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Zeng ZX, Tian CY, Mao JY, van Prooijen JW, Zhang Y, Yang SL, Xie XN, Guo YY. How does economic inequality shape conspiracy theories? Empirical evidence from China. Br J Soc Psychol 2024; 63:477-498. [PMID: 37864466 DOI: 10.1111/bjso.12689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Conspiracy theories tend to be prevalent, particularly in societies with high economic inequality. However, few studies have examined the relationship between economic inequality and belief in conspiracy theories. We propose that economic inequality leads people to believe conspiracy theories about economically advantaged groups (i.e., upwards conspiracy theories) and that moral evaluations of those groups mediate this relationship. Study 1 (N = 300) found support for these ideas in a survey among Chinese residents. Study 2 (N = 160) manipulated participants' perceptions of economic inequality in a virtual society. The manipulation shaped moral evaluations of economically advantaged groups, and conspiracy beliefs, in the predicted manner. In Study 3 (N = 191) and Study 4 (N = 210), we experimentally manipulated participants' perceptions of economic inequality in real Chinese society and replicated the results of Study 2. In addition, in Study 4, we find that economic inequality predicts belief in conspiracy theories about economically disadvantaged groups (i.e., downward conspiracy theories), which was mediated by anomie. We conclude that perceived economic inequality predicts conspiracy theories about economically advantaged groups and that moral evaluations account for this effect. Also, upward and downward conspiracy theory beliefs are associated with different psychological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xie Zeng
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cai-Yu Tian
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jia-Yan Mao
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan-Willem van Prooijen
- Department of Experimental and Applied Psychology, VU, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for the Study of Crime and Law Enforcement (NSCR), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yue Zhang
- Institute of Sociology, Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shen-Long Yang
- School of Humanities and Social Science, Institute of Social Psychology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiao-Na Xie
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yong-Yu Guo
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
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Kung PC, Huang HL, Hsu WC, Huang HL, Chang HJ, Shyu YIL. Coexisting with anomie: Experiences of persons living with early-stage dementia: A grounded theory study. Int J Ment Health Nurs 2024; 33:452-462. [PMID: 37985929 DOI: 10.1111/inm.13256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
Individuals in the early stages of dementia often endure elevated levels of stress and anxiety, which can hinder their ability to adapt to the progression of dementia. To mitigate the negative impacts of dementia more effectively, it is necessary to explore the trajectory of the adaptation process of persons living with dementia. This study aimed to construct a theoretical framework for the adaptation process of individuals in the early stages of dementia. Participants were dyads of persons diagnosed with mild dementia or mild cognitive impairment (≥ 60 years of age) and their primary family caregivers. This longitudinal study used a grounded theory approach to explore the adaptation trajectory changes in persons with mild dementia over a 3-year period. Data were collected from dyads with face-to-face interviews. Analysis of the interview data revealed the core category was 'Coexisting with anomie: Progressive disappointment and striving', which was comprised of three categories: awareness of alienation, unsettled feelings, and restorative avoidance coping. Categories changed depending on levels of cognition and constituted progressive and cyclical dynamic processes. Four contextual factors positively or negatively influenced adaptation: level of insight about dementia, personal traits, caregiving style of the caregiver, and level of social interactions. These findings provide a new perspective about the mental health of persons in early-stage dementia. Understanding coexisting with anomie and related influencing factors could facilitate the development of support interventions by mental health nursing staff, which could improve emotional safety, promote psychological well-being, and increase quality of life for persons living with dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pen-Chen Kung
- Department of Gerontology and Health Care Management, College of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Huei-Ling Huang
- Department of Gerontology and Health Care Management, College of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Chuin Hsu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Li Huang
- Department of Long-Term Care, College of Health Technology, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jer Chang
- National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yea-Ing L Shyu
- School of Nursing, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Dementia Center, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Gerontology and Health Care Management, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Ruiz J, Li Y, Cao L, Huang YSV, Tam V, Griffis HM, Winestone LE, Fisher BT, Alonzo TA, Wang YCJ, Dang AT, Kolb EA, Glanz K, Getz KD, Aplenc R, Seif AE. Association of the social disorganization index with time to first septic shock event in children with acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer 2024; 130:962-972. [PMID: 37985388 PMCID: PMC10922804 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.35109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pediatric acute myeloid leukemia (AML) chemotherapy increases the risk of life-threatening complications, including septic shock (SS). An area-based measure of social determinants of health, the social disorganization index (SDI), was hypothesized to be associated with SS and SS-associated death (SS-death). METHODS Children treated for de novo AML on two Children's Oncology Group trials at institutions contributing to the Pediatric Health Information System (PHIS) database were included. The SDI was calculated via residential zip code data from the US Census Bureau. SS was identified via PHIS resource utilization codes. SS-death was defined as death within 2 weeks of an antecedent SS event. Patients were followed from 7 days after the start of chemotherapy until the first of end of front-line therapy, death, relapse, or removal from study. Multivariable-adjusted Cox regressions estimated hazard ratios (HRs) comparing time to first SS by SDI group. RESULTS The assembled cohort included 700 patients, with 207 (29.6%) sustaining at least one SS event. There were 233 (33%) in the SDI-5 group (highest disorganization). Adjusted time to incident SS did not statistically significantly differ by SDI (reference, SDI-1; SDI-2: HR, 0.84 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.51-1.41]; SDI-3: HR, 0.70 [95% CI, 0.42-1.16]; SDI-4: HR, 0.97 [95% CI, 0.61-1.53]; SDI-5: HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.45-1.14]). Nine patients (4.4%) with SS experienced SS-death; seven of these patients (78%) were in SDI-4 or SDI-5. CONCLUSIONS In a large, nationally representative cohort of trial-enrolled pediatric patients with AML, there was no significant association between the SDI and time to SS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Ruiz
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yimei Li
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lusha Cao
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Yuan-Shung V Huang
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Vicky Tam
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Heather M Griffis
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Lena E Winestone
- Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Benioff Children's Hospital, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Brian T Fisher
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Todd A Alonzo
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | | | - Alice T Dang
- Public Health Institute, Monrovia, California, USA
| | - E Anders Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware, USA
| | - Karen Glanz
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kelly D Getz
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Richard Aplenc
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Alix E Seif
- Division of Oncology, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Khan TH, MacEachen E. Examining the health and wellness of solo self-employed workers through narratives of precarity: a qualitative study. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:717. [PMID: 38448837 PMCID: PMC10916321 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18179-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In recent decades, there has been a significant transformation in the world of work that is characterized by a shift from traditional manufacturing and managerial capitalism, which offered stable full-time employment, to new forms of entrepreneurial capitalism. This new paradigm involves various forms of insecure, contingent, and non-standard work arrangements. Within this context, there has been a noticeable rise in Self-Employed individuals, exhibiting a wide range of -working arrangements. Despite numerous investigations into the factors driving individuals towards Self-Employment and the associated uncertainties and insecurities impacting their lives and job prospects, studies have specifically delved into the connection between the precarious identity of Self-Employed workers and their overall health and well-being. This exploratory study drew on a 'precarity' lens to make contributions to knowledge about Self-Employed workers, aiming to explore how their vulnerable social position might have detrimental effects on their health and well-being. METHODS Drawing on in-depth interviews with 24 solo Self-Employed people in Ontario (January - July 2021), narrative thematic analysis was conducted based on participants' narratives of their work experiences. The dataset was analyzed with the support of NVIVO qualitative data analysis software to elicit narratives and themes. FINDINGS The findings showed that people opt into Self-Employment because they prefer flexibility and autonomy in their working life. However, moving forward, in the guise of flexibility, they encounter a life of precarity, in terms of job unsustainability, uncertainties, insecurities, unstable working hours and income, and exclusion from social benefits. As a result, the health and well-being of Self-Employed workers are adversely affected by anger, anomie, and anxiety, bringing forward potential risks for a growing population. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Neoliberalism fabricates a 'precariat' Self-Employed class. This is a social position that is vague, volatile, and contingent, that foreshadows potential threats of the health and wellbeing of a growing population in the changing workforce. The findings in this research facilitate some policy implications and practices at the federal or provincial government level to better support the health and wellbeing of SE'd workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauhid Hossain Khan
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada.
- Department of Sociology, Jagannath University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Ellen MacEachen
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
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Maksuta KD, Zhao Y, Yang TC. Race, disadvantage, and violence: A spatial exploration of macrolevel covariates of police-involved homicides within and between US counties. Soc Sci Res 2024; 119:102985. [PMID: 38609312 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2024.102985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Efforts to explore the macrolevel determinants of police-involved homicides have expanded in recent years due in part to increased scrutiny and media attention to such events, and increased data availability of these events through crowdsourced databases. However, little empirical research has examined the spatial determinants of such events. The present study extends the extant macrolevel research on police-involved homicides by employing an underutilized spatial econometric model, the spatial Durbin model (SDM), to assess the direct and indirect county effects of racial threat, economic threat, social disorganization, and community violence on police killings within and between US counties from 2013 through 2020. Results indicate a direct inverse relationship between racial threat and police-involved homicides, no support for economic threat, and a direct positive association with two measures of social disorganization. Additionally, we find firearm availability exhibits significant direct and indirect spatial dependence on focal county police-involved homicides, reflecting spatial spillover processes. In essence, as firearm availability in neighboring counties increases, police-involved homicides within a focal county increase. The implications of these findings for racial threat, economic threat, social disorganization, and community violence are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D Maksuta
- Department of Sociology and Criminology, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green, KY, 42103, USA.
| | - Yunhan Zhao
- Department of Sociology, Criminology & Anthropology, Colorado State University Pueblo, 2200 Bonforte Blvd, Pueblo, CO, 81001, USA
| | - Tse-Chuan Yang
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY, 12222, USA
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Kim SJ, Martin M, Caskey R, Weiler A, Van Voorhees B, Glassgow AE. The Effect of Neighborhood Disorganization on Care Engagement Among Children With Chronic Conditions Living in a Large Urban City. Fam Community Health 2023; 46:112-122. [PMID: 36799944 PMCID: PMC9930887 DOI: 10.1097/fch.0000000000000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Neighborhood context plays an important role in producing and reproducing current patterns of health disparity. In particular, neighborhood disorganization affects how people engage in health care. We examined the effect of living in highly disorganized neighborhoods on care engagement, using data from the Coordinated Healthcare for Complex Kids (CHECK) program, which is a care delivery model for children with chronic conditions on Medicaid in Chicago. We retrieved demographic data from the US Census Bureau and crime data from the Chicago Police Department to estimate neighborhood-level social disorganization for the CHECK enrollees. A total of 6458 children enrolled in the CHECK between 2014 and 2017 were included in the analysis. Families living in the most disorganized neighborhoods, compared with areas with lower levels of disorganization, were less likely to engage in CHECK. Black families were less likely than Hispanic families to be engaged in the CHECK program. We discuss potential mechanisms through which disorganization affects care engagement. Understanding neighborhood context, including social disorganization, is key to developing more effective comprehensive care models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sage J. Kim
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
| | - Molly Martin
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
| | - Rachel Caskey
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
| | - Amanda Weiler
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
| | - Benjamin Van Voorhees
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
| | - Anne Elizabeth Glassgow
- Division of Health Policy and Administration, School of Public Health, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Dr Kim and Ms Weiler); and Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago (Drs Martin, Caskey, Van Voorhees, and Glassgow)
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McDowell M, Reinhard D. Community Characteristics and the Geographic Distribution of Intimate Partner Violence: A Partial Test of Social Disorganization Theory. J Interpers Violence 2023; 38:NP1494-NP1516. [PMID: 35482937 DOI: 10.1177/08862605221092070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Shaw and McKay's social disorganization theory has provided a framework to examine the relationship between community-level structural variables and neighborhood crime. Although empirical support for the theory has been widely demonstrated using property and violent crime data, the body of literature examining the theory's applicability to intimate partner violence (IPV) is more limited. Further, much of the existing literature in this area applies the theory's macro-level variables to individual outcomes instead of assessing community effects. Using negative binomial regression to analyze incident data from the Austin (TX) Police Department and demographic information from the United States Census Bureau, this study assesses the relationship between concentrated disadvantage, racial/ethnic heterogeneity, residential instability, and the geographic distribution of IPV incidents in a major U.S. city with no racial or ethnic majority. The independent variables of interest were constructed using principal axis factoring, and a spatial lag variable was included in the model to control for spatial clustering. The analysis showed that concentrated disadvantage was significantly, positively associated with annual counts of IPV incidents in neighborhoods, as was the control variable total crime reports. These results demonstrate that the geographic distribution of IPV is influenced by community factors. They underscore the importance of considering community-wide prevention and intervention efforts in tandem with individual services to those impacted by IPV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly McDowell
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 539379Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
| | - Daniel Reinhard
- School of Criminal Justice and Criminology, 539379Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA
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Trepka MJ, Dawit R, Fernandez SB, Sheehan DM, Degarege A, PhD TL, Maddox LM, Spencer EC. Social disorganization and new HIV diagnoses, 2013-2017, Florida: Rural-urban differences. J Rural Health 2022; 38:960-969. [PMID: 34861068 PMCID: PMC9163207 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To compare the role of neighborhood social disorganization factors on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) diagnosis rates in urban and rural areas in Florida, we conducted an ecologic study of HIV diagnosis rates during 2013-2017 and social disorganization components, including concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity, and residential instability. METHODS Indices of social disorganization components were obtained from principal component analyses of American Community Survey variables for 910 postal codes. Rural/urban classification was based on the United States Department of Agriculture Rural Urban Commuting Area codes. Using multivariable linear regression, the relationship between social disorganization indices and HIV diagnosis rates was assessed. FINDINGS The only social disorganization index that was significantly higher in rural than urban areas was concentrated disadvantage. In rural areas, the concentrated disadvantage index was significantly associated with HIV diagnosis rates (P = .007) when controlling for the other social disorganization factors but was no longer significant after additionally controlling for prevalence of people with an HIV diagnosis who were not virally suppressed. In urban areas, even after controlling for prevalence of people with HIV who were not virally suppressed, lower male-to-female population ratios and higher scores of residential instability, concentrated disadvantage, and LatinX/immigrant density indices were associated with higher HIV diagnosis rates (all P < .01). CONCLUSIONS In addition to improving community levels of viral suppression, the community contextual environment, including the rurality of the environment, needs to be considered in strategies to end the HIV epidemic in the United States.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Jo Trepka
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
- Research Center in Minority Institutions, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rahel Dawit
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Sofia B. Fernandez
- Research Center in Minority Institutions, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Diana M. Sheehan
- Department of Epidemiology, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
- Research Center in Minority Institutions, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
- Center for Research on US Latino HIV/AIDS and Drug Abuse, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, AHC 5, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Abraham Degarege
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984395 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, USA
| | - Tan Li PhD
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lorene M. Maddox
- HIV/AIDS Section, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Florida Department of Health, 4025 Esplande Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
| | - Emma C. Spencer
- HIV/AIDS Section, Bureau of Communicable Diseases, Florida Department of Health, 4025 Esplande Blvd, Tallahassee, Florida, USA
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Sârbu EA, Nadolu B, Runcan R, Tomiță M, Lazăr F. Social predictors of the transition from anomie to deviance in adolescence. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0269236. [PMID: 35731720 PMCID: PMC9216585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a complicated, full of challenges and explorations period in life on the way to adulthood. The behaviour of adolescents is considerably re-configuring under the pressure of biological, psychological, and social transformations, and the internalization of community rules and values, as well as the adoption of desirable behaviours, is not always easy or successful. During adolescence, anomie can easily become an attractive status quo, but it can also evolve, however, relatively easy, to delinquency. This exploratory study, part of the Planet Youth project, is based on an analysis of 17 items from a questionnaire applied to a sample of 2,694 young people in Bucharest, Romania, in 2018, high schoolers in grades 9–11. The main objective of this approach was to assess the impact of some socio-cultural factors regarding school, family, peer group, and neighbourhood on the adoption of deviant and delinquent behaviours among Bucharest teenagers. For data analysis, two dependent variables were built by aggregating items in the questionnaire: the level of anomie (composed of 8 items) and deviant behaviour (composed of 17 items). As independent variables, 17 predictors composed from 67 questions from the questionnaire were used. The main results reflect a high level of anomie among the adolescents of Bucharest and a low level of deviance, and a weak link between these two variables. On the other hand, adolescent anomie and deviance are favoured by anger management, perceived peer attitudes to substance use and digital leisure, together with low parental surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Adrian Sârbu
- Faculty of Baptist Theology and Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Bogdan Nadolu
- Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timisoara, Romania
- * E-mail:
| | - Remus Runcan
- Faculty of Educational Science, Psychology and Social Work,Aurel Vlaicu, University of Arad, Arad, Romania
| | - Mihaela Tomiță
- Faculty of Sociology and Psychology, West University of Timişoara, Timisoara, Romania
| | - Florin Lazăr
- Faculty of Sociology and Social Work, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
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Baron SW. Marketized Mentality, Street Codes and Violence. J Interpers Violence 2022; 37:NP4439-NP4466. [PMID: 32954955 DOI: 10.1177/0886260520959645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The article examines the recent individual level extensions to Institutional Anomie Theory. It explores if a marketized mentality is important to the development of a violent street code that encourages violence as a method of self-enhancement, as well as a factor directly leading to violence. Further, it investigates if the impact of the marketized mentality on violence is moderated by risk-taking and violent peers. It controls for other important factors associated with violence including physical abuse, homelessness, violent victimization, and social bonds. The research utilizes self-report data from interviews with 400 Canadian homeless youth aged 16-24. Results from the OLS regressions indicated that a marketized mentality, along with risk-taking, violent peers, violent victimization, and social bonds predicted levels of support for the street code. The marketized mentality had a direct effect on violence, as well as an indirect effect through the street code. The effect of marketized mentality on violence was also stronger at higher levels of risk-taking and violent peer association. Physical abuse, violent victimization, risk-taking, and violent peers also had direct effects on violence. The findings suggest that a marketized mentality can be adopted even in economically marginal populations leading to the development of violent strategies to fulfill goals. Avenues for future research are offered.
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Konkel RH, Hafemeister AJ, Daigle LE. The Effects of Risky Places, Motivated Offenders, and Social Disorganization on Sexual Victimization: A Microgeographic- and Neighborhood-Level Examination. J Interpers Violence 2021; 36:8409-8434. [PMID: 31130053 DOI: 10.1177/0886260519849693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We test microgeographic (i.e., street segment) effects reflective of routine activities/lifestyle theories (e.g., the locations of sex offenders, gang members, drug houses, bars) and neighborhood-level (i.e., block group) effects consistent with social disorganization theory (e.g., socioeconomic disadvantage, residential mobility, racial heterogeneity) on the locations of sexual offenses within one rural and one suburban city. We employ multilevel modeling to examine neighborhood (N = 41) and microgeographic (N = 1,382) effects on sex offenses. Neighborhood context was associated with the locations of sex offenses in which disadvantage, concentrated poverty, racial heterogeneity, violent crime rates, and suburban (vs. rural) areas were positively associated with sex offense rates, whereas residential mobility had a negative effect on sex offense rates. Microgeographic context also explained variation in sex offense rates in which gang members, sex offenders, drug houses, and high population housing communities had positive effects on sexual assault rates, while controlling for spatially lagged effects. Finally, the effect of high-density housing communities was moderated by the level of disadvantage and racial heterogeneity. Neighborhood context and variables linked to exposure to crime operate differently in nonurban areas. Beyond considering community-based characteristics, contextual characteristics related to potential victims' exposure to motivated offenders should focus on small spatial places.
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12
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Zakeri MA, Hossini Rafsanjanipoor SM, Kahnooji M, Ghaedi Heidari F, Dehghan M. Generalized Anxiety Disorder During the COVID-19 Outbreak in Iran: The Role of Social Dysfunction. J Nerv Ment Dis 2021; 209:491-496. [PMID: 33600121 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT The COVID-19 epidemic has both physical and psychosocial consequences for the general population. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between the prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and social dysfunction during the COVID-19 epidemic in Iran. This cross-sectional web-based study was conducted on 1000 Rafsanjani citizens in southeastern Iran. Data were collected by using the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 and the General Health Questionnaire from March 15 to March 30, 2020. The prevalence of GAD was 27.8%. The mean score of social functioning was 9.71 ± 2.66, and all participants had social dysfunction. Multivariate logistic regression test showed a significant correlation between anxiety and social functioning (confidence interval [CI], 1.16-1.30; p < 0.001), sex (CI, 1.49-3.04; p < 0.001), and concern about COVID-19 (CI, 1.38-2.73; p < 0.001). The COVID-19 epidemic had negative psychosocial consequences in the general population in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mahmood Kahnooji
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan
| | - Fatemeh Ghaedi Heidari
- Department of Psychiatric Nursing, Nursing and Midwifery School, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan
| | - Mahlagha Dehghan
- Nursing Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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13
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Chamberlain AW, Boggess LN, Powers RA. Neighborhood predictors of the gendered structure of non-lethal violent interactions. Soc Sci Res 2021; 96:102545. [PMID: 33867015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2021.102545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Women are playing an increasing role in violent crime, both as offenders and victims. Yet, little research has examined how neighborhood structural characteristics might explain this involvement, or who women victimize relative to men. Drawing upon theories of social disorganization, strain, and a subculture of violence, we examine macro-level variation in the type and frequency of within and across group violence between men and women. Analyses are based on aggravated assaults and robberies reported to the Los Angeles Police Department between 2001 and 2007. Neighborhood disadvantage has a greater impact on women perpetrating violence against other women relative to any other sex dyad. Family structural variables are particularly important for understanding rates of within group robberies among women, and highlight that multiple measures of family structure are important for understanding gendered differences in rates of violent crime across dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa W Chamberlain
- School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, Arizona State University, USA; Alyssa Chamberlain, 411 North Central Avenue, suite 600, Phoenix, AZ, 85004, USA.
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14
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Chen X, Zhong H. Development and Crime Drop: A Time-Series Analysis of Crime Rates in Hong Kong in the Last Three Decades. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2021; 65:409-433. [PMID: 33153346 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x20969946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the recent crime drop in Western societies has rejuvenated crime trend studies, little is known about the crime trends and the corresponding explanations in the East. This study aims to fill the gaps by examining different types of offenses in Hong Kong between 1976 and 2017. Specifically, this study tests and evaluates major macro-level theoretical approaches explaining crime trends, including institutional anomie theory, routine activities theory, and deterrence theory. Using Error Correction Models, our analyses reveal that the strengths of different social institutions are negatively associated with crime rates, showing strong support to institutional anomie theory. The results also partially support routine activities theory by demonstrating that levels of economic development are negatively associated with both violent and property crime rates, and the number of mobile cellular subscriptions is negatively related to homicide rates. Deterrence explanations are mainly supported for property crime. These findings provide theoretical insights on the etiology of crime and also yield important policy suggestions on how to sustain the observed decline in crime rates in modern societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
| | - Hua Zhong
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong
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15
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Lei MK, Beach SRH. Can We Uncouple Neighborhood Disadvantage and Delinquent Behaviors? An Experimental Test of Family Resilience Guided by the Social Disorganization Theory of Delinquent Behaviors. Fam Process 2020; 59:1801-1817. [PMID: 32073152 PMCID: PMC7434646 DOI: 10.1111/famp.12527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Although the influence of neighborhood disadvantage on youth development of delinquent behavior is well established, findings from this research have yet to inform the development of family-centered prevention programming to protect youth from these erosive effects. The current paper examines the role of family integration in buffering the impact of social disadvantage in a sample of N = 298 families randomly assigned either to a control condition or to a family-based prevention program previously shown to enhance marriage and parenting. We first confirmed that neighborhood concentrated disadvantage predicted change in delinquent behaviors across the course of the study. Additionally, replicating prior work, parents participating in the Protecting Strong African American Families (ProSAAF) program, relative to those randomly assigned to the control group, significantly improved their use of effective communication strategies with each other and reduced ineffective conflict in front of youth. This resulted in a significant indirect effect of ProSAAF on change in youth delinquent behaviors. Furthermore, using mediated moderation analysis, the study tested the buffering effect of greater family integration, showing that experimentally produced change in interparental communication skills and the resulting reduction in youth exposure to parental conflict buffered the effect of neighborhood disadvantage on change in youth delinquent behaviors, supporting a mediated moderation model in which family environments buffer neighborhood effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Kit Lei
- Department of Sociology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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16
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Fordahl C. Dealing with dysnomia: Strategies for the cultivation of used concepts in social research. Br J Sociol 2020; 71:1031-1043. [PMID: 32918283 DOI: 10.1111/1468-4446.12788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article follows recent calls to turn social theory away from its fixations on intellectual history and toward the mechanics and craft of creating social theories in the research process. The subject of this article is a dilemma common to theorizing in social science: dysnomia, or the phenomenon in which some object is poorly named. Specifically, this article focuses on how social scientists distinguish original concepts from their equivalents in everyday speech. Three tactics for dealing with dysnomia are named-academic arcana, classification and sociologism-and considered in order to ascertain the strengths and weaknesses of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clayton Fordahl
- Sociology Department, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, USA
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17
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Abstract
Most studies of social disorganization theory focus on urban communities. In addition, these studies largely ignore more intimate crimes, such as intimate partner violence. Yet, results from extant studies are often generalized to explain all types of crime in all types of communities, thus potentially ignoring the dynamics surrounding intimate crimes and rurality. The current study expands on previous research in two ways. First, this study examines whether characteristics of social disorganization can predict assault across various victim-offender relationships. Second, this study applies social disorganization predictors to both metropolitan (or urban) and nonmetropolitan (or rural) counties. The sample consisted of 690 counties located across 13 different states. Results from the Poisson regression models indicate higher levels of ethnic heterogeneity and concentrated disadvantage were associated with increased rates of assault across various victim-offender relationships. Furthermore, the measures of social disorganization functioned in the expected direction in both metropolitan and nonmetropolitan counties. These results highlight the importance of controlling for community structures when examining rates of violence, including intimate partner violence. Programs and policies designed to reduce intimate partner violence should include neighborhood components as these affect rates of violence within a community.
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18
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Chon DS. Are Competitive Materialism and Female Employment Related to International Homicide Rate? J Interpers Violence 2020; 35:2780-2799. [PMID: 29294727 DOI: 10.1177/0886260517705664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The institutional anomie theory is a proposal that states competitive materialism, an intense cultural pressure for economic success at any costs, and increased female employment may be related to a high homicide rate. The current work tested this proposition by utilizing homicide data collected from 45 developed and developing countries. Regression results did not support the proposition. Competitive materialism and female employment were not significantly related to the cross-national variation of homicide rates.
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19
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Kaplan KJ, Harrow M. Social Status and Suicidal Activity Among Psychiatric Patients: Moderating Effects of Gender, Race and Psychiatric Diagnosis. Arch Suicide Res 2019; 23:662-677. [PMID: 30152725 PMCID: PMC6395529 DOI: 10.1080/13811118.2018.1506845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between suicide and social class has proved to be complex. Durkheim predicted suicide rates would increase with social status, while others thought the opposite. Results have been mixed. In some studies, suicidality has increased with increasing social status, and in other studies, the two variables have had an inverse relationship. These studies have been primarily conducted on general non-psychiatric populations The present study, in contrast, examines this relationship on a 20-year prospective longitudinal sample of 400 psychiatric patients (differentiated by psychiatric diagnosis) after index hospitalization. Of these, 160 patients show some sign of suicide risk (87 cases of suicidal ideation, 41 of suicide attempts, and 32 suicide completions). A complicated pattern emerges across psychiatric diagnosis, gender, and race. The great majority of patients show no statistically significant relationship between social status and suicide risk. At the maximally different extremes, however, a dramatic difference does emerge. White women diagnosed with nonpsychotic depression show a positive relationship between social status and suicide risk (p < .01) while black men diagnosed with schizophrenia show a negative relationship between these 2 variables (p < .02). The relationship between social status and suicidality among psychiatric patients varies across race, gender, and psychiatric diagnosis. More research needs to be done on this complex and important topic, especially with regard to samples of psychiatric patients. The role of anomie should be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalman J Kaplan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
| | - Martin Harrow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Illinois College of Medicine , Chicago , IL , USA
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20
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Stansfield R, Doherty E. Neighborhood health, social structure and family violence. Soc Sci Res 2019; 81:12-22. [PMID: 31130191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2019.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Within a large field of family violence research, a slowly growing body of literature has examined community-level variables to explain variation in violence. Studies investigating the role of ecological factors have largely been informed by social disorganization theory. This represents considerable progress, but the community context also includes many ecological factors yet to be considered by studies examining family violence, and as such, successful neighborhood interventions have been limited. Furthermore, few community-level studies have explored whether serious family violence is geographically clustered. The current study used police calls for service data to examine how the health context of a community is associated with family violence. Accounting for spatial dependence, a higher prevalence of self-reported mental illness in a neighborhood related to family violence, although a higher prevalence of physical health difficulties was negatively associated with family violence. These results carry implications that can inform community-based efforts, particularly in economically disadvantaged neighborhood, aimed at reducing family violence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Erin Doherty
- Rutgers - Camden, 405-407 Cooper Street, Camden, NJ, 08102, USA.
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21
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Adeleke FG. Child delinquency in communal conflict areas in southwestern Nigeria. J Community Psychol 2019; 47:790-804. [PMID: 30644105 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.22153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the influence of persistent communal conflicts on child delinquency. Within psychosociological models, the study investigates child delinquency in conflict areas in southwestern Nigeria. Triangulation of sampling techniques and methods of data collection were adopted (questionnaire, focus group discussions, in-depth interview, records, journals, and publications). The records showed that there were more child delinquents in the communal conflict areas and the factors responsible were as follows: a gap in family communication, regulation and control mechanism deficiency, institutional and social lapses, excessive drugs abuse, persistent economic hardship and social disorganization, long communal hatred, and negative social variables. There was a significant relationship between the variables of communal conflicts and child delinquency. The study concludes that social control failed because of children learning violence acts from birth and the environment. There is a need for more cemented social ties among neighboring towns, for perpetrators of conflict to face the wrath of law, and for security agents to not overstay in conflict areas.
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22
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TRANGENSTEIN PAMELAJ, CURRIERO FRANKC, WEBSTER DANIEL, JENNINGS JACKYM, LATKIN CARL, ECK RAIMEE, JERNIGAN DAVIDH. Outlet Type, Access to Alcohol, and Violent Crime. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2018; 42:2234-2245. [PMID: 30256427 PMCID: PMC6214776 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While there are overwhelming data supporting the association between alcohol outlet density and violent crime, there remain conflicting findings about whether on- or off-premise outlets have a stronger association. This inconsistency may be in part a result of the methods used to calculate alcohol outlet density and violent crime. This analysis uses routine activity theory and spatial access methods to study the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime, including type of outlet and type of crime in Baltimore, MD. METHODS The data in this analysis include alcohol outlets from 2016 (n = 1,204), violent crimes from 2012 to 2016 (n = 51,006), and markers of social disorganization, including owner-occupied housing, median annual household income, drug arrests, and population density. The analysis used linear regression to determine the association between access to alcohol outlets and violent crime exposure. RESULTS Each 10% increase in alcohol outlet access was associated with a 4.2% increase in violent crime exposure (β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p < 0.001). A 10% increase in access to off-premise outlets (4.4%, β = 0.45, 95% CI 0.33, 0.57, p < 0.001) and LBD-7 outlets (combined off- and on-premise outlets; 4.2%, β = 0.43, 95% CI 0.33, 0.52, p < 0.001) had a greater association with violent crime than on-premise outlets (3.0%, β = 0.31, 95% CI 0.20, 0.41, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Access to outlets that allow for off-site consumption had a greater association with violent crime than outlets that only permit on-site consumption. The lack of effective measures to keep order in and around off-premise outlets could attract or multiply violent crime.
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Affiliation(s)
- PAMELA J TRANGENSTEIN
- Alcohol Research Group, 6001 Shellmound St., Suite 450, Emeryville, CA 94608
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
| | - FRANK C CURRIERO
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
| | - DANIEL WEBSTER
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Policy and Management, 624 N. Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - JACKY M JENNINGS
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N. Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - CARL LATKIN
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N. Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - RAIMEE ECK
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Health, Behavior and Society, 624 N. Broadway St., Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - DAVID H JERNIGAN
- Boston University School of Public Health, Department of Health Law, Policy and Management, 715 Albany St, Boston, MA 02118
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23
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Marco M, Gracia E, López-Quílez A. The university campus environment as a protective factor for intimate partner violence against women: An exploratory study. J Community Psychol 2018; 46:903-916. [PMID: 30565738 DOI: 10.1002/jcop.21980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Some neighborhood characteristics linked to social disorganization theory have been related to intimate partner violence against women (IPVAW). The study of other neighborhood-level factors that may influence IPVAW risk, however, has received less attention. The aim of this study is to analyze the influence of university campuses on IPVAW risk. To conduct the study, IPVAW cases from 2011 to 2013 in the city of Valencia, Spain, were geocoded (n = 1,623). Census block groups were used as the neighborhood analysis unit. Distance between each census block group and the nearest university campus was measured. A Bayesian spatial model adjusted for census block group-level characteristics was performed. Results showed that the distance from a university campus was associated with an approximate 7% increase in IPVAW risk per kilometer. These results suggest that university campuses integrated in the city are related to IPVAW risk. Further research is needed to explain the mechanisms involved.
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24
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Garthe RC, Gorman-Smith D, Gregory J, E Schoeny M. Neighborhood Concentrated Disadvantage and Dating Violence among Urban Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Neighborhood Social Processes. Am J Community Psychol 2018; 61:310-320. [PMID: 29537686 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The link between relationship violence and aspects of neighborhood concentrated disadvantage (e.g., percent of unemployed adults, percent of families below poverty level), has been established. However, the literature examining neighborhood social processes, including informal social control and social cohesion, in relation to adolescent dating violence has shown mixed results with a limited theoretical foundation and methodology. Using a social disorganization theoretical framework, this study examined the mediating role of these neighborhood social processes in the relation between concentrated disadvantage and adolescent dating violence within an urban context. Participants included 605 adult residents in 30 census tracts and 203 adolescents from neighborhoods on the West and South sides of Chicago. Neighborhood-level concentrated disadvantage was measured via Census data, adult residents reported on neighborhood social processes, and youth reported on dating violence. Informal social control was negatively associated with dating violence, and social cohesion was positively associated with dating violence. A multilevel mediation model showed that concentrated disadvantage was related to higher levels of dating violence via lower levels of informal social control. These results extend social disorganization theory to dating violence within an urban context, while also highlighting the important role of neighborhood processes on relationship violence. Implications for research and intervention programming are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Garthe
- School of Social Service Administration, Chicago Center for Youth Violence Prevention, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deborah Gorman-Smith
- School of Social Service Administration, Chicago Center for Youth Violence Prevention, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joshua Gregory
- School of Social Service Administration, Chicago Center for Youth Violence Prevention, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael E Schoeny
- School of Social Service Administration, Chicago Center for Youth Violence Prevention, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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25
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Ford TC, Woods W, Crewther DP. Magnetoencephalography reveals an increased non-target P3a, but not target P3b, that is associated with high non-clinical psychosocial deficits. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2018; 271:1-7. [PMID: 29182941 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Auditory processing deficits are frequently identified in autism and schizophrenia, and the two disorders have been shown to share psychosocial difficulties. This study used magnetoencephalography to investigate auditory processing differences for those with a high degree of a non-clinical autistic and schizotypal trait phenotype, Social Disorganisation (SD). Participants were 18 low (9 female) and 19 high (9 female) SD scorers (18-40 years) who completed a three-stimulus auditory oddball paradigm of speech sounds (standard: 100ms 'o', deviant: 150ms 'o', novel: 150ms 'e'). Spatio-temporal cluster analysis revealed increased amplitude for the high SD group in a left (p = 0.006) and a right (p = 0.020) hemisphere cluster in response to the novel non-target. No cluster differences were found in response to the target deviant. These findings suggest that those with a high degree of the SD phenotype recruit more cortical resources when processing unattended, novel speech stimuli, which may lead to psychosocial deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Will Woods
- Centre for Mental Health, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | - David P Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Abstract
In this article, we investigate the determinants of homicide in Recife, Brazil, considering social disorganization theory. Using georeferenced homicide data, 2009-2013, and census data, we analyze homicide in Recife using a spatial regression technique that controls for spatial autocorrelation and heteroskedasticity at the census tract level. Overall, we find that homicide in Recife, Brazil, is characterized by social disorganization theory. Specifically, positive relationships are found for inequality, rented houses, and quantity of people, but negative relationships are found for income, literacy, percentage of married people, water supply, public illumination, the percentage of women responsible for the house, and population density. Overall, we find that social disorganization theory provides an instructive framework for understanding homicide in Recife, Brazil. However, there are specific contexts to Brazil that are different from North American contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora V S Pereira
- 1 Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife, Brazil
- 2 Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
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27
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Cambron C, Kosterman R, Rhew IC, Catalano RF, Guttmannova K, Hawkins JD. An Examination of Alcohol Use Disorder Symptoms and Neighborhood Disorganization from Age 21 to 39. Am J Community Psychol 2017; 60:267-278. [PMID: 28940467 PMCID: PMC5665378 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Living in disorganized neighborhoods characterized by high levels of poverty, crime, violence, and deteriorating buildings has been associated with increased alcohol consumption and mental health problems. Data drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project (N = 790), a theory-driven longitudinal study originating in Seattle, WA, were used to estimate trajectories of Alcohol Use Disorder (AUD) symptoms from age 21 to 39. Time-varying measures of neighborhood disorganization, psychological distress, and sociodemographic factors were associated with deviations from average AUD symptoms at each wave. Results indicated that, on average, AUD symptoms decreased as individuals got older. Living in more disorganized neighborhoods and experiencing psychological distress was associated with increased AUD symptoms after accounting for average reductions from AUD symptoms over time and time-varying measures of relevant sociodemographic factors. Results of mediation analysis suggested that psychological distress is a mechanism by which disorganized neighborhoods increased risk of AUD from age 21 to 39.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Cambron
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Rick Kosterman
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | - Isaac C. Rhew
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington
| | - Richard F. Catalano
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
| | | | - J. David Hawkins
- Social Development Research Group, School of Social Work, University of Washington
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28
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Voith LA, Brondino MJ. Neighborhood Predictors of Intimate Partner Violence: A Theory-Informed Analysis Using Hierarchical Linear Modeling. Am J Community Psychol 2017; 60:187-198. [PMID: 28913863 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Due to high prevalence rates and deleterious effects on individuals, families, and communities, intimate partner violence (IPV) is a significant public health problem. Because IPV occurs in the context of communities and neighborhoods, research must examine the broader environment in addition to individual-level factors to successfully facilitate behavior change. Drawing from the Social Determinants of Health framework and Social Disorganization Theory, neighborhood predictors of IPV were tested using hierarchical linear modeling. Results indicated that concentrated disadvantage and female-to-male partner violence were robust predictors of women's IPV victimization. Implications for theory, practice, and policy, and future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Voith
- Jack, Joseph, and Morton Mandel School of Applied Social Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Michael J Brondino
- Helen Bader School of Social Welfare, University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, USA
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Dong X, Bergren SM. The Associations and Correlations Between Self-reported Health and Neighborhood Cohesion and Disorder in a Community-dwelling U.S. Chinese Population. Gerontologist 2017; 57:679-695. [PMID: 27038465 PMCID: PMC5881676 DOI: 10.1093/geront/gnw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose of the Study Characteristics of neighborhood have been found to be associated with physical and psychological health status of older adults, especially in relationship to social dynamics like cohesion and disorder. This study aims to examine correlations and associations between sociodemographic characteristics, self-reported health status, cohesion, and disorder among Chinese older adults in the greater Chicago area. Design and Methods The Population Study of Chinese Elderly in Chicago is a cross-sectional, population-based study with community-dwelling Chinese older adults aged 60 and older, recruited through a community-based participatory research approach. Cohesion was measured through six questions; disorder was measured through eight questions. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted using SAS. Results Among 3,158 participants enrolled in the study, 92.3% reported any neighborhood cohesion; 69.8% reported any neighborhood disorder. After controlling for age, sex, education, income, marital status, living arrangement, number of children, years in the community, years in the United States, country of origin, language preference, and location, a higher level of cohesion is associated with higher quality of life (odds ratio [OR]: 1.25, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.13, 1.39) and a higher level of disorder is associated with lower overall health status (OR: 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.99) and lower quality of life (OR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.95, 0.98). Implications Our findings suggest that neighborhood cohesion and neighborhood disorder are correlated to the health of U.S. Chinese older adults. Future longitudinal research should examine the relationship between community characteristics, both structural and social, and health-related outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- XinQi Dong
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Stephanie M. Bergren
- Rush Institute for Healthy Aging, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois
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30
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Ford TC, Nibbs R, Crewther DP. Increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio in a shared autistic and schizotypal trait phenotype termed Social Disorganisation. Neuroimage Clin 2017; 16:125-131. [PMID: 28794973 PMCID: PMC5537407 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Autism and schizophrenia are multi-dimensional spectrum disorders that have substantial phenotypic overlap. This overlap is readily identified in the non-clinical population, and has been conceptualised as Social Disorganisation (SD). This study investigates the balance of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentrations in a non-clinical sample with high and low trait SD, as glutamate and GABA abnormalities are reported across the autism and schizophrenia spectrum disorders. Participants were 18 low (10 females) and 19 high (9 females) SD scorers aged 18 to 40 years who underwent 1H-MRS for glutamate and GABA+macromolecule (GABA+) concentrations in right and left hemisphere superior temporal (ST) voxels. Reduced GABA+ concentration (p = 0.03) and increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio (p = 0.003) in the right ST voxel for the high SD group was found, and there was increased GABA+ concentration in the left compared to right ST voxel (p = 0.047). Bilateral glutamate concentration was increased for the high SD group (p = 0.006); there was no hemisphere by group interaction (p = 0.772). Results suggest that a higher expression of the SD phenotype may be associated with increased glutamate/GABA+ ratio in the right ST region, which may affect speech prosody processing, and lead behavioural characteristics that are shared within the autistic and schizotypal spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talitha C. Ford
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard Nibbs
- Swinburne Neuroimaging, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David P. Crewther
- Centre for Human Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Heath, Arts and Design, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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31
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Abstract
Drawing on the social disorganization tradition and the social ecological perspective of Jane Jacobs, the authors hypothesize that neighborhoods composed of residents who intersect in space more frequently as a result of routine activities will exhibit higher levels of collective efficacy, intergenerational closure, and social network interaction and exchange. They develop this approach employing the concept of ecological networks-two-mode networks that indirectly link residents through spatial overlap in routine activities. Using data from the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey, they find evidence that econetwork extensity (the average proportion of households in the neighborhood to which a given household is tied through any location) and intensity (the degree to which household dyads are characterized by ties through multiple locations) are positively related to changes in social organization between 2000-2001 and 2006-2008. These findings demonstrate the relevance of econetwork characteristics-heretofore neglected in research on urban neighborhoods-for consequential dimensions of neighborhood social organization.
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32
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Abstract
Research findings and clinical observations suggest that families with an alcoholic parent are more unpredictable. Alcoholic parents ( n = 25, 68% men, 68% Euro-American, M age = 38.6 yr.) and community parents ( n = 27, 52% men, 70% Euro-American, M age = 38.8 yr.) completed the self-report Family Unpredictability Scale of Ross and Hill. Alcoholic parents reported significantly higher (less predictability) scores on the subscales of Nurturance, Finances, and Discipline, as well as on the Total Family Unpredictability Scale ( ps < .01). This appears to be the first study on family unpredictability and parental alcoholism in which parental reports of multiple dimensions of unpredictability are used. We provide suggestions for research and clinical uses of the scale, especially pertaining to families with an alcoholic parent.
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33
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Schmuhl HW. [What means "resistance" against National Socialism "euthanasia" crime]. Hist Hosp 2016; 29:237-255. [PMID: 27501557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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34
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Teymoori A, Jetten J, Bastian B, Ariyanto A, Autin F, Ayub N, Badea C, Besta T, Butera F, Costa-Lopes R, Cui L, Fantini C, Finchilescu G, Gaertner L, Gollwitzer M, Gómez Á, González R, Hong YY, Jensen DH, Karasawa M, Kessler T, Klein O, Lima M, Mähönen TA, Megevand L, Morton T, Paladino P, Polya T, Ruza A, Shahrazad W, Sharma S, Torres AR, van der Bles AM, Wohl M. Revisiting the Measurement of Anomie. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158370. [PMID: 27383133 PMCID: PMC4934700 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sociologists coined the term “anomie” to describe societies that are characterized by disintegration and deregulation. Extending beyond conceptualizations of anomie that conflate the measurements of anomie as ‘a state of society’ and as a ‘state of mind’, we disentangle these conceptualizations and develop an analysis and measure of this phenomenon focusing on anomie as a perception of the ‘state of society’. We propose that anomie encompasses two dimensions: a perceived breakdown in social fabric (i.e., disintegration as lack of trust and erosion of moral standards) and a perceived breakdown in leadership (i.e., deregulation as lack of legitimacy and effectiveness of leadership). Across six studies we present evidence for the validity of the new measure, the Perception of Anomie Scale (PAS). Studies 1a and 1b provide evidence for the proposed factor structure and internal consistency of PAS. Studies 2a-c provide evidence of convergent and discriminant validity. Finally, assessing PAS in 28 countries, we show that PAS correlates with national indicators of societal functioning and that PAS predicts national identification and well-being (Studies 3a & 3b). The broader implications of the anomie construct for the study of group processes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Teymoori
- University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadia Ayub
- Institute of Business Management, Karachi, Pakistan
| | | | | | | | | | - Lijuan Cui
- East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | | | | | - Lowell Gaertner
- University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, United States of America
| | | | - Ángel Gómez
- Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ying Yi Hong
- Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | | | | - Marcus Lima
- Federal University of Sergipe, Sergipe, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thomas Morton
- University of Exeter, Exeter, England, United Kingdom
| | | | - Tibor Polya
- Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
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35
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Lopez-Tamayo R, LaVome Robinson W, Lambert SF, Jason LA, Ialongo NS. Parental Monitoring, Association with Externalized Behavior, and Academic Outcomes in Urban African-American Youth: A Moderated Mediation Analysis. Am J Community Psychol 2016; 57:366-79. [PMID: 27237941 PMCID: PMC5564180 DOI: 10.1002/ajcp.12056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
African-American adolescents exposed to neighborhood disadvantage are at increased risk for engaging in problem behavior and academic underachievement. It is critical to identify the mechanisms that reduce problem behavior and promote better academic outcomes in this population. Based on social disorganization and socioecological theories, the current prospective study examined pathways from parental monitoring to academic outcomes via externalizing behavior at different levels of neighborhood disadvantage. A moderated mediation model employing maximum likelihood was conducted on 339 African-American students from 9th to 11th grade (49.3% females) with a mean age of 14.8 years (SD ± 0.35). The results indicated that parental monitoring predicted low externalizing behavior, and low externalizing behavior predicted better academic outcomes after controlling for externalizing behavior in 9th grade, intervention status, and gender. Mediation was supported, as the index of mediation was significant. Conversely, neighborhood disadvantage did not moderate the path from parental monitoring to externalizing behavior. Implications for intervention at both community and individual levels and study limitations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Nicholas S Ialongo
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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36
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Watts KN. MDR-TB, Isolation, and Anomie: Has Anyone Referred to Social Work? : Comment on "The Ethics of Isolation for Patients With Tuberculosis in Australia". J Bioeth Inq 2016; 13:157-158. [PMID: 26847829 DOI: 10.1007/s11673-016-9707-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
MDR-TB and admission to isolation can induce a situation in which individuals are normless, unable to achieve the social goals that they have learned to pursue. Described as anomie, this situation can induce deviant behaviour. Addressing the psychosocial ethics of MDR-TB and isolation, this paper responds to the call for consideration of resource allocation and liberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista N Watts
- Victorian Tuberculosis Program, Melbourne Health at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection andImmunity Level 5, 792 Elizabeth Street, Melbourne, Victoria, 3000, Australia.
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37
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Wallace D, Schalliol D. Testing the temporal nature of social disorder through abandoned buildings and interstitial spaces. Soc Sci Res 2015; 54:177-194. [PMID: 26463542 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
With the recent housing crisis, studying abandoned buildings has once again become important. However, it has been some time since abandoned buildings were the subject of direct study, leaving scholars with scant knowledge about the characteristics of abandoned buildings, how they change, and their relationship to neighborhood processes. To fill this gap, we employed longitudinal photographic and SSO evaluations of 36 abandoned buildings and their immediate surroundings in Chicago for one year (n=587). Results demonstrate the presence and severity of social disorder cues vary across time points and the time of day of observation. There is a relationship between abandoned buildings and social disorder, though the relationship is not a trend. Also, social disorder is diminished around extremely decayed buildings. Lastly, we find that our results are driven by the measurement of places ignored by most SSO studies, including alleys and the rear side of buildings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Wallace
- Arizona State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 411 N. Central Ave, Room 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States.
| | - David Schalliol
- Arizona State University, School of Criminology and Criminal Justice, 411 N. Central Ave, Room 600, Phoenix, AZ 85004, United States
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38
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Vlasik A. [The Other, the object and the social connection]. Soins Psychiatr 2015; 36:33-36. [PMID: 26564491 DOI: 10.1016/j.spsy.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The Occupy Abay movement was formed in Moscow in a context of anomie. This Russian opposition movement consisted in gatherings of strangers, without any predefined ideology, the tacit objective possibly being a civilizing project. The experience of the Scratch orchestra brought together nonprofessional musicians whose performances could be linked to political acts. The psychiatric institution brings people together; it must be able to offer a response to patients' suffering. The choice of working together through multi-person practice is an option. It is based on the fact of accepting, like the two movements cited above, the "lack of a master".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Vlasik
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, ul. Leninskiye Gory, 1, Moskva, Russie, 119991.
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39
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Fay-Ramirez S, Antrobus E, Piquero AR. Assessing the effect of the Queensland "Summer of Disasters" on perceptions of collective efficacy. Soc Sci Res 2015; 54:21-35. [PMID: 26463532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2014] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The collective efficacy literature suggests that neighborhoods with higher collective efficacy have fewer problems of disorder, increased volunteerism, and higher levels of life satisfaction and wellbeing, along with the increased potential for resilience in the face of a disaster. Although perceptions of collective efficacy typically remain stable over time, rapid or sudden social change, such as experiencing a natural disaster, has the potential to disrupt the neighborhood and the individuals within - including their perceptions of the regulatory mechanisms of collective efficacy. Still, the effect of a major disaster on perceptions of collective efficacy remains relatively unexamined. Longitudinal survey data collected before and after the Queensland flood and cyclone disasters permit a unique investigation of the impact of the disaster on perceptions of social control and social cohesion before and after the disaster. Results show that after this major natural disaster, respondents who were proximately affected reported decreased levels of collective efficacy. Also, persons who experienced the biggest decrease in perceived collective efficacy were those that had lower levels of collective efficacy prior to the disaster. We discuss the mechanisms surrounding disaster preparedness, response, and recovery that may contribute to changing perceptions of collective efficacy.
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40
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Abstract
I explore the historical and cultural shifts that underlie the normalization of the term dépréshen and the emergence of public psychiatric discourses in 1990s Iran. I do this by investigating the cultural sensibilities of a particular generation, the self-identified 1980s generation, and the ways they situate what is perceived as dépréshen in social anomie and the memories of the Iran-Iraq war. I argue that psychiatrization of psychological distress in Iran was not simply a de-politicizing hegemonic biomedical discourse, but that the contemporary Iranian discourses of psychological pathology and social loss evolved in public, hand-in-hand, through the medicalization of post-war loss. Psychiatric subjectivity describes conditions where individuals internalize psychiatry as a mode of thinking, and performatively articulate not only their desires, hopes, and anxieties, but also historical losses as embodied in individual and collective brains. I underscore my interlocutors' simultaneous historicization and medicalization of their dépréshen, arguing that psychiatrically medicalized individuals are performative actors in the discursive formation of both biomedical and social truth. Dépréshen, in the larger sense of the word, has become one way to navigate ruptured pasts, slippery presents, and uncertain futures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orkideh Behrouzan
- Faculty of Social Science and Public Policy, Department of Social Science, Health and Medicine, King's College London, Room 7b, East Wing The Strand, London, WC2R 2LS , UK,
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41
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Fowler PJ, Henry DB, Marcal KE. Family and housing instability: Longitudinal impact on adolescent emotional and behavioral well-being. Soc Sci Res 2015; 53:364-74. [PMID: 26188460 PMCID: PMC6088377 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the longitudinal effects of family structure changes and housing instability in adolescence on functioning in the transition to adulthood. A model examined the influence of household composition changes and mobility in context of ethnic differences and sociodemographic risks. Data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health measured household and residential changes over a 12-month period among a nationally representative sample of adolescents. Assessments in young adulthood measured rates of depression, criminal activity, and smoking. Findings suggested housing mobility in adolescence predicted poorer functioning across outcomes in young adulthood, and youth living in multigenerational homes exhibited greater likelihood to be arrested than adolescents in single-generation homes. However, neither family structure changes nor its interaction with residential instability or ethnicity related to young adult outcomes. Findings emphasized the unique influence of housing mobility in the context of dynamic household compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Fowler
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
| | - David B Henry
- Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1747 West Roosevelt Road, Chicago, IL 60608, USA.
| | - Katherine E Marcal
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, Campus Box 1196, One Brookings Drive, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA.
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42
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Copp JE, Kuhl DC, Giordano PC, Longmore MA, Manning WD. Intimate partner violence in neighborhood context: The roles of structural disadvantage, subjective disorder, and emotional distress. Soc Sci Res 2015; 53:59-72. [PMID: 26188438 PMCID: PMC4509556 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Most theoretical treatments of intimate partner violence (IPV) focus on individual-level processes. Some researchers have attempted to situate IPV within the larger neighborhood context, but few studies have sought to link structural- and individual-level factors. The current analyses fill a research gap by examining the role of anger and depression in the association between neighborhood disadvantage and IPV. Using data from the Toledo Adolescent Relationships Study (TARS) and the 2000 Census, this study focuses on structural indicators of disadvantage as well as subjective disorder, and highlights the complex associations between neighborhood conditions, emotional distress, and IPV. Findings indicate that anger and depressive symptoms partially explain the association between neighborhood disadvantage and IPV. Additionally, the associations between disadvantage, disorder, and IPV depend on respondent's level of anger. Results underscore the need to further consider the role of neighborhood factors (both objective and subjective) in relation to IPV, and also suggest the utility of introducing individual-level emotional measures to assess the circumstances under which neighborhoods matter most.
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43
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Antonaccio O, Smith WR, Gostjev FA. Anomic Strain and External Constraints: A Reassessment of Merton's Anomie/Strain Theory Using Data From Ukraine. Int J Offender Ther Comp Criminol 2015; 59:1079-1103. [PMID: 24825670 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x14533071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a new assessment of Merton's anomie/strain theory and fills in several gaps in the literature. First, using the data from the sample of adolescents in an especially suitable and interesting setting, post-Soviet Ukraine, it investigates the applicability of the theory to this context and reveals that predictive powers of anomic strain may be influenced by larger sociocultural environments. Second, it evaluates the possibility of theoretical elaboration of Merton's theory through identifying contingencies such as external constraints on behavior and finds limited support for moderating effects of perceptions of risks of sanctioning and social bonds on anomic strain-delinquency relationships. Finally, it confirms that additional clarifications of the concept of anomic strain may be promising.
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44
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Hövermann A, Groß EM, Zick A, Messner SF. Understanding the devaluation of vulnerable groups: A novel application of Institutional Anomie Theory. Soc Sci Res 2015; 52:408-421. [PMID: 26004470 PMCID: PMC4443277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Prejudices legitimize the discrimination against groups by declaring them to be of unequal, especially of less, worth. This legitimizing power is highly relevant in social conflicts of modern societies that are governed by market-oriented value systems. However, prejudice research has yet to be linked to sociological discourses on the marketization of society. We argue that Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT), a theory originally developed to explain crime rates, offers a fruitful macro-sociological framework for a better understanding of micro-social prejudices that emerge along with processes of marketization. Extending IAT to explain prejudices in a German study based on survey data offers a first attempt to underpin our theoretical hypotheses with empirical data. Although the results need to be interpreted with due caution, they suggest that the extended IAT model can be usefully applied to explain how a marketized mentality is related to different forms of institutional integration, and how it is conducive to specific prejudices that emerge in market-dominated societies against purported economically burdening social groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Hövermann
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, University of Bielefeld, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; LCSR, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation.
| | - Eva M Groß
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, University of Bielefeld, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany; LCSR, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Russian Federation.
| | - Andreas Zick
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Research on Conflict and Violence, University of Bielefeld, Universitaetsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany.
| | - Steven F Messner
- Department of Sociology, University at Albany, SUNY, 1400 Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222, USA.
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45
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors such as urban birth and ethnic minority position have been related to risk for psychotic disorders. There is some evidence that not only individual, but also neighborhood characteristics influence this risk. The aim of this study was to investigate social disorganization of neighborhoods and incidence of psychotic disorders. METHOD The research was a 7-year first-contact incidence study of psychotic disorders in The Hague. Neighborhood characteristics included continuous, dichotomous and cumulative measures of socio-economic level, residential mobility, ethnic diversity, proportion of single person households, voter turnout, population density and crime level. Using multilevel Poisson regression analysis, incidence rate ratios (IRRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of psychotic disorders were calculated for the indicators of neighborhood social disorganization. RESULTS A total of 618 incident cases were identified. Neighborhood socio-economic level and residential mobility had the strongest association with incidence of psychotic disorders [individual-level adjusted Wald χ2 1 = 13.03 (p = 0.0003) and 5.51 (p = 0.02), respectively]. All but one (proportion of single person households) of the dichotomous neighborhood indicators were significantly associated with a higher IRR. The cumulative degree of neighborhood social disorganization was strongly and linearly associated with the incidence of psychotic disorders (trend test, Wald χ2 5 = 25.76, p = 0.0001). The IRR in neighborhoods with the highest degree of social disorganization was 1.95 (95% CI 1.38-2.75) compared with the lowest disorganization category. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest that the risk for developing a psychotic disorder is higher for people living in socially disorganized environments. Longitudinal studies are needed to investigate causality.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Veling
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute,The Hague,The Netherlands
| | - E Susser
- Department of Epidemiology,Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University,New York,NY,USA
| | - J-P Selten
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology,Maastricht University,Maastricht,The Netherlands
| | - H W Hoek
- Parnassia Psychiatric Institute,The Hague,The Netherlands
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46
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Kirst M, Lazgare LP, Zhang YJ, O'Campo P. The effects of social capital and neighborhood characteristics on intimate partner violence: a consideration of social resources and risks. Am J Community Psychol 2015; 55:314-325. [PMID: 25859919 DOI: 10.1007/s10464-015-9716-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a growing public health problem, and gaps exist in knowledge with respect to appropriate prevention and treatment strategies. A growing body of research evidence suggests that beyond individual factors (e.g., socio-economic status, psychological processes, substance abuse problems), neighborhood characteristics, such as neighborhood economic disadvantage, high crime rates, high unemployment and social disorder, are associated with increased risk for IPV. However, existing research in this area has focused primarily on risk factors inherent in neighborhoods, and has failed to adequately examine resources within social networks and neighborhoods that may buffer or prevent the occurrence of IPV. This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics, such as economic disadvantage and disorder, and individual and neighborhood resources, such as social capital, on IPV among a representative sample of 2412 residents of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Using a population based sample of 2412 randomly selected Toronto adults with comprehensive neighborhood level data on a broad set of characteristics, we conducted multi-level modeling to examine the effects of individual- and neighborhood-level effects on IPV outcomes. We also examined protective factors through a comprehensive operationalization of the concept of social capital, involving neighborhood collective efficacy, community group participation, social network structure and social support. Findings show that residents who were involved in one or more community groups in the last 12 months and had high perceived neighborhood problems were more likely to have experienced physical IPV. Residents who had high perceived social support and low perceived neighborhood problems were less likely to experience non-physical IPV. These relationships did not differ by neighborhood income or gender. Findings suggest interesting contextual effects of social capital on IPV. Consistent with previous research, higher levels of perceived neighborhood problems can reflect disadvantaged environments that are more challenged in promoting health and regulating disorder, and can create stressors in which IPV is more likely to occur. Such analyses will be helpful to further understanding of the complex, multi-level pathways related to IPV and to inform the development of effective programs and policies with which to address and prevent this serious public health issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maritt Kirst
- Centre for Research on Inner City Health, Keenan Research Centre in the Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada,
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Snowden AJ, Freiburger TL. Alcohol outlets, social disorganization, and robberies: accounting for neighborhood characteristics and alcohol outlet types. Soc Sci Res 2015; 51:145-162. [PMID: 25769858 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2015.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Revised: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We estimated spatially lagged regression and spatial regime models to determine if the variation in total, on-premise, and off-premise alcohol outlet(1) density is related to robbery density, while controlling for direct and moderating effects of social disorganization.(2) Results suggest that the relationship between alcohol outlet density and robbery density is sensitive to the measurement of social disorganization levels. Total alcohol outlet density and off-premise alcohol outlet density were significantly associated with robbery density when social disorganization variables were included separately in the models. However, when social disorganization levels were captured as a four item index, only the association between off-premise alcohol outlets and robbery density remained significant. More work is warranted in identifying the role of off-premise alcohol outlets and their characteristics in robbery incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra J Snowden
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Criminal Justice, Enderis Hall 1115, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
| | - Tina L Freiburger
- University of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Department of Criminal Justice, Enderis Hall 1119, Milwaukee, WI 53211, United States.
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Bogg T. The bigger picture. Ment Health Today 2015:16. [PMID: 26529955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
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Abstract
The author argues that the paucity of options for sanctioned rebellion in contemporary American society drive an ever-increasing number of idealistic youth in search of isolation in nature, where they construct what the author here calls "nature religions." These worldviews focus on purification of falsehood, ritualized through enduring extreme physical pain, social isolation, and extreme weather conditions in hopes of experiencing reality more authentically. The author argues that unemployment, limited vocational options, and the homogenization of American society are among the major catalysts for this ever-expanding breed of seekers, each of whom struggles with a negative tendency (a theoretical term created by Erik Erikson). Furthermore, the author argues that the emphasis in the nature religions on connection to nature is constructed to compensate for the lack of community and sense of human connectedness in contemporary American society. A representative case study from Jon Krakauer's (Into the wild; Doubleday, New York, 1996) Into the Wild is presented to illuminate and justify the argument made by the author for more institutionally housed options for sanctioned, licit rebellion to manage the negative tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Kramp
- The Ronin Institute, 14380 Riva Del Lago Drive, Unit #1804, Ft. Myers, FL, 33907, USA,
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Although it also portrays a loss of function in psychology, in this context the term anomia (from the Greek, an-: absence, and -nomos: law) is used to describe a sociological phenomenon that can lead individuals to misbehave due to feelings of valuelessness and cynicism resulting from a lack of integration in social life (Srole, 1956). OBJECTIVE Previous research has neglected anomia as part of the origin of employee work absence. This study tests the association between anomia and absence - operationalized as propensity to abusive absence due to illness. A large variety of job attitudes grouped in terms of organizational climate are controlled for. METHODS Data were collected from 84 of the 198 (42.4%) employees of a provincial Spanish Social Security Service. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the associations. RESULTS With the climate factors controlled for by entering them together with anomia in a SEM model as causes of absence, the results show a significant relationship between anomia and absence. CONCLUSIONS The findings explain the origin of absence at work and management strategies. The very nature of anomia suggests that strategies can be designed to provide employees with an organizational `micro-cosmos' that promotes support, predictability, and bonds of trust to create an effective bulwark against absenteeism.
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