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Gundersen CB. Cysteine string proteins. Prog Neurobiol 2020; 188:101758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Stress susceptibility-specific phenotype associated with different hippocampal transcriptomic responses to chronic tricyclic antidepressant treatment in mice. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:144. [PMID: 24225037 PMCID: PMC3831054 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The effects of chronic treatment with tricyclic antidepressant (desipramine, DMI) on the hippocampal transcriptome in mice displaying high and low swim stress-induced analgesia (HA and LA lines) were studied. These mice displayed different depression-like behavioral responses to DMI: stress-sensitive HA animals responded to DMI, while LA animals did not. Results To investigate the effects of DMI treatment on gene expression profiling, whole-genome Illumina Expression BeadChip arrays and qPCR were used. Total RNA isolated from hippocampi was used. Expression profiling was then performed and data were analyzed bioinformatically to assess the influence of stress susceptibility-specific phenotypes on hippocampal transcriptomic responses to chronic DMI. DMI treatment affected the expression of 71 genes in HA mice and 41 genes in LA mice. We observed the upregulation of Igf2 and the genes involved in neurogenesis (HA: Sema3f, Ntng1, Gbx2, Efna5, and Rora; LA: Otx2, Rarb, and Drd1a) in both mouse lines. In HA mice, we observed the upregulation of genes involved in neurotransmitter transport, the termination of GABA and glycine activity (Slc6a11, Slc6a9), glutamate uptake (Slc17a6), and the downregulation of neuropeptide Y (Npy) and corticotropin releasing hormone-binding protein (Crhbp). In LA mice, we also observed the upregulation of other genes involved in neuroprotection (Ttr, Igfbp2, Prlr) and the downregulation of genes involved in calcium signaling and ion binding (Adcy1, Cckbr, Myl4, Slu7, Scrp1, Zfp330). Conclusions Several antidepressant treatment responses are similar in individuals with different sensitivities to stress, including the upregulation of Igf2 and the genes involved in neurogenesis. However, the findings also reveal that many responses to antidepressant treatments, involving the action of individual genes engaged in neurogenesis, neurotransmitter transport and neuroprotection, depend on constitutive hippocampal transcriptomic profiles and might be genotype dependent. The results suggest that, when and if this becomes feasible, antidepressant treatment should take into consideration individual sensitivity to stress.
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Yamada M, Makino Y, Hashimoto T, Sugiyama A, Oka JI, Inagaki M, Yamada M, Saitoh A. Induction of galanin after chronic sertraline treatment in mouse ventral dentate gyrus. Brain Res 2013; 1516:76-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Revised: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Abstract
Cysteine-string protein (CSP), a member of the DnaJ/Hsp40 family of cochaperones, is critical for maintaining neurotransmitter release and preventing neurodegeneration. CSP likely forms a chaperone complex on synaptic vesicles together with the 70-kDa heat shock cognate (Hsc70) and the small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR)-containing protein (SGT) that may control or protect the assembly and activity of SNARE proteins and various other protein substrates. Here, the author summarizes studies that elucidated CSP's neuroprotective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad E Zinsmaier
- Department of Neuroscience and Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721-0077, USA.
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Gibbs SJ, Barren B, Beck KE, Proft J, Zhao X, Noskova T, Braun AP, Artemyev NO, Braun JEA. Hsp40 couples with the CSPalpha chaperone complex upon induction of the heat shock response. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4595. [PMID: 19242542 PMCID: PMC2643527 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In response to a conditioning stress, the expression of a set of molecular chaperones called heat shock proteins is increased. In neurons, stress-induced and constitutively expressed molecular chaperones protect against damage induced by ischemia and neurodegenerative diseases, however the molecular basis of this protection is not known. Here we have investigated the crosstalk between stress-induced chaperones and cysteine string protein (CSPα). CSPα is a constitutively expressed synaptic vesicle protein bearing a J domain and a cysteine rich “string” region that has been implicated in the long term functional integrity of synaptic transmission and the defense against neurodegeneration. We have shown previously that the CSPα chaperone complex increases isoproterenol-mediated signaling by stimulating GDP/GTP exchange of Gαs. In this report we demonstrate that in response to heat shock or treatment with the Hsp90 inhibitor geldanamycin, the J protein Hsp40 becomes a major component of the CSPα complex. Association of Hsp40 with CSPα decreases CSPα-CSPα dimerization and enhances the CSPα-induced increase in steady state GTP hydrolysis of Gαs. This newly identified CSPα-Hsp40 association reveals a previously undescribed coupling of J proteins. In view of the crucial importance of stress-induced chaperones in the protection against cell death, our data attribute a role for Hsp40 crosstalk with CSPα in neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J. Gibbs
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Brandy Barren
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Katy E. Beck
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Juliane Proft
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Xiaoxi Zhao
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Tatiana Noskova
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Andrew P. Braun
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics & Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Nikolai O. Artemyev
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, United States of America
| | - Janice E. A. Braun
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics & Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
- * E-mail:
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McHugh PC, Rogers GR, Glubb DM, Allington MD, Hughes M, Joyce PR, Kennedy MA. Downregulation of Ccnd1 and Hes6 in rat hippocampus after chronic exposure to the antidepressant paroxetine. Acta Neuropsychiatr 2008; 20:307-13. [PMID: 25384412 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5215.2008.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The mechanism of action of antidepressant drugs is not fully understood. Application of genomic methods enables the identification of biochemical pathways that are regulated by antidepressants, and this may provide novel clues to the molecular and cellular actions of these drugs. The present study examined gene expression profiles in the hippocampus of rats exposed to chronic antidepressant treatment. METHODS Animals were treated for 12 days with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor paroxetine; then, hippocampal ribonucleic acid was recovered, and changes in gene expression were assessed by microarray analysis. RESULTS A total of 160 genes that showed differential expression after paroxetine exposure were identified. Using functional relevance and observed fold change as selection criteria, the expression changes in a subset of these genes were confirmed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. CONCLUSION Of this subset, only two genes, cyclin D1 (Ccnd1) and hairy and enhancer of split 6 (Hes6), showed robust and consistent changes in expression. Both genes were downregulated by paroxetine, and both have been previously implicated in neurogenesis. Further investigation of these two genes may provide new insight into the mechanism of action of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick C McHugh
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Geraldine R Rogers
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Dylan M Glubb
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Melanie D Allington
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Mark Hughes
- 2Genetics Factors, Riccarton, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Peter R Joyce
- 3Department of Psychological Medicine, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Martin A Kennedy
- 1Department of Pathology, University of Otago, Christchurch, Christchurch, New Zealand
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Smith GS, Gunning-Dixon FM, Lotrich FE, Taylor WD, Evans JD. Translational research in late-life mood disorders: implications for future intervention and prevention research. Neuropsychopharmacology 2007; 32:1857-75. [PMID: 17327888 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1301333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Clinical and epidemiological studies have consistently observed the heterogeneous symptomatology and course of geriatric depression. Given the importance of genetic and environmental risk factors, aging processes, neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular disease processes, and medical comorbidity, the integration of basic and clinical neuroscience research approaches is critical for the understanding of the variability in illness course, as well as the development of prevention and intervention strategies that are more effective. These considerations were the impetus for a workshop, sponsored by the Geriatrics Research Branch in the Division of Adult Translational Research and Treatment Development of the National Institute of Mental Health that was held on September 7-8, 2005. The primary goal of the workshop was to bring together investigators in geriatric psychiatry research with researchers in specific topic areas outside of geriatric mental health to identify priority areas to advance translational research in geriatric depression. As described in this report, the workshop focused on a discussion of the development and application of integrative approaches combining genetics and neuroimaging methods to understand such complex issues as treatment response variability, the role of medical comorbidity in depression, and the potential overlap between depression and dementia. Future directions for integrative research were identified. Understanding the nature of geriatric depression requires the application of translational research and interdisciplinary research approaches. Geriatric depression could serve as a model for translational research integrating basic and clinical neuroscience approaches that would have implications for the study of other neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gwenn S Smith
- PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Eren I, Naziroğlu M, Demirdaş A. Protective Effects of Lamotrigine, Aripiprazole and Escitalopram on Depression-induced Oxidative Stress in Rat Brain. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:1188-95. [PMID: 17401662 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-007-9289-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 178] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Accepted: 01/11/2007] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of lamotrigine, aripiprazole and escitalopram administration and experimental depression on lipid peroxidation (LP) and antioxidant levels in cortex of the brain in rats. Forty male wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. First group was used as control although second group was depression-induced group. Aripiprazole, lamotrigine and escitalopram per day were orally supplemented to chronic mild stress (CMS) depression-induced rats constituting the third, fourth and fifth groups for 28 days, respectively. Depression resulted in significant decrease in the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, reduced glutathione and vitamin C of cortex of the brain although their levels and beta-carotene concentrations were increased by the three drugs administrations to the animals of CMS induced depression group. The LP levels in the cortex of the brain and plasma of depression group were elevated although their levels were decreased by the administrations. The increases of antioxidant values in lamotrigine group were higher according to aripiprazole and escitalopram supplemented groups. Vitamin A level did not change in the five groups. In conclusion, the experimental depression is associated with elevated oxidative stress although treatment with lamotrigine has most protective effects on the oxidative stress within three medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Eren
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Eren I, Naziroğlu M, Demirdaş A, Celik O, Uğuz AC, Altunbaşak A, Ozmen I, Uz E. Venlafaxine Modulates Depression-Induced Oxidative Stress in Brain and Medulla of Rat. Neurochem Res 2007; 32:497-505. [PMID: 17268845 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-006-9258-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Venlafaxine is an approved antidepressant that is an inhibitor of both serotonin and norepinephrine transporters. Medical treatment with oral venlafaxine can be beneficial to depression due to reducing free radical production in the brain and medulla of depression-induced rats because oxidative stress may a play role in some depression. We investigated the effect of venlafaxine administration and experimental depression on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant levels in cortex brain, medulla and erythrocytes of rats. Thirty male wistar rats were used and were randomly divided into three groups. Venlafaxine (20 mg/kg) was orally supplemented to depression-induced rats constituting the first group for four week. Second group was depression-induced group although third group was used as control. Depressions in the first and second groups were induced on day zero of the study by chronic mild stress. Brain, medulla and erythrocytes samples were taken from all animals on day 28. Depression resulted in significant decrease in the glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and vitamin C concentrations of cortex brain, glutathione (GSH) value of medulla although their levels were increased by venlafaxine administration to the animals of depression group. The lipid peroxidation levels in the three tissues and nitric oxide value in cortex brain elevated although their levels were decreased by venlafaxine administration. There were no significant changes in cortex brain vitamin A, erythrocytes vitamin C, GSH-Px and GSH, medulla vitamin A, GSH and GSH-Px values. In conclusion, cortex brain within the three tissues was most affected by oxidative stress although there was the beneficial effect of venlafaxine in the brain of depression-induced rats on investigated antioxidant defenses in the rat model. The treatment of depression by venlafaxine may also play a role in preventing oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Eren
- Department of Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, Suleyman Demirel University, Isparta, Turkey
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Bai L, Swayne LA, Braun JEA. The CSPα/G protein complex in PC12 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2007; 352:123-9. [PMID: 17113038 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/27/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine string proteinalpha (CSPalpha) is a regulated vesicle protein and molecular chaperone that has been found to be critical for continuous synaptic transmission and is implicated in the defense against neurodegeneration. Previous work has revealed links between CSPalpha and heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein) signal transduction pathways. We have shown that CSPalpha is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Galphas. In vitro Hsc70 (70 kDa heat shock cognate protein) and SGT (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein) switch CSPalpha from an inactive GEF to an active GEF. Here we have examined the cellular distribution of the CSPalpha system in the PC12 neuroendocrine cell line. CSPalpha, an established secretory vesicle protein, was found to concentrate in the processes of NGF-differentiated PC12 cells as expected. Gbeta subunits co-localized and Galphas subunits partially co-localized with CSPalpha. However, under the conditions examined, the GEF activity of CSPalpha is expected to be inactive, in that Hsc70 was not found in PC12 processes. These results indicate that CSPalpha activity is subject to regulation by factors that alter Hsc70 distribution and translocation within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Bai
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alta., Canada T2N 4N1
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Saitoh A, Yamada M, Yamada M, Kobayashi S, Hirose N, Honda K, Kamei J. ROCK inhibition produces anxiety-related behaviors in mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2006; 188:1-11. [PMID: 16838139 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0466-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 06/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The role of Rho/Rho-associated kinase (ROCK) in regulating dendritic and axonal morphology during development has gained much attention. Very little is known, however, about the role of the Rho/ROCK pathway in emotional behavior. OBJECTIVE To investigate the role of ROCK in emotional behaviors. We examined how the ROCK inhibitor Y27632 affects the performance of mice on three behavioral tests that measure anxiety-related behaviors. RESULTS In the elevated plus-maze test, Y27632 (10 nmol, intracerebroventricular) induced a significant decrease in the percentage of time spent in the open arms and in the percentage of entries into open arms. In the fear conditioning test, Y27632-treated mice froze significantly more often and longer than did saline-treated mice. In the hole-board test, Y27632 significantly suppressed head-dipping behavior in Y27632-treated mice than in saline-treated mice. On the other hand, Y27632 did not produce on spontaneous alteration performance in the Y-maze test. These results indicate that ROCK inhibition increased anxiety-related behaviors. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that the ROCK pathway is involved in the expression of anxiety- and fear-related behaviors. Furthermore, we propose that if the Rho/ROCK pathway plays an important role in mediating anxiety-related behaviors in humans, it may prove to be a novel system for anxiolytics to target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiyoshi Saitoh
- Department of Pathophysiology and Therapeutics, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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Swayne LA, Beck KE, Braun JEA. The cysteine string protein multimeric complex. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 348:83-91. [PMID: 16875662 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2006] [Accepted: 07/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cysteine string protein (CSPalpha) is a member of the cellular folding machinery that is located on regulated secretory vesicles. We have previously shown that CSPalpha in association with Hsc70 (70kDa heat shock cognate protein) and SGT (small glutamine-rich tetratricopeptide repeat domain protein) is a guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for G(alphas). Association of this CSPalpha complex with N-type calcium channels, a channel key in coupling calcium influx with synaptic vesicle exocytosis, triggers tonic G protein inhibition of the channels. Syntaxin 1A, a plasma membrane SNARE (soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor) critical for neurotransmission, coimmunoprecipitates with the CSPalpha/G protein/N-type calcium channel complex, however the significance of syntaxin 1A as a component of this complex remains unknown. In this report, we establish that syntaxin 1A interacts with CSPalpha, Hsc70 as well as the synaptic protein interaction (synprint) region of N-type channels. We demonstrate that huntingtin(exon1), a putative biologically active fragment of huntingtin, displaces both syntaxin 1A and CSPalpha from N-type channels. Identification of the protein components of the CSPalpha/GEF system is essential in establishing its precise role in synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Anne Swayne
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada T2N 4N1
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Yamada M, Yamada M, Takahashi K, Maruyama Y. [Pharmacogenomics and future development of novel antidepressants]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 128:19-22. [PMID: 16940695 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.128.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
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Abstract
So far no pharmacogenetic/genomic study has been conducted specifically for anxiety disorders. Some of the presented results, however, do pertain to such disorders. For example, pharmacokinetic aspects of antidepressant drug therapy likely also apply to patients with anxiety disorders, and several genetic polymorphisms in the cytochrome P450 (CYP) gene family and drug transporter molecules, such as the multidrug resistance (MDR) gene type 1, have been reported to influence the pharmacokinetics of antidepressant drugs. At this stage of pharmacogenomics research, it is difficult to interpret the relevance of pharmacodynamic-genetic association studies conducted in depressed patients for anxiety disorders. A number of studies have reported an influence of polymorphisms of genes mostly in the serotonergic pathway on the response to antidepressant drugs in patients suffering from depression. In order to know whether they can be extrapolated to patients with anxiety disorders, clinical studies are warranted. Despite all the shortcomings of the currently available pharmacogenetic studies, this field holds great promise for the treatment of anxiety disorders. In the future, psychiatrists may be able to base treatment decisions (i.e., the type and dose of prescribed drug) on more objective parameters than only the diagnostic algorithms used now. This will limit unwanted side effects and adverse drug reactions, and could reduce time to response, resulting in a more individualized pharmacotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Binder
- Max-Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Kraepelinstr. 10, 80804 Munich, Germany
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Abstract
While antidepressant pharmacotherapy is an effective treatment of depression, it still is hampered by a delayed time of onset of clinical improvement and a series of side effects. Moreover, a substantial group of patients has only limited response or fails to respond at all. One source accounting for these variations are genetic differences as currently analysed by single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) mapping. In recent years a number of pharmacogenetic studies on antidepressant drugs have been published. So far they mostly focused on metabolizing enzymes of the cytochrome P450 (CYP) families and genes within the monoaminergic system with compelling evidence for an effect of CYP2D6 polymorphisms on antidepressant drug plasma levels and of a serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism on clinical response to a specific class of antidepressants, the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. It is clear, however, that other candidate systems have to be considered in the pharmacogenetics of antidepressant drugs, such as neuropeptidergic systems, the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis and neurotrophic systems. There is recent evidence that polymorphisms in genes regulating the HPA axis have an important impact on response to antidepressants. These studies mark the beginning of an emerging standard SNP profiling system that ultimately allows identifying the right drug for the right patient at the right time.
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Yamada M, Yamada M, Higuchi T. Antidepressant-elicited changes in gene expression: remodeling of neuronal circuits as a new hypothesis for drug efficacy. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2005; 29:999-1009. [PMID: 15975701 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2005.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/01/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Although antidepressants have been used clinically for more than 50 years, no consensus has been reached concerning their precise molecular mechanism of action. Pharmacogenomics is a powerful tool that can be used to identify genes affected by antidepressants or by other effective therapeutic manipulations. Using this tool, others and we have identified as candidate molecular targets several genes or expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that are induced by chronic antidepressant treatment. In this article, we review antidepressant-elicited changes in gene expression, focusing especially on the remodeling of neuronal circuits that results. This refocusing motivates our hypothesis that this plasticity represents the mechanism for drug efficacy, and thus a causal event for clinical improvement. Defining the roles of these molecules in drug-induced neural plasticity is likely to transform the course of research on the biological basis of antidepressants. Such detailed knowledge will have profound effects on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of depression. Consideration of novel biological approaches beyond the "monoamine hypothesis" of depression is expected to evoke paradigm shifts in the future of antidepressant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan.
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Kudo K, Yamada M, Takahashi K, Nishioka G, Tanaka S, Hashiguchi T, Fukuzako H, Takigawa M, Higuchi T, Momose K, Kamijima K, Yamada M. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation induces kf-1 expression in the rat brain. Life Sci 2005; 76:2421-9. [PMID: 15763074 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2004] [Accepted: 10/09/2004] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a non-invasive approach used for stimulating the brain, and has proven effective in the treatment of depression, however the mechanism of its antidepressant action is unknown. Recently, we have reported the induction of kf-1 in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus after chronic antidepressant treatment and repeated electroconvulsive treatment (ECT). In this study, we demonstrated the induction of kf-1 after rTMS in the rat frontal cortex and hippocampus, but not in hypothalamus. Our data suggest that kf-1 may be a common functional molecule that is increased after antidepressant treatment, ECT and rTMS. In conclusion, it is proposed that induction of kf-1 may be associated with the treatment induced adaptive neural plasticity in the brain, which is a long-term target for their antidepressant action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Kudo
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo 142-8666, Japan
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Yamada M, Iwabuchi T, Takahashi K, Kurahashi C, Ohata H, Honda K, Higuchi T, Yamada M. Identification and Expression of Frizzled-3 Protein in Rat Frontal Cortex After Antidepressant and Electroconvulsive Treatment. J Pharmacol Sci 2005; 99:239-46. [PMID: 16258230 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.fp0050461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The biological basis for the therapeutic mechanisms of depression are still unknown. While performing EST (expressed sequence tag) analysis to identify some molecular machinery responsible for the antidepressant effect, we determined the full-length nucleotide sequence of rat frizzled-3 protein (Frz3) cDNA. Interestingly, Northern blot analysis demonstrated that elevated levels of Frz3 were expressed continually from embryonic day 20.5 to postnatal 4 weeks in developing rat brain. In adult rat brain, Frz3 mRNA was expressed predominantly in the cerebral cortex and hypothalamus and moderately in the hippocampus. Using real-time quantitative PCR, we demonstrated that chronic treatment with two different classes of antidepressants, imipramine and sertraline, reduced Frz3 mRNA expression significantly in rat frontal cortex. Electroconvulsive treatment (ECT) also reduced Frz3 expression. In contrast, antidepressants and ECT failed to reduce Frz2 expression. Additionally, chronic treatment with the antipsychotic drug haloperidol did not affect Frz3 expression. Recently, the Frz/Wingless protein pathway has been proposed to direct a complex behavioral phenomenon. In conclusion, the Frz3-mediated signaling cascade may be a component of the molecular machinery targeted by therapeutics commonly used to treat depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misa Yamada
- Department of Psychogeriatrics, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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Knuuttila JEA, Törönen P, Castrén E. Effects of antidepressant drug imipramine on gene expression in rat prefrontal cortex. Neurochem Res 2004; 29:1235-44. [PMID: 15176480 DOI: 10.1023/b:nere.0000023610.89631.d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated gene expression changes produced by acute and chronic daily treatment with a prototypical antidepressant, imipramine, using DNA microarrays. The analysis of similarities in gene expression patterns among functionally related genes revealed four expression profile cluster areas that showed a highly significant overrepresentation of several functional classes. Genes encoding for proteins involved in cAMP metabolism, postsynaptic membrane proteins, and proto-oncogenes were overrepresented in different cluster areas. Furthermore, we found that serine proteases as a group were similarly regulated by chronic antidepressant treatment. Our data suggest that cAMP metabolism, synaptic function, and protein processing by serine proteases may be important targets of antidepressant treatment and potential objects for antidepressant drug development.
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Mirnics K, Levitt P, Lewis DA. DNA microarray analysis of postmortem brain tissue. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2004; 60:153-81. [PMID: 15474590 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(04)60006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Károly Mirnics
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15261, USA
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Lesch KP, Schmitt A. Antidepressants and gene expression profiling: how to SNARE novel drug targets. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2003; 2:346-8. [PMID: 12629500 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K P Lesch
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Section of Molecular Psychobiology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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Yamada M, Takahashi K, Tsunoda M, Nishioka G, Kudo K, Ohata H, Kamijima K, Higuchi T, Momose K, Yamada M. Differential expression of VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2 after antidepressant and electroconvulsive treatment in rat frontal cortex. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2003; 2:377-82. [PMID: 12629503 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2002] [Revised: 06/30/2002] [Accepted: 07/07/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The biological basis for the therapeutic mechanisms of depression is still unknown. We have previously performed expressed-sequence tag (EST) analysis to identify some molecular machinery responsible for antidepressant effect. Then, we developed our original cDNA microarray, on which cDNA fragments identified as antidepressant-related genes/ESTs were spotted. In this study, with this microarray followed by Western blot analysis, we have demonstrated the induction of vesicle-associated membrane protein 2(VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2) in rat frontal cortex not only after chronic antidepressant treatment, but also after repeated electroconvulsive treatment. On the other hand, expression of SNAP-25 and syntaxin-1 was not changed by these treatments. These components make a soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein attachment protein receptor complex with VAMP2 and mediate the synaptic vesicle docking/fusion machinery. In conclusion, it is suggested that VAMP2/synaptobrevin-2 plays important roles in the antidepressant effects. Our results may contribute to a novel model for the therapeutic mechanism of depression and new molecular targets for the development of therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Yamada
- Department of Pharmacology, Showa University School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo, Japan.
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Andriamampandry C, Muller C, Schmidt-Mutter C, Gobaille S, Spedding M, Aunis D, Maitre M. Mss4 gene is up-regulated in rat brain after chronic treatment with antidepressant and down-regulated when rats are anhedonic. Mol Pharmacol 2002; 62:1332-8. [PMID: 12435800 DOI: 10.1124/mol.62.6.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential display reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction was used to identify mRNAs that are differentially expressed in the brain of rats treated chronically with the reference tricyclic antidepressant, imipramine, in comparison with control rats. The gene encoding for a mutation suppressor for Sec4-8 yeast (Mss4) transcript is overexpressed in the amygdala of treated rats after 3 weeks of daily administration. This overexpression is also found in the hippocampus of rats treated chronically with either tianeptine or fluoxetine. Mss4 protein has the properties of a guanine nucleotide exchange factor, interacting with several members of the Rab family implicated in Ca(2+)-dependent exocytosis of neurotransmitters. Mss4 was also overexpressed in other brain structures as judged by in situ hybridization. The kinetics of the up-regulation of Mss4 gene expression measured by Northern blot during the imipramine, tianeptine, or fluoxetine treatments are consistent with an antidepressant effect that occurs after 3 weeks. In rats in which anhedonia was induced by chronic mild stress during 3 weeks, Mss4 transcripts were specifically down-regulated in hippocampus and amygdala compared with control rats. It is proposed that Mss4 protein, which stimulates exocytosis in vivo, participates in the potentiation of the activity of neurotransmitter pathways implicated in the action of several antidepressants and constitutes one of the common functional molecules induced after chronic antidepressant treatment.
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Pongrac J, Middleton FA, Lewis DA, Levitt P, Mirnics K. Gene expression profiling with DNA microarrays: advancing our understanding of psychiatric disorders. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:1049-63. [PMID: 12462404 DOI: 10.1023/a:1020904821237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
DNA microarray transcriptome profiling of the postmortem brain opens novel horizons in understanding molecular changes associated with complex psychiatric disorders. With careful analysis and interpretation of microarray data we are uncovering previously unknown, expression patterns that maybe subject-specific and pivotal in understanding the disease process. In our recent studies, analyses of the prefrontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and matched controls uncovered complex changes in the expression of genes related to presynaptic secretory release, GABAergic and glutamatergic transmission, metabolic pathways, myelination, as well as cAMP and phosphoinositol second messenger systems. Our goal will be to integrate this expression data within the context of the relevant anatomical, biochemical, molecular, imaging and clinical findings.
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Abstract
Although antidepressants have been used clinically for more than 50 years, no consensus has been reached concerning their precise molecular mechanism of action. Functional genomics is a powerful tool that can be used to identify genes affected by antidepressants or by other effective therapeutic manipulations. Using this tool we have previously identified more than 300 cDNA fragments as antidepressant related genes and from these, original cDNA microarrays were developed. Some of these candidate genes may encode common functional molecules induced by chronic antidepressant treatment. Defining the roles of these genes in drug-induced neural plasticity is likely to transform the course of research on the biological basis of depression. Such detailed knowledge will have profound effects on the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of depression. Novel biological approaches beyond the "monoamine hypothesis" are expected to evoke paradigm shifts in the future of depression research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiko Yamada
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
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Kontkanen O, Castrén E. Functional genomics in neuropsychiatric disorders and in neuropharmacology. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2002; 6:363-74. [PMID: 12223073 DOI: 10.1517/14728222.6.3.363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The rapidly accumulating amount of information concerning gene and protein expression patterns produced by functional genomics, proteomics and bioinformatics is presently providing new targets for drug development. Furthermore, the analysis of gene expression in cells and tissues affected by a disease may reveal the underlying metabolic pathways and cellular processes affected. Finally, changes in gene expression may be used in either diagnostics or the monitoring of drug responses. This review focuses on advances in the use of functional genomics in neurological and neuropsychiatric diseases and neuropsychopharmacology. Although the number of published studies in this field is still limited, it already appears that this strategy may become a fruitful means in the analysis of the aetiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and the search for novel neuropharmacological drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Kontkanen
- Department of Neurobiology, A.I. Virtanen Institute and Department of Psychiatry, University of Kuopio, PO Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
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Nisenbaum LK. The ultimate chip shot: can microarray technology deliver for neuroscience? GENES, BRAIN, AND BEHAVIOR 2002; 1:27-34. [PMID: 12886947 DOI: 10.1046/j.1601-1848.2001.00013.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of cDNA and oligonucleotide microarrays, or 'chips', is emerging as a powerful, new technology in the field of neuroscience for examining gene expression in a high-throughput fashion. The application of microarray technology to the study of brain and behavior has lagged behind other areas of biology such as cancer and yeast genetics due to the challenges presented by the heterogeneous and complex organization of the nervous system. This review provides a brief overview of available microarray technology as well as a description of experimental considerations in planning and implementing a neuroscience-based array study. Successful implementation of microarray technology within the field of neuroscience will provide a molecular approach to studying systems neurobiology, leading to insights into areas ranging from fundamental questions of developmental neurobiology to neurological and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- L K Nisenbaum
- Neuroscience Research Division, Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Lilly Corporate Center, Indianapolis, IN, USA.
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