby increased estimated metabolizable protein supply when toasting fava beans. However, in both trials, milk protein yield and concentration decreased when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans. Furthermore, when cows were fed toasted compared with untreated fava beans in trial 1, milk yield, ECM yield, and nitrogen efficiency decreased. We conclude that toasted fava beans could substitute soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with regard to ECM yield. However, milk protein yield decreased when substituting soybean meal and wheat or rapeseed meal and wheat with toasted fava beans. Compared with untreated fava beans, toasting had no positive effect on milk production and nitrogen efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Hansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - M Johansen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - L Wiking
- Department of Food Science, Aarhus University, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - M Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - P Lund
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - T Larsen
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - M R Weisbjerg
- Department of Animal Science, AU Foulum, Aarhus University, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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19
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Gröcke DR, Treasure ER, Lester JJ, Gron KJ, Church MJ. Effects of marine biofertilisation on Celtic bean carbon, nitrogen and sulphur isotopes: Implications for reconstructing past diet and farming practices. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2021; 35:e8985. [PMID: 33085126 PMCID: PMC7816259 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The application of fertilisers to crops can be monitored and assessed using stable isotope ratios. However, the application of marine biofertilisers (e.g., fish, macroalgae/seaweed) on crop stable isotope ratios has been rarely studied, despite widespread archaeological and historical evidence for the use of marine resources as a soil amendment. METHODS A heritage variety of Celtic bean, similar in size and shape to archaeobotanical macrofossils of Vicia faba L., was grown in three 1 × 0.5 m outdoor plots under three soil conditions: natural soil (control); natural soil mixed with macroalgae (seaweed); and 15 cm of natural soil placed on a layer of fish carcasses (Atlantic cod). These experiments were performed over two growing seasons in the same plots. At the end of each growing season, the plants were sampled, measured and analysed for carbon, nitrogen and sulphur stable isotope ratios (δ13 C, δ15 N, δ34 S). RESULTS The bean plants freely uptake the newly bioavailable nutrients (nitrogen and sulphur) and incorporate a marine isotopic ratio into all tissues. The bean δ15 N values ranged between 0.8‰ and 1.0‰ in the control experiment compared with 2‰ to 3‰ in the macroalgae crop and 8‰ to 17‰ in the cod fish experiment. Their δ34 S values ranged between 5‰ and 7‰ in the control compared with 15‰ to 16‰ in the macroalgae crop and 9‰ to 12‰ in the cod fish crop. The beans became more 13 C-depleted (δ13 C values: 1-1.5‰ lower) due to crop management practices. CONCLUSIONS Humans and animals consuming plants grown with marine biofertilisers will incorporate a marine signature. Isotopic enrichment in nitrogen and sulphur using marine resources has significant implications when reconstructing diets and farming practices in archaeological populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren R. Gröcke
- Department of Earth SciencesDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | | | | | - Kurt J. Gron
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
| | - Mike J. Church
- Department of ArchaeologyDurham UniversitySouth RoadDurhamDH1 3LEUK
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20
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Lee M, Park H, Heo JM, Choi HJ, Seo S. Multi-tissue transcriptomic analysis reveals that L-methionine supplementation maintains the physiological homeostasis of broiler chickens than D-methionine under acute heat stress. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246063. [PMID: 33503037 PMCID: PMC7840013 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the effects of supplementation with two methionine isoforms, L-methionine (L-Met) or D-methionine (D-Met), on transcriptome expression in broiler chickens under acute heat stress. A total of 240 one-day-old chicks were randomly assigned to one of four treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement: thermo-neutral vs. acute heat-stress and L-Met vs. D-Met supplementation. On day 14, the heat-stressed group was exposed to 32°C for 5 h, while the others remained at 25°C. Six chicks were randomly selected per treatment and total RNA was isolated from whole blood, ileum, and liver tissues. Two RNA samples from each tissue of each treatment group were randomly selected and pooled in equal amounts. A total of 1.87 billion raw reads obtained from 36 samples (four treatments × three tissues × three composited replicates) were mapped to the reference genome build (Gallus_gallus-5.0) and used to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) using DESeq2. Functional enrichment of DEGs was tested using DAVID. Comparing the two isoforms of supplemented methionine, two, three, and ten genes were differentially expressed (> 1 or < -1 log2 fold change) in whole blood, ileum, and liver, respectively. A total of 38, 71, and 16 genes were differentially expressed in response to the interaction between heat stress and Met isoforms in the blood, ileum, and liver, respectively. Three-tissue-specific DEGs were functionally enriched for regulation of cholesterol homeostasis and metabolism, glucose metabolism, and vascular patterning. Chicks fed with L-Met had lower immune (e.g., IL4I1 and SERPINI1) and intestinal angiogenic responses (e.g., FLT1 and FGD5), and stable glucose and lipid metabolism (e.g., PCK1 and LDLR) under heat stress conditions. In conclusion, unlike D-Met, L-Met supplementation seems to help maintain physiological homeostasis and enhances cellular defense systems against external stresses like high environmental temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyung Lee
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Hyesun Park
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | - Jung Min Heo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
| | | | - Seongwon Seo
- Division of Animal and Dairy Sciences, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Korea
- * E-mail:
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21
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Aykas DP, Ball C, Sia A, Zhu K, Shotts ML, Schmenk A, Rodriguez-Saona L. In-Situ Screening of Soybean Quality with a Novel Handheld Near-Infrared Sensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E6283. [PMID: 33158206 PMCID: PMC7662469 DOI: 10.3390/s20216283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluates a novel handheld sensor technology coupled with pattern recognition to provide real-time screening of several soybean traits for breeders and farmers, namely protein and fat quality. We developed predictive regression models that can quantify soybean quality traits based on near-infrared (NIR) spectra acquired by a handheld instrument. This system has been utilized to measure crude protein, essential amino acids (lysine, threonine, methionine, tryptophan, and cysteine) composition, total fat, the profile of major fatty acids, and moisture content in soybeans (n = 107), and soy products including soy isolates, soy concentrates, and soy supplement drink powders (n = 15). Reference quantification of crude protein content used the Dumas combustion method (AOAC 992.23), and individual amino acids were determined using traditional protein hydrolysis (AOAC 982.30). Fat and moisture content were determined by Soxhlet (AOAC 945.16) and Karl Fischer methods, respectively, and fatty acid composition via gas chromatography-fatty acid methyl esterification. Predictive models were built and validated using ground soybean and soy products. Robust partial least square regression (PLSR) models predicted all measured quality parameters with high integrity of fit (RPre ≥ 0.92), low root mean square error of prediction (0.02-3.07%), and high predictive performance (RPD range 2.4-8.8, RER range 7.5-29.2). Our study demonstrated that a handheld NIR sensor can supplant expensive laboratory testing that can take weeks to produce results and provide soybean breeders and growers with a rapid, accurate, and non-destructive tool that can be used in the field for real-time analysis of soybeans to facilitate faster decision-making.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didem Peren Aykas
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
- Department of Food Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Adnan Menderes University, Aydin 09100, Turkey
| | - Christopher Ball
- ElectroScience Laboratory, The Ohio State University, 1330 Kinnear Road, Columbus, OH 43212, USA;
| | - Amanda Sia
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Kuanrong Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Mei-Ling Shotts
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Anna Schmenk
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
| | - Luis Rodriguez-Saona
- Department of Food Science and Technology, The Ohio State University, 100 Parker Food Science and Technology Building, 2015 Fyffe Road, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; (D.P.A.); (A.S.); (K.Z.); (M.-L.S.); (A.S.)
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22
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Acácio R, Sakomura N, Viana G, Malheiros E, Fernandes J, Suzuki R. Optimum standardized ileal digestible tryptophan intake for broiler chickens. Livest Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2020.104105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Fišera M, Kráčmar S, Šustová K, Tvrzník P, Velichová H, Fišerová L, Kubáň V. Effects of the lactation period, breed and feed on amino acids profile of mare’s milk. POTRAVINARSTVO 2020. [DOI: 10.5219/1344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the lactation period, breed, and feed on amino acids profile of mare’s milk were investigated. The feed contained two major essential amino acids (EAAs) leucine (7.31 – 10.3 g.kg-1) and arginine (6.37 – 9.59 g.kg-1); it also included minor EAAs methionine (2.11 – 3.05 g.kg-1) and histidine (2.48 – 3.60 g.kg-1). Glu+Gln, Asp+Asn, and proline, major nonessential amino acids (NEAAs), constituted approximately 60% of total NEAAs (TNEAAs). The ratio of total EAAs to NEAAs ranged from 1:1.2 to 1:1.4. Amino acids (AA) content throughout all milk samples varied due to mare’s different conditions and lactation days. Except for the 1P milk sample, total AA content in the 2 – 8Ps specimens caused by differences in breed oscillated from the 2nd to 28th day of lactation within the following limits: 21.9 – 54.6 g.kg-1, 33.6 – 70.7 g.kg-1, 38.1 – 71.2 g.kg-1, 29.46 – 74.2 g.kg-1, 52.2 – 87.1 g.kg-1, 37.9 – 70.3 g.kg-1 and 26.4 – 64.5 g.kg-1, respectively. In relation to TEAAs in milk, the highest EAAs levels were reached in arginine, leucine and lysine ranging between 2.41 – 4.35 g.kg-1, 3.36 – 5.59 g.kg-1 and 2.72 – 4.80 g.kg-1, respectively, while the lowest AAs amounts were indicated in histidine and methionine, 0.91 – 1.58 g.kg-1 and 1.23 – 2.04 g.kg-1 respectively. Total NEAAs content was slightly higher than that of EAAs; the TNEAAs to TEAAs ratio was 1:0.9 proximately. Glu+Gln, Asp+Asn and proline were determined as major NEAAs of milk ranging between, 6.77 – 11.0 g.kg-1, 3.21 – 5.60 g.kg-1 and 1.25 – 2.18 g.kg-1, respectively; levels of NEAAs such as cysteine and glycine oscillated between 0.89 – 1.52 g.kg-1 and 0.64 – 1.15 g.kg-1, respectively. The average TAAs contents caused by breed differences were 62.8 g.kg-1, 42.8 g.kg-1, 44.7 g.kg-1 and 44.8 g.kg-1, respectively, on the 2nd, 5th, 10th, and 28th lactation days.
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Hewitt DJ, Dekkers JCM, Antonick T, Gheisari A, Rakhshandeh AR, Rakhshandeh A. Effects of divergent selection for residual feed intake on nitrogen metabolism and lysine utilization in growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:5829700. [PMID: 32367123 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the effects of divergent genetic selection for residual feed intake (RFI) on nitrogen (N) metabolism and lysine utilization in growing pigs. Twenty-four gilts (body weight [BW] 66 ± 5 kg) were selected from generation nine of the low RFI (LRFI; n = 12) and high RFI (HRFI; n = 12) Iowa State University Yorkshire RFI selection lines. Six pigs from each genetic line were assigned to each of two levels of lysine intake: 70% and 100% of estimated requirements based on the potential of each genetic line for protein deposition (PD) and feed intake. For all diets, lysine was first limiting among amino acids. Using isotope tracer, N-balance, and nutrient digestibility evaluation approaches, whole-body N metabolism and the efficiency of lysine utilization were determined for each treatment group. No significant interaction effects of line and diet on dietary N or gross energy digestibility, PD, and the efficiency of lysine utilization for PD were observed. The line did not have a significant effect on PD and digestibility of dietary N and GE. An increase in lysine intake improved N retention in both lines (from 15.0 to 19.6 g/d, SE 1.44, in LRFI pigs; and from 16.9 to 19.8 g/d, SE 1.67, in HRFI pigs; P < 0.01). At the low lysine intakes and when lysine clearly limited PD, the efficiency of using available lysine intake (above maintenance requirements) for PD was 80% and 91% (SE 4.6) for the LRFI and HRFI pigs, respectively (P = 0.006). There were no significant effects of line or of the line by diet interaction on N flux, protein synthesis, and protein degradation. Lysine intake significantly increased (P < 0.05) N flux (from 119 to 150, SE 8.7 g/d), protein synthesis (from 99 to 117, SE 10.6 g of N/d), and protein degradation (from 85 to 100, SE 6.6 g of N/d). The protein synthesis-to-retention ratio tended to be higher in the LRFI line compared with the HRFI line (6.5 vs. 5.8 SE 0.62; P = 0.06), indicating a tendency for the lower efficiency of PD in this group. Collectively, these results indicate that genetic selection for low RFI is not associated with improvements in lysine utilization efficiency, protein turnover, and nutrient digestibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deltora J Hewitt
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Treyson Antonick
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | - Abbasali Gheisari
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
| | | | - Anoosh Rakhshandeh
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX
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Kaszás L, Alshaal T, El-Ramady H, Kovács Z, Koroknai J, Elhawat N, Nagy É, Cziáky Z, Fári M, Domokos-Szabolcsy É. Identification of Bioactive Phytochemicals in Leaf Protein Concentrate of Jerusalem Artichoke ( Helianthus tuberosus L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E889. [PMID: 32674454 PMCID: PMC7411585 DOI: 10.3390/plants9070889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Jerusalem artichoke (JA) is widely known to have inulin-rich tubers. However, its fresh aerial biomass produces significant levels of leaf protein and economic bioactive phytochemicals. We have characterized leaf protein concentrate (JAPC) isolated from green biomass of three Jerusalem artichoke clones, Alba, Fuseau, and Kalevala, and its nutritional value for the human diet or animal feeding. The JAPC yield varied from 28.6 to 31.2 g DM kg-1 green biomass with an average total protein content of 33.3% on a dry mass basis. The qualitative analysis of the phytochemical composition of JAPC was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-Orbitrap/mass spectrometry analysis (UHPLC-ESI-ORBITRAP-MS/MS). Fifty-three phytochemicals were successfully identified in JAPC. In addition to the phenolic acids (especially mono- and di-hydroxycinnamic acid esters of quinic acids) several medically important hydroxylated methoxyflavones, i.e., dimethoxy-tetrahydroxyflavone, dihydroxy-methoxyflavone, hymenoxin, and nevadensin, were detected in the JAPC for the first time. Liquiritigenin, an estrogenic-like flavanone, was measured in the JAPC as well as butein and kukulkanin B, as chalcones. The results also showed high contents of the essential amino acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs; 66-68%) in JAPC. Linolenic acid represented 39-43% of the total lipid content; moreover, the ratio between ω-6 and ω-3 fatty acids in the JAPC was ~0.6:1. Comparing the JA clones, no major differences in phytochemicals, fatty acid, or amino acid compositions were observed. This paper confirms the economic and nutritional value of JAPC as it is not only an alternative plant protein source but also as a good source of biological valuable phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- László Kaszás
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
| | - Tarek Alshaal
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Hassan El-Ramady
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
- Soil and Water Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
| | - Judit Koroknai
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
| | - Nevien Elhawat
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Home Economic, Al-Azhar University, Tanta 31732, Egypt
| | - Éva Nagy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
| | - Zoltán Cziáky
- Agricultural and Molecular Research and Service Institute, University of Nyíregyháza, 4407 Nyíregyháza, Hungary;
| | - Miklós Fári
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
| | - Éva Domokos-Szabolcsy
- Department of Agricultural Botany, Plant Physiology and Biotechnology (MEK), Debrecen University, Böszörményi Street 138, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary; (L.K.); (H.E.-R.); (Z.K.); (J.K.); (N.E.); (É.N.); (M.F.); (É.D.-S.)
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Cao P, Kim SJ, Xing A, Schenck CA, Liu L, Jiang N, Wang J, Last RL, Brandizzi F. Homeostasis of branched-chain amino acids is critical for the activity of TOR signaling in Arabidopsis. eLife 2019; 8:e50747. [PMID: 31808741 PMCID: PMC6937141 DOI: 10.7554/elife.50747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The target of rapamycin (TOR) kinase is an evolutionarily conserved hub of nutrient sensing and metabolic signaling. In plants, a functional connection of TOR activation with glucose availability was demonstrated, while it is yet unclear whether branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) are a primary input of TOR signaling as they are in yeast and mammalian cells. Here, we report on the characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant over-accumulating BCAAs. Through chemical interventions targeting TOR and by examining mutants of BCAA biosynthesis and TOR signaling, we found that BCAA over-accumulation leads to up-regulation of TOR activity, which causes reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and actin-associated endomembranes. Finally, we show that activation of TOR is concomitant with alteration of cell expansion, proliferation and specialized metabolism, leading to pleiotropic effects on plant growth and development. These results demonstrate that BCAAs contribute to plant TOR activation and reveal previously uncharted downstream subcellular processes of TOR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Cao
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Sang-Jin Kim
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Anqi Xing
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Craig A Schenck
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Lu Liu
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Jie Wang
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Robert L Last
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
| | - Federica Brandizzi
- MSU-DOE Plant Research LabMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Department of Plant BiologyMichigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
- Great Lakes Bioenergy Research Center, Michigan State UniversityEast LansingUnited States
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Witten S, Böhm H, Aulrich K. Effect of variety and environment on the contents of crude nutrients and amino acids in organically produced cereal and legume grains. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13165-019-00261-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Toe CJ, Foo HL, Loh TC, Mohamad R, Abdul Rahim R, Idrus Z. Extracellular Proteolytic Activity and Amino Acid Production by Lactic Acid Bacteria Isolated from Malaysian Foods. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1777. [PMID: 30974873 PMCID: PMC6480130 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) are vital elements for growth, reproduction, and maintenance of organisms. Current technology uses genetically engineered microorganisms for AAs production, which has urged the search for a safer food-grade AA producer strain. The extracellular proteolytic activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can be a vital tool to hydrolyze extracellular protein molecules into free AAs, thereby exhibiting great potential for functional AA production. In this study, eight LAB isolated from Malaysian foods were determined for their extracellular proteolytic activities and their capability of producing AAs. All studied LAB exhibited versatile extracellular proteolytic activities from acidic to alkaline pH conditions. In comparison, Pediococcus pentosaceus UP-2 exhibited the highest ability to produce 15 AAs extracellularly, including aspartate, lysine, methionine, threonine, isoleucine, glutamate, proline, alanine, valine, leucine, tryptophan, tyrosine, serine, glycine, and cystine, followed by Pediococcus pentosaceus UL-2, Pediococcus acidilactici UB-6, and Pediococcus acidilactici UP-1 with 11 to 12 different AAs production detected extracellularly. Pediococcus pentosaceus UL-6 demonstrated the highest increment of proline production at 24 h of incubation. However, Pediococcus acidilactici UL-3 and Lactobacillus plantarum I-UL4 exhibited the greatest requirement for AA. The results of this study showed that different LAB possess different extracellular proteolytic activities and potentials as extracellular AA producers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Jin Toe
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Hooi Ling Foo
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Teck Chwen Loh
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Rosfarizan Mohamad
- Department of Bioprocess Technology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Forestry and Forest Products, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Raha Abdul Rahim
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zulkifli Idrus
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Halal Products Research Institute, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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29
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The response of performance in grower and finisher pigs to diets formulated to different tryptophan to lysine ratios. Livest Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2019.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Boundy-Mills K, Karuna N, Garay LA, Lopez JM, Yee C, Hitomi A, Nishi AK, Enriquez LL, Roberts C, Block DE, Jeoh T. Conversion of cassava leaf to bioavailable, high-protein yeast cell biomass. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3034-3044. [PMID: 30488472 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cassava leaves are an abundant global agricultural residue because the roots are a major source of dietary carbohydrates. Although cassava leaves are high in protein, the protein is not bioavailable. This work aimed to convert cassava leaves to a bioavailable protein-rich animal feed ingredient using high-protein yeasts. RESULTS The structural proteins (ca 200 g kg-1 d.b.) from sundried cassava leaves were solubilized by mild alkali pretreatment, and the resulting cassava leaf hydrolysate (CLH) was used to screen for growth of 46 high-protein yeasts from 30 species. Promising candidates from the initial screen cultivated at a 10 mL scale demonstrated increases in relative abundance of essential amino acids over that of CLH. In particular, lysine, growth-limiting for some livestock, was increased up to 226% over the CLH content. One yeast, Pichia kudriavzevii UCDFST 11-602, was grown in 3 L of CLH in a bioreactor to examine the scale-up potential of the yeast protein production. While glucose was completely consumed, yeast growth exited log phase before depleting either carbon or nitrogen, suggesting other growth-limiting factors at the larger scale. CONCLUSIONS High-value animal feed with enriched essential amino acid profiles can be produced by yeasts grown on agricultural residues. Yeasts convert structural protein solubilized from cassava leaves to essential amino acid-enriched, digestible protein. The low carbohydrate content of the leaves (ca 200 g kg-1 d.b.), however, necessitated glucose supplementation for yeast growth. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nardrapee Karuna
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Engineering and Industrial Technology, Silpakorn University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - L Antonio Garay
- Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Julian M Lopez
- Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Calvin Yee
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Alex Hitomi
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Audry K Nishi
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Lauren L Enriquez
- Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Roberts
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Blentech Corporation, Santa Rosa, CA, USA
| | - David E Block
- Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
- Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Tina Jeoh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
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Borchel A, Verleih M, Kühn C, Rebl A, Goldammer T. Evolutionary expression differences of creatine synthesis-related genes: Implications for skeletal muscle metabolism in fish. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5429. [PMID: 30931999 PMCID: PMC6443941 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41907-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The creatine/phosphocreatine system is the principal energy buffer in mammals, but is scarcely documented in fish. We measured the gene expression of major enzymes of this system, glycine amidinotransferase (GATM), guanidinoacetate N-methyltransferase (GAMT) and muscle-type creatine kinase (CKM) in kidney, liver, and muscle tissues of fish and mammals. CKM was expressed strongly in the muscles of all examined species. In contrast, GATM and GAMT were strongly expressed in the muscle tissue of fish, but not of mammals. This indicates that creatine synthesis and usage are spatially separated in mammals, but not in fish, which is supported by RNA-Seq data of 25 species. Differences in amino acid metabolism along with methionine adenosyltransferase gene expression in muscle from fishes but not mammals further support a central metabolic role of muscle in fish, and hence different organization of the creatine/phosphocreatine biosynthesis system in higher and lower vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Borchel
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
- SLRC-Sea Lice Research Centre, Department of Biology, University of Bergen, Mailbox 7803, 5020, Bergen, Norway
| | - Marieke Verleih
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Kühn
- Institute of Fisheries, State Research Centre for Agriculture and Fisheries Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (LFA MV), Fischerweg 408, 18069, Rostock, Germany
| | - Alexander Rebl
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Tom Goldammer
- Fish Genetics Unit, Institute of Genome Biology, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.
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Making the case for edible microorganisms as an integral part of a more sustainable and resilient food production system. Food Secur 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s12571-019-00912-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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de Souza-Vilela J, Andrew NR, Ruhnke I. Insect protein in animal nutrition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an19255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Global meat consumption per capita is expected to increase ~40% from 2019 to 2050. Over 30% of the total cropland worldwide is currently being used to produce either livestock and poultry feed or silage to meet the demand. One solution to reduce cropland use for animal feed is to increase the production of alternative protein sources. The primary protein sources for animal nutrition, including soybeans, peas and fish meal, are of increasing demand and are subsequently becoming more expensive, making their long-term use unsustainable. Insects such as the black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens), crickets (Gryllus testaceus Walker) or mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) offer a viable addition to the feed sources and can provide valuable, high-quality energy, protein and fat to an animal’s diet. Here, we review the environmental benefits of insect feedstuff, current research findings related to the use of insects for animal nutrition, and outline additional products that can generate benefits to insect producers.
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Milašinović-Šeremešić M, Radosavljević M, Srdić J, Tomičić Z, Đuragić O. Physical traits and nutritional quality of selected Serbian maize genotypes differing in kernel hardness and colour. FOOD AND FEED RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.5937/ffr1901051m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
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Hernández D, Molinuevo-Salces B, Riaño B, Larrán-García AM, Tomás-Almenar C, García-González MC. Recovery of Protein Concentrates From Microalgal Biomass Grown in Manure for Fish Feed and Valorization of the By-Products Through Anaerobic Digestion. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2018. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2018.00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Yu DY, Lindemann MD, Quant AD, Jang YD, Payne RL, Kerr BJ. Antibiotic inclusion in the diet did not alter the standardized ileal digestible tryptophan to lysine ratio for growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2018; 95:5516-5523. [PMID: 29293759 DOI: 10.2527/jas2017.1982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two 21-d experiments were conducted to determine the optimum standardized ileal digestible (SID) Trp:Lys ratio for growing pigs; 1 experiment fed diets supplemented with or without an antibiotic. The primary response variables in both experiments were ADG, ADFI, G:F, and plasma urea N (PUN) concentrations with the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio detected using broken-line analysis. Experiment 1 evaluated the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio in growing pigs fed diets supplemented with an antibiotic. This experiment used 120 crossbred pigs that were blocked by sex and initial BW (24.13 ± 2.72 kg) and allotted to 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios in 4 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated by the addition of crystalline Trp to create 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios (13.08%, 14.06%, 15.04%, 17.00%, 18.95%, and 20.91%) with a constant SID Lys level of 0.655%. As SID Trp:Lys ratios increased, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased, and PUN concentrations decreased linearly ( < 0.05) and quadratically ( < 0.05). Linear broken-line analysis yielded optimum SID Trp:Lys ratios of 17.93% ( < 0.001) and 16.17% ( = 0.009) for ADG and PUN, respectively, resulting in a mean optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 17.05%. Experiment 2 evaluated the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio in growing pigs fed diets supplemented with or without an antibiotic. It used a total of 324 crossbred pigs (initial BW: 30.81 ± 3.56 kg) that were allotted to 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios in 6 replicates. Dietary treatments were formulated by the addition of crystalline Trp to create 6 SID Trp:Lys ratios (12.52%, 14.86%, 17.20%, 19.54%, 21.88%, and 24.22%) with a constant SID Lys level of 0.67%. As SID Trp:Lys ratios increased, ADG, ADFI, and G:F increased, and PUN concentrations decreased linearly ( < 0.001) and quadratically ( < 0.001) regardless of antibiotic inclusion. There were no differences by the antibiotic treatment in ADG, ADFI, G:F, or PUN concentrations ( > 0.49) and no interactions between antibiotics and Trp:Lys ratios ( > 0.29). When the data for all pigs were pooled for the various Trp:Lys ratios, the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratios for ADG and PUN based on linear broken-line analysis were 14.58% ( < 0.001) and 14.54% ( < 0.001), respectively, resulting in an optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio of 14.56% as the mean of the determined optima for ADG and PUN responses. These results demonstrate that the optimum SID Trp:Lys ratio for 30- to 50-kg growing pigs is not impacted by the dietary inclusion of an antibiotic as long as the diets are formulated on an SID AA basis.
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Abstract
During growth, pigs convert plant protein into animal protein. The major part of the ingested protein is excreted via manure, with potential nitrogen (N) losses to the environment. To limit N losses and increase sustainability of pork production, the efficiency of protein conversion should be maximized. The aim of this paper is to critically evaluate diet and management strategies linked with N efficiency. Besides nutrition, we discuss three management strategies observed in science and in practice to be linked with improved N efficiency: genetic selection, castration and slaughter weight. Because diet has a marked effect on eventual N losses, it must also be taken into account when evaluating management strategies. A reductionist approach, such as feeding the same diet across all management treatments, may overestimate the effect of a management strategy and eventually lead to incorrect conclusions. The amount of excreted N depends on the amount of ingested N, the amount of absorbed N, the amino acid (AA) balance in the diet and the animal's N and AA requirements. Daily multiphase feeding adapted to the individual animal's AA needs is likely to be the most N efficient. For animals housed in groups, phase feeding is necessary. When combined with periods of temporary AA restriction, N efficiency can be further improved. Specific AA consumption must be balanced by applying the ideal protein concept. With better knowledge of the requirements of individual animals and the commercial availability of certain AAs, the total dietary CP level can be lowered within limits. Further research is needed on the minimal CP level that allows maximal performance. For this end a useful parameter may be the ratio of standardized ileal digestible (SID) lysine : apparent total tract digestible CP level. By combining optimal nutrition and management, a whole body N efficiency approaching 60% may be achievable in the near future.
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Wang B, Jiang LS, Liu JX. Amino acid profiles of rumen undegradable protein: a comparison between forages including cereal straws and alfalfa and their respective total mixed rations. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017; 102:601-610. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Beijing University of Agriculture; Beijing China
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Institute of Dairy Science; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
| | - L. S. Jiang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Dairy Cow Nutrition; College of Animal Science and Technology; Beijing University of Agriculture; Beijing China
| | - J. X. Liu
- MoE Key Laboratory of Molecular Animal Nutrition; Institute of Dairy Science; College of Animal Sciences; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou China
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Use of metabolic profile in short-term studies for estimating optimum dietary isoleucine, leucine, and valine for pigs. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Volker F. Wendisch
- Bielefeld University; Genetics of Prokaryotes, Faculty of Biology and CeBiTec; Postfach 100131 33501 Bielefeld Germany
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Soumeh EA, Hedemann MS, Poulsen HD, Corrent E, van Milgen J, Nørgaard JV. Nontargeted LC-MS Metabolomics Approach for Metabolic Profiling of Plasma and Urine from Pigs Fed Branched Chain Amino Acids for Maximum Growth Performance. J Proteome Res 2016; 15:4195-4207. [PMID: 27704848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.6b00184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic response in plasma and urine of pigs when feeding an optimum level of branched chain amino acids (BCAAs) for best growth performance is unknown. The objective of the current study was to identify the metabolic phenotype associated with the BCAAs intake level that could be linked to the animal growth performance. Three dose-response studies were carried out to collect blood and urine samples from pigs fed increasing levels of Ile, Val, or Leu followed by a nontargeted LC-MS approach to characterize the metabolic profile of biofluids when dietary BCAAs are optimum for animal growth. Results showed that concentrations of plasma hypoxanthine and tyrosine (Tyr) were higher while concentrations of glycocholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, and taurocholic acid were lower when the dietary Ile was optimum. Plasma 3-methyl-2-oxovaleric acid and creatine were lower when dietary Leu was optimum. The optimum dietary Leu resulted in increased urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline and relatively decreased excretion of 2-aminoadipic acid, acetyl-dl-valine, Ile, 2-methylbutyrylglycine, and Tyr. In conclusion, plasma glycocholic acid and taurocholic acid were discriminating metabolites to the optimum dietary Ile. The optimum dietary Leu was associated with reduced plasma creatine and urinary 2-aminoadipic acid and elevated urinary excretion of ascorbic acid and choline. The optimum dietary Val had a less pronounced metabolic response reflected in plasma or urine than other BCAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham A Soumeh
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mette S Hedemann
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Hanne D Poulsen
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | | | | | - Jan V Nørgaard
- Department of Animal Science, Aarhus University, Foulum , DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
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42
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Naadland S, Steinshamn H, Krizsan S, Randby Å. Effect of replacing organic grass-clover silage from primary growth with regrowth on N digestion in dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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43
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Optimum dietary amino acid pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes (Alopex lagopus). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800053868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe optimum pattern and limiting order of some essential amino acids for growing-furring blue foxes were assessed from nitrogen (N) retention responses. Total tract digestibility and N balance trials were carried out on 24 weaned blue fox males in an 8 ✕ 5 cyclic change-over experiment. Eight experimental diets were prepared by removing proportionately about 0·4 of each of the amino acids studied – methionine + cystine, lysine, threonine, tryptophan and histidine – successively from the amino acid control diet. The main source of protein in the amino acid control diet was casein and an amino acid mixture was added to bring the calculated crude protein (CP) content up to the level of 170 g/kg dry matter (DM). Low-protein (CP 95·7 g/kg DM) and high-protein (CP 166·6 g/kg DM) diets, the protein proportion of which was casein protein, served as negative and positive control diets, respectively. The reduction in N retention when one amino acid in turn was deleted from the amino acid control diet was calculated, and a regression analysis was made between N retention and relative amino acid intake. Data on the animals’ intake of each limiting amino acid and those on the amino acid control diet were used. The optimum amino acid pattern, expressed relative to lysine = 100, proved to be: methionine + cystine 77, threonine 64, histidine 55 and tryptophan 22. The first-limiting amino acids were methionine + cystine. Blue fox responses (N retention, weight gain) to deletion of methionine + cystine from the diet were very severe and exceeded those to deletion of any other amino acid. Moreover, removing methionine + cystine from the diet significantly impaired the apparent digestibility of organic matter, reducing it to a level even lower than that of the low-protein diet. After methionine + cystine, the next-limiting amino acid in casein-based diets was threonine, followed by histidine and tryptophan. The results show the importance of verifying the sufficiency of dietary methionine + cystine in the practical feeding of blue foxes.
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Abstract
AbstractA review of work reported in the literature was used to present quantitative descriptions of protein use in the growing pig. These are detailed in the text, which also points to preferred values, and to anomalies and lacunae. The review was prepared with the objective of allowing from its content the inclusive and quantitative modelling of amino acid requirement. Requirement was approached as the sum of the component factors: maintenance and protein retention. Ileal true digestible protein and amino acid requirements are presented in a form consistent with that forwarded for energy. Thus both energy and protein elements can be conceptualized within a single coherent framework. Priority uses for absorbed amino acids were assumed to be (a) to support endogenous protein losses resultant from the passage of food and incomplete re-absorption prior to the terminal ileum, (b) to replace lost hair and skin, and (c) to cover the basic maintenance losses which will occur as a result of minimal protein turn-over even when protein retention is zero. The bulk of the protein requirement was directly linked to the daily rate of protein retention, for which the linear-plateau response was accepted. For determination of the maximum rate of protein retention the Gompertz function was proposed, although the use of a single value throughout the growth period was not dismissed. The balance of amino acids for protein retention is specified as different from that for maintenance. Central to the approach was the proposal that the inefficiency of use of ileal digested ideal protein, even when not supplied in excess, was an expression of protein losses occurring as a result of protein turn-over. The requirement for the satisfaction of the losses from protein turn-over occurring as a consequence of protein retention, and therefore additional to the requirements for maintenance, was identified. Quantification was attempted with sufficient success to warrant its inclusion into requirement estimation. It was concluded that this element addressed previously inadequately explained protein utilization inefficiencies. Algorithms are presented based upon protein turn-over which appear to be consistent with empirical findings.
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45
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Modelling the effects of thermal environment and dietary composition on pig performance: model testing and evaluation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1017/s1357729800059002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
AbstractA deterministic, dynamic pig growth model predicting the effect of genotype, and the thermal and nutritional environments on food intake, growth and body composition of growing pigs was tested and evaluated against experimental data from the literature. Four sets of experiments meeting the necessary requirement of feeding the pigs ad libitum and reporting sufficient information on trial conditions were chosen to test the model. The parameters used in the model to describe the kind of pig were protein weight at maturity (Pm) the Gompertz rate parameter (B) and the ratio of mature lipid weight (Lm) to Pm. Values for Pm and B used to apply to the pigs in the four experiments were selected as those which gave the maximum daily gains equal to those reported at thermoneutral temperatures on diets not limiting in protein. The value of Lm was chosen as that which gave a value for food conversion ratio close to that seen in the experiment, again at a thermoneutral temperature and on a non-limiting diet. The model was run for each of the experiments from the given start weight until slaughter weight was reached. All pigs were assumed to have their desired bodily composition at the start of the experimental period, which is determined by their genetic descriptors and weight. From the conditions of the experiments, average daily gain (ADG) average daily food intake (ADFI) food conversion ratio (FCR) final body weight, body composition, average daily gains of each of the chemical body components and heat production (HP) were predicted. Generally as temperature increased or the crude protein content of the food increased, ADFI, ADG and the fatness of the pig decreased, whilst protein content increased. Quantitative differences between the model predictions and the observations, were probably due to the greater sensitivity of the model to temperature. This is likely to reflect the omission of long-term adaptation and acclimatization, or to incorrect estimation of the wetness of the pig’s skin. However, model predictions were generally in good quantitative agreement with the observed data over the wide range of treatments tested. This gives support to the value and accuracy of the model for predicting pig performance when the thermal and nutritional environments are manipulated.
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Loman AA, Ju LK. Soybean carbohydrate as fermentation feedstock for production of biofuels and value-added chemicals. Process Biochem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Teekens AM, Bruins ME, van Kasteren JM, Hendriks WH, Sanders JP. Synergy between bio-based industry and the feed industry through biorefinery. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2016; 96:2603-2612. [PMID: 26694859 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.7596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Processing biomass into multi-functional components can contribute to the increasing demand for raw materials for feed and bio-based non-food products. This contribution aims to demonstrate synergy between the bio-based industry and the feed industry through biorefinery of currently used feed ingredients. Illustrating the biorefinery concept, rapeseed was selected as a low priced feed ingredient based on market prices versus crude protein, crude fat and apparent ileal digestible lysine content. In addition it is already used as an alternative protein source in diets and can be cultivated in European climate zones. Furthermore, inclusion level of rapeseed meal in pig diet is limited because of its nutritionally active factors. A conceptual process was developed to improve rapeseeds nutritional value and producing other bio-based building blocks simultaneously. Based on the correlation between market prices of feed ingredients and its protein and fat content, the value of refined products was estimated. Finally, a sensitivity analysis, under two profit scenario, shows that the process is economically feasible. This study demonstrates that using biorefinery processes on feed ingredients can improve feed quality. In conjunction, it produces building blocks for a bio-based industry and creates synergy between bio-based and feed industry for more efficient use of biomass. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Teekens
- Vilentum Hogeschool, Department of Applied Science, De Drieslag 4, 8251 JZ Dronten, the Netherlands
| | - Marieke E Bruins
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Bio-based Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen UR, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes Mn van Kasteren
- Vilentum Hogeschool, Department of Applied Science, De Drieslag 4, 8251 JZ Dronten, the Netherlands
| | - Wouter H Hendriks
- Animal Nutrition Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Johan Pm Sanders
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Food & Biobased Research, Wageningen UR, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Agrotechnology and Food Sciences Group, Bio-based Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen UR, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
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Abstract
Reduction of the CP content in the diets of piglets requires supplementation with crystalline essential amino acids (AA). Data on the leucine (Leu) and histidine (His) requirements of young pigs fed low-CP diets are limited and have primarily been obtained from nonlinear models. However, these models do not consider the possible decline in appetite and growth that can occur when pigs are fed excessive amounts of AA such as Leu. Therefore, two dose-response studies were conducted to estimate the standardised ileal digestible (SID) Leu : lysine (Lys) and His : Lys required to optimise the growth performance of young pigs. In both studies, the average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain-to-feed ratio (G : F) were determined during a 6-week period. To ensure that the diets had sub-limiting Lys levels, a preliminary Lys dose-response study was conducted. In the Leu study, 60 35-day-old piglets of both sexes were randomly assigned to one of five treatments and fed a low-CP diet (15%) with SID Leu : Lys levels of 83%, 94%, 104%, 115% or 125%. The His study used 120 31-day-old piglets of both sexes, which were allotted to one of five treatments and fed a low-CP diet (14%) with SID His : Lys levels of 22%, 26%, 30%, 34% or 38%. Linear broken-line, curvilinear-plateau and quadratic-function models were used for estimations of SID Leu : Lys and SID His : Lys. The minimum SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was, on average, 101% based on the linear broken-line and curvilinear-plateau models. Using the quadratic-function model, the minimum SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was 108%. Data obtained from the quadratic-function analysis further showed that a ±10% deviation from the identified Leu requirement was accompanied by a small decline in the ADG (-3%). The minimum SID His : Lys level needed to maximise ADG, ADFI and G : F was 27% and 28% using the linear broken-line and curvilinear-plateau models, respectively, and 33% using the quadratic-function model. The preferred model to estimate the His requirement was the curvilinear-plateau model. However, a 10% reduction in the SID His : Lys level was associated with an 11% reduction in the ADG. In conclusion, the SID Leu : Lys level needed to maximise growth was 108% when using the quadratic-function model as the best-fitting model. The minimum SID His : Lys level required to optimise growth was 28% when using the curvilinear-plateau model as the best-fitting model.
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49
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Torres-Pitarch A, Nielsen B, Canibe N, Jensen BB, Derkx P, Cantor MD, Blaabjerg K, Poulsen HD, Nørgaard JV. Tryptophan provision by dietary supplementation of a Bacillus subtilismutant strain in piglets. ACTA AGR SCAND A-AN 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09064702.2015.1131326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Cyclical changes in biomass productivity and amino acid content of freshwater macroalgae following nitrogen manipulation. ALGAL RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2015.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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