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Jiang C, Hu Y, Hou X, Qiu J. Neuroprotective effect of a novel brain-derived peptide, HIBDAP, against oxygen-glucose deprivation through inhibition of apoptosis in PC12 cells. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:3045-3051. [PMID: 36680622 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-023-08248-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of a novel brain-derived peptide, hypoxic-ischemic brain damage associated peptide (HIBDAP), on apoptosis after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) in PC12 cells was investigated. METHODS The HIBDAP sequence (HSQFIGYPITLFVEKER) was coupled with the carrier peptide of the transactivator of transcription (TAT) sequence (YGRKKRRQRRR). FITC-labelled TAT-HIBDAP was observed by fluorescence microscopy. After TAT-HIBDAP treatment and OGD treatment, the PC12 cell apoptosis rate was analysed using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and Annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) assays. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) was examined by fluorescence microscopy. Protein expression of apoptotic factors was examined by Western blotting. RESULTS FITC-labelled TAT-HIBDAP entered the PC12 cell nucleus. Compared with the OGD group, TAT-HIBDAP at low concentrations (1 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM) significantly reduced the apoptosis rate of PC12 cells (except at 20 µM); 5 µM TAT-HIBDAP had the most obvious effect. There were remarkable increases in ΔΨm at different concentrations (1 µM, 5 µM, 10 µM, 20 µM) of TAT-HIBDAP pretreatment, and 5 µM TAT-HIBDAP also had the most obvious effect. TAT-HIBDAP reversed the increased ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and activation of Caspase-3 induced by OGD. CONCLUSION TAT-HIBDAP is resistant to OGD-induced PC12 cell apoptosis by regulating the Bax/Bcl-2/Caspase-3 pathway, which may provide a novel therapeutic strategy for neonatal HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yina Hu
- Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- Dapartment of Paediatrics, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Nanjing, China.
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Neonatology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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Yang X, Wang M, Zhou Q, Bai Y, Liu J, Yang J, Li L, Li G, Luo L. Macamide B Pretreatment Attenuates Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Damage of Mice Induced Apoptosis and Regulates Autophagy via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:2776-2798. [PMID: 35190953 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02751-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Lepidium meyenii (maca) is an annual or biennial herb from South America that is a member of the genus Lepidium L. in the family Cruciferae. This herb possesses antioxidant and antiapoptotic activities, enhances autophagy functions, prevents cell death, and protects neurons from ischemic damage. Macamide B, an effective active ingredient of maca, exerts a neuroprotective effect on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD), but the mechanism underlying its neuroprotective effect is not yet known. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of macamide B on HIBD-induced autophagy and apoptosis and its potential neuroprotective mechanism. The modified Rice-Vannucci method was used to induce HIBD in 7-day-old (P7) macamide B- and vehicle-pretreated pups. TTC staining was performed to evaluate the cerebral infarct volume in pups, the brain water content was measured to evaluate the neurological function of pups, neurobehavioural testing was conducted to assess functional recovery after HIBD, TUNEL and FJC staining was performed to detect cellular autophagy and apoptosis, and Western blot analysis was used to detect the levels of proteins in the pro-survival phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT) signaling pathway and autophagy and apoptosis-related proteins. Macamide B pretreatment significantly decreases brain damage and improves the recovery of neural function after HIBD. At the same time, macamide B pretreatment activates the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway after HIBD, enhances autophagy, and reduces hypoxic-ischemic (HI)-induced apoptosis. In addition, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, significantly inhibits the increase in autophagy levels, aggravates HI-induced apoptosis, and reverses the neuroprotective effect of macamide B on HIBD. Our data indicate that a macamide B pretreatment might regulate autophagy through the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, thereby reducing HIBD-induced apoptosis and exerting neuroprotective effects on neonatal HIBD. Macamide B may become a new drug for the prevention and treatment of HIBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxia Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong Second Provincial General Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhou
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxian Bai
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhua Yang
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoying Li
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
| | - Li Luo
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Medical Association, Guangzhou, 510180, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Wang M, Rong Y, Luo L. Neuroprotective effects of icariin in neonatal hypoxia-ischemic brain damage via its anti-apoptotic property. Childs Nerv Syst 2021; 37:39-46. [PMID: 32671530 DOI: 10.1007/s00381-020-04690-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a brain disease that is caused by perinatal asphyxia. Icariin (ICA), which is an active component of Epimedii (a Chinese medicinal herb), has been verified to demonstrate a wide range of therapeutic effects, such as alleviating various kinds of brain injury. OBJECTIVE The current study aims to examine the neuroprotective effects of ICA on neonatal HIBD in mice. MATERIALS AND METHODS A modified version of the Rice-Vannucci method was performed to establish neonatal HIBD in 7-day-old mouse pups that were pretreated with ICA or vehicle. The infarct volume was measured, and behavioral tests were conducted to assess the protective effects of ICA on the neonatal brain and to evaluate functional recovery after injury. TUNEL staining was used to detect cell apoptosis, and the levels of cleaved caspase-3 and phosphorylated protein kinase B (Akt) were determined by using Western blot. RESULTS We showed that pretreatment with ICA could significantly reduce brain damage, improve neurobehavioral outcomes, and suppress apoptotic cell death following HI injury. ICA reversed the HI-induced reduction in phosphorylated Akt and activation of cleaved caspase-3. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that ICA exerts potential neuroprotective effects on neonatal HIBD, which may be mediated by its anti-apoptotic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Wang
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Rong
- Intensive Care Unit, Guangdong No. 2 Provincial People's Hospital, Guangzhou, 510317, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Luo
- School of Biosciences & Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. .,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, Guangzhou, 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.
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4
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Millar LJ, Shi L, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z. Neonatal Hypoxia Ischaemia: Mechanisms, Models, and Therapeutic Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:78. [PMID: 28533743 PMCID: PMC5420571 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischaemia (HI) is the most common cause of death and disability in human neonates, and is often associated with persistent motor, sensory, and cognitive impairment. Improved intensive care technology has increased survival without preventing neurological disorder, increasing morbidity throughout the adult population. Early preventative or neuroprotective interventions have the potential to rescue brain development in neonates, yet only one therapeutic intervention is currently licensed for use in developed countries. Recent investigations of the transient cortical layer known as subplate, especially regarding subplate's secretory role, opens up a novel set of potential molecular modulators of neonatal HI injury. This review examines the biological mechanisms of human neonatal HI, discusses evidence for the relevance of subplate-secreted molecules to this condition, and evaluates available animal models. Neuroserpin, a neuronally released neuroprotective factor, is discussed as a case study for developing new potential pharmacological interventions for use post-ischaemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancelot J. Millar
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
| | - Lei Shi
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
- JNU-HKUST Joint Laboratory for Neuroscience and Innovative Drug Research, College of Pharmacy, Jinan UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Molnár Group, Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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Chiu HY, Lin CH, Hsu CY, Yu J, Hsieh CH, Shyu WC. IGF1R + Dental Pulp Stem Cells Enhanced Neuroplasticity in Hypoxia-Ischemia Model. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:8225-8241. [PMID: 27914008 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0210-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Until now, the surface markers of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) had not been fully identified. Here, we found that the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R), regarded as a pluripotent marker of embryonic stem cells (ESCs), was also expressed in human dental pulp derived-mesenchymal stem cells (hDSCs), which displayed a potential for both self-renewal and multipotency. hDSC-secreted IGF1 interacted with IGF1R through an autocrine signaling pathway to maintain this self-renewal and proliferation potential. Stereotaxic implantation of immunosorted IGF1R+ hDSCs in rats with neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (NHI) promoted neuroplasticity, improving the neurological outcome by increasing expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2, which enhanced both neurogenesis and angiogenesis. In addition, treatment with IGF1R+ hDSCs significantly modulated neurite regeneration and anti-inflammation in vivo in NHI rats and in vitro in primary cortical cultures under oxygen/glucose deprivation. Autocrine regulatory expression of IGF1R contributed to maintaining the self-renewal capacity of hDSCs. Furthermore, implantation of IGF1R+ hDSCs increased neuroplasticity with neurite regeneration and immunomodulation in and the NHI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Yu Chiu
- Children's Hospital, China Medical University and Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Translational Medicine Doctoral Degree Program, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Huan Lin
- Translational Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, 40440
| | - Chung Y Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - John Yu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Translational Cancer Research, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan. .,Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Woei-Cherng Shyu
- Translational Research Center, and Department of Neurology, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan, 40440. .,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
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6
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Marcelino TB, de Lemos Rodrigues PI, Klein CP, Santos BGD, Miguel PM, Netto CA, Silva LOP, Matté C. Behavioral benefits of maternal swimming are counteracted by neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in the offspring. Behav Brain Res 2016; 312:30-8. [PMID: 27283975 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-ischemia (HI) represents one of the most common causes of neonatal encephalopathy. The central nervous system injury comprises several mechanisms, including inflammatory, excitotoxicity, and redox homeostasis unbalance leading to cell death and cognitive impairment. Exercise during pregnancy is a potential therapeutic tool due to benefits offered to mother and fetus. Swimming during pregnancy elicits a strong metabolic programming in the offspring's brain, evidenced by increased antioxidant enzymes, mitochondrial biogenesis, and neurogenesis. This article aims to evaluate whether the benefits of maternal exercise are able to prevent behavioral brain injury caused by neonatal HI. Female adult Wistar rats swam before and during pregnancy (30min/day, 5 days/week, 4 weeks). At 7(th) day after birth, the offspring was submitted to HI protocol and, in adulthood (60(th) day), it performed the behavioral tests. It was observed an increase in motor activity in the open field test in HI-rats, which was not prevented by maternal exercise. The rats subjected to maternal swimming presented an improved long-term memory in the object recognition task, which was totally reversed by neonatal HI encephalopathy. BDNF brain levels were not altered; suggesting that HI or maternal exercise effects were BDNF-independent. In summary, our data suggest a beneficial long-term effect of maternal swimming, despite not being robust enough to protect from HI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Beltram Marcelino
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Caroline Peres Klein
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Gindri Dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Maidana Miguel
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos Alexandre Netto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Lenir Orlandi Pereira Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, ICBS, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Matté
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, ICBS Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas de Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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7
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Xu B, Xiao AJ, Chen W, Turlova E, Liu R, Barszczyk A, Sun CLF, Liu L, Tymianski M, Feng ZP, Sun HS. Neuroprotective Effects of a PSD-95 Inhibitor in Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:5962-5970. [PMID: 26520452 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The postsynaptic density-95 inhibitor NA-1 uncouples NMDA glutamate receptors from downstream neurotoxic signaling pathways without affecting normal glutamate receptor function. NA-1 attenuates NMDA receptor-mediated neuronal cell death after stroke in multiple models and species. However, its efficacy in providing neuroprotection in models of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury has not yet been tested. In this study, a modified version of the Rice-Vannucci method for the induction of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury was performed on postnatal day 7 mouse pups. Animals received a single dose of NA-1 intraperitoneally either before or after right common carotid artery occlusion. All experiments were performed in a blinded manner. Infarct volumes were measured 1 and 7 days after the injury, while behavioral tests were conducted 1, 3, and 7 days after injury. Administration of NA-1 before right common carotid artery occlusion or immediately after ischemia significantly reduced infarct volume and improved neurobehavioral outcomes 1, 3, and 7 days post-injury. The neuroprotection and improvement in neurobehavioral outcomes conferred by NA-1 in this mouse neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury model imply that NA-1 will be effective in reducing neonatal stroke damage and thus could potentially serve as a therapeutic drug for prevention or treatment of neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baofeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1132 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Ai-Jiao Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Wenliang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1132 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1132 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Andrew Barszczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Christopher L F Sun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Michael Tymianski
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1132 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1132 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 3306 Medical Sciences Building, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, M5S 1A8.
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8
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Nishimura Y, Hosono T. Effects of 3-h hypothermia after neonatal hyperthermic hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy in rat models on behavioral prognosis and anatomical and histological features after growth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2015; 29:2762-6. [PMID: 26465711 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2015.1103223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the effects of 3-h hypothermia on learning ability and motor function after growth, employing neonatal rat models with hyperthermic hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). METHODS We divided all rats into three groups: N (adult rats after neonatal hyperthermic HIE without subsequent 3-h hypothermia), H (adult rats after neonatal hyperthermic HIE with subsequent 3-h hypothermia) and Sham (S) groups. We evaluated their malfunctions with the rota-rod test and the step-down passive avoidance test. We also analyzed the cerebrum width and the hippocampal CA1 area of the insulted hemisphere. RESULTS In the rota-rod test, the result of the N group was significantly worse than that of the S group. In the step-down passive avoidance test, the result of the N group was significantly worse than those of the S and H groups. The longest cerebrum width and the hippocampal CA1 area of the insulted hemisphere of the N group were significantly smaller than those of the S and H groups. CONCLUSION Neonatal hyperthermic hypoxic-ischemic insult restricts motor function and learning ability after growth, and such neuronal malfunctions can be relieved by hypothermia for 3 h soon after neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Nishimura
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Graduate School of Osaka Electro-Communication University , Osaka , Japan
| | - Takayoshi Hosono
- a Department of Biomedical Engineering , Graduate School of Osaka Electro-Communication University , Osaka , Japan
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9
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Chen W, Xu B, Xiao A, Liu L, Fang X, Liu R, Turlova E, Barszczyk A, Zhong X, Sun CLF, Britto LRG, Feng ZP, Sun HS. TRPM7 inhibitor carvacrol protects brain from neonatal hypoxic-ischemic injury. Mol Brain 2015; 8:11. [PMID: 25761704 PMCID: PMC4337201 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-015-0102-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous study found that suppression of TRPM7 reduced neuronal death in adult rat ischemic brain injury. It was reported that carvacrol blocked TRPM7 and attenuated brain injury in an adult rat MCAO model. The effects of carvacrol on neonatal stroke remain unknown. This study investigated the effects of carvacrol on neuronal injury and behavioral impairment after hypoxia-ischemia in neonatal mice and the potential signaling pathway underlying these effects. RESULTS Carvacrol inhibited TRPM7 current in HEK293 cells over-expressing TRPM7 and TRPM7-like current in hippocampal neurons in a dose-dependent manner. Carvacrol (>200 μM) reduced OGD-induced neuronal injury in cortical neurons. 24 hours after HI, TRPM7 protein level in the ipsilateral hemisphere was significantly higher than in the contralateral hemisphere. Carvacrol (30 and 50 mg/kg) pre-treatment reduced brain infarct volume 24 hours after HI in a dose-dependent manner. Carvacrol pre-treatment also improved neurobehavioral outcomes. Furthermore, animals pre-treated with carvacrol had fewer TUNEL-positive cells in the brain compared to vehicle-treated animals 3 days after HI. Carvacrol pre-treatment also increased Bcl-2/Bax and p-Akt/t-Akt protein ratios and decreased cleaved caspase-3 protein expression 24 hours after HI. CONCLUSIONS Carvacrol pre-treatment protects against neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury by reducing brain infarct volume, promoting pro-survival signaling and inhibiting pro-apoptotic signaling, as well as improving behavioral outcomes. The neuroprotective effect may be mediated by the inhibition of TRPM7 channel function. Carvacrol is a potential drug development target for the treatment of neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Baofeng Xu
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Aijiao Xiao
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ling Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Xiaoyan Fang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rui Liu
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Ekaterina Turlova
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Andrew Barszczyk
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Xiao Zhong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Christopher L F Sun
- Faculty of Applied Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A4, Canada.
| | - Luiz R G Britto
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada.
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10
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Ozyürek H, Bayrak S, Pehlivanoğlu B, Atilla P, Balkancı ZD, Cakar N, Anlar B. Effect of transient maternal hypotension on apoptotic cell death in foetal rat brain. Balkan Med J 2014; 31:88-94. [PMID: 25207175 DOI: 10.5152/balkanmedj.2013.8313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intrauterine perfusion insufficiency induced by transient maternal hypotension has been reported to be associated with foetal brain malformations. However, the effects of maternal hypotension on apoptotic processes in the foetal brain have not been investigated experimentally during the intrauterine period. AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of transient maternal hypotension on apoptotic cell death in the intrauterine foetal brain. STUDY DESIGN Animal experimentation. METHODS Three-month-old female Wistar albino rats were allocated into four groups (n=5 each). The impact of hypoxic/ischemic injury induced by transient maternal hypotension on the 15th day of pregnancy (late gestation) in rats was investigated at 48 (H17 group) or 96 hours (H19 group) after the insult. Control groups underwent the same procedure except for induction of hypotension (C17 and H17 groups). Brain sections of one randomly selected foetus from each pregnant rat were histopathologically evaluated for hypoxic/ischemic injury in the metencephalon, diencephalon, and telencephalon by terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling and active cysteine-dependent aspartate-directed protease-3 (caspase-3) positivity for cell death. RESULTS The number of terminal transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labelling (+) cells in all the areas examined was comparable in both hypotension and control groups. The H17 group had active caspase-3 (+) cells in the metencephalon and telencephalon, sparing diencephalon, whereas the C19 and H19 groups had active caspase-3 (+) cells in all three regions. The number of active caspase-3 (+) cells in the telencephalon in the H19 group was higher compared with the metencephalon and diencephalon and compared with H17 group (p<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results suggest that prenatal hypoxic/ischemic injury triggers apoptotic mechanisms. Therefore, blockade of apoptotic pathways, considering the time pattern of the insult, may constitute a potential neuroprotective approach for the detrimental effects of prenatal hypoperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamit Ozyürek
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sibel Bayrak
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilge Pehlivanoğlu
- Department of Physiology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pergin Atilla
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | | | - Nur Cakar
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Banu Anlar
- Pediatric Neurology Unit, Department of Pediatrics, Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
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MicroRNA-23a/b and microRNA-27a/b suppress Apaf-1 protein and alleviate hypoxia-induced neuronal apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1132. [PMID: 24651435 PMCID: PMC3973202 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2014.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Expression of apoptotic protease activating factor-1 (Apaf-1) gradually decreases during brain development, and this decrease is likely responsible for the decreased sensitivity of brain tissue to apoptosis. However, the mechanism by which Apaf-1 expression is decreased remains elusive. In the present study, we found that four microRNAs (miR-23a/b and miR-27a/b) of miR-23a-27a-24 and miR-23b-27b-24 clusters play key roles in modulating the expression of Apaf-1. First, we found that miR-23a/b and miR-27a/b suppressed the expression of Apaf-1 in vitro. Interestingly, the expression of the miR-23-27-24 clusters in the mouse cortex gradually increased in a manner that was inversely correlated with the pattern of Apaf-1 expression. Second, hypoxic injuries during fetal distress caused reduced expression of the miR-23b and miR-27b that was inversely correlated with an elevation of Apaf-1 expression during neuronal apoptosis. Third, we made neuronal-specific transgenic mice and found that overexpressing the miR-23b and miR-27b in mouse neurons inhibited the neuronal apoptosis induced by intrauterine hypoxia. In conclusion, our results demonstrate, in central neural system, that miR-23a/b and miR-27a/b are endogenous inhibitory factors of Apaf-1 expression and regulate the sensitivity of neurons to apoptosis. Our findings may also have implications for the potential target role of microRNAs in the treatment of neuronal apoptosis-related diseases.
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Drunalini Perera PN, Hu Q, Tang J, Li L, Barnhart M, Doycheva DM, Zhang JH, Tang J. Delayed remote ischemic postconditioning improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal hypoxic ischemic rat model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e90258. [PMID: 24587303 PMCID: PMC3938659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0090258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Remote Ischemic Postconditioning (RIPC) is a promising therapeutic intervention wherein a sub-lethal ischemic insult induced in one organ (limb) improves ischemia in an organ distant to it (brain). The main objective of this study was to investigate the long-term functional effects of delayed RIPC in a neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) rat model. Method 10 day old rat pups were subjected to delayed RIPC treatment and randomized into four groups: 1) Sham, 2) HI induced, 3) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC, and 4) HI +24 hr delayed RIPC with three consecutive daily treatments. Neurobehavioral tests, brain weights, gross and microscopic brain tissue morphologies, and systemic organ weights were evaluated at five weeks post surgery. Results HI induced rats performed significantly worse than sham but both groups of delayed RIPC treatment showed improvement of sensory motor functions. Furthermore, compared to the HI induced group, the delayed RIPC treatment groups showed no further detrimental changes on brain tissue, both grossly and morphologically, and no changes on the systemic organ weights. Conclusion Delayed RIPC significantly improves long term sensory motor deficits in a neonatal HI rat model. A 24 hr delayed treatment does not significantly attenuate morphological brain injury but does attenuate sensory motor deficits. Sensory motor deficits improve with both a single treatment and with three consecutive daily treatments, and the consecutive treatments are possibly being more beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradilka N. Drunalini Perera
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Qin Hu
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Junjia Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Li Li
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Margaret Barnhart
- Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Desislava M. Doycheva
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - John H. Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Department of Neurosurgery Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- Department of Anesthesiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
| | - Jiping Tang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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13
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Li Y, Xiao D, Dasgupta C, Xiong F, Tong W, Yang S, Zhang L. Perinatal nicotine exposure increases vulnerability of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats: role of angiotensin II receptors. Stroke 2012; 43:2483-90. [PMID: 22738920 PMCID: PMC3429721 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.112.664698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Maternal cigarette smoking increases the risk of neonatal morbidity. We tested the hypothesis that perinatal nicotine exposure causes heightened brain vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury in neonatal rats through aberrant expression patterns of angiotensin II type 1 (AT(1)R) and type 2 (AT(2)R) receptors in the developing brain. METHODS Nicotine was administered to pregnant rats through subcutaneous osmotic minipumps. HI brain injury was determined in 10-day-old pups. AT(1)R and AT(2)R expression patterns were assessed through Western blotting, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence, and confocal imaging. RESULTS Perinatal nicotine exposure significantly increased HI brain infarct size in male, but not female, pups. In fetal brains, nicotine caused a decrease in mRNA and protein abundance of AT(2)R but not AT(1)R. The downregulation of AT(2)R persisted in brains of male pups, and nicotine treatment resulted in a significant increase in methylation of CpG locus 3 bases upstream of TATA-box at the AT(2)R gene promoter. In female brains, there was an increase in AT(2)R but a decrease in AT(1)R expression. Both AT(1)R and AT(2)R expressed in neurons but not in astrocytes in the cortex and hippocampus. Central application of AT(1)R antagonist losartan or AT(2)R antagonist PD123319 increased HI brain infarct size in both male and female pups. In male pups, AT(2)R agonist CGP42112 abrogated nicotine-induced increase in HI brain infarction. In females, PD123319 uncovered the nicotine's effect on HI brain infarction. CONCLUSIONS Perinatal nicotine exposure causes epigenetic repression of the AT(2)R gene in the developing brain resulting in heightened brain vulnerability to HI injury in neonatal male rats in a sex-dependent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blockers/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Injury, Chronic/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- DNA Methylation/drug effects
- Female
- Fetal Growth Retardation/chemically induced
- Fetal Growth Retardation/pathology
- Hypoxia, Brain/pathology
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Imidazoles/therapeutic use
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Microscopy, Confocal
- Nicotine/toxicity
- Nicotinic Agonists/toxicity
- Pregnancy
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/biosynthesis
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 2/genetics
- Receptors, Angiotensin/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Li
- Center for Perinatal Biology, Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University, School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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14
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The neuroprotective role of TERT via an antiapoptotic mechanism in neonatal rats after hypoxia–ischemia brain injury. Neurosci Lett 2012; 515:39-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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15
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Chang BJ, Jang BJ, Son TG, Cho IH, Quan FS, Choe NH, Nahm SS, Lee JH. Ascorbic acid ameliorates oxidative damage induced by maternal low-level lead exposure in the hippocampus of rat pups during gestation and lactation. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 50:104-8. [PMID: 22056337 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.09.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 09/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study was to investigate the effects of ascorbic acid on the hippocampus of suckling rats in the presence of lead (Pb)-induced oxidative stress. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats received treatment with drinking water, divided into three groups, as follows: (1) distilled water; (2) 0.2% Pb; (3) 0.2% Pb+ascorbic acid (100mg/kg/day). Rat pups were euthanized at the age of 21days and their brain tissue was examined using light microscopy. Protein levels of Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn SOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (Mn SOD), and catalase (CAT) in the hippocampus were determined by Western blotting. We found a significant decrease in levels of Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD among Pb-exposed pups. Ascorbic acid supplementation appeared to negate the decrease in protein levels for Cu/Zn SOD and Mn SOD. In the case of CAT, there was no effect from Pb administration alone and Pb plus ascorbic acid appeared to increase the levels. In histopathology, ascorbic acid decreased the number of damaged cells in cornu ammonis areas CA1, CA3, and the dentate gyrus (DG) in hippocampus. Our results showed that administration of ascorbic acid during pregnancy and lactation could ameliorate some of the oxidative damage induced by Pb exposure in the developing rat hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Byung-Joon Chang
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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16
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Mimura K, Tomimatsu T, Minato K, Jugder O, Kinugasa-Taniguchi Y, Kanagawa T, Nozaki M, Yanagihara I, Kimura T. Ceftriaxone Preconditioning Confers Neuroprotection in Neonatal Rats Through Glutamate Transporter 1 Upregulation. Reprod Sci 2011; 18:1193-201. [DOI: 10.1177/1933719111410710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Mimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takuji Tomimatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kenji Minato
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Otgonbaatar Jugder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yukiko Kinugasa-Taniguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kanagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Nozaki
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Itaru Yanagihara
- Department of Developmental Medicine, Osaka Medical Center and Research Institute for Maternal and Child Health, Izumi, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kimura
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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Chen L, Feng XC, Lu F, Xu XL, Zhou GH, Li QY, Guo XY. Effects of camptothecin, etoposide and Ca2+ on caspase-3 activity and myofibrillar disruption of chicken during postmortem ageing. Meat Sci 2011; 87:165-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2010] [Revised: 09/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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18
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Chen W, Ma Q, Suzuki H, Hartman R, Tang J, Zhang JH. Osteopontin reduced hypoxia-ischemia neonatal brain injury by suppression of apoptosis in a rat pup model. Stroke 2011; 42:764-9. [PMID: 21273567 DOI: 10.1161/strokeaha.110.599118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Osteopontin (OPN) is neuroprotective in ischemic brain injuries in adult experimental models; therefore, we hypothesized that OPN would provide neuroprotection and improve long-term neurological function in the immature brain after hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury. METHODS HI was induced by unilateral ligation of the right carotid artery followed by hypoxia (8% O(2) for 2 hours) in postnatal Day 7 rats. OPN (0.03 μg or 0.1 μg) was injected intracerebroventricularly at 1 hour post-HI. Temporal expression of endogenous OPN was evaluated in the normal rat brain at the age of 0, 4, 7, 11, 14, and 21 days and in the ipsilateral hemisphere after HI. The effects of OPN were evaluated using 2-3-5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, apoptotic cell death assay, and cleaved caspase-3 expression. Neurological function was assessed by the Morris water maze test. RESULTS Endogenous OPN expression in the brain was the highest at the age of 0 day with continuous reduction until the age of 21 days during development. After HI injury, endogenous OPN expression was increased and peaked at 48 hours. Exogenous OPN decreased infarct volume and improved neurological outcomes 7 weeks after HI injury. OPN-induced neuroprotection was blocked by an integrin antagonist. CONCLUSIONS OPN-induced neuroprotection was associated with cleaved-caspase-3 inhibition and antiapoptotic cell death. OPN treatment improved long-term neurological function against neonatal HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanqiu Chen
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Risley Hall, Room 214, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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Yu D, Ding D, Jiang H, Stolzberg D, Salvi R. Mefloquine damage vestibular hair cells in organotypic cultures. Neurotox Res 2010; 20:51-8. [PMID: 20859773 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-010-9221-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/07/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Mefloquine is an effective and widely used anti-malarial drug; however, some clinical reports suggest that it can cause dizziness, balance, and vestibular disturbances. To determine if mefloquine might be toxic to the vestibular system, we applied mefloquine to organotypic cultures of the macula of the utricle from postnatal day 3 rats. The macula of the utricle was micro-dissected out as a flat surface preparation and cultured with 10, 50, 100, or 200 μM mefloquine for 24 h. Specimens were stained with TRITC-conjugated phalloidin to label the actin in hair cell stereocilia and TO-PRO-3 to visualize cell nuclei. Some utricles were also labeled with fluorogenic caspase-3, -8, or -9 indicators to evaluate the mechanism of programmed cell death. Mefloquine treatment caused a dose-dependent loss of utricular hair cells. Treatment with 10 μM caused a slight reduction, 50 μM caused a significant reduction, and 200 μM destroyed nearly all the hair cells. Hair cell nuclei in mefloquine-treated utricles were condensed and fragmented, morphological features of apoptosis. Mefloquine-treated utricles were positive for the extrinsic initiator caspase-8 and intrinsic initiator caspase-9 and downstream executioner caspase-3. These results indicate that mefloquine can induce significant hair cell degeneration in the postnatal rat utricle and that mefloquine-induced hair cell death is initiated by both caspase-8 and caspase-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhen Yu
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, State University of New York at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA
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20
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Hamada-Kanazawa M, Kouda M, Odani A, Matsuyama K, Kanazawa K, Hasegawa T, Narahara M, Miyake M. .BETA.-Citryl-L-glutamate Is an Endogenous Iron Chelator That Occurs Naturally in the Developing Brain. Biol Pharm Bull 2010; 33:729-37. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.33.729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michiko Hamada-Kanazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
| | - Makiko Kouda
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
| | - Akira Odani
- Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Kanazawa University
| | - Kaori Matsuyama
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
| | - Kiyoka Kanazawa
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
| | - Tatsuya Hasegawa
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Yamanashi Institute of Environmental Sciences
| | - Masanori Narahara
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
| | - Masaharu Miyake
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kobe-Gakuin University
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21
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Cowper-Smith CD, Anger GJA, Magal E, Norman MH, Robertson GS. Delayed administration of a potent cyclin dependent kinase and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta inhibitor produces long-term neuroprotection in a hypoxia-ischemia model of brain injury. Neuroscience 2008; 155:864-75. [PMID: 18640243 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2008] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 05/30/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We compared the neuroprotective efficacy of a potent and CNS-penetrant cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3beta) inhibitor (Compound 1) in juvenile (postnatal day 21; P21) and adult C57Bl/6 mice (postnatal day 60; P60) using a model of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury (HI). Neuronal cell counts and density measures from brain sections stained with Cresyl Violet revealed that exposure of P21 mice to 60 min of HI resulted in extensive damage to the ipsilateral cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) region of the hippocampus (40% cell loss) and striatum (30% cell loss) 7 days later. Exposure of P60 mice to 40 min of HI produced a similar pattern of cell loss. Intraperitoneal administration of Compound 1 (3 mg/kg) 1, 5 and 9 h after 60 min of HI did not reduce brain injury in P21 mice relative to vehicle controls. By contrast, in P60 mice, this treatment significantly decreased cell loss in the ipsilateral hippocampus (10% cell loss) and striatum (15% loss) relative to vehicle controls. Terminal uridine deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TUNNEL) positive cell counts and infarct volume were also substantially reduced in P60 mice treated with Compound 1. A motor coordination test performed twice weekly until 5 weeks post-HI confirmed that Compound 1 produced long lasting functional recovery. Our results indicate that Compound 1 produced long lasting neuroprotective effects in adult but not juvenile mice suggesting that inhibition of the CDKs and GSK3beta plays a distinct neuroprotective role in the juvenile and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- C D Cowper-Smith
- Department of Pharmacology, Dalhousie University, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5
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Yang J, Khong PL, Wang Y, Chu ACY, Ho SL, Cheung PT, Wu EX. Manganese-enhanced MRI detection of neurodegeneration in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury. Magn Reson Med 2008; 59:1329-39. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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23
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Han JM, Chang BJ, Li TZ, Choe NH, Quan FS, Jang BJ, Cho IH, Hong HN, Lee JH. Protective effects of ascorbic acid against lead-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat hippocampus in vivo. Brain Res 2007; 1185:68-74. [PMID: 17959157 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2006] [Revised: 08/31/2007] [Accepted: 09/12/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lead is a neurotoxin that affects the developing central nervous system and may potentially induce apoptotic cell death. We investigated the effect of ascorbic acid against lead-induced neurotoxicity in the developing rat hippocampus. Female Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into three groups: control group, lead-treated group and lead plus ascorbic acid-treated group. Lead (0.2% lead acetate) was administered to female rats during pregnancy and lactation, in their drinking water. During this period, rats in the lead plus ascorbic acid-treated group received 100 mg/kg/day ascorbic acid, orally. At the end of the treatment, neuronal damage, apoptosis and blood lead levels were determined and the levels of Bax and Bcl-2 were immunodetected in the hippocampus of 21-day-old male pups. Histopathological evaluation demonstrated that ascorbic acid significantly attenuates apoptosis in the developing hippocampus and also spares hippocampal CA1, CA3 and dentate gyrus (DG) neurons. Simultaneous administration of ascorbic acid and lead lowered the level of Bax protein and increased Bcl-2 in pup hippocampus and reduced lead level in blood of dams compared with lead-treated only. Based on these results, it seems that ascorbic acid may potentially be beneficial in treating lead-induced brain injury in the developing rat brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Mi Han
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, South Korea
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Fabian RH, Perez-Polo JR, Kent TA. A decoy oligonucleotide inhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB binding to the IgGkappaB consensus site reduces cerebral injury and apoptosis in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. J Neurosci Res 2007; 85:1420-6. [PMID: 17348043 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We examined the effect of treatment with intraventricular injection of a decoy oligonucleotide that binds and inhibits nuclear factor-kappaB on cytokine expression, ICAM-1 expression, neutrophil recruitment, apoptosis, and tissue injury in a model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury with varying degrees of hypoxia. We found a reduction of interleukin-1beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, soluble ICAM-1, neutrophil counts, and activity after 2 hr of hypoxia, but not with 90 min of hypoxia. By contrast, a significant reduction of apoptosis was seen in animals treated after 90 min of hypoxia but not in those treated after 2 hr of hypoxia. Overall evidence of an inflammatory response was sparse, with low levels of ICAM-1 expression and neutrophil recruitment even in the more severe hypoxic ischemic injury. It is likely that the decoy oligonucleotide affects cerebral injury and apoptosis not through suppression of downstream elements of the inflammatory response but through other mechanisms, one of which is the reduction of transcription and synthesis of cytokines, which are known to affect other responses to cellular injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderic H Fabian
- Department of Neurology of the Baylor College of Medicine and the Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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Yata K, Matchett GA, Tsubokawa T, Tang J, Kanamaru K, Zhang JH. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor inhibits apoptotic neuron loss after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in rats. Brain Res 2007; 1145:227-38. [PMID: 17359943 PMCID: PMC1888563 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.01.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 01/27/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) is an important clinical problem with few effective treatments. Granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF) is an endogenous peptide hormone of the hematopoietic system that has been shown to be neuroprotective in focal ischemia in vivo and is currently in phase I/II clinical trials for ischemic stroke in humans. We tested G-CSF in a rat model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in postnatal day 7 unsexed rat pups. Three groups of animals were used: hypoxia-ischemia (HI, n=67), hypoxia-ischemia with G-CSF treatment (HI+G, n=65), and healthy control (C, n=53). G-CSF (50 microg/kg, subcutaneous) was administered 1 h after HI and given on four subsequent days (five total injections). Animals were euthanized 24 h, 1, 2, and 3 weeks after HI. Assessment included brain weight, histology, immunohistochemistry, and Western blotting. G-CSF treatment was associated with improved quantitative brain weight and qualitative Nissl histology after hypoxia-ischemia. TUNEL demonstrated reduced apoptosis in group HI+G. Western blot demonstrated decreased expression of Bax and cleaved caspase-3 in group HI+G. G-CSF treatment was also associated with increased expression of STAT3, Bcl-2, and Pim-1, all of which may have participated in the anti-apoptotic effect of the drug. We conclude that G-CSF ameliorates hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and that this may occur in part by an inhibition of apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Yata
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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Zanelli SA, Trimmer PA, Solenski NJ. Nitric oxide impairs mitochondrial movement in cortical neurons during hypoxia. J Neurochem 2006; 97:724-36. [PMID: 16606371 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.03767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cortical nitric oxide (NO) production increases during hypoxia/ischemia in the immature brain and is associated with both neurotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondrial redistribution within the cell is critical to normal neuronal function, however, the effects of hypoxia on mitochondrial dynamics are not known. This study tested the hypothesis that hypoxia impairs mitochondrial movement via NO-mediated pathways. Fluorescently labeled mitochondria were studied using time-lapse digital video microscopy in cultured cortical neurons exposed either to hypoxia/re-oxygenation or to diethyleneamine/nitric oxide adduct, DETA-NO (100-500 microm). Two NO synthase inhibitors, were used to determine NO specificity. Mitochondrial mean velocity, the percentage of movement (i.e. the time spent moving) and mitochondrial morphology were analyzed. Exposure to hypoxia reduced mitochondrial movement to 10.4 +/- 1.3% at 0 h and 7.4 +/- 1.7% at 1 h of re-oxygenation, versus 25.6 +/- 1.4% in controls (p < 0.05). Mean mitochondrial velocity (microm s(-1)) decreased from 0.374 +/- 0.01 in controls to 0.146 +/- 0.01 at 0 h and 0.177 +/- 0.02 at 1 h of re-oxygenation (p < 0.001). Exposure to DETA-NO resulted in a significant decrease in mean mitochondrial velocity at all tested time points. Treatment with NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) prevented the hypoxia-induced decrease in mitochondrial movement at 0 h (30.1 +/- 1.6%) and at 1 h (26.1 +/- 9%) of re-oxygenation. Exposure to either hypoxia/re-oxygenation or NO also resulted in the rapid decrease in mitochondrial size. Both hypoxia and NO exposure result in impaired mitochondrial movement and morphology in cultured cortical neurons. As the effect of hypoxia on mitochondrial movement and morphology can be partially prevented by a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, these data suggest that an NO-mediated pathway is at least partially involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santina A Zanelli
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
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Martin SS, Perez-Polo JR, Noppens KM, Grafe MR. Biphasic changes in the levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 and caspase 3 in the immature brain following hypoxia-ischemia. Int J Dev Neurosci 2005; 23:673-86. [PMID: 16209916 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2005.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2005] [Revised: 08/24/2005] [Accepted: 08/25/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a DNA repair-associated enzyme that has multiple roles in cell death. This study examined the involvement of PARP-1 in ischemic brain injury in the 7-day old rat, 0.5-48 h after unilateral carotid artery ligation and 2 h of 7.8% oxygen. This experimental paradigm produced a mild to moderate injury; 40-67% of animals in the ligated groups had histological evidence of neuronal death. Ipsilateral cortical injury was seen at all survival times, while mild contralateral cortical injury was seen only at the 1h survival time. Hippocampal injury was delayed relative to the cortex and did not show a biphasic pattern. Immunohistochemical staining for PARP showed bilateral increased staining as early as 1 h post-hypoxia. PARP staining at early time periods was most intense in layer V of cortex, but did not demonstrate a pattern of cell clusters or columns. Ipsilateral PARP-1 levels quantified by western blotting showed a biphasic pattern of elevation with peaks at 0.5 and 12 h post-hypoxia. Contralateral PARP-1 levels were also elevated at 0.5 and 24 h. PARP activity as determined by immunoreactivity for poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR) was increased ipsilaterally at 0.5, 2 and 12 h survival times. Cortical caspase 3-activity was increased ipsilaterally at 6, 12, and 24 h and contralaterally at 0.5, 1, 2 and 6 h post-hypoxia. There are three main findings in this study. First, changes in the distribution and amount of cell death correlate well with measured PARP-1 levels after hypoxia-ischemia, and both display biphasic characteristics. Second, there are significant early, transient morphological and biochemical changes in the contralateral cortex after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia due to unilateral permanent occlusion of a carotid artery followed by 2 h of systemic hypoxia. Third, variability in the responses of individual pups to hypoxia-ischemia suggests the presence of unidentified confounding factors.
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Ohmura A, Nakajima W, Ishida A, Yasuoka N, Kawamura M, Miura S, Takada G. Prolonged hypothermia protects neonatal rat brain against hypoxic-ischemia by reducing both apoptosis and necrosis. Brain Dev 2005; 27:517-26. [PMID: 15899566 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2005.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2004] [Revised: 12/27/2004] [Accepted: 01/13/2005] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although hypothermia is an effective treatment for perinatal cerebral hypoxic-ischemic (HI) injury, it remains unclear how long and how deep we need to maintain hypothermia to obtain maximum neuroprotection. We examined effects of prolonged hypothermia on HI immature rat brain and its protective mechanisms using the Rice-Vannucci model. Immediately after the end of hypoxic exposure, the pups divided into a hypothermia group (30 degrees C) and a normothermia one (37 degrees C). Rectal temperature was maintained until they were sacrificed at each time point before 72h post HI. Prolonged hypothermia significantly reduced macroscopic brain injury compared with normothermia group. Quantitative analysis of cell death using H&E-stained sections revealed the number of both apoptotic and necrotic cells was significantly reduced by hypothermia after 24h post HI. Hypothermia seemed to decrease the number of TUNEL-positive cells. Immunohistochemistry and Western blot showed that prolonged hypothermia suppressed cytochrome c release from mitochondria to cytosol and activation of both caspase-3 and calpain in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus and striatum throughout the experiment. These results showed that prolonged hypothermia significantly reduced neonatal brain injury even when it was started after HI insult. Our results suggest that prolonged hypothermia protects neonatal brain after HI by reducing both apoptosis and necrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ohmura
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Honda, Akita, 010-8543, Japan
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Kawamura M, Nakajima W, Ishida A, Ohmura A, Miura S, Takada G. Calpain inhibitor MDL 28170 protects hypoxic–ischemic brain injury in neonatal rats by inhibition of both apoptosis and necrosis. Brain Res 2005; 1037:59-69. [PMID: 15777753 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2004] [Revised: 12/13/2004] [Accepted: 12/17/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
MDL 28170 is a CNS-penetrating calpain inhibitor, and we examined the effects of MDL 28170 on hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in immature brain using the Rice-Vannucci model. Immediately after hypoxic exposure, 24 mg/kg of MDL 28170 was injected intraperitoneally as an initial dose, followed by 12 mg/kg every 4 h for a total dose of 60 mg/kg over 12 h post-HI. A vehicle control group received peanut oil injection instead. Macroscopic evaluation of brain injury revealed the neuroprotective effect of MDL 28170 after 12 h post-HI. Neuropathological quantitative analysis of cell death showed that MDL 28170 significantly decreased the number of necrotic cells in all the examined regions except for cingular cortex, and the number of apoptotic cells in caudate putamen, parietal cortex, hippocampus CA1, and laterodorsal thalamus. Western blots showed that MDL 28170 suppressed 145/150 kDa subunits of alpha-spectrin breakdown products (SBDP) in cortex, hippocampus, thalamus, and striatum, and also 120-kDa subunit of SBDP in all regions except for striatum. This suggests that MDL 28170 inhibited activation of calpain and caspase-3, respectively. Our results indicate that post-hypoxic MDL 28170 injection is neuroprotective in HI newborn rat brain by decreasing both necrosis and apoptosis. SBDP expression also suggests that MDL 28170 injection inhibits both calpain and caspase-3 activation after HI insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanari Kawamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Akita University School of Medicine, 1-1-1 Hondo, Akita 010-8543, Japan
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Zhu C, Wang X, Xu F, Bahr BA, Shibata M, Uchiyama Y, Hagberg H, Blomgren K. The influence of age on apoptotic and other mechanisms of cell death after cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. Cell Death Differ 2005; 12:162-76. [PMID: 15592434 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Unilateral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) was induced in C57/BL6 male mice on postnatal day (P) 5, 9, 21 and 60, corresponding developmentally to premature, term, juvenile and adult human brains, respectively. HI duration was adjusted to obtain a similar extent of brain injury at all ages. Apoptotic mechanisms (nuclear translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor, cytochrome c release and caspase-3 activation) were several-fold more pronounced in immature than in juvenile and adult brains. Necrosis-related calpain activation was similar at all ages. The CA1 subfield shifted from apoptosis-related neuronal death at P5 and P9 to necrosis-related calpain activation at P21 and P60. Oxidative stress (nitrotyrosine formation) was also similar at all ages. Autophagy, as judged by the autophagosome-related marker LC-3 II, was more pronounced in adult brains. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating developmental regulation of AIF-mediated cell death as well as involvement of autophagy in a model of brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Zhu
- Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Abstract
The pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the term infant is multifactorial and complex. Over the past decade the investigative emphasis has turned to cellular and molecular mechanisms of injury, and it has been increasingly recognized that the neonatal brain differs vastly from the adult brain in terms of response to hypoxia-ischemia. This review will discuss the initiation and evolution of brain injury in the term neonate, and the inherent biochemical and physiologic qualities of the neonatal brain that make its response to hypoxia-ischemia unique. Attention will be given to specific areas of investigation including excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The coalescence of these entities to a final common pathway of hypoxic-ischemic brain injury will be emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire McLean
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Neonatal Brain Disorders Center, San Francisco, CA 94143-0663, USA
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Ke X, McKnight RA, Wang ZM, Yu X, Wang L, Callaway CW, Albertine KH, Lane RH. Nonresponsiveness of cerebral p53-MDM2 functional circuit in newborn rat pups rendered IUGR via uteroplacental insufficiency. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2004; 288:R1038-45. [PMID: 15563574 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00701.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Severe uteroplacental insufficiency causes cerebral apoptosis in the fetus. Moderate uteroplacental insufficiency causes intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and increases the risk of postnatal neurological morbidity. In the rat, uteroplacental insufficiency and IUGR affect cerebral gene expression of Bcl-2 and predispose the newborn IUGR rat toward cerebral apoptosis when challenged with perinatal hypoxia. Expression of Bcl-2, as well as the proapoptotic protein Bax, is regulated by p53. p53 also induces MDM2 transcription, which functions to limit further p53-induced apoptosis. The predisposition of the IUGR fetus toward cerebral apoptosis suggests that the p53-MDM2 "functional" circuit may be perturbed in the newborn IUGR rat brain. We hypothesized that MDM2 cerebral expression does not increase in response to increased p53 expression or increased levels of phospho-p53 (Ser15), an activated form of p53. To prove this hypothesis, we induced IUGR through bilateral uterine ligation of the pregnant rat. Uteroplacental insufficiency significantly increased p53 mRNA, total p53 protein, and phospho-p53 (Ser15) protein levels in the brain at term. Increased expression of phospho-p53 (Ser15) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling-positive cells were localized to the CA1 region of the hippocampus, the subcortical and periventricular white matter, and the amygdala of the IUGR rat brain. In contrast, uteroplacental insufficiency decreased cerebral MDM2 mRNA and phospho-MDM2 (Ser166) protein levels in the IUGR rat pups. We conclude that the cerebral MDM2 response to increased p53 expression is not present in the newborn IUGR rat pup, and we speculate that this contributes to the predisposition of the IUGR fetus toward perinatal and long-term neurodevelopmental morbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingrao Ke
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Rm. 2A100, Salt Lake City, UT 84132-2202, USA
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Abstract
Perinatal brain damage following a hypoxic-ischemic episode has been considered for a long time as an irreversible phenomenon. However, recent studies have shown that various insults may induce de novo neurogenesis in the adult rodent brain. The present study tested the hypothesis that acute hypoxia may trigger neurogenesis in the developing brain. In vitro, the influence of transient hypoxia was analyzed on the outcome of embryonic rat neurons in culture. In vivo, the temporal profile of brain damage was monitored at the level of the CA1 layer of the hippocampus after the exposure to hypoxia of 1-day-old rats. The extent of cell loss and regeneration was evaluated after staining with DAPI. The characterization of newly generated cells was performed in the subventricular zone at 20 days postexposure by immunohistochemistry. Following hypoxia for 6 hours, neuronal viability in the culture dishes was reduced by 36% at 96 hours, with a significant number of cell nuclei showing apoptosis features. In contrast, a 3-hour hypoxia apparently did not damage cultured neurons whose number increased by 14%. The Bax/Bcl-2 ratio tended to increase after 6-hour hypoxia and to decrease after 3-hour hypoxia. In vivo, hypoxia induced cell damage in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus, where the total number of cells was reduced by 27% at days 6-7 postreoxygenation, with histopathological hallmarks of apoptosis. This cell deficit was followed by a gradual recovery observable from day 20, suggesting a repair mechanism. Brain incorporation of BrdU in the subventricular zone revealed an accumulation of proliferating cells expressing the neuronal marker NeuroD. The present data demonstrate that a posthypoxic neurogenesis does occur during development and may account for brain protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Luc Daval
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, INSERM EMI 0014, Faculté de Médecine de Nancy, France.
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Joly LM, Mucignat V, Mariani J, Plotkine M, Charriaut-Marlangue C. Caspase inhibition after neonatal ischemia in the rat brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2004; 24:124-31. [PMID: 14688624 DOI: 10.1097/01.wcb.0000100061.36077.5f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-3 has been identified as a key protease in the execution of apoptosis and appears to be an important downstream event after hypoxia-ischemia in the immature brain. The efficacy of a pan-caspase inhibitor, boc-aspartyl-(Ome)-fluoromethyl-ketone (BAF), was tested in a model of unilateral focal ischemia with reperfusion in 7-day-old rats. The BAF inhibitor was given intraperitoneally 5 minutes before reperfusion via the carotid artery. This procedure reduced the activity of caspase-3 by 79% but did not induce a significant reduction in infarct volume (23.8 +/- 7.5% versus 30.1 +/- 6.4%). Animals were distributed in two populations. One population exhibited an infarct, whereas the other appeared to be fully protected. BAF-treated animals exhibiting an infarct mostly displayed necrotic cell death, whereas apoptotic nuclei were observed in untreated or vehicle-treated animals. Repeated dose of BAF (5 minutes before and 9 hours after reperfusion) did not also provide benefit after neonatal ischemia, although a general trend to reduce lesion was observed (20.5 +/- 3.7% versus 34.4 +/- 5.9%). These findings raise critical questions about the use of peptide ketone apoptotic inhibitors in improving histopathologic outcomes after neonatal stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc-Marie Joly
- UMR-CNRS 7102, Laboratoire Developpement et Vieillissement du Système Nerveux, Paris, France
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Zhu C, Qiu L, Wang X, Hallin U, Candé C, Kroemer G, Hagberg H, Blomgren K. Involvement of apoptosis-inducing factor in neuronal death after hypoxia-ischemia in the neonatal rat brain. J Neurochem 2003; 86:306-17. [PMID: 12871572 DOI: 10.1046/j.1471-4159.2003.01832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) triggers apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. Here we report for the first time involvement of AIF in neuronal death induced by cerebral ischemia. Unilateral cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (HI) was induced in 7-day-old rats by ligation of the left carotid artery and hypoxia (7.7% O2) for 55 min. AIF release from mitochondria and AIF translocation to nuclei was detected immediately after HI, and only in damaged areas, as judged by the concurrent loss of MAP-2. AIF release was detected earlier than that of cytochrome c. Cells with AIF-positive nuclei displayed nuclear condensation and signs of DNA damage. The number of AIF-positive nuclei showed a positive correlation with the infarct volume 72 h post-HI, and this was not changed by treating the animals with boc-Asp-fmk (BAF), a multicaspase inhibitor. BAF treatment reduced the activity of caspase-3, -2 and -9 (78, 73 and 33%, respectively), and prevented caspase-dependent fodrin cleavage in vivo, but did not affect AIF release from mitochondria or the frequency of positive nuclear AIF or DNA damage 72 h post-HI, indicating that these processes occurred in a caspase-independent fashion. In summary, AIF-mediated cell death may be an important mechanism of HI-induced neuronal loss in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changlian Zhu
- Perinatal Center, Department of Physiology, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
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36
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Grojean S, Pourié G, Vert P, Daval JL. Differential neuronal fates in the CA1 hippocampus after hypoxia in newborn and 7-day-old rats: Effects of pre-treatment with MK-801. Hippocampus 2003; 13:970-7. [PMID: 14750659 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.10171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The brain displays an age-dependent sensitivity to ischemic insults. However, the consequences of oxygen deprivation per se in the developing brain remain unclear, and the role of glutamate excitotoxicity via N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors is controversial. To gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the cerebral response to severe hypoxia, cell damage was temporally monitored in the CA1 hippocampus of rat pups transiently exposed to in vivo hypoxia (100% N2) at either 24 h or 7 days of age. Also, the influence of a pre-treatment with the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 (5 mg/kg, i.p.) was examined. At both ages, morphometric analyses and cell counts showed hypoxia-induced significant neuronal loss (30-35%) in the pyramidal layer, with injury appearing more rapidly in rats exposed at 7 days. Morphological alterations of 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI)-labeled nuclei, DNA fragmentation patterns on agarose gels, as well as expression profiles of the apoptosis-related regulatory proteins Bax and Bcl-2 showed that apoptosis was prevalent in younger animals, whereas only necrosis was detected in hippocampi of rats treated at 7 days. Moreover, pre-treatment with MK-801 was ineffective in protecting hippocampal neurons from hypoxic injury in newborn rats, but significantly reduced necrosis in older subjects. These data confirm that hypoxia alone may trigger neuronal death in vivo, and the type of cell death is strongly influenced by the degree of brain maturity. Finally, NMDA receptors are not involved in the apoptotic consequences of hypoxia in the newborn rat brain, but they were found to mediate necrosis at 7 days of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Grojean
- INSERM EMI 0014, Faculté de Médecine, Université H. Poincaré, Nancy, France
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Blomgren K, Zhu C, Hallin U, Hagberg H. Mitochondria and ischemic reperfusion damage in the adult and in the developing brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2003; 304:551-9. [PMID: 12729590 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(03)00628-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The developing and the adult brain respond in similar ways to ischemia, but also display clear differences. For example, the relative contributions of necrosis and apoptosis to neuronal death may be different, such that apoptotic mechanisms would be more prevalent in the developing brain. During normal development, more than half of the neurons in some brain regions are removed through apoptosis, and effectors like caspase-3 are highly upregulated in the immature brain. Mitochondria are pivotal regulators of cell death through their role in energy production and calcium homeostasis, their capacity to release apoptogenic proteins and to produce reactive oxygen species. This review will summarize some of the current studies dealing with mitochondria-related mechanisms of ischemic brain damage, with special reference to developmental aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klas Blomgren
- Department of Physiology, Perinatal Center, Göteborg University, P.O. Box 432, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Polster BM, Robertson CL, Bucci CJ, Suzuki M, Fiskum G. Postnatal brain development and neural cell differentiation modulate mitochondrial Bax and BH3 peptide-induced cytochrome c release. Cell Death Differ 2003; 10:365-70. [PMID: 12700636 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Bax mediates cytochrome c release and apoptosis during neurodevelopment. Brain mitochondria that were isolated from 8-day, 17-day, and adult rats displayed decreasing levels of mitochondrial Bax. The amount of cytochrome c released from brain mitochondria by a peptide containing the BH3 cell death domain decreased with increasing age. However, approximately 60% of cytochrome c in adult brain mitochondria could be released by the BH3 peptide in the presence of exogenous human recombinant Bax. Mitochondrial Bax was downregulated in PC12S neural cells differentiated with nerve growth factor, and mitochondria isolated from these cells demonstrated decreased sensitivity to BH3-peptide-induced cytochrome c release. These results demonstrate that immature brain mitochondria and mitochondria from undifferentiated neural cells are particularly sensitive to cytochrome c release mediated by endogenous Bax and a BH3 death domain peptide. Postnatal developmental changes in mitochondrial Bax levels may contribute to the increased susceptibility of neurons to pathological apoptosis in immature animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- B M Polster
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore 21201, USA
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Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Kanagawa T, Mu J, Kanzaki T, Murata Y. Effects of hyperthermia on hypoxic-ischemic brain damage in the immature rat: its influence on caspase-3-like protease. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003; 188:768-73. [PMID: 12634655 DOI: 10.1067/mob.2003.163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Recent clinical studies suggested that intrapartum maternal fever is a strong independent risk factor for neonatal encephalopathy. With use of a well-studied rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic encepalopathy, this study investigated the hypothesis that intraischemic hyperthermia accelerates and worsens brain injury in immature animals and examined whether apoptotic cell death machinery is involved in the underlying mechanisms. STUDY DESIGN Seven-day-old rats underwent a combination of left common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% oxygen for 15 minutes (n = 32 rats). During the 15-minute hypoxic insult, body temperature was elevated to 40 degrees C in 16 animals (hyperthermic hypoxic insult group), and was maintained at 37 degrees C in 16 animals (normothermic hypoxic insult group). Then both groups were placed in the same chamber in a water bath at 37 degrees C for 24 hours and finally returned to the mothers. Caspase-3-like activity was assessed 36 hours after the hypoxic-ischemic insult. One week later, microtubule-associated protein-2 immunostaining was used to examine neuronal damage. RESULTS Intraischemic hyperthermia was shown to activate the caspase-3 activity 36 hours after hypoxia-ischemia while caspase-3 was activated insignificantly in the normothermic hypoxic insult group at that time. The hyperthermic hypoxic insult group also showed a reduced microtubule-associated protein-2-positive area 7 days after hypoxia-ischemia compared with that in the normothermia group. CONCLUSION Hyperthermia during hypoxia-ischemia makes the immature brain inordinately susceptible to hypoxic-ischemic insult and causes brain injury, even if hypoxic-ischemic insult is so mild that it causes no or little injury by itself. This effect may be mediated by the escalation of the apoptotic cell death pathway in the immature animal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Tomimatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, Japan.
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40
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Grow J, Barks JDE. Pathogenesis of hypoxic-ischemic cerebral injury in the term infant: current concepts. Clin Perinatol 2002; 29:585-602, v. [PMID: 12516737 DOI: 10.1016/s0095-5108(02)00059-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Multiple, biochemical cascades contribute to the pathogenesis of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. This article summarizes experimental evidence that supports the role of excitatory amino acids, calcium, free radicals, nitric oxide, proinflammatory cytokines, and bioactive lipids. Specific vulnerabilities that distinguish the response of the immature brain from that of the mature brain are highlighted. These include increased susceptibility to excitotoxicity and free radical injury, greater tendency to apoptotic death, and heightened vulnerability of developing oligodendrocytes. Available supportive evidence from human studies is also included. Implications for clinical neuroprotective strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Grow
- The University of Michigan Medical Center, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, 8301 MSRB III, Box 0646, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-0646, USA
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41
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Sharifi AM, Baniasadi S, Jorjani M, Rahimi F, Bakhshayesh M. Investigation of acute lead poisoning on apoptosis in rat hippocampus in vivo. Neurosci Lett 2002; 329:45-8. [PMID: 12161259 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(02)00576-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite decades of study, the exact mechanism of action of lead, a potent neurotoxic agent, have not been fully elucidated. One of the suggested mechanism of lead neurotoxicity is apoptotic cell death. The present study sought to examine the effect of acute lead poisoning on apoptosis in rat hippocampus. Two to four and 12-14 week old rats were treated for 7 days with 15 mg/kg daily dose of lead acetate intraperitoneally. Control animals received distilled water. In treated groups, the blood lead levels was increased by about 17-19-folds. Histological study of hippocampus revealed apoptotic cells, using light and electron microscopy. In Western blot analysis, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 protein expression in hippocampus was significantly increased compared to controls. In conclusion, the lead induced cell death in hippocampus in vivo may partly be due to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali M Sharifi
- Department of Pharmacology and Cellular and Molecular Research Center, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 14155-6183, Tehran, Iran.
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42
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Arvin KL, Han BH, Du Y, Lin SZ, Paul SM, Holtzman DM. Minocycline markedly protects the neonatal brain against hypoxic-ischemic injury. Ann Neurol 2002; 52:54-61. [PMID: 12112047 DOI: 10.1002/ana.10242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the perinatal period is a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Presently, there are no proven effective therapies with which to safeguard the human neonatal brain against this type of injury. Minocycline, a semisynthetic tetracycline, has been shown to be neuroprotective in certain adult ischemic injury/stroke and neurodegenerative disease models. However, minocycline's neuroprotective effects have not been assessed after insults to the neonatal brain. We now report that minocycline administered either immediately before or immediately after a hypoxic-ischemic insult substantially blocks tissue damage in a rodent model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Minocycline treatment prevents the formation of activated caspase-3, a known effector of apoptosis, as well as the appearance of a calpain cleaved substrate, a marker of excitotoxic/necrotic cell death. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a systemic treatment that can be administered after a hypoxic-ischemic insult, which provides robust, nearly complete neuroprotection to the developing brain. Our data suggest that minocycline or a related neuroprotective tetracycline may be a candidate to consider in human clinical trials to protect the developing brain against hypoxic-ischemic-induced damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara L Arvin
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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43
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Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Endoh M, Mu J, Watanabe N, Kohzuki M, Fujii E, Kanzaki T, Oshima K, Doi K, Kubo T, Murata Y. Effects of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on skilled motor tasks and brainstem function in adult rats. Brain Res 2002; 926:108-17. [PMID: 11814412 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)03311-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In an attempt to establish more sensitive long-term neurofunctional measurements for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury, we examined skilled motor task and brainstem functions in adult rats after neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia (H-I), using a staircase test and auditory brainstem response (ABR), respectively. Seven-day-old rats underwent a combination of left common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% O(2) for 1 h (n=16). The control animals only received sham operation (n=16). At 3 months of age, the staircase test and ABR were performed. In the staircase test, H-I animals showed marked impairment of skilled forelimb use in the side contralateral to the occluded artery, and the degree of brain damage correlated significantly to skilled forelimb use. In the ABR, H-I animals showed brainstem dysfunction assessed by measuring interpeak latencies for waves III-V and I-V. We also examined the brainstem with antibodies specific for activated caspase-3, a protein involved in initiation of apoptosis, and observed that caspase-3 was activated in the ipsilateral inferior colliculus at 24 h after H-I. The present study shows that both the staircase test and ABR are sensitive and objective long-term neurofunctional measurements that can be used in future studies to assess therapeutic intervention in this neonatal cerebral H-I model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuji Tomimatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka, Japan.
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44
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Chu D, Qiu J, Grafe M, Fabian R, Kent TA, Rassin D, Nesic O, Werrbach-Perez K, Perez-Polo R. Delayed cell death signaling in traumatized central nervous system: hypoxia. Neurochem Res 2002; 27:97-106. [PMID: 11926281 DOI: 10.1023/a:1014858707218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There are two different ways for cells to die: necrosis and apoptosis. Cell death has traditionally been described as necrotic or apoptotic based on morphological criteria. There are controversy about the respective roles of apoptosis and necrosis in cell death resulting from trauma to the central nervous system (CNS). An evaluation of work published since 1997 in which electron microscopy was applied to ascertain the role of apoptosis and necrosis in: spinal cord injury, stroke, and hypoxia/ischemia (H/I) showed evidence for necrosis and apoptosis based on DNA degradation, presence of histones in cytoplasm, and morphological evidence in spinal cord. In the aftermath of stroke, many of the biochemical markers for apoptosis were present but the morphological determinations suggested that necrosis is the major source of post-traumatic cell death. This was not the case in H/I where both biochemical assays and the morphological studies gave more consistent results in a manner similar to the spinal cord injury studies. After H/I, major factors affecting cell death outcomes are DNA damage and repair processes, expression of bcl-like gene products and inflammation-triggered cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Chu
- Department of Human Biological Chemistry and Genetics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, USA
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45
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van Landeghem FKH, Felderhoff-Mueser U, Moysich A, Stadelmann C, Obladen M, Brück W, Bührer C. Fas (CD95/Apo-1)/Fas ligand expression in neonates with pontosubicular neuron necrosis. Pediatr Res 2002; 51:129-35. [PMID: 11809905 DOI: 10.1203/00006450-200202000-00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Pontosubicular neuron necrosis (PSN) represents an age-specific response to severe hypoxic-ischemic injury occurring in human neonates but not in older children or adults. Histologically, PSN is characterized by acute neuronal death in the pontine nuclei and the hippocampal subiculum bearing the hallmarks of apoptosis. In animal models of hypoxic-ischemic injury, induction of neuronal apoptosis can be triggered by Fas (CD95/Apo-1), a cell surface receptor of the tumor necrosis factor-alpha superfamily, which transduces apoptotic death signals when cross-linked by its natural ligand. Here, we have investigated the expression of Fas/Fas ligand in human autopsy material consisting of 13 PSN cases and 10 age-matched cases without PSN. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling, immunohistochemistry, and double labeling for Fas/Fas ligand and the astrocyte marker glial fibrillary acid protein, the microglia/macrophage specific marker KiM1P, and the neuronal marker NeuN were performed on formalin-fixed brain specimens. Although mainly neurons of both PSN and controls expressed Fas receptor, expression was significantly increased (p = 0.001) in PSN cases in which predominantly degenerating cells with signs of early apoptosis showed Fas expression. In contrast, Fas ligand expression was found mainly on astrocytes and microglial cells. There was no significant difference between cases with and without PSN. We conclude that in the developing human brain, cells expressing the Fas receptor may be susceptible to undergoing apoptosis in response to hypoxic-ischemic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank K H van Landeghem
- Institute of Neuropathology, Charité, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Humboldt University, Augustenburger Platz 1, D-13353 Berlin, Germany
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46
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Lièvre V, Becuwe P, Bianchi A, Bossenmeyer-Pourié C, Koziel V, Franck P, Nicolas MB, Dauça M, Vert P, Daval JL. Intracellular generation of free radicals and modifications of detoxifying enzymes in cultured neurons from the developing rat forebrain in response to transient hypoxia. Neuroscience 2002; 105:287-97. [PMID: 11672596 DOI: 10.1016/s0306-4522(01)00189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To address the influence of oxidative stress and defense capacities in the effects of transient hypoxia in the immature brain, the time course of reactive oxygen species generation was monitored by flow cytometry using dihydrorhodamine 123 and 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate in cultured neurons issued from the fetal rat forebrain and subjected to hypoxia/reoxygenation (6 h/96 h). Parallel transcriptional and activity changes of superoxide dismutases, glutathione peroxidase and catalase were analyzed, in line with cell outcome. The study confirmed hypoxia-induced delayed apoptotic death, and depicted increased mitochondrial and cytosolic productions of free radicals (+30%) occurring over the 48-h period after the restoration of oxygen supply, with sequential stimulations of superoxide dismutases. Whereas catalase mRNA levels and activity were augmented by cell reoxygenation, glutathione peroxidase activity was transiently repressed (-24%), along with reduced glutathione reductase activity (-27%) and intracellular glutathione depletion (-19%). Coupled with the neuroprotective effects of the glutathione precursor N-acetyl-cysteine (50 microM), these data suggest that hypoxia/reoxygenation-induced production of reactive oxygen species can overwhelm glutathione-dependent antioxidant capacity, and thus may contribute to the resulting neuronal apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lièvre
- Adaptation Néonatale et Développement (JE 2164), Université Henri Poincaré, Nancy, France
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Fukamachi S, Furuta A, Ikeda T, Ikenoue T, Kaneoka T, Rothstein JD, Iwaki T. Altered expressions of glutamate transporter subtypes in rat model of neonatal cerebral hypoxia-ischemia. BRAIN RESEARCH. DEVELOPMENTAL BRAIN RESEARCH 2001; 132:131-9. [PMID: 11744117 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-3806(01)00303-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutamate transporters are essential for maintaining the extracellular levels of glutamate at synaptic clefts and are regulated developmentally in a subtype-specific manner. We investigated chronological changes of immunoreactivities for glial glutamate transporters GLAST and GLT-1 and a neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1, in postnatal 7-day-old rat neocortices and hippocampi at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h after hypoxia-ischemia. Glutamate transporter subtypes are differentially expressed in the ischemic core and the boundary area of the neonatal rat brain with hypoxia-ischemia. Expressions of these glutamate transporters decreased in the ischemic core at 12 h, then immunoreactivities for GLAST and GLT-1 were recovered at the hippocampus. This was accompanied by a GFAP-positive gliosis at 72 h, whereas these immunoreactivities were reduced at the neocortex in the ischemic core. Glial glutamate transporters, especially GLAST, were noted in some astrocytes appearing as apoptosis as well as shrunken pyramidal neurons mainly in the boundary area of the neocortex. Increased perikaryal expression of EAAC1 was associated with that of MAP2 at the border of the boundary area. These temporal and regional expressions of glutamate transporters may contribute towards understanding the excitotoxic cell death mechanism in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy during the perinatal period.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fukamachi
- Department of Neuropathology, Neurological Institute, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashiku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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48
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Tomimatsu T, Fukuda H, Endo M, Watanabe N, Mu J, Kohzuki M, Fujii E, Kanzaki T, Murata Y. Effects of hypothermia on neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury in the rat: phosphorylation of Akt, activation of caspase-3-like protease. Neurosci Lett 2001; 312:21-4. [PMID: 11578836 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3940(01)02178-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Neuroprotective mechanisms of hypothermia have not been clearly established especially in the immature brain. To investigate the effect of hypothermia on cell death and cell survival signal pathways, we studied caspase-3-like activity and activation of Akt in a rat model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic (H-I) brain injury. Seven-day-old rats underwent a combination of left common carotid artery ligation and exposure to 8% O(2) for 1-h (n=32). During recovery, the body temperature was reduced to 30 degrees C for 24 h in 16 animals, but was kept at 37 degrees C in 16 animals. Post-ischemic hypothermia was shown to diminish the caspase-3-like activity compared to normothermia at 6 and 24 h after H-I. Phospho-Akt was increased during the early reperfusion period after H-I in the normothermia group, but hypothermia rather decreased this enhanced phosphorylation of Akt following H-I. These results indicated that hypothermia may have some depressant effects on both cell death and cell survival signal pathways, and that Akt conceivably may not play a major role in the neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in the immature brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomimatsu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University Faculty of Medicine, 2-2, Yamada-oka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.
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49
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Gibson ME, Han BH, Choi J, Knudson CM, Korsmeyer SJ, Parsadanian M, Holtzman DM. BAX Contributes to Apoptotic-Like Death Following Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia: Evidence for Distinct Apoptosis Pathways. Mol Med 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03401871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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50
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Fukuda H, Tomimatsu T, Watanabe N, Mu JW, Kohzuki M, Endo M, Fujii E, Kanzaki T, Murata Y. Post-ischemic hypothermia blocks caspase-3 activation in the newborn rat brain after hypoxia-ischemia. Brain Res 2001; 910:187-91. [PMID: 11489270 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02659-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The effects of hypothermia on caspase-3 activation were investigated in the newborn rat brain after hypoxia-ischemia (HI). Intense caspase-3 activation was observed in the control brains after HI, but this activation was significantly reduced by postischemic hypothermia. These findings suggest that the inhibition of caspase-3 activation may be an interventional point underlying the neuroprotective effect of hypothermia in neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Fukuda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Osaka University School of Medicine, 2-2 Yamada-oka, Suita 565-0871, Japan.
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