1
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Huijbers EJM, Khan KA, Kerbel RS, Griffioen AW. Tumors resurrect an embryonic vascular program to escape immunity. Sci Immunol 2022; 7:eabm6388. [PMID: 35030032 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abm6388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth J M Huijbers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Kabir A Khan
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Robert S Kerbel
- Biological Sciences Platform, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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2
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Woller N, Engelskircher SA, Wirth T, Wedemeyer H. Prospects and Challenges for T Cell-Based Therapies of HCC. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071651. [PMID: 34209393 PMCID: PMC8304292 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The scope of therapeutic options for the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has recently been expanded by immunotherapeutic regimens. T cell-based therapies, especially in combination with other treatments have achieved far better outcomes compared to conventional treatments alone. However, there is an emerging body of evidence that eliciting T cell responses in immunotherapeutic approaches is insufficient for favorable outcomes. Immune responses in HCC are frequently attenuated in the tumor microenvironment (TME) or may even support tumor progress. Hence, therapies with immune checkpoint inhibitors or adoptive cell therapies appear to necessitate additional modification of the TME to unlock their full potential. In this review, we focus on immunotherapeutic strategies, underlying molecular mechanisms of CD8 T cell immunity, and causes of treatment failure in HCC of viral and non-viral origin. Furthermore, we provide an overview of TME features in underlying etiologies of HCC patients that mediate therapy resistance to checkpoint inhibition and discuss strategies from the literature concerning current approaches to these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman Woller
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sophie Anna Engelskircher
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Wirth
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Heiner Wedemeyer
- Clinic for Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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3
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Li SJ, Chen JX, Sun ZJ. Improving antitumor immunity using antiangiogenic agents: Mechanistic insights, current progress, and clinical challenges. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2021; 41:830-850. [PMID: 34137513 PMCID: PMC8441058 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint blockade (ICB), has revolutionized oncology. However, only a limited number of patients benefit from immunotherapy, and some cancers that initially respond to immunotherapy can ultimately relapse and progress. Thus, some studies have investigated combining immunotherapy with other therapies to overcome resistance to monotherapy. Recently, multiple preclinical and clinical studies have shown that tumor vasculature is a determinant of whether immunotherapy will elicit an antitumor response; thus, vascular targeting may be a promising strategy to improve cancer immunotherapy outcomes. A successful antitumor immune response requires an intact "Cancer-Immunity Cycle," including T cell priming and activation, immune cell recruitment, and recognition and killing of cancer cells. Angiogenic inducers, especially vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), can interfere with activation, infiltration, and function of T cells, thus breaking the "Cancer-Immunity Cycle." Together with immunostimulation-regulated tumor vessel remodeling, VEGF-mediated immunosuppression provides a solid therapeutic rationale for combining immunotherapy with antiangiogenic agents to treat solid tumors. Following the successes of recent landmark phase III clinical trials, therapies combining immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) with antiangiogenic agents have become first-line treatments for multiple solid tumors, whereas the efficacy of such combinations in other solid tumors remains to be validated in ongoing studies. In this review, we discussed synergies between antiangiogenic agents and cancer immunotherapy based on results from preclinical and translational studies. Then, we discussed recent progress in randomized clinical trials. ICI-containing combinations were the focus of this review because of their recent successes, but combinations containing other immunotherapies were also discussed. Finally, we attempted to define critical challenges in combining ICIs with antiangiogenic agents to promote coordination and stimulate collaboration within the research community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Jin Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Xian Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-Jun Sun
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedicine, Ministry of Education, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China.,Department of Oral Maxillofacial-Head Neck Oncology, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430079, P. R. China
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4
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Aquino JB, Sierra R, Montaldo LA. Diverse cellular origins of adult blood vascular endothelial cells. Dev Biol 2021; 477:117-132. [PMID: 34048734 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During embryonic stages, vascular endothelial cells (ECs) originate from the mesoderm, at specific extraembryonic and embryonic regions, through a process called vasculogenesis. In the adult, EC renewal/replacement mostly depend on local resident ECs or endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Nevertheless, contribution from circulating ECs/EPCs was also reported. In addition, cells lacking from EC/EPC markers with in vitro extended plasticity were shown to originate endothelial-like cells (ELCs). Most of these cells consist of mesenchymal stromal progenitors, which would eventually get mobilized from the bone marrow after injury. Based on that, current knowledge on different mouse and human bone marrow stromal cell (BM-SC) subpopulations, able to contribute with mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs), is herein reviewed. Such analyses underline an unexpected heterogeneity among sinusoidal LepR+ stromal/CAR cells. For instance, in a recent report a subgroup of LepR+ stromal/CAR progenitors, which express GLAST and is traced in Wnt1Cre;R26RTom mice, was found to contribute with ELCs in vivo. These GLAST + Wnt1+ BM-SCs were shown to get mobilized to the peripheral blood and to contribute with liver regeneration. Other sources of ELCs, such as adipose, neural and dental pulp tissues, were also published. Finally, mechanisms likely involved in the enhanced cellular plasticity properties of bone marrow/adipose tissue stromal cells, able to originate ELCs, are assessed. In the future, strategies to analyze the in vivo expression profile of stromal cells, with MSC properties, in combination with screening of active genomic regions at the single cell-level, during early postnatal development and/or after injury, will likely help understanding properties of these ELC sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge B Aquino
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina.
| | - Romina Sierra
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
| | - Laura A Montaldo
- CONICET-Universidad Austral, Instituto de Investigaciones en Medicina Traslacional (IIMT), Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Argentina
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5
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Geindreau M, Ghiringhelli F, Bruchard M. Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, a Key Modulator of the Anti-Tumor Immune Response. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4871. [PMID: 34064508 PMCID: PMC8124522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor growth, angiogenesis is required to ensure oxygen and nutrient transport to the tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the major inducer of angiogenesis and appears to be a key modulator of the anti-tumor immune response. Indeed, VEGF modulates innate and adaptive immune responses through direct interactions and indirectly by modulating protein expressions on endothelial cells or vascular permeability. The inhibition of the VEGF signaling pathway is clinically approved for the treatment of several cancers. Therapies targeting VEGF can modulate the tumor vasculature and the immune response. In this review, we discuss the roles of VEGF in the anti-tumor immune response. In addition, we summarize therapeutic strategies based on its inhibition, and their clinical approval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mannon Geindreau
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France;
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
| | - Mélanie Bruchard
- Faculté des Sciences de Santé, Université Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Team “CAdIR”, CRI INSERM UMR1231 “Lipids, Nutrition and Cancer”, 21000 Dijon, France
- LipSTIC LabEx, 21000 Dijon, France;
- Centre Georges François Leclerc, 21000 Dijon, France
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6
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El Dika I, Makki I, Abou-Alfa GK. Hepatocellular carcinoma, novel therapies on the horizon. Chin Clin Oncol 2020; 10:12. [PMID: 32527116 PMCID: PMC8279038 DOI: 10.21037/cco-20-113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary liver cancer and is associated with high mortality rate. Incidence remains high due to the persistent prevalence of viral hepatitis, alcoholic cirrhosis, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NFLD). Despite screening efforts, the majority of patients present with advanced disease, add to the high risk of recurrence after curative surgery. Conventional chemotherapy did not alter the nature history of advanced and metastatic HCC. The discovery of multiple tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) led to the approval of sorafenib as first efficacious therapy. A new era in the treatment paradigm of HCC is evolving. Since the advent of sorafenib as an active treatment option for patients presenting with advanced or metastatic disease, several agents have been examined. This was linked with many failures, and success stories to celebrate. Herein, we describe the historical progress and current advances of systemic therapies post-sorafenib. Lenvatinib, regorafenib, cabozantinib, ramucirumab, pembrolizumab, and nivolumab, are all presently added and available therapeutic options in the advanced setting. The evaluation of novel treatment combinations including anti-angiogenic, TKIs plus checkpoint inhibitors, add to dual checkpoint inhibitors is evolving rapidly starting with the advent of the combination of atezolizumab plus bevacizumab. Combining local and systemic therapies is being actively investigated, as an option for locally advanced disease conventionally treated with locoregional approaches. The horizon remains promising and continues to evolve for HCC a disease long considered with unmet needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imane El Dika
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Iman Makki
- Icahn School of Medicine Mount Sinai St. Luke's West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ghassan K Abou-Alfa
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Weill Medical College at Cornell University, New York, NY, USA.
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7
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Zhang J, Endres S, Kobold S. Enhancing tumor T cell infiltration to enable cancer immunotherapy. Immunotherapy 2020; 11:201-213. [PMID: 30730277 DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has changed the treatment landscape for cancer patients, especially for those with metastatic spread. While the immunotherapeutic armamentarium is constantly growing, as exemplified by approved compounds, clinical outcome remains variable both within and across entities. A sufficient infiltration into the tumor microenvironment and successful activation of effector T lymphocytes against tumor cells have been identified as predictors for responses to T cell-based immunotherapies. However, tumor cells have developed a variety of mechanisms to reduce T cell homing and access to the tumor tissue to prevent activity of anticancer immunity. As a consequence, investigations have interrogated strategies to improve the efficacy of cancer immunotherapies by enhancing T cell infiltration into tumor tissues. In this review, we summarize mechanisms of how tumor tissue shapes immune suppressive microenvironment to prevent T cell access to the tumor site. We focus on current strategies to improve cancer immunotherapies through enhancing T cell infiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhang
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
| | - Stefan Endres
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
| | - Sebastian Kobold
- Center of Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPS-M) & Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Klinikum der Universität München, Lindwurmstrasse 2a, 80337 Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center of Lung Research
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8
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Niemira M, Collin F, Szalkowska A, Bielska A, Chwialkowska K, Reszec J, Niklinski J, Kwasniewski M, Kretowski A. Molecular Signature of Subtypes of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer by Large-Scale Transcriptional Profiling: Identification of Key Modules and Genes by Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis (WGCNA). Cancers (Basel) 2019; 12:E37. [PMID: 31877723 PMCID: PMC7017323 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) represents a heterogeneous group of malignancies consisting essentially of adenocarcinoma (ADC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although the diagnosis and treatment of ADC and SCC have been greatly improved in recent decades, there is still an urgent need to identify accurate transcriptome profile associated with the histological subtypes of NSCLC. The present study aims to identify the key dysregulated pathways and genes involved in the development of lung ADC and SCC and to relate them with the clinical traits. The transcriptional changes between tumour and normal lung tissues were investigated by RNA-seq. Gene ontology (GO), canonical pathways analysis with the prediction of upstream regulators, and weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify co-expressed modules and hub genes were used to explore the biological functions of the identified dysregulated genes. It was indicated that specific gene signatures differed significantly between ADC and SCC related to the distinct pathways. Of identified modules, four and two modules were the most related to clinical features in ADC and SCC, respectively. CTLA4, MZB1, NIP7, and BUB1B in ADC, as well as GNG11 and CCNB2 in SCC, are novel top hub genes in modules associated with tumour size, SUVmax, and recurrence-free survival. Our research provides a more effective understanding of the importance of biological pathways and the relationships between major genes in NSCLC in the perspective of searching for new molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Niemira
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Francois Collin
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Anna Szalkowska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Agnieszka Bielska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
| | - Karolina Chwialkowska
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Joanna Reszec
- Department of Medical Pathomorphology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Jacek Niklinski
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland;
| | - Miroslaw Kwasniewski
- Centre for Bioinformatics and Data Analysis, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (F.C.); (K.C.); (M.K.)
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland; (A.S.); (A.B.); (A.K.)
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, 15-276 Bialystok, Poland
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9
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy (CIT) has transformed cancer treatment. In particular, immunotherapies targeting the programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death 1 pathway have demonstrated durable clinical benefit in some patients. However, CIT combinations may create a more favorable environment in which to maximize the potential of the immune system to eliminate cancer. Here we describe 3 key mechanisms related to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-mediated immunosuppression: inhibition of dendritic cell maturation, reduction of T-cell tumor infiltration, and promotion of inhibitory cells in the tumor microenvironment; supporting data are also described. In addition, we discuss immunomodulatory properties observed within tumors following bevacizumab treatment. Combining anti-PD-L1 and anti-VEGF therapies has shown synergy and positive outcomes in phases I to III studies, particularly in settings where high VEGF levels are known to play an important role in tumor growth. We also review data from key studies supporting combination of bevacizumab and CIT, with a focus on PD-L1/programmed death 1 inhibitors.
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10
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Boisson-Vidal C, Benslimane-Ahmim Z, Lokajczyk A, Heymann D, Smadja DM. Osteoprotegerin Induces CD34 + Differentiation in Endothelial Progenitor Cells. Front Med (Lausanne) 2018; 5:331. [PMID: 30538990 PMCID: PMC6277572 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2018.00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) are the main hypothetical cells that could give rise to vessels and in particular one subtype isolated from peripheral or cord bloods: endothelial colony forming cells (ECFCs). These ECFCs are clonogenic precursors committed to endothelial lineage and have robust vasculogenic properties. However, their low number and poor expansion properties when isolated from human adult bloods, currently limit their use as an autologous cell therapy product. We previously reported that osteoprotegerin (OPG), a well-characterized regulator of bone metabolism, contributes to ischemic tissue revascularization, tumor growth in vivo, and potentiates ECFCs proangiogenic properties through the secretion of SDF-1. The current study investigated the role of OPG in ECFCs differentiation and expansion from cord blood CD34+ cells. OPG increased the number of ECFCs after endothelial differentiation of CD34+ cells, enhancing the time of EPCs colonies initial appearance and the growth kinetic of endothelial cell progeny. OPG-exposed ECFCs expressed higher levels of CD34+ compared to control ECFCs. In conclusion, our findings provide novel insights into OPG in regulation of CD34+ progenitor cells. These results give new opportunities for ex vivo expansion of human ECFCs using OPG as a cell culture component for future ECFC product manufacture according to GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Boisson-Vidal
- Inserm, UMR_S1140, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Zahia Benslimane-Ahmim
- Inserm, UMR_S1140, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Anna Lokajczyk
- Inserm, UMR_S1140, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Inserm, UMR_S1232, CRCINA, Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Université Nantes-Angers-Le Mans, Nantes, France
| | - David M Smadja
- Inserm, UMR_S1140, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.,AP-HP, Hematology Department, European Georges Pompidou Hospital, Paris, France
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11
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Dallinga MG, Yetkin-Arik B, Kayser RP, Vogels IMC, Nowak-Sliwinska P, Griffioen AW, van Noorden CJF, Klaassen I, Schlingemann RO. IGF2 and IGF1R identified as novel tip cell genes in primary microvascular endothelial cell monolayers. Angiogenesis 2018; 21:823-836. [PMID: 29951828 PMCID: PMC6208896 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-018-9627-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tip cells, the leading cells of angiogenic sprouts, were identified in cultures of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by using CD34 as a marker. Here, we show that tip cells are also present in primary human microvascular endothelial cells (hMVECs), a more relevant endothelial cell type for angiogenesis. By means of flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and qPCR, it is shown that endothelial cell cultures contain a dynamic population of CD34+ cells with many hallmarks of tip cells, including filopodia-like extensions, elevated mRNA levels of known tip cell genes, and responsiveness to stimulation with VEGF and inhibition by DLL4. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our in vitro tip cell model can be exploited to investigate cellular and molecular mechanisms in tip cells and to discover novel targets for anti-angiogenesis therapy in patients. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) was used to knockdown gene expression of the known tip cell genes angiopoietin 2 (ANGPT2) and tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin-like and EGF-like domains 1 (TIE1), which resulted in similar effects on tip cells and sprouting as compared to inhibition of tip cells in vivo. Finally, we identified two novel tip cell-specific genes in CD34+ tip cells in vitro: insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and IGF-1-receptor (IGF1R). Knockdown of these genes resulted in a significant decrease in the fraction of tip cells and in the extent of sprouting in vitro and in vivo. In conclusion, this study shows that by using our in vitro tip cell model, two novel essential tip cells genes are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marchien G Dallinga
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bahar Yetkin-Arik
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richelle P Kayser
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ilse M C Vogels
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J F van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 15, Room L3-154, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Reinier O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Departments of Ophthalmology and Medical Biology, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
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12
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Abstract
Immunotherapies have revolutionized medical oncology following the remarkable and, in some cases, unprecedented outcomes observed in certain groups of patients with cancer. Combination with other therapeutic modalities, including anti-angiogenic agents, is one of the many strategies currently under investigation to improve the response rates and duration of immunotherapies. Such a strategy might seem counterintuitive given that anti-angiogenic agents can increase tumour hypoxia and reduce the number of blood vessels within tumours. Herein, we review the additional effects mediated by drugs targeting VEGF-dependent signalling and other pathways, such as those mediated by angiopoietin 2 or HGF, which might increase the efficacy of immunotherapies. In addition, we discuss the seldom considered possibility that immunotherapies, and immune-checkpoint inhibitors in particular, might increase the efficacy of anti-angiogenic or other types of antivascular therapies and/or promote changes in the tumour vasculature. In short, we propose that interactions between both therapeutic modalities could be considered a 'two-way street'.
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13
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Ramjiawan RR, Griffioen AW, Duda DG. Anti-angiogenesis for cancer revisited: Is there a role for combinations with immunotherapy? Angiogenesis 2017; 20:185-204. [PMID: 28361267 PMCID: PMC5439974 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is defined as the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels and has been characterized as an essential process for tumor cell proliferation and viability. This has led to the development of pharmacological agents for anti-angiogenesis to disrupt the vascular supply and starve tumor of nutrients and oxygen, primarily through blockade of VEGF/VEGFR signaling. This effort has resulted in 11 anti-VEGF drugs approved for certain advanced cancers, alone or in combination with chemotherapy or other targeted therapies. But this success had only limited impact on overall survival of cancer patients and rarely resulted in durable responses. Given the recent success of immunotherapies, combinations of anti-angiogenics with immune checkpoint blockers have become an attractive strategy. However, implementing such combinations will require a better mechanistic understanding of their interaction. Due to overexpression of pro-angiogenic factors in tumors, their vasculature is often tortuous and disorganized, with excessively branched leaky vessels. This enhances vascular permeability, which in turn is associated with high interstitial fluid pressure, and a reduction in blood perfusion and oxygenation. Judicious dosing of anti-angiogenic treatment can transiently normalize the tumor vasculature by decreasing vascular permeability and improving tumor perfusion and blood flow, and synergize with immunotherapy in this time window. However, anti-angiogenics may also excessively prune tumor vessels in a dose and time-dependent manner, which induces hypoxia and immunosuppression, including increased expression of the immune checkpoint programmed death receptor ligand (PD-L1). This review focuses on revisiting the concept of anti-angiogenesis in combination with immunotherapy as a strategy for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh R Ramjiawan
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom St, Cox-734, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan W Griffioen
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dan G Duda
- E. L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology, Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, 100 Blossom St, Cox-734, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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14
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Siemerink MJ, Hughes MR, Dallinga MG, Gora T, Cait J, Vogels IMC, Yetin-Arik B, Van Noorden CJF, Klaassen I, McNagny KM, Schlingemann RO. CD34 Promotes Pathological Epi-Retinal Neovascularization in a Mouse Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157902. [PMID: 27352134 PMCID: PMC4924789 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sialomucins CD34 and podocalyxin (PODXL) are anti-adhesive molecules expressed at the luminal membrane of endothelial cells of small blood vessels and facilitate vascular lumen formation in the developing mouse aorta. CD34 transcript and protein levels are increased during human angiogenesis, its expression is particularly enriched on endothelial tip cell filopodia and CD34 is a marker for tip cells in vitro. Here, we investigated whether CD34 merely marks endothelial tip cells or has a functional role in tip cells and angiogenesis. We assessed that silencing CD34 in human microvascular endothelial cells has little effect on endothelial cell migration or invasion, but has a significant effect on vascular-endothelial growth factor-induced angiogenic sprouting activity in vitro. In vivo, the absence of CD34 reduced the density of filopodia on retinal endothelial tip cells in neonatal mice, but did not influence the overall architecture of the retinal vascular network. In oxygen-induced retinopathy, Cd34-/- mice showed normal intra-retinal regenerative angiogenesis but the number of pathological epi-retinal neovascular tufts were reduced. We conclude that CD34 is not essential for developmental vascularization in the retina, but its expression promotes the formation of pathological, invasive vessels during neovascularization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin J. Siemerink
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R. Hughes
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marchien G. Dallinga
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tomek Gora
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jessica Cait
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Ilse M. C. Vogels
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bahar Yetin-Arik
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J. F. Van Noorden
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kelly M. McNagny
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- The Biomedical Research Centre, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Reinier O. Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
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15
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Kim JM, Chen DS. Immune escape to PD-L1/PD-1 blockade: seven steps to success (or failure). Ann Oncol 2016; 27:1492-504. [PMID: 27207108 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 426] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD-1)-targeted therapy has demonstrated the importance of the PD-L1 : PD-1 interaction in inhibiting anticancer T-cell immunity in multiple human cancers, generating durable responses and extended overall survival. However, not all patients treated with PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy experience tumor shrinkage, durable responses, or prolonged survival. To extend such benefits to more cancer patients, it is necessary to understand why some patients experience primary or secondary immune escape, in which the immune response is incapable of eradicating all cancer cells. Understanding immune escape from PD-L1/PD-1-targeted therapy will be important to the development of rational immune-combination therapy and predictive diagnostics and to the identification of novel immune targets. Factors that likely relate to immune escape include the lack of strong cancer antigens or epitopes recognized by T cells, minimal activation of cancer-specific T cells, poor infiltration of T cells into tumors, downregulation of the major histocompatibility complex on cancer cells, and immunosuppressive factors and cells in the tumor microenvironment. Precisely identifying and understanding these mechanisms of immune escape in individual cancer patients will allow for personalized cancer immunotherapy, in which monotherapy and combination immunotherapy are chosen based on the presence of specific immune biology. This approach may enable treatment with immunotherapy without inducing immune escape, resulting in a larger proportion of patients obtaining clinical benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Kim
- Genentech, South San Francisco
| | - D S Chen
- Genentech, South San Francisco Stanford Medical Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, USA
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16
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Tasev D, Konijnenberg LSF, Amado-Azevedo J, van Wijhe MH, Koolwijk P, van Hinsbergh VWM. CD34 expression modulates tube-forming capacity and barrier properties of peripheral blood-derived endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs). Angiogenesis 2016; 19:325-38. [PMID: 27043316 PMCID: PMC4930476 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-016-9506-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFC) are grown from circulating CD34+ progenitors present in adult peripheral blood, but during in vitro expansion part of the cells lose CD34. To evaluate whether the regulation of CD34 characterizes the angiogenic phenotypical features of PB-ECFCs, we investigated the properties of CD34+ and CD34− ECFCs with respect to their ability to form capillary-like tubes in 3D fibrin matrices, tip-cell gene expression, and barrier integrity. Selection of CD34+ and CD34− ECFCs from subcultured ECFCs was accomplished by magnetic sorting (FACS: CD34+: 95 % pos; CD34−: 99 % neg). Both fractions proliferated at same rate, while CD34+ ECFCs exhibited higher tube-forming capacity and tip-cell gene expression than CD34− cells. However, during cell culture CD34− cells re-expressed CD34. Cell-seeding density, cell–cell contact formation, and serum supplements modulated CD34 expression. CD34 expression in ECFCs was strongly suppressed by newborn calf serum. Stimulation with FGF-2, VEGF, or HGF prepared in medium supplemented with 3 % albumin did not change CD34 mRNA or surface expression. Silencing of CD34 with siRNA resulted in strengthening of cell–cell contacts and increased barrier function of ECFC monolayers as measured by ECIS. Furthermore, CD34 siRNA reduced tube formation by ECFC, but did not affect tip-cell gene expression. These findings demonstrate that CD34+ and CD34− cells are different phenotypes of similar cells and that CD34 (1) can be regulated in ECFC; (2) is positively involved in capillary-like sprout formation; (3) is associated but not causally related to tip-cell gene expression; and (4) can affect endothelial barrier function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitar Tasev
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,A-Skin Nederland BV, De Boelelaan 1117, 1007 MB, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lara S F Konijnenberg
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joana Amado-Azevedo
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel H van Wijhe
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter Koolwijk
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Victor W M van Hinsbergh
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1118, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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17
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Ingaleshwar PS, Pandit S, Desai D, Redder CP, Shetty AS, Mithun KM. Immunohistochemical analysis of angiogenesis by CD34 and mast cells by toluidine blue in different grades of oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2016; 20:467-473. [PMID: 27721613 PMCID: PMC5051296 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.190950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Angiogenesis is a complex event mediated by angiogenic factors released from cancer cells and immune cells. It has been reported to be associated with progression, aggressiveness and metastases of various malignant tumors including oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Similarly, mast cells have also been reported to play a role in tumor progression and metastases by promoting angiogenesis. Objectives: The present study was conducted to compare microvessel density (MVD) and mast cell density (MCD) in different histological grades of OSCC in comparison with normal oral mucosa (NM). Materials and Methods: Comparison of MVD by CD34 and MCD by toluidine blue among different histological grades of OSCC and in NM as controls. Statistical Analysis: The results were analysed using “t” test, ANOVA and Pearson's correlation co-efficient. Results: The mean MVD was higher in different grades as compared to normal mucosa. Intergroup comparison of increase in MVD between different grades of OSCC was not found to be highly statistically significant. Pearson's correlation between MVD and MCD revealed a linear increase in MVD as the MCD increased, suggestive of a positive correlation. Conclusion: There was significant correlation found between MVD and MCD which was in agreement that mast cells promote tumor progression through upregulation of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Siddharth Pandit
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Dinkar Desai
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, A.J Institute of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - C Pramod Redder
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, College of Dental Sciences, Davangere, Karnataka, India
| | - Akhil S Shetty
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Subbaiah Dental College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
| | - K M Mithun
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Subbaiah Dental College, Shimoga, Karnataka, India
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18
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Tsou PS, Rabquer BJ, Ohara RA, Stinson WA, Campbell PL, Amin MA, Balogh B, Zakhem G, Renauer PA, Lozier A, Arasu E, Haines GK, Kahaleh B, Schiopu E, Khanna D, Koch AE. Scleroderma dermal microvascular endothelial cells exhibit defective response to pro-angiogenic chemokines. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2015; 55:745-54. [PMID: 26705326 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Angiogenesis plays a critical role in SSc (scleroderma). The aim of this study was to examine the expression of growth-regulated protein-γ (Gro-γ/CXCL3), granulocyte chemotactic protein 2 (GCP-2/CXCL6) and their receptor CXCR2 in endothelial cells (ECs) isolated from SSc skin and determine whether these cells mount an angiogenic response towards pro-angiogenic chemokines. The downstream signalling pathways as well as the pro-angiogenic transcription factor inhibitor of DNA-binding protein 1 (Id-1) were also examined. METHODS Skin biopsies were obtained from patients with dcSSc. ECs were isolated via magnetic positive selection. Angiogenesis was measured by EC chemotaxis assay. RESULTS Gro-γ/CXCL3 and GCP-2/CXCL6 were minimally expressed in both skin types but elevated in SSc serum. Pro-angiogenic chemokine mRNA was greater in SSc ECs than in normal ECs. SSc ECs did not migrate to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), Gro-γ/CXCL3, GCP-2/CXCL6 or CXCL16. The signalling pathways stimulated by these chemokines were also dysregulated. Id-1 mRNA in SSc ECs was lower compared with normal ECs, and overexpression of Id-1 in SSc ECs increased their ability to migrate towards VEGF and CXCL16. CONCLUSION Our results show that SSc ECs are unable to respond to pro-angiogenic chemokines despite their increased expression in serum and ECs. This might be due to the differences in the signalling pathways activated by these chemokines in normal vs SSc ECs. In addition, the lower expression of Id-1 also decreases the angiogenic response. The inability of pro-angiogenic chemokines to promote EC migration provides an additional mechanism for the impaired angiogenesis that characterizes SSc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program,
| | - Bradley J Rabquer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Biology Department, Albion College, Albion, MI
| | - Ray A Ohara
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - William A Stinson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Phillip L Campbell
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - M Asif Amin
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Beatrix Balogh
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - George Zakhem
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Paul A Renauer
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Ann Lozier
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | - Eshwar Arasu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Bashar Kahaleh
- Department of Medicine, University of Toledo Medical Center, Toledo, OH and
| | - Elena Schiopu
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program
| | - Dinesh Khanna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Scleroderma Program
| | - Alisa E Koch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, VA Medical Service, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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19
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Bellone M, Calcinotto A. Ways to enhance lymphocyte trafficking into tumors and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. Front Oncol 2013; 3:231. [PMID: 24062984 PMCID: PMC3769630 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2013.00231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor is a hostile microenvironment for T lymphocytes. Indeed, irregular blood flow, and endothelial cell (EC) anergy that characterize most solid tumors hamper leukocyte adhesion, extravasation, and infiltration. In addition, hypoxia and reprograming of energy metabolism within cancer cells transform the tumor mass in a harsh environment that limits survival and effector functions of T cells, regardless of being induced in vivo by vaccination or adoptively transferred. In this review, we will summarize on recent advances in our understanding of the characteristics of tumor-associated neo-angiogenic vessels as well as of the tumor metabolism that may impact on T cell trafficking and fitness of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes. In particular, we will focus on how advances in knowledge of the characteristics of tumor ECs have enabled identifying strategies to normalize the tumor-vasculature and/or overcome EC anergy, thus increasing leukocyte-vessel wall interactions and lymphocyte infiltration in tumors. We will also focus on drugs acting on cells and their released molecules to transiently render the tumor microenvironment more suitable for tumor infiltrating T lymphocytes, thus increasing the therapeutic effectiveness of both active and adoptive immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Bellone
- Cellular Immunology Unit, Department of Immunology, Infectious Diseases and Transplantation, San Raffaele Scientific Institute , Milan , Italy
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20
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CD34 marks angiogenic tip cells in human vascular endothelial cell cultures. Angiogenesis 2012; 15:151-63. [PMID: 22249946 PMCID: PMC3274677 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-011-9251-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/20/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The functional shift of quiescent endothelial cells into tip cells that migrate and stalk cells that proliferate is a key event during sprouting angiogenesis. We previously showed that the sialomucin CD34 is expressed in a small subset of cultured endothelial cells and that these cells extend filopodia: a hallmark of tip cells in vivo. In the present study, we characterized endothelial cells expressing CD34 in endothelial monolayers in vitro. We found that CD34-positive human umbilical vein endothelial cells show low proliferation activity and increased mRNA expression of all known tip cell markers, as compared to CD34-negative cells. Genome-wide mRNA profiling analysis of CD34-positive endothelial cells demonstrated enrichment for biological functions related to angiogenesis and migration, whereas CD34-negative cells were enriched for functions related to proliferation. In addition, we found an increase or decrease of CD34-positive cells in vitro upon exposure to stimuli that enhance or limit the number of tip cells in vivo, respectively. Our findings suggest cells with virtually all known properties of tip cells are present in vascular endothelial cell cultures and that they can be isolated based on expression of CD34. This novel strategy may open alternative avenues for future studies of molecular processes and functions in tip cells in angiogenesis.
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21
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Wang HT, Lee HI, Guo JH, Chen SH, Liao ZK, Huang KW, Torng PL, Hwang LH. Calreticulin promotes tumor lymphocyte infiltration and enhances the antitumor effects of immunotherapy by up-regulating the endothelial expression of adhesion molecules. Int J Cancer 2011; 130:2892-902. [PMID: 21805477 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.26339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 07/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Tumor-induced angiogenesis has been shown to suppress immune responses. One mechanism is to suppress leukocyte-endothelial cell interaction by down-regulating the expression of adhesion molecules, such as intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1 and E-selectin on the tumor endothelium, which enables tumor cells to escape immune surveillance. Calreticulin (CRT), a chaperone protein mainly located in the endoplasmic reticulum, has been shown to exert anti-angiogenic activity and inhibit tumor growth. Here, we demonstrate that in addition to inhibiting angiogenesis, CRT also enhances the expression of both ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on tumor endothelial cells. This expression results in enhanced leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions and increased lymphocyte infiltration into tumors. Therefore, combining intramuscular CRT gene transfer with intratumoral cytokine gene therapies significantly improves the antitumor effects of immunotherapy by markedly increasing the levels of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes. This combined treatment increased the levels of infiltrating lymphocytes to those achieved using four times the cytokine dosage. The combined therapy also resulted in lower levels of immunosuppressive molecules and higher levels of activated T-cells in the tumor microenvironment than immunotherapy alone. In conclusion, this study describes a new antitumor mechanism of CRT that involves the up-regulation of tumor endothelial adhesion molecules and the enhanced infiltration of tumor-specific lymphocytes. Thus, CRT treatment can make tumor cells more vulnerable to immunotherapy and improve the therapeutic efficacy of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Tien Wang
- Graduate Institute of Microbiology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 100, Taiwan
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22
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Abstract
PADI4 post-translationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline, a process called citrullination. Studies have demonstrated the high expression of PADI4 in various malignant tumour tissues. PADI4 is also expressed at high levels in the blood of patients with some malignant tumours. Thus far, citrullination of histone, cytokeratin, antithrombin and fibronectin have been confirmed to be involved in abnormal apoptosis, high coagulation, and disordered cell proliferation and differentiation, all of which are main features of malignant tumours. PADI4 is expressed in CD34+ stem cells in normal tissues, and many more CD34+ cells expressing PADI4 are present in tumour tissues. These findings suggest that PADI4 may play an important role in tumourigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Laboratory for Bio-Drugs of Ministry of Health, Provincial Laboratory for Modern Medicine and Technology of Shandong, Research Center for Medicinal Biotechnology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jingshi Road, Shandong, PR China.
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23
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Borne E, Desmedt E, Duhamel A, Mirabel X, Dziwniel V, Maire C, Florin V, Martinot V, Penel N, Vercambre-Darras S, Mortier L. Oral metronomic cyclophosphamide in elderly with metastatic melanoma. Invest New Drugs 2009; 28:684-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-009-9298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2009] [Accepted: 07/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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24
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Aird WC. Molecular heterogeneity of tumor endothelium. Cell Tissue Res 2008; 335:271-81. [PMID: 18726119 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-008-0672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Tumors depend on a vascular supply for their growth. Tumor blood vessels, which are derived from normal tissue vasculature, display a markedly abnormal phenotype. Tumor endothelial properties are highly varied in space and time. An important goal is to delineate the range of phenotypes in tumor endothelium and to identify tumor endothelial-specific molecular signatures. This information should lead to a more complete understanding of the mechanisms of tumor growth, the discovery of new therapeutic targets, and the development of biomarkers for diagnosis and surveillance. The goals of this review are to outline recent advances in dissecting tumor endothelial-cell-specific gene expression, to address mechanisms of phenotypic heterogeneity in tumor vascular beds, and to discuss the therapeutic implications of these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- William C Aird
- The Center for Vascular Biology Research and Division of Molecular and Vascular Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center/Harvard Medical School, RW-663, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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25
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Griffioen AW. Anti-angiogenesis: making the tumor vulnerable to the immune system. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2008; 57:1553-8. [PMID: 18438662 PMCID: PMC2491426 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-008-0524-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 04/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ongoing angiogenesis has been shown to possess immune suppressive activity through several mechanisms. One of these mechanisms is the suppression of adhesion receptors, such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and E-selectin—adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte interactions—on the vascular endothelium. This phenomenon, when happening to the tumor endothelium, supports tumor growth due to escape from immunity. Since angiogenesis has this immune suppressive effect, it has been hypothesized that inhibition of angiogenesis may circumvent this problem. In vitro and in vivo data now show that several angiogenesis inhibitors are able to normalize endothelial adhesion molecule expression in tumor blood vessels, restore leukocyte vessel wall interactions, and enhance the inflammatory infiltrate in tumors. It is suggested that such angiogenesis inhibitors can make tumors more vulnerable for the immune system and may therefore be applied to facilitate immunotherapy approaches for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjan W Griffioen
- Department of Pathology, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), University Hospital Maastricht, AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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26
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van Beijnum JR, van der Linden E, Griffioen AW. Angiogenic profiling and comparison of immortalized endothelial cells for functional genomics. Exp Cell Res 2008; 314:264-72. [PMID: 17880939 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2007.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2007] [Revised: 07/30/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Genomics efforts of the past decade have resulted in the identification of numerous genes with putative roles in disease processes, including tumor angiogenesis. To functionally validate these genes, cultured endothelial cells are indispensable tools, though these may not completely mimic the phenotype of tissue endothelial cells as the proper microenvironment is lacking. To obtain experimental data representative of normal physiology, the use of primary endothelial cells is preferred. However, these cells are usually limited in passage number, can be difficult to obtain and show great interindividual variety. Furthermore, transfection efficiency is very limited in primary cells, hampering applications in functional genomics and gene function analysis. The use of properly characterized alternative endothelial cell sources is therefore warranted. Here, we compared immortalized endothelial cells - HMEC, RF24 and EVLC2 - with primary HUVEC. We show that RF24, and to a slightly lesser extent HMEC, resembles primary HUVEC most on all facets examined. RF24, in contrast to EVLC2, express the endothelial markers CD31, CD34, CD105, vWF and VE-cadherin, and are capable of migration and tube formation in vitro. Furthermore, the expression levels of angiogenic growth factors and their receptors are comparable to that of primary EC. In addition, whereas primary HUVEC are resistant to transfection using common lipophilic transfection reagents, HMEC and RF24 could be readily transfected. Hence, these cells pose a valuable tool for functional genomics in angiogenesis research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Pathology, Maastricht University, 6202AZ, The Netherlands
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27
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Flati V, Pastore LI, Griffioen AW, Satijn S, Toniato E, D'Alimonte I, Laglia E, Marchetti P, Gulino A, Martinotti S. Endothelial cell anergy is mediated by bFGF through the sustained activation of p38-MAPK and NF-kappaB inhibition. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol 2007; 19:761-73. [PMID: 17166398 DOI: 10.1177/039463200601900406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumors escape from immune surveillance by, among other mechanisms, the down- regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules, such as ICAM-1, and by unresponsiveness to inflammatory signals, a process mediated by angiogenic factors that is called endothelial cell anergy. Here we present the cell biological regulation of these processes. The angiogenic basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF/FGF-2) was found to inhibit tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)- induced elevation of ICAM-1, at transcriptional level. Furthermore, we found that bFGF inhibits the TNF-mediated activation of NF-kappaB by blocking phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. We also found that bFGF induces hyperphosphorylation of p38 MAPK on endothelial cells, whereas inhibition of such kinase abrogates the effect of bFGF on the TNF-mediated activation of NF-kappaB. Thus, we suggest that bFGF acts as an inhibitor of leukocyte adhesion in tumor vessels by decreasing the ICAM-1 expression through the sustained activation of p38-MAPK and via inhibition of NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Flati
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy.
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28
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Hellebrekers DMEI, Castermans K, Viré E, Dings RPM, Hoebers NTH, Mayo KH, Oude Egbrink MGA, Molema G, Fuks F, van Engeland M, Griffioen AW. Epigenetic regulation of tumor endothelial cell anergy: silencing of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 by histone modifications. Cancer Res 2006; 66:10770-7. [PMID: 17108113 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-06-1609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Tumors can escape from immunity by repressing leukocyte adhesion molecule expression on tumor endothelial cells and by rendering endothelial cells unresponsive to inflammatory activation. This endothelial cell anergy is induced by angiogenic growth factors and results in reduced leukocyte-vessel wall interactions, thereby attenuating infiltration of leukocytes into the tumor. This report describes a novel mechanism of endothelial cell anergy regulation. We recently reported that DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) and histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors have angiostatic activity. Here, we studied whether epigenetic mechanisms regulate this angiogenesis-mediated escape from immunity. We found that DNMT inhibitors 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine and zebularine, as well as HDAC inhibitor trichostatin A, reexpressed intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on tumor-conditioned endothelial cells in vitro, resulting in restored leukocyte-endothelial cell adhesion. In addition, treatment with DNMT or HDAC inhibitors in vivo also restored ICAM-1 expression on tumor endothelial cells from two different mouse tumor models. Furthermore, leukocyte-vessel wall interactions in mouse tumors were increased by these compounds, as measured by intravital microscopy, resulting in enhanced leukocyte infiltration. We show that ICAM-1 down-regulation in tumor endothelial cells is associated with ICAM-1 promoter histone H3 deacetylation and loss of histone H3 Lys(4) methylation but not with DNA hypermethylation. In conclusion, our data show that ICAM-1 is epigenetically silenced in tumor endothelial cells by promoter histone modifications, which can be overcome by DNMT and HDAC inhibitors, suggesting a new molecular mechanism based on which novel therapeutic approaches for cancer can be pursued.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debby M E I Hellebrekers
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Pathology, Maastricht University and University Hospital, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Peptidylarginine deiminase type 4 (PAD4/PADI4) posttranslationally converts peptidylarginine to citrulline, in a process known as citrullination. Evidence suggests that PAD4 plays an essential role in pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). RA synovium has many features in common with tumor tissues, including abnormal cell proliferation, extensive fibrin deposition, high coagulation activity, and extreme angiogenesis. The purpose of the present study was to investigate expression of PAD4 in various tumor tissues. Immunohistochemistry indicated that PAD4 had significant expression in many tumor tissues, especially various adenocarcinoma. Western blotting with anti PAD4 antibody and immunostaining with anti citrulline antibody confirmed the expression of the enzyme in these tumors. Furthermore, our immunohistochemistry also detected co-location of PAD4 with cytokeratin (CK), a well-known tumor marker for oncological study in many tumors. Western blot analysis also detected citrulline signals in CK extracted from the tumors. In addition, CK 8, 18, and 19 following in vitro citrullination resisted to the digestion of caspase. The results further confirm the expression of PAD4 in the tumors and support that PAD4 may contribute to the disrupted apoptosis of tumors by caspase-mediated cleavage of CK. Double immunofluorescent labeling detected co-location of PAD4 with CD34, a cell marker of heamatopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) in bone marrow and other normal tissues, as well as in some fibroblast-like cells at stroma region of tumors, but not in the tumor cells. The findings imply that PAD4 is initially expressed in CD34(+) cells of bone marrow and then distributed in derives of the multi-potent progenitor cells in diverse tissues. The development of tumor cells expressing PAD4 is possibly associated with abnormal proliferation of CD34(+) stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotian Chang
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Medicinal Biotechnology Centre, Jinan, Shandong, China
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30
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Zittermann SI, Issekutz AC. Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) potentiates leukocyte recruitment to inflammation by enhancing endothelial adhesion molecule expression. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2006; 168:835-46. [PMID: 16507899 PMCID: PMC1606526 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2006.050479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF, FGF-2) is a potent angiogenic factor and endothelial cell mitogen. Although bFGF levels are increased in chronically inflamed tissue, its role in inflammation is unclear. We investigated the effect of bFGF on acute dermal inflammation and the recruitment of monocytes, T cells, and neutrophils. Leukocyte recruitment to inflamed sites was quantified with radiolabeled leukocytes. Intradermal injection of bFGF in rats did not induce leukocyte recruitment or inflammation. However, the recruitment of leukocytes to inflammation induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interferon-gamma, C5a, or a delayed hypersensitivity reaction was enhanced by bFGF by 55 to 132% (P < 0.05). Either acute or prolonged bFGF treatment of dermal sites had this effect. The potentiating effect of bFGF on leukocyte recruitment was also seen in joints. There was no associated modulation of vascular permeability, blood flow, or angiogenesis in the sites by bFGF. However, the expression of the endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) for leukocytes, P-selectin, E-selectin, and ICAM-1, was significantly up-regulated in the inflamed tissue by bFGF, as quantified by radiolabeled anti-CAM antibody binding in vivo. Thus, although not directly proinflammatory, bFGF synergistically potentiates inflammatory mediator-induced leukocyte recruitment, at least in part, by enhancing CAM up-regulation on endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra I Zittermann
- Department of Pediatrics, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Charalambous C, Chen TC, Hofman FM. Characteristics of tumor-associated endothelial cells derived from glioblastoma multiforme. Neurosurg Focus 2006; 20:E22. [PMID: 16709028 DOI: 10.3171/foc.2006.20.4.e22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) are highly vascular brain tumors characterized by abnormal vessel structures in vivo. This finding supports the theory that glioma-associated endothelial cells (ECs) have intrinsically different properties from ECs in normal human brain. Therefore, identification of the functional and phenotypic characteristics of tumor-associated ECs is essential for designing a rational antiangiogenic therapy. The GBM-associated ECs have a large, flat, and veil-like appearance, in contrast to normal ones, which are small and plump. Although the tumor ECs have the typical markers, they proliferate more slowly than these cell types in normal brain. The GBM-associated ECs are resistant to cytotoxic drugs, and they undergo less apoptosis than control cells. Also, GBM-associated ECs migrate faster than controls and constitutively produce high levels of growth factors such as endothelin-1, interleukin-8, and vascular endothelial growth factor. An understanding of these unique characteristics of glioma-associated ECs is important for the development of novel antiangiogenic agents that specifically target tumor-associated ECs in gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Charalambous
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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32
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Dirkx AEM, oude Egbrink MGA, Castermans K, van der Schaft DWJ, Thijssen VLJL, Dings RPM, Kwee L, Mayo KH, Wagstaff J, Bouma-ter Steege JCA, Griffioen AW. Anti‐angiogenesis therapy can overcome endothelial cell anergy and promote leukocyte‐endothelium interactions and infiltration in tumors. FASEB J 2006; 20:621-30. [PMID: 16581970 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4493com] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor escape from immunity, as well as the failure of several anti-cancer vaccination and cellular immunotherapy approaches, is suggested to be due to the angiogenesis-mediated suppression of endothelial cell (EC) adhesion molecules involved in leukocyte-vessel wall interactions. We hypothesized that inhibition of angiogenesis would overcome this escape from immunity. We investigated this in vivo by means of intravital microscopy and ex vivo by immunohistochemistry in two mouse tumor models. Angiogenesis inhibitors anginex, endostatin, and angiostatin, and the chemotherapeutic agent paclitaxel were found to significantly stimulate leukocyte-vessel wall interactions by circumvention of EC anergy in vivo, i.e., by the up-regulation of endothelial adhesion molecules in tumor vessels. This was confirmed by in vitro studies of cultured EC at the protein and mRNA levels. The new angiostatic designer peptide anginex was most potent at overcoming EC anergy; the enhanced leukocyte-vessel interactions led to an increase in the numbers of tumor infiltrating leukocytes. While anginex inhibited tumor growth and microvessel density significantly, the amount of infiltrated leukocytes (CD45), as well as the number of CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes, was enhanced markedly. The current results suggest that immunotherapy strategies can be improved by combination with anti-angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E M Dirkx
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development (GROW), Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University & University Hospital, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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33
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van Beijnum JR, Griffioen AW. In silico analysis of angiogenesis associated gene expression identifies angiogenic stage related profiles. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2005; 1755:121-34. [PMID: 16038789 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2005.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Accepted: 06/14/2005] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In vitro models have been extensively used to map gene expression in ECs but few studies have used cells from in vivo sources directly. Here, we compare different gene expression surveys on both cultured and fresh tissue derived ECs, and it emerges that gene expression profiles can be paralleled with the angiogenic stage of the cells. ECs stimulated with different growth factors in monolayer cultures exhibit gene expression profiles indicative of an active proliferative state, whereas gene expression in tube forming cells in vitro involves genes implicated in cell adhesion processes. Genes overexpressed in tumor ECs are biased towards extracellular matrix remodeling, a late event in angiogenesis. The elucidation of gene expression profiles under these different conditions will contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms during angiogenesis in both pathological and physiological circumstances and will have implications for the development of angiogenesis interfering treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy R van Beijnum
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Departments of Internal Medicine and Pathology, Maastricht University Hospital, PO Box 5800, 6202AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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34
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Charalambous C, Hofman FM, Chen TC. Functional and phenotypic differences between glioblastoma multiforme-derived and normal human brain endothelial cells. J Neurosurg 2005; 102:699-705. [PMID: 15871513 DOI: 10.3171/jns.2005.102.4.0699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
OBJECT Glioblastomas multiforme (GBMs) are hypervascular tumors characterized by endothelial cell (EC) proliferation. There is increasing evidence that ECs that infiltrate systemic tumors are different from normal blood vessel cells; whether this difference is seen in the central nervous system between GBM and normal brain tissue is not known. The goal of this investigation was to characterize and compare the functional and phenotypic properties of GBM-associated ECs and normal brain ECs. METHODS Human ECs were isolated from fresh tissue specimens, purified using flow cytometry, and characterized by immunostaining. Proliferation was measured by determining bromodeoxyuridine incorporation and Ki-67 staining, and by performing the monotetrazolium assay. The migration rate of the cells was determined using the modified Boyden chamber technique. Apoptosis was evaluated by performing the TUNEL assay, cell death enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and annexin V staining. Growth factor production was analyzed using the ELISA technique. The brain tumor ECs differed from normal brain ECs morphologically and by their expression and distribution of specific markers (that is, vascular endothelial cadherin [VE-cadherin] and CD31). Functional differences between the two cell populations were also evident. The brain tumor ECs proliferated more slowly and underwent less apoptosis than normal brain ECs; however, the tumor ECs migrated faster than the normal ECs. The normal ECs were sensitive to growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelin-1 (ET-1), whereas the tumor ECs were not. In addition, the brain tumor ECs constitutively produced higher levels of ET-1 and VEGF, compared with the normal ECs. CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrated that ECs derived from normal brain and from GBMs have significant phenotypic and functional distinctions. Further characterization of brain tumor ECs is essential for efficient antiangiogenic treatment of gliomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana Charalambous
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, USA
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35
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Bouma-ter Steege JCA, Baeten CIM, Thijssen VLJL, Satijn SA, Verhoeven ICL, Hillen HFP, Wagstaff J, Griffioen AW. Angiogenic Profile of Breast Carcinoma Determines Leukocyte Infiltration. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10:7171-8. [PMID: 15534089 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-04-0742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
To study the relationship between the angiogenic profile and leukocyte infiltration of tumors, single cell suspensions of archival frozen medullary and ductal breast cancer tissues were analyzed by flow cytometry. The amount of leukocytes and endothelial cells was measured, as well as the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) on the endothelial cell fraction. A significantly higher number (3.2-fold) of infiltrating leukocytes was observed in medullary carcinoma. The composition of this infiltrate was similar to that seen in ductal carcinomas. The more intense infiltrate was explained by the ∼3-fold enhanced endothelial ICAM-1 expression in medullary carcinoma. The angiogenic profile of all tumors was assessed by quantitative real-time reverse transcription-PCR analysis. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-C and VEGF-D, but not VEGF-A, basic fibroblast growth factor, placental growth factor, and angiopoietins 1, 2, and 3 showed a relatively higher level of expression in ductal carcinoma than in medullary carcinoma. In vitro, both VEGF-C and VEGF-D were found to decrease endothelial ICAM-1 expression in the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor. These data suggest that in vivo angiogenic stimuli prevent the formation of an effective leukocyte infiltrate in tumors by suppressing endothelial ICAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica C A Bouma-ter Steege
- Angiogenesis Laboratory, Research Institute for Growth and Development, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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36
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Bessa X, Elizalde JI, Mitjans F, Piñol V, Miquel R, Panés J, Piulats J, Piqué JM, Castells A. Leukocyte recruitment in colon cancer: role of cell adhesion molecules, nitric oxide, and transforming growth factor beta1. Gastroenterology 2002; 122:1122-32. [PMID: 11910362 DOI: 10.1053/gast.2002.32369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A deficient leukocyte recruitment has been suggested in tumor vasculature, but little is known about the underlying molecular mechanism. To characterize leukocyte-endothelium interaction in experimental colon cancer, quantify the main endothelial cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), and evaluate the effect of tumor-derived products. METHODS Leukocyte recruitment was assessed by intravital videomicroscopy in mice bearing HT29-derived tumors. Endothelial CAMs were measured using the dual-radiolabeled antibody technique. The role of molecules mediating leukocyte rolling (P-, E-, and L-selectin) or adhesion (intercellular adhesion molecule 1 [ICAM-1] and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 [VCAM-1]) carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta1 was assessed through immunoblockade, whereas participation of nitric oxide (NO) and cyclooxygenase (COX) metabolites were evaluated by means of nonselective and selective inhibition. RESULTS Basal and lipopolysaccharide-stimulated leukocyte rolling and adhesion were markedly reduced in tumor vasculature. ICAM-1 immunoblockade prevented leukocyte adhesion in both tumor and nontumor microvessels. Neither baseline nor LPS-induced endothelial ICAM-1, P-, and E-selectin expression in tumors were reduced with respect to nontumor vasculature. Although VCAM-1 expression was reduced in tumor endothelium, immunoneutralization of VCAM-1 failed to reverse LPS-induced leukocyte recruitment in this setting. CEA immunoblockade and COX inhibition did not modify the deficient leukocyte rolling. Nonselective NO inhibition partially reversed the defective adhesion response in tumor microvessels. Finally, TGF-beta1 immunoblockade partially and selectively restored impaired leukocyte rolling and adhesion in tumor microvessels. CONCLUSIONS Impaired leukocyte recruitment in tumor vasculature cannot be attributed to a depressed expression of the main CAMs. Selective restoration after NO inhibition and TGF-beta1 immunoblockade suggests involvement of both molecules in this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Bessa
- Gastroenterology Department, Institut de Malalties Digestives, Hospital Clínic, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques Agust Pi i Sunyer, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Hemmerlein B, Johanns U, Kugler A, Reffelmann M, Radzun HJ. Quantification and in situ localization of MCP-1 mRNA and its relation to the immune response of renal cell carcinoma. Cytokine 2001; 13:227-33. [PMID: 11237430 DOI: 10.1006/cyto.2000.0823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant tumours are usually accompanied by an immune response. Chemokines such as MCP-1 have been claimed to be potent inducers of such tumour-associated reactions. In the present study MCP-1 mRNA was quantified by competitive reverse transcription polymerase reaction and localised by in situ hybridisation in renal cell carcinoma tissue in comparison to tumour-free tissue of the same nephrectomy specimen. MCP-1 mRNA levels were correlated with the immune cell infiltrate, the density of CD31(+)microvessels, and the endothelial expression of ICAM-1, VCAM-1, E-, and P-selectin. In only seven of 19 cases, MCP-1 mRNA levels in carcinoma tissue were increased in comparison to tumour-free tissue. Within tumour tissue, mRNA transcripts could be localised in tumour cells, microvessel endothelia, and in tumour-associated macrophages. A correlation between MCP-1 mRNA levels and the density of immune cells, especially macrophages, the microvessel density, and the expression of adhesion molecules could not be observed. Therefore, MCP-1 seems to be of minor importance for the induction of an immune response in renal cell carcinomas regarding at least the parameters analysed in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hemmerlein
- Department of Pathology, University of Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, D-37075 Göttingen, Germany.
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HUGHES SUZANNE, CHAN-LING TAILOI. Roles of Endothelial Cell Migration and Apoptosis in Vascular Remodeling during Development of the Central Nervous System. Microcirculation 2000. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1549-8719.2000.tb00131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Hemmerlein B, Scherbening J, Kugler A, Radzun HJ. Expression of VCAM-1, ICAM-1, E- and P-selectin and tumour-associated macrophages in renal cell carcinoma. Histopathology 2000; 37:78-83. [PMID: 10931222 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2559.2000.00933.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Neoangiogenesis is accompanied by an increase in endothelial surface, which can support infiltration by immune cells depending on adhesion molecule expression. Therefore, the expression of cell adhesion molecules on microvessels and epithelial cells was analysed in renal cell carcinomas as compared to tumour-free tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS PECAM-1, CD34, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, VLA-4, P- and E-selectin, the macrophage antigens Ki-M1P and Mac-1, and lymphocyte function antigen LFA-1 were identified immunohistochemically. VCAM-1, ICAM-1, and E-selectin were equally or less expressed, whereas P-selectin was increased on microvessels in tumour tissue. The density of VCAM-1-positive tumour microvessels correlated positively with an advanced tumour stage and E- and P-selectin-positive tumour microvessels with the amount of associated macrophages. The expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 on neoplastic epithelia correlated with an increased density of macrophages and a minor degree of tumour differentiation. CONCLUSIONS The positive correlation of macrophage infiltration and expression of cell adhesion molecules on tumour microvessels and epithelia with minor tumour differentiation and an advanced stage indicates that adhesion molecule expression is not associated with an effective antitumour function of macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- B Hemmerlein
- Departments of Pathology, Urology, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Tromp SC, oude Egbrink MG, Dings RP, van Velzen S, Slaaf DW, Hillen HF, Tangelder GJ, Reneman RS, Griffioen AW. Tumor angiogenesis factors reduce leukocyte adhesion in vivo. Int Immunol 2000; 12:671-6. [PMID: 10784613 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/12.5.671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Leukocyte-endothelium interactions are diminished in tumors. It is reported here that, in a tumor-free in vivo model, angiogenic factors can down-regulate leukocyte adhesion to endothelium. Slow releasing pellets were loaded with either basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), vascular endothelial cell growth factor (VEGF) or vehicle alone and were placed in the scrotum of mice. After 3 days, a single intrascrotal injection of 1 microg/kg IL-1beta was given 4 h before vessels of the cremaster muscle were investigated for leukocyte rolling and adhesion by means of intravital microscopy. Exposure of normal tissue to either bFGF or VEGF resulted in markedly decreased levels of cytokine-induced leukocyte adhesion. Suppression of leukocyte rolling was not observed. Instead a moderate enhancement of rolling by VEGF was found. The observed differences could not be explained by differences in fluid dynamic parameters or systemic leukocyte counts. In conclusion, evidence is presented that, in vivo, angiogenic factors significantly reduce leukocyte adhesion, the final step preceding leukocyte infiltration. This observation may explain why tumors escape from immune surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- S C Tromp
- Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Yoshiji H, Kuriyama S, Yoshii J, Yamazaki M, Kikukawa M, Tsujinoue H, Nakatani T, Fukui H. Vascular endothelial growth factor tightly regulates in vivo development of murine hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 1998; 28:1489-96. [PMID: 9828211 DOI: 10.1002/hep.510280607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is essential for the development of a solid tumor, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HCC is a well-known hypervascular tumor. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the most potent angiogenic factors. Its role has not been clarified in vivo in HCC development. We used a self-contained, tetracycline-regulated retroviral vector system to elucidate the effect of VEGF on murine HCC development in a xenograft experimental model. By delivering the VEGF gene within the retroviral vector and under the control of a tetracycline-regulated promoter, we were able to manipulate VEGF expression in vivo tumor by providing tetracycline in the drinking water. Overexpression of VEGF showed a marked increase in tumor development accompanied by augmentation of neovascularization. The degree of tumor enlargement corresponded to the level of VEGF gene expression. Suppression of VEGF led to a decrease in tumor growth at the established tumor size, whether relatively small or large. The level of VEGF expression did not alter the proliferation of HCC cells in vitro. In a double-chamber chemoinvasion assay, the in vitro invasion activity of VEGF-transduced cells was not changed. In the presence of endothelial cells (EC), however, VEGF-transduced cells showed a marked increase in their in vitro invasion activity. These results suggested that VEGF plays a critical role in the development of HCC in cooperation with EC
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Affiliation(s)
- H Yoshiji
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan.
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