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Rodríguez-Toscano E, Martínez K, Fraguas D, Janssen J, Pina-Camacho L, Arias B, Vieta E, Mezquida G, Amoretti S, Bernardo M, Castro-Fornieles J, Cuesta-Zorita MJ, Lobo A, González-Pinto A, Collado IC, Mané A, Arango C, Parellada M. Prefrontal abnormalities, executive dysfunction and symptoms severity are modulated by COMT Val 158Met polymorphism in first episode psychosis. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2022; 15:74-87. [PMID: 35840287 DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsmen.2022.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Core dysfunctions proposed for psychotic disorders include prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopaminergic hypoactivity, executive function (EF) deficits and reduced gray matter in the PFC. The Val variant of COMT Val158Met polymorphism is associated with reduced dopaminergic signaling in the PFC. However, it is unclear how COMT Val158Met modulates PFC gray matter reduction, EF deficits and symptom severity at the time of the first psychotic episode. METHODS The effect of COMT on both EF performance and prefrontal volume (PFC-VOL) was tested in 158 first episode psychosis (FEP) patients and 141 healthy controls (HC) matched for age (range 9-35 years), sex, ethnicity, handedness and COMT Val158Met distribution. EF and PFC-VOL were compared between FEP and HC groups within each polymorphism status (Met/Met versus Val carriers) to assess whether COMT influenced diagnostic differences. Next, correlations between PFC-VOL and EF performance were computed, as well as between both variables and other clinical characteristics of interest (PANSS scores, PAS infancy and premorbid IQ) in the FEP sample. RESULTS COMT influenced the diagnostic differences mainly in PFC-VOL, but also in EF performance. FEP-Val carriers showed lower EF scores and reduced PFC-VOL compared to the HC group but also poorer EF performance than FEP Met/Met. Poorer EF performance was associated with smaller PFC-VOL, and both were related to increased severity of negative symptoms, poorer premorbid adjustment, and lower estimated premorbid IQ in FEP patients. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that COMT Val158Met polymorphism might contribute to PFC-VOL reductions, executive dysfunctions and symptom severity in FEP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rodríguez-Toscano
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Psychology and Speech & Language Therapy Immunology, Faculty of Psychology, Universidad Complutense Madrid, Spain.
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - David Fraguas
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Joost Janssen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Laura Pina-Camacho
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Bárbara Arias
- Departament Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Gisela Mezquida
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Amoretti
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Bernardo
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital Clinic, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona Clinic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Neuroscience Institute, Spain; Department of Medicine, Institut de Neurociències, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain; August Pi I Sunyer Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBAPS), Spain
| | - Josefina Castro-Fornieles
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Clínic Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, 2017SGR881, University of Barcelona, CIBERSAM, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel Jesús Cuesta-Zorita
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Lobo
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Zaragoza University, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Aragón (IIS Aragón), Zaragoza, CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana González-Pinto
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Department of Psychiatry, Araba University Hospital, Bioaraba Research Institute, Department of Neurociences, University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - Iluminada Corripio Collado
- Department of Psychiatry, Sant Pau Hospital, Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Mané
- Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Spain; Autonomous University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Celso Arango
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Mara Parellada
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Madrid, Spain; Ciber del Area de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; School of Medicine, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
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Drozd MM, Capovilla M, Previderé C, Grossi M, Askenazy F, Bardoni B, Fernandez A. A Pilot Study on Early-Onset Schizophrenia Reveals the Implication of Wnt, Cadherin and Cholecystokinin Receptor Signaling in Its Pathophysiology. Front Genet 2021; 12:792218. [PMID: 34976023 PMCID: PMC8719199 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.792218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Early-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) is a very rare mental disorder that is a form of schizophrenia occurring before the age of 18. EOS is a brain disease marked by an early onset of positive and negative symptoms of psychosis that impact development and cognitive functioning. Clinical manifestations commonly include premorbid features of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), attention deficits, Intellectual Disability (ID), neurodevelopmental delay, and behavioral disturbances. After the onset of psychotic symptoms, other neuropsychiatric comorbidities are also common, including obsessive-compulsive disorder, major depressive disorder, expressive and receptive language disorders, auditory processing, and executive functioning deficits. With the purpose to better gain insight into the genetic bases of this disorder, we developed a pilot project performing whole exome sequencing of nine trios affected by EOS, ASD, and mild ID. We carried out gene prioritization by combining multiple bioinformatic tools allowing us to identify the main pathways that could underpin the neurodevelopmental phenotypes of these patients. We identified the presence of variants in genes belonging to the Wnt, cadherin and cholecystokinin receptor signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Marta Drozd
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Maria Capovilla
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Carlo Previderé
- Laboratorio di Genetica Forense, Unità di Medicina Legale e Scienze Forensi Antonio Fornari, Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense, Università di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mauro Grossi
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Florence Askenazy
- Département de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, EA7276, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- Université Côte d’Azur, Inserm, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
| | - Arnaud Fernandez
- Université Côte d’Azur, CNRS UMR7275, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, Valbonne, France
- Département de Psychiatrie de l’Enfant et de l’Adolescent, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice, CHU-Lenval, Nice, France
- CoBTek, EA7276, Université Côte d’Azur, Valbonne, France
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3
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Rodríguez-Toscano E, Martínez K, Fraguas D, Janssen J, Pina-Camacho L, Arias B, Vieta E, Mezquida G, Amoretti S, Bernardo M, Castro-Fornieles J, Cuesta-Zorita MJ, Lobo A, González-Pinto A, Collado IC, Mané A, Arango C, Parellada M. Prefrontal abnormalities, executive dysfunction and symptoms severity are modulated by COMT Val158Met polymorphism in first episode psychosis. REVISTA DE PSIQUIATRIA Y SALUD MENTAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rpsm.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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PVSN KK, Mitra P, Ghosh R, Gangam S, Sharma S, Nebhinani N, Sharma P. Association of the NOTCH4 gene polymorphism with schizophrenia in the Indian population. Meta Gene 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mgene.2021.100903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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5
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Association of the NOTCH4 Gene Polymorphism rs204993 with Schizophrenia in the Chinese Han Population. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:408096. [PMID: 26605328 PMCID: PMC4641165 DOI: 10.1155/2015/408096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
NOTCH4 regulates signaling pathways associated with neuronal maturation, a process involved in the development and patterning of the central nervous system. The NOTCH4 gene has also been identified as a possible susceptibility gene for schizophrenia (SCZ). The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between NOTCH4 polymorphisms and SCZ in the Chinese Han population. The rs2071287 and rs204993 polymorphisms of the NOTCH4 gene were analyzed in 443 patients with SCZ and 628 controls of Han Chinese descent. Single SNP allele-, genotype-, and gender-specific associations were analyzed using different models (i.e., additive, dominant, and recessive models). This association study revealed that the rs204993 polymorphism is significantly associated with susceptibility for SCZ and that the AA genotype of rs204993 is associated with a higher risk for SCZ (P = 0.027; OR = 1.460; 95% CI, 1.043–2.054). Our data are consistent with those obtained in previous studies that suggested that rs204993 is associated with SCZ and that the AA genotype of rs204993 demonstrates a higher risk. Further large-scale association analyses in Han Chinese populations are warranted.
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Wang GX, Zhang Y, Zhang YT, Dong YS, Lv ZW, Sun M, Wu D, Wu YM. Mitochondrial haplogroups and hypervariable region polymorphisms in schizophrenia: a case-control study. Psychiatry Res 2013; 209:279-83. [PMID: 23374981 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have detected associations between mitochondrial haplogroups and schizophrenia (SZ). However, no study has examined the relationship between major mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroups and SZ in the Chinese population. The aim of this study was to assess the association between mtDNA haplogroups and SZ genesis in the Chinese Han population. We used a case-control study and sequenced the mtDNA hypervariable regions (HVR1, HVR2, and HVR3) in the Han population. We analyzed mtDNA haplogroups and HVR polymorphisms in 298 SZ patients and 298 controls. The haplotypes were classified into 10 major haplogroups: A, B, CZ, D, F, G, M, N, N9a, and R. Statistical analysis revealed that only N9a showed a nominally significant association with protection from SZ [1.68% vs. 6.38%, p=0.004, OR=0.251 (0.092-0.680); after adjustment for age and sex: p=0.006, OR=0.246 (0.090-0.669)]. Three HVR polymorphisms were found to be nominally significantly different between subjects with SZ and controls, and all except one (m.204T>C) are linked to the N9a haplogroup. Our results indicate that mtDNA haplogroup N9a might be a protective factor for SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-xia Wang
- Center for DNA Typing, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
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7
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Zhu KJ, Lv YM, Yin XY, Wang ZX, Sun LD, He SM, Cheng H, Hu DY, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zuo XB, Zhou YW, Yang S, Fan X, Zhang XJ, Zhang FY. Psoriasis regression analysis of MHC loci identifies shared genetic variants with vitiligo. PLoS One 2011; 6:e23089. [PMID: 22125590 PMCID: PMC3220662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0023089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a common inflammatory skin disease with genetic components of both immune system and the epidermis. PSOR1 locus (6q21) has been strongly associated with psoriasis; however, it is difficult to identify additional independent association due to strong linkage disequilibrium in the MHC region. We performed stepwise regression analyses of more than 3,000 SNPs in the MHC region genotyped using Human 610-Quad (Illumina) in 1,139 cases with psoriasis and 1,132 controls of Han Chinese population to search for additional independent association. With four regression models obtained, two SNPs rs9468925 in HLA-C/HLA-B and rs2858881 in HLA-DQA2 were repeatedly selected in all models, suggesting that multiple loci outside PSOR1 locus were associated with psoriasis. More importantly we find that rs9468925 in HLA-C/HLA-B is associated with both psoriasis and vitiligo, providing first important evidence that two major skin diseases share a common genetic locus in the MHC, and a basis for elucidating the molecular mechanism of skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun-Ju Zhu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yong-Mei Lv
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xian-Yong Yin
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zai-Xing Wang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Liang-Dan Sun
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Su-Min He
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Hui Cheng
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Da-Yan Hu
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yang Li
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xian-Bo Zuo
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - You-Wen Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sen Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (F-YZ); (X-JZ); (XF)
| | - Xue-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (F-YZ); (X-JZ); (XF)
| | - Feng-Yu Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Department of Dermatology at No.1 Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
- The State Key Laboratory Incubation Base of Dermatology, Hefei, Anhui, China
- * E-mail: (F-YZ); (X-JZ); (XF)
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Abrams DJ, Rojas DC, Arciniegas DB. Is schizoaffective disorder a distinct categorical diagnosis? A critical review of the literature. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2008; 4:1089-109. [PMID: 19337453 PMCID: PMC2646642 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s4120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Considerable debate surrounds the inclusion of schizoaffective disorder in psychiatric nosology. Schizoaffective disorder may be a variant of schizophrenia in which mood symptoms are unusually prominent but not unusual in type. This condition may instead reflect a severe form of either major depressive or bipolar disorder in which episode-related psychotic symptoms fail to remit completely between mood episodes. Alternatively, schizoaffective disorder may reflect the co-occurrence of two relatively common psychiatric illnesses, schizophrenia and a mood disorder (major depressive or bipolar disorder). Each of these formulations of schizoaffective disorder presents nosological challenges because the signs and symptoms of this condition cross conventional categorical diagnostic boundaries between psychotic disorders and mood disorders. The study, evaluation, and treatment of persons presently diagnosed with schizoaffective may be more usefully informed by a dimensional approach. It is in this context that this article reviews and contrasts the categorical and dimensional approaches to its description, neurobiology, and treatment. Based on this review, an argument for the study and treatment of this condition using a dimensional approach is offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Abrams
- Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, CO, USA
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Liu CM, Liu YL, Fann CSJ, Chen WJ, Yang WC, Ouyang WC, Chen CY, Jou YS, Hsieh MH, Liu SK, Hwang TJ, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT, Hwu HG. Association evidence of schizophrenia with distal genomic region of NOTCH4 in Taiwanese families. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2007; 6:497-502. [PMID: 17054719 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2006.00276.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Evidence for association with schizophrenia has been reported for NOTCH4, although results have been inconsistent. Previous studies have focused on polymorphisms in the 5' promoter region and first exon of NOTCH4. Our aim was to test the association of the entire genomic region of NOTCH4 in 218 families with at least two siblings affected by schizophrenia in Taiwan. We genotyped seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of this gene, with average intermarker distances of 5.3 kb. Intermarker linkage disequilibrium (LD) was calculated using gold software, and single-locus and haplotype association analyses were performed using transmit software. We found that the T allele of SNP rs2071285 (P= 0.035) and the G allele of SNP rs204993 (P= 0.0097) were significantly preferentially transmitted to the affected individuals in the single-locus association analysis. The two SNPs were in high LD (D' > 0.8). Trend for overtransmission was shown for the T-G haplotype of the two SNPs to affected individuals (P= 0.053), with the A-A haplotype significantly undertransmitted (P= 0.034). The associated region distributed across the distal portion of the NOTCH4 gene and overlapped with the genomic region of the G-protein signaling modulator 3 and pre-B-cell leukemia transcription factor 2. In summary, we found modest association evidence between schizophrenia and the distal genomic region of NOTCH4 in this Taiwanese family sample. Further replication for association with the distal genomic region of NOTCH4 is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-M Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
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Wang Z, Wei J, Zhang X, Guo Y, Xu Q, Liu S, Shi J, Yu Y, Ju G, Li Y, Shen Y. A review and re-evaluation of an association between the NOTCH4 locus and schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2006; 141B:902-6. [PMID: 16894623 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This work reviewed all the reports on the NOTCH4 gene in schizophrenia, which have been published since the gene was found to be associated with illness among a British population in 2000. The results from independent studies were inconsistent. Allelic heterogeneity, clinical diagnosis, ethnical backgrounds, and linkage disequilibrium (LD) structures in the human genome may be major reasons for poor replication. A couple of studies suggested that the NOTCH4 gene could play a role in a subgroup of the disease, such as early-onset schizophrenia and negative symptoms. A single study revealed a weak association of the NOTCH4 gene with frontal lobe brain volumes and a strong association with frontal lobe cognitive performance. A meta-analysis showed stronger evidence of the NOTCH4 association in family-based studies than in case-control studies. In a previous study, we found that rs520692, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at the NOTCH4 locus, was associated with schizophrenia in a Chinese population. In the present study, we applied a large sample size to re-evaluate our initial findings and then confirmed the rs520692 association with illness. The pairwise measures did not show strong LD between paired SNPs although the SNPs tested are located within a 34-kb region, suggesting that LD within the NOTCH4 gene has been broken rapidly by historical recombination in the Chinese population. Taken together, the NOTCH4 gene may be associated with schizophrenia but how the gene contributes to the etiology of the illness needs a further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenqi Wang
- Jilin University Research Center for Genomic Medicine, School of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Ivo R, Schulze TG, Schumacher J, Kesper K, Müller DJ, Kremer I, Dobrusin M, Mujaheed M, Murad I, Blanaru M, Bannoura I, Reshef A, Bachner-Melman R, Ebstein RP, Propping P, Belmaker RH, Maier W, Rietschel M, Nöthen MM, Cichon S. No evidence for association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia in a large family-based and case–control association analysis. Psychiatr Genet 2006; 16:197-203. [PMID: 16969274 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000218619.50386.7c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES An analysis of 80 British parent-offspring trios by Wei and Hemmings in 2000 revealed thre1e out of five markers within the NOTCH4 locus to be strongly associated with schizophrenia. In our present study, we have examined NOTCH4 markers in large samples of German and Palestinian-Arab origin. METHODS Our study population comprised a German case-control sample (n=512 schizophrenia patients and n=232 controls) and two independent parent-offspring trio samples of German (n=159 trios) and Palestinian-Arab (n=208 trios) descent. We examined a total of ten single nucleotide polymorphisms within the NOTCH4 locus and the adjacent loci, spanning a region of approximately 100 kb. RESULTS Neither single marker nor haplotype analyses showed association with schizophrenia. In addition, analyses of the German case-control and trio samples revealed no significant association between NOTCH4 polymorphisms and early-onset schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that NOTCH4 is unlikely to play a major role in the genetic predisposition to schizophrenia in the German or the Palestinian-Arab population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland Ivo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Dorak MT, Shao W, Machulla HKG, Lobashevsky ES, Tang J, Park MH, Kaslow RA. Conserved extended haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex: further characterization. Genes Immun 2006; 7:450-67. [PMID: 16791278 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Since the complete sequencing of a human major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype, interest in non-human leucocyte antigen (HLA) genes encoded in the MHC has been growing. Non-HLA genes, which outnumber the HLA genes, may contribute to or account for HLA and disease associations. Most information on non-HLA genes has been obtained in separate studies of individual loci. To comprehensively address polymorphisms of relevant non-HLA genes in 'conserved extended haplotypes' (CEH), we investigated 101 International Histocompatibility Workshop reference cell lines and nine additional anonymous samples representing all 37 unambiguously characterized CEHs at MICA, NFKBIL1, LTA, NCR3, AIF1, HSPA1A, HSPA1B, BF, NOTCH4 and a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) at HLA-DQA1 as well as MICA, NOTCH4, HSPA1B and all five tumour necrosis factor short tandem repeat (STR) polymorphisms. This work (1) provides an extensive catalogue of MHC polymorphisms in all CEHs, (2) unravels interrelationships between HLA and non-HLA haplotypical lineages, (3) resolves reported typing ambiguities and (4) describes haplospecific markers for a number of CEHs. Analysis also identified a DQA1 SNP and segments containing MHC class III polymorphisms that corresponded with class II (DRB3 and DRB4) lineages. These results portray the MHC where lineages containing non-HLA and HLA variants in linkage disequilibrium may operate in concert and can guide more thorough design and interpretation of HLA-disease relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Dorak
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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Shibata N, Ohnuma T, Higashi S, Higashi M, Usui C, Ohkubo T, Watanabe T, Kitajima A, Ueki A, Nagao M, Arai H. Genetic association between Notch4 polymorphisms and Japanese schizophrenics. Psychiatr Genet 2006; 16:77-9. [PMID: 16538185 DOI: 10.1097/01.ypg.0000194442.81813.b9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate whether three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Notch4 gene are associated with the onset of schizophrenia. To confirm the linkage disequilibrium among these three single nucleotide polymorphisms of the gene, the three single nucleotide polymorphisms were genotyped by a polymerase chain reaction-restriction-fragment length polymorphism method for all samples. The genotypic frequencies of each single nucleotide polymorphism in the schizophrenic were compared with respective controls using a chi method. To check linkage disequilibrium, the haplotype frequency program was utilized. No statistical association between the two single nucleotide polymorphisms of the Notch4 gene and schizophrenia was observed in our Japanese samples. Although one nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphism did show a weakly significant P-value, its allelic frequencies are not positive. Two of the single nucleotide polymorphisms showed strong linkage disequilibrium in our Japanese samples. The single nucleotide polymorphism between the other two single nucleotide polymorphisms showed a weaker linkage disequilibrium with the others. Our study suggests that the three single nucleotide polymorphisms are not associated with the onset of schizophrenia. The linkage disequilibrium of this locus indicates that there is genetic heterogeneity in the Notch4 gene. Linkage disequilibrium may differ among ethnic groups, and so a larger study should be performed in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Shibata
- Department of Psychiatry, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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Shao W, Tang J, Dorak MT, Song W, Lobashevsky E, Cobbs CS, Wrensch MR, Kaslow RA. Molecular typing of human leukocyte antigen and related polymorphisms following whole genome amplification. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 64:286-92. [PMID: 15304010 DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-2815.2004.00295.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reliable, high-resolution genotyping of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) polymorphisms is often compromised by DNA samples of suboptimal quality or limited quantity. We tested the feasibility of molecular typing for variants at HLA and neighboring loci using whole genome amplification (WGA) strategy facilitated by the Phi29 DNA polymerase. With little (5-100 ng) starting genomic DNA of varying quality and source materials, WGA was deemed successful in 167 of 169 DNA from 47 cell lines, 100 European Americans, and 22 native Africans. The Phi29-processed DNA provided adequate templates for polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analyses of several HLA (A, B, C, DRB1, and DQB1) and related loci (HFE, MICA, and 10 microsatellites) in the 6p24.3-6p21.3 region, with PCR amplicons ranging from 92 to 2200 bp. Five different genotyping techniques resolved and confirmed 364 genotypes when both original and Phi29-processed DNA worked in PCRs. General population genetic analyses provided additional evidence that WGA may represent a reliable and simple approach to securing ample genomic DNA for typing HLA, MICA, and related variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Shao
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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15
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Glatt SJ, Wang RS, Yeh YC, Tsuang MT, Faraone SV. Five NOTCH4 polymorphisms show weak evidence for association with schizophrenia: evidence from meta-analyses. Schizophr Res 2005; 73:281-90. [PMID: 15653273 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2004.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2004] [Revised: 07/21/2004] [Accepted: 07/23/2004] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
NOTCH4 initially received consideration as a risk gene for schizophrenia based on its location within a region on chromosome 6p that had previously shown strong evidence for genetic linkage with the illness. The initial published test for allelic association found strong evidence for involvement of this gene in schizophrenia, but subsequent studies failed to confirm this finding. Presently, we have used meta-analysis to derive a best estimate of the nature and magnitude of the associations between schizophrenia and five polymorphisms in and around the NOTCH4 gene. No significant association was detected between schizophrenia and repeat length of alleles at the (TAA)n, (CTG)n, or (TTAT)n polymorphisms, or between the disease and specific risk alleles at these polymorphisms or at the SNP1 or SNP2 polymorphisms. Heterogeneity and stronger evidence of association with the putative risk alleles of the (TAA)n, (CTG)n, SNP1, and SNP2 polymorphisms was observed in family-based studies than in case-control studies, suggesting that these polymorphisms may reliably influence risk for schizophrenia under certain circumstances. Since more consistent and robust associations with schizophrenia risk have been observed for haplotypes of these polymorphisms [especially those containing SNP2 and (CTG)n], additional large family-based or genomic-controlled studies would be helpful for definitively specifying the role of NOTCH4 haplotypes in risk for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Glatt
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Behavioral Genomics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States.
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Prasad S, Chowdari KV, Wood J, Bhatia T, Deshpande SN, Nimgaonkar VL, Thelma BK. Association analysis of NOTCH 4 polymorphisms with schizophrenia among two independent family based samples. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 131B:6-9. [PMID: 15389759 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated polymorphisms of the NOTCH 4 gene in two independent samples from India and USA, consisting of patients with schizophrenia and their parents (n = 182, and n = 148 'trios,' respectively). Five DNA markers, namely (GAAG)(n), (TAA)(n), SNP1, SNP2, and (CTG)(n) were evaluated. Transmission distortion, consistent with a modest association was detected among both samples. Additional association studies at this locus are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Prasad
- Department of Genetics, University of Delhi, South Campus, Benito Juarez Road, New Delhi, India
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Zhang X, Wei J, Yu YQ, Liu SZ, Shi JP, Liu LL, Ju GZ, Yang JZ, Zhang D, Xu Q, Shen Y, Hemmings GP. Is NOTCH4 associated with schizophrenia? Psychiatr Genet 2004; 14:43-6. [PMID: 15091315 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200403000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The NOTCH4 locus was reported to be associated with schizophrenia in our previous study but the subsequent replication by other workers has been inconsistent. To find out possible reasons for the poor replication, the present work was undertaken to analyse four functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs367398, rs915894, rs520692 and rs422951) at the NOTCH4 locus among 141 schizophrenic family trios of Chinese Han descent. Of these four SNPs, rs520692 was the only one associated with schizophrenia (P = 0.017); the other three, however, did not show any association with the illness, including rs367398 located in the promoter region, which had shown a strong association with the illness in our previous study conducted with British samples. Although these four SNPs analysed lie within a less than 4 kb segment of genomic DNA, the pattern of linkage disequilibrium between them was unexpected. The strongest linkage disequilibrium was shown only between rs367398 and rs520692 and between rs520692 and rs422951 in both parent and patient groups. This study raises the possibility that there might be two or more disease-underlying variants at the NOTCH4 locus or at a nearby locus, and that the allelic or locus heterogeneity may be one of the possible reasons for the poor replication of the NOTCH4 finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Jilin University Research Center for Genomic Medicine, National Center of Human Genome Research, Changchun, Jilin, China
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Tochigi M, Zhang X, Umekage T, Ohashi J, Kato C, Marui T, Otowa T, Hibino H, Otani T, Kohda K, Liu S, Kato N, Tokunaga K, Sasaki T. Association of six polymorphisms of the NOTCH4 gene with schizophrenia in the Japanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 128B:37-40. [PMID: 15211628 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The NOTCH4 gene is located at 6p21.3 and involved in the development and patterning of the central nervous systems. Recently, Wei and Hemmings [2000] observed that the gene was associated with schizophrenia. Subsequent to the report, several studies investigated the gene in schizophrenia, with controversial and inconclusive results. In the present study, we investigated six polymorphisms (SNPs 1-5 and a CTG repeat) of the gene in Japanese subjects with schizophrenia (n = 284) and the same number of controls. The polymorphisms include SNP5, which has been observed to be associated with schizophrenia in a Chinese population and two new SNPs 3-4 adjacent to SNP5, in addition to the SNPs 1-2 and the CTG repeat, which were suggested for the association with the disease in the previous study. As a result, no significant difference in genotypic distributions or allelic frequencies of the six polymorphisms of the gene was observed between the patients and the controls. Also, no significant difference was found in frequencies of haplotypes of the six polymorphisms between the patients and the controls. However, the distribution of SNP2 was significantly deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium in the patients (P = 0.000986), not in the controls, which could be a chance or due to an association of SNP2 with the disease. In conclusion, the present study provided no clear evidence for an association between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in the Japanese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamoru Tochigi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113, Japan
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Kaneko N, Muratake T, Amagane H, Sakurai M, Tanaka T, Tsuji S, Someya T. Transmission disequilibrium test and haplotype analysis of the NOTCH4 gene in Japanese patients with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2004; 58:199-205. [PMID: 15009827 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1819.2003.01217.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A recent study reported that the NOTCH4 gene was highly associated with schizophrenia in the British population. To confirm this association for another population, a case-control study was conducted and a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT) analysis was performed on a group of Japanese subjects (235 pairs of schizophrenia patients and controls, and 78 trios consisting of probands and their parents) using two single nucleotide polymorphisms and three microsatellite markers for the NOTCH4 gene. Haplotype analysis was also studied in case-control and family based data sets. In all markers except for (CTG)n (P = 0.012, before correction for multiple testing), no differences were found in the case-control study. The TDT analysis also revealed only a weak transmission disequilibrium in (TTAT)n (genotype-wise P = 0.012). The finding of the present study could not support the original findings that the NOTCH4 gene itself is associated with susceptibility to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoshi Kaneko
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Asahimachi, Niigata, Japan
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Lambert JC, Mann D, Harris J, Araria-Goumidi L, Chartier-Harlin MC, Cottel D, Iwatsubo T, Amouyel P, Lendon C. Association study of Notch 4 polymorphisms with Alzheimer's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004; 75:377-81. [PMID: 14966150 PMCID: PMC1738953 DOI: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.017368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The NOTCH4 gene is located at 6p21.3, a site shown in several studies to have significant linkage with Alzheimer's disease. OBJECTIVE To investigate the potential impact of two polymorphisms within this gene on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. METHODS Genotyping of promoter and 5'-UTR polymorphisms was done in Scottish, English, and French populations. The potential functionality of the 5'-UTR polymorphism was assessed by testing its impact on A beta load in Alzheimer brains and also by undertaking electrophoretic mobility shift assays and transfection experiments. RESULTS No association of the Notch4 polymorphisms alone with the disease was observed in any of the populations. However, an interaction of the 5'-UTR C/T polymorphism with the epsilon 4 allele of the APOE gene was detected in United Kingdom populations but not in the French. No relation between the 5'-UTR polymorphism and A beta loads was detected overall or in the presence or absence of the epsilon 4 allele. No DNA protein specific binding was found with proteins from neuroblastoma, glioma, or astrocytoma cells, and no allele dependent transcriptional activity was detected. CONCLUSIONS No association between two NOTCH4 polymorphisms alone and Alzheimer's disease was observed in the three populations, but there was evidence of an increased risk associated with the 5'-UTR CC genotype in epsilon 4 bearers in the United Kingdom. As no functionality for this polymorphism could be determined, it is likely that the interaction is spurious or results from a linkage disequilibrium of this 5'-UTR polymorphism with another marker elsewhere in the 6p21.3 locus.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-C Lambert
- INSERM 508, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille Cédex, France.
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Wei J, Hemmings GP. TNXB locus may be a candidate gene predisposing to schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:43-9. [PMID: 14755442 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We report here on the detection of nine single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) near to the NOTCH4 locus in the search for schizophrenia susceptibility genes in the class III region of the human major histocompatibility complex (MHC). We totally analyzed 122 family trios recruited in the UK. The TDT analysis demonstrated that of the nine SNPs, three were associated with schizophrenia, including rs1009382 (P = 0.00047), rs204887 (P = 0.007), and rs8283 (P = 0.015). Both rs1009382 and rs204887 are present in the TNXB locus. The rs1009382 is a non-synonymous SNP located in exon 23 of the gene and its A to G base change causes a Glu2578Gly substitution. The goodness-of-fit test showed that genotypic distribution of rs1009382 was deviated from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium due to homozygote excess in the patient group (P = 0.01), suggesting that a double dose of a genetic risk may be involved. Possibly, rs1009382 is a candidate SNP predisposing to a schizophrenic illness. Moreover, the test for linkage disequilibrium (LD) between paired SNPs showed that the nine SNPs studied may be in the same LD block with an unexpected pattern as the strength of LD was not correlated with the distance between paired SNPs. The haplotype analysis suggested that there might be more than one disease-related allele located in the class III region of the MHC, and that these alleles possibly confer either susceptibility or resistance to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wei
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Schizophrenia Association of Great Britain, Bangor, United Kingdom.
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22
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Koishi S, Yamazaki K, Yamamoto K, Koishi S, Enseki Y, Nakamura Y, Oya A, Yasueda M, Asakura A, Aoki Y, Atsumi M, Inomata J, Inoko H, Matsumoto H. Notch4 gene polymorphisms are not associated with autism in Japanese population. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2004; 125B:61-2. [PMID: 14755446 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.20113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Luo X, Klempan TA, Lappalainen J, Rosenheck RA, Charney DS, Erdos J, van Kammen DP, Kranzler HR, Kennedy JL, Gelernter J. NOTCH4 gene haplotype is associated with schizophrenia in African Americans. Biol Psychiatry 2004; 55:112-7. [PMID: 14732589 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(03)00588-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia in African American (AA) and European American (EA) subjects. METHODS Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at the NOTCH4 locus were genotyped in 123 AA schizophrenia patients, 223 EA schizophrenia patients, 85 AA healthy control subjects, and 211 EA healthy control subjects. The specific markers studied were -1725T/G and -25T/C. Comparisons of allele and haplotype frequencies between patients and control subjects were performed with the chi-square test, the Fisher's Exact Test, and CLUMP software. Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between these two SNPs was calculated with the 3LOCUS program. RESULTS The haplotype -1725G/-25T associates to schizophrenia in AA subjects (p =.0008), but not in EA subjects. Alleles -1725G and allele -25T are in positive LD both in AAs and EAs. Allele and haplotype frequencies differ significantly between AAs and EAs. CONCLUSIONS The haplotype -1725G/-25T at the NOTCH4 locus, which results from SNPs of NOTCH4 that are in LD, may increase susceptibility to schizophrenia in AAs. Any effect of this locus on risk for schizophrenia is population-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingguang Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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24
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Abstract
Notch receptors and ligands were first identified in flies and worms, where they were shown to regulate cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and, in particular, binary cell fate decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. The first mammalian Notch homolog was discovered to be a partner in a chromosomal translocation in a subset of human T-cell leukemias. Subsequent studies in mice and humans have shown that Notch signaling plays essential roles at multiple stages of hematopoiesis, and also regulates the development or homeostasis of cells in many tissues and organs. Thus, it is not surprising that mutations which disrupt Notch signaling cause a wide range of cancers and developmental disorders. Perhaps because it is so widely used, Notch signaling is subject to many unusual forms of regulation. In this review, we will first outline key aspects of Notch signaling and its regulation by endocytosis, glycosylation, and ubiquitination. We will then overview recent literature elucidating how Notch regulates cell-lineage decisions in a variety of developmental contexts. Finally, we will describe the roles of dysregulated Notch signaling in causing several types of cancer and other pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Harper
- Program in Developmental Biology, Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Rm 8104, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
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25
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Takahashi S, Cui YH, Kojima T, Han YH, Yu SY, Tanabe E, Yara K, Matsuura M, Matsushima E, Nakayama J, Arinami T, Shen YC, Faraone SV, Tsuang MT. Family-based association study of the NOTCH4 gene in schizophrenia using Japanese and Chinese samples. Biol Psychiatry 2003; 54:129-35. [PMID: 12873802 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-3223(02)01731-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A family based association study in a British sample found the NOTCH4 gene to be associated with schizophrenia; however, all six replication studies failed to confirm the finding. METHODS We performed a family based association study of NOTCH4 and schizophrenia in 123 trios (16 Japanese and 107 Chinese). In addition to the original study's polymorphisms, we examined four new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)--SNPs_A, B, C and D--around SNP1 of the original study. We genotyped all samples for SNPs_A-D and for SNP1 and (CTG)n of the original study. RESULTS We found no significant associations between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia or its subtypes for all polymorphisms, regardless of gender. The finding remained negative when the Chinese sample was analyzed separately. Exploratory analyses suggested that SNP_A may be associated with early-onset schizophrenia and that SNP1 may be associated with schizophrenia characterized by numerous negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS NOTCH4 is not a significant susceptibility gene for schizophrenia when clinical heterogeneity is ignored; however, NOTCH4 may be associated with early-onset schizophrenia or schizophrenia with many negative symptoms, but these findings should be interpreted cautiously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakae Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts Mental Health Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Anttila S, Kampman O, Illi A, Roivas M, Mattila K, Lassila V, Lehtimaki T, Leinonen E. Psychiatr Genet 2003; 13:61-64. [DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200306000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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27
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Hallmayer JF, Jablensky A, Michie P, Woodbury M, Salmon B, Combrinck J, Wichmann H, Rock D, D'Ercole M, Howell S, Dragović M, Kent A. Linkage analysis of candidate regions using a composite neurocognitive phenotype correlated with schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2003; 8:511-23. [PMID: 12808431 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
As schizophrenia is genetically and clinically heterogeneous, systematic investigations are required to determine whether ICD-10 or DSM-IV categorical diagnoses identify a phenotype suitable and sufficient for genetic research, or whether correlated phenotypes incorporating neurocognitive performance and personality traits provide a phenotypic characterisation that accounts better for the underlying variation. We utilised a grade of membership (GoM) model (a mathematical typology developed for studies of complex biological systems) to integrate multiple cognitive and personality measurements into a limited number of composite graded traits (latent pure types) in a sample of 61 nuclear families comprising 80 subjects with ICD-10/DSM-IV schizophrenia or schizophrenia spectrum disorders and 138 nonpsychotic first-degree relatives. GoM probability scores, computed for all subjects, allowed individuals to be partly assigned to more than one pure type. Two distinct and contrasting neurocognitive phenotypes, one familial, associated with paranoid schizophrenia, and one sporadic, associated with nonparanoid schizophrenia, accounted for 74% of the affected subjects. Combining clinical diagnosis with GoM scores to stratify the entire sample into liability classes, and using variance component analysis (SOLAR), in addition to parametric and nonparametric multipoint linkage analysis, we explored candidate regions on chromosomes 6, 10 and 22. The results indicated suggestive linkage for the familial neurocognitive phenotype (multipoint MLS 2.6 under a low-penetrance model and MLS>3.0 under a high-penetrance model) to a 14 cM area on chromosome 6, including the entire HLA region. Results for chromosomes 10 and 22 were negative. The findings suggest that the familial neurocognitive phenotype may be a pleiotropic expression of genes underlying the susceptibility to paranoid schizophrenia. We conclude that use of composite neurocognitive and personality trait measurements as correlated phenotypes supplementing clinical diagnosis can help stratify the liability to schizophrenia across all members of families prior to linkage, allow the search for susceptibility genes to focus selectively on subsets of families at high genetic risk, and augment considerably the power of genetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Hallmayer
- School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia.
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28
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Skol AD, Young KA, Tsuang DW, Faraone SV, Haverstock SL, Bingham S, Prabhudesai S, Mena F, Menon AS, Yu CE, Rundell P, Pepple J, Sauter F, Baldwin C, Weiss D, Collins J, Keith T, Boehnke M, Schellenberg GD, Tsuang MT. Modest evidence for linkage and possible confirmation of association between NOTCH4 and schizophrenia in a large Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study sample. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:8-15. [PMID: 12627457 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Wei and Hemmings [2000: Nat Genet 25:376-377], using 80 British parent-offspring trios, identified a number of NOTCH4 variants and haplotypes that showed statistically significant evidence of association to schizophrenia. Specifically, the 10 repeat allele of a (CTG)(n) marker and the 8 repeat allele of a (TAA)(n) marker demonstrated excess transmission to affected individuals; SNP21 and haplotypes SNP2-(CTG)(n) and SNP12-SNP2-(CTG)(n) also showed significant associations. In an attempt to replicate these findings, we tested for linkage and association between the same five markers used by Wei and Hemmings in 166 families collected from a multi-center study conducted by the Department of Veterans Affairs (DVA) Cooperative Study Program (CSP). The families include 392 affected subjects (schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, depressed) and 216 affected sibling pairs. The families represent a mix of European Americans (n = 62, 37%), African Americans (n = 60, 36%), and racially mixed or other races (n = 44, 27%). We identified moderate evidence for linkage in the pooled race sample (LOD = 1.25) and found excess transmission of the 8 (P = 0.06) and 13 (P = 0.04) repeat alleles of the (TAA)(n) marker to African American schizophrenic subjects. The 8 and 13 repeat alleles were previously identified to be positively associated with schizophrenia by Wei and Hemmings [2000: Nat Genet 25:376-377] and Sklar et al. [2001: Nat Genet 28:126-128], respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Skol
- Department of Biostatistics and Center for Statistical Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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Wassink TH, Nopoulos P, Pietila J, Crowe RR, Andreasen NC. NOTCH4 and the frontal lobe in schizophrenia. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 118B:1-7. [PMID: 12627456 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
NOTCH4 is a developmentally expressed gene recently reported to be in linkage disequilibrium (LD) with schizophrenia. We investigated this finding in our sample of subjects, focusing on an exonic (CTG)(n) polymorphism, examining not only the association of this polymorphism with the disease phenotype, but also its effect on frontal lobe brain morphology and cognitive function in both affected individuals and a psychiatrically normal comparison group. While we did not find any association or LD with schizophrenia, we identified striking effects of NOTCH4 variability on the trait measures. Within the respective schizophrenia and comparison groups, NOTCH4 allelic variability was correlated with differences in measures of frontal lobe cognitive performance and frontal lobe brain tissue volumes that were intuitively congruent. These within-group effects, however, were in opposite directions across groups. These findings may reflect the interaction of NOTCH4 with the underlying genetic and phenotypic complexity that characterizes both schizophrenia and normal cognition and brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas H Wassink
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychiatry Research/MEB, University of Iowa College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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Tazi-Ahnini R, Cork MJ, Wengraf D, Wilson AG, Gawkrodger DJ, Birch MP, Messenger AG, McDonagh AJG. Notch4, a non-HLA gene in the MHC is strongly associated with the most severe form of alopecia areata. Hum Genet 2003; 112:400-3. [PMID: 12589427 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-002-0898-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2002] [Accepted: 11/26/2002] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) is a disorder primarily affecting the hair and nails in which associated autoimmune or atopic disease is common. Genetically, it is a complex trait with evidence of a role for genes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC), the interleukin-1 cluster and chromosome 21 in the pathogenesis. The strongest association is with HLA class II alleles, although whether this indicates a direct contribution to the pathogenesis or results merely from linkage disequilibrium with nearby disease genes is unknown. Notch4 is a recently defined gene in the HLA class III region. Notch signalling is a direct determinant of keratinocyte growth arrest and entry into differentiation. A possible role for Notch in hair growth has been indicated by transgenic mouse findings that activation of the Notch pathway in the hair cortex leads to aberrant differentiation of adjacent hair-shaft layers. Notch4 is therefore a plausible candidate gene for AA. We have examined two polymorphisms in the coding sequence of the Notch4 gene at positions +1297 and +3063 in a case-control study of 116 AA patients and 142 ethnically matched, healthy control subjects. The initial analysis showed a significant association of AA in the overall data set with the Notch4(T+1297C) polymorphism (P<0.001) but not with Notch4(A+3063G). To confirm this association, we genotyped an additional 62 patients and found that the risk for disease was higher in Notch4(+1297C) homozygotes [odds ratio (OR) 3.43 (1.63, 7.19)] than in heterozygotes [OR 2.58 (1.57, 4.24)]. On classifying the patients by severity of disease, the association appeared to be confined to the severest form (alopecia universalis) [OR 4.02 (1.64, 9.88), P=0.0014]. These results support previous findings showing that different HLA susceptibility alleles are associated with mild and severe AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Tazi-Ahnini
- Dermato-Immunogenetics Group, Biomedical Genetics Project, Division of Genomic Medicine, D Floor Medical School, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2RX, UK.
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Carmine A, Chheda MG, Jönsson EG, Sedvall GC, Farde L, Gustavsson JP, Bergman H, Anvret M, Buervenich S, Olson L. Two NOTCH4 polymorphisms and their relation to schizophrenia susceptibility and different personality traits. Psychiatr Genet 2003; 13:23-8. [PMID: 12605097 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200303000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, linkage disequilibrium mapping of the major histocompatibility complex region on the short arm of human chromosome 6 suggested that the NOTCH4 locus is highly associated with schizophrenia. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS We analysed two polymorphisms in this gene in Swedish schizophrenic patients ( =74) and control subjects ( =135). The NOTCH4 variants were also analysed in schizophrenic patients with regard to subdiagnosis, age at first hospitalization, abuse/dependence of alcohol, solvents, or drugs, previous suicide attempts, extrapyramidal symptoms, treatment with anticholinergic drugs, and response to anti-psychotic drug treatment. Control subjects were scrutinized with regard to personality, another partially heritable trait suggested being of importance in schizophrenia. In addition, two intermediate endophenotypes suggested being of importance in schizophrenia, dopamine D(2) receptor density in striatum and monoamine metabolites in cerebrospinal fluid, respectively, were investigated with regard to the two NOTCH4 variants. RESULTS There was no significant association between the patients and the controls for the two investigated polymorphisms neither for the parameters analysed in the schizophrenia material. The NOTCH4 SNP2 variant, an A-->G substitution, was associated with the Karolinska Scales of Personality Irritability scale. The NOTCH4 (CTG)(n) variant was associated with the revised NEO personality inventory Extraversion and Activity (E4) scales. However, after correction for multiple testing, no difference remained significant. The results for the endophenotypes and the polymorphisms were non-significant. CONCLUSIONS The present study does not support that the investigated NOTCH4 variants have a major influence on susceptibility to schizophrenia or related neurobiological traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Carmine
- Department of Neuroscience, Clinical Neurogenetics Unit, Stockholm, Sweden
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Jönsson EG, Burgert E, Crocq MA, Gustavsson JP, Forslund K, Mattila-Evenden M, Rylander G, Flyckt LK, Bjerkenstedt L, Wiesel FA, Asberg M, Bergman H. Association study between dopamine D3 receptor gene variant and personality traits. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2003; 117B:61-5. [PMID: 12555237 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.10009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine receptor gene variation has been hypothesized to influence personality traits characterized by novelty seeking and related traits. We analyzed a dopamine D(3) receptor gene (DRD3) variant in a Swedish population (n = 373) investigated with one or more of several personality questionnaires. No significant relationships were found between DRD3 genotypes and any of the 15 Karolinska Scales of Personality (KSP) and five Health-relevant Personality 5 factor inventory (HP5i) scales. The DRD3 variant was associated with some scales related to novelty seeking: the Swedish universities Scales of Personality (SSP) Adventure Seeking and the revised NEO personality inventory (NEO-PI-R) Fantasy (O1) and Order (C2) scales. There were also associations with the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI) Cooperativeness and Compassion (C4) scales. After correction for multiple testing, however, no significant difference remained. We conclude that the investigated DRD3 polymorphism does not have a major impact on personality in the investigated population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik G Jönsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Psychiatry Section, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Maheshwari M, Christian SL, Liu C, Badner JA, Detera-Wadleigh S, Gershon ES, Gibbs RA. Mutation screening of two candidate genes from 13q32 in families affected with Bipolar disorder: human peptide transporter (SLC15A1) and human glypican5 (GPC5). BMC Genomics 2002; 3:30. [PMID: 12392603 PMCID: PMC140024 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-3-30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2002] [Accepted: 10/22/2002] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple candidate regions as sites for Schizophrenia and Bipolar susceptibility genes have been reported, suggesting heterogeneity of susceptibility genes or oligogenic inheritance. Linkage analysis has suggested chromosome 13q32 as one of the regions with evidence of linkage to Schizophrenia and, separately, to Bipolar disorder (BP). SLC15A1 and GPC5 are two of the candidate genes within an approximately 10-cM region of linkage on chromosome 13q32. In order to identify a possible role for these candidates as susceptibility genes, we performed mutation screening on the coding regions of these two genes in 7 families (n-20) affected with Bipolar disorder showing linkage to 13q32. RESULTS Genomic organization revealed 23 exons in SLC15A1 and 8 exons in GPC5 gene respectively. Sequencing of the exons did not reveal mutations in the GPC5 gene in the 7 families affected with BP. Two polymorphic variants were discovered in the SLC15A1 gene. One was T to C substitution in the third position of codon encoding alanine at 1403 position of mRNA in exon 17, and the other was A to G substitution in the untranslated region at position 2242 of mRNA in exon 23. CONCLUSIONS Mutation analysis of 2 candidate genes for Bipolar disorder on chromosome 13q32 did not identify any potentially causative mutations within the coding regions or splice junctions of the SLC15A1 or GPC5 genes in 7 families showing linkage to 13q32. Further studies of the regulatory regions are needed to completely exclude these genes as causative for Bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjula Maheshwari
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, N1519 Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - SL Christian
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - C Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - JA Badner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - S Detera-Wadleigh
- National Institute of Mental Health Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4094, USA
| | - ES Gershon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Department of Molecular & Human Genetics, Human Genome Sequencing Center, One Baylor Plaza, N1519 Houston, TX 77030, USA
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Straub RE, Jiang Y, MacLean CJ, Ma Y, Webb BT, Myakishev MV, Harris-Kerr C, Wormley B, Sadek H, Kadambi B, Cesare AJ, Gibberman A, Wang X, O'Neill FA, Walsh D, Kendler KS. Genetic variation in the 6p22.3 gene DTNBP1, the human ortholog of the mouse dysbindin gene, is associated with schizophrenia. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 71:337-48. [PMID: 12098102 PMCID: PMC379166 DOI: 10.1086/341750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 575] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2002] [Accepted: 05/10/2002] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior evidence has supported the existence of multiple susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. Multipoint linkage analysis of the 270 Irish high-density pedigrees that we have studied, as well as results from several other samples, suggest that at least one such gene is located in region 6p24-21. In the present study, family-based association analysis of 36 simple sequence-length-polymorphism markers and of 17 SNP markers implicated two regions, separated by approximately 7 Mb. The first region, and the focus of this report, is 6p22.3. In this region, single-nucleotide polymorphisms within the 140-kb gene DTNBP1 (dystrobrevin-binding protein 1, or dysbindin) are strongly associated with schizophrenia. Uncorrected, empirical P values produced by the program TRANSMIT were significant (P<.01) for a number of individual SNP markers, and most remained significant when the data were restricted to include only one affected offspring per nuclear family per extended pedigree; multiple three-marker haplotypes were highly significant (P=.008-.0001) under the restricted conditions. The pattern of linkage disequilibrium is consistent with the presence of more than one susceptibility allele, but this important issue is unresolved. The number of markers tested in the adjacent genes, all of which are negative, is not sufficient to rule out the possibility that the dysbindin gene is not the actual susceptibility gene, but this possibility appears to be very unlikely. We conclude that further investigation of dysbindin is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Straub
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Swift-Scanlan T, Lan TH, Fallin MD, Coughlin JM, Potash JB, DePaulo JR, McInnis MG. Genetic analysis of the (CTG)n NOTCH4 polymorphism in 65 multiplex bipolar pedigrees. Psychiatr Genet 2002; 12:43-7. [PMID: 11901359 DOI: 10.1097/00041444-200203000-00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A strong genetic association between the NOTCH4 locus on chromosome 6 and schizophrenia was recently reported. Based on the data suggesting overlapping susceptibility for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, we genotyped the polymorphic (CTG)n encoding polyleucine repeat in exon 1 of NOTCH4 in 65 pedigrees ascertained for a genetic linkage study of bipolar disorder. In addition, we analyzed a subset of our pedigrees with psychotic features at this locus. We failed to find any association between the (CTG)n NOTCH4 polymorphism and either the bipolar or the psychotic bipolar phenotype in our 65 pedigrees.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Swift-Scanlan
- George Browne Genetics Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Abstract
The genetic etiology of schizophrenia, a common and debilitating psychiatric disorder, is supported by a wealth of data. Review of the current findings suggests that considerable progress has been made in recent years, with a number of chromosomal regions consistently implicated by linkage analysis. Three groups have shown linkage to 1q21-22 using similar models, with HLOD scores of 6.5, 3.2, and 2.4. Other replicated loci include 13q32 that has been implicated by two independent groups with significant HLOD scores (4.42) or NPL values (4.18), and 5pl4.1-13.1, 5q21-33, 8p2l-22, and 10p11-15, each of which have been reported as suggestive by at least three separate groups. Different studies have also replicated evidence for a modest number of candidate genes that were not ascertained through linkage. Of these, the greatest support exists for the DRD3 (3q13.3), HTR2A (13q14.2), and CHRNA7 (15q13-q14) genes. The refinement of phenotypes, the use of endophenotypes, reduction of heterogeneity, and extensive genetic mapping have all contributed to this progress. The rapid expansion of information from the human genome project will likely further accelerate this progress and assist in the discovery of susceptibility genes for schizophrenia. A greater understanding of disease mechanisms and the application of pharmacogenetics should also lead to improvements in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.M. Waterworth
- />Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Nelson Biological Laboratories, B336A, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082 (USA), Fax +1 732 445 1147, e-mail: , USA
| | - A.S. Bassett
- />Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, and Genetics Section, Schizophrenia Research Program, Queen Street Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario (Canada), Canada
| | - L.M. Brzustowicz
- />Department of Genetics, Rutgers University, Nelson Biological Laboratories, B336A, 604 Allison Road, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854-8082 (USA), Fax +1 732 445 1147, e-mail: , USA
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Saxena MT, Schroeter EH, Mumm JS, Kopan R. Murine notch homologs (N1-4) undergo presenilin-dependent proteolysis. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:40268-73. [PMID: 11518718 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m107234200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic forms of Notch1, Notch2, and Notch4 appear to mimic signaling intermediates of Notch1 and suggest that the role of proteolysis in Notch signaling has been conserved. Here we demonstrate that extracellularly truncated Notch homologs are substrates for a presenilin-dependent gamma-secretase activity. Despite minimal conservation within the transmembrane domain, the requirement for a specific amino acid (P1' valine) and its position at the cleavage site relative to the cytosolic border of the transmembrane domain are preserved. Cleaved, untethered Notch intracellular domains from each receptor translocate to the nucleus and interact with the transcriptional regulatory protein CSL. All four Notch proteins display presenilin-dependent transactivating potential on a minimal promoter reporter. Thus, this study increases the number of biochemically characterized gamma-secretase substrates from two to five. Despite a high degree of structural homology and the presenilin-dependent activity of truncated Notch proteins, the extent that this reflects functional redundancy is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- M T Saxena
- Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Ave., St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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Imai K, Harada S, Kawanishi Y, Tachikawa H, Okubo T, Suzuki T. The (CTG)n polymorphism in the NOTCH4 gene is not associated with schizophrenia in Japanese individuals. BMC Psychiatry 2001; 1:1. [PMID: 11407996 PMCID: PMC32311 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-1-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2001] [Accepted: 06/04/2001] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The human NOTCH4 gene is a candidate gene for schizophrenia due to its chromosomal location and neurobiological roles. In a British linkage study, NOTCH4 gene polymorphisms were highly associated with schizophrenia. In a Japanese case-control association study, however, these polymorphisms did not show significant associations with schizophrenia. We conducted a case-control study with Japanese subjects to explore an association between the triplet repeat polymorphism in the NOTCH4 gene and schizophrenia, including subtypes of schizophrenia, longitudinal disease course characteristics, and a positive family history for psychoses. METHODS We examined the (CTG)n repeat polymorphism in the NOTCH4 gene among 100 healthy Japanese individuals and 102 patients with schizophrenia (22 paranoid, 38 disorganized, 29 residual, 64 episodic, 31 continuous, 42 with prominent negative symptoms, and 46 with positive family histories) using a polymerase chain reaction-based, single-strand conformational polymorphism analysis. RESULTS Five different alleles consisting of 6, 9, 10, 11, and 13 repeats of CTG (Leu) in patients with schizophrenia, and 4 alleles consisting of 6, 9, 10, and 11 repeats in controls were found. No significant differences in genotype or allele frequencies of repeat numbers were found between controls and patients. In addition, there were no associations between the polymorphism and schizophrenia subtypes, longitudinal disease course characteristics, or positive family history of the patients. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a lack of association between the NOTCH4 gene triplet repeat polymorphism and schizophrenia in Japanese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koubun Imai
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Shoji Harada
- Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Yoichi Kawanishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tachikawa
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Takehito Okubo
- Institute of Community Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennoudai, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki 305-8575, Japan
| | - Toshihito Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba City, Ibaraki, Japan
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