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Xu X, Wang X, Zhang L, Jin Y, Li L, Jin M, Li L, Ni H. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment confers resistance to neonatal ischemia and hypoxia: effects on neurobehavioral phenotypes. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:2760-2772. [PMID: 38595293 PMCID: PMC11168517 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
JOURNAL/nrgr/04.03/01300535-202412000-00031/figure1/v/2024-04-08T165401Z/r/image-tiff Neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury is the main cause of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cerebral palsy. Currently, there are few effective clinical treatments for neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Here, we investigated the neuroprotective and molecular mechanisms of exogenous nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which can protect against hypoxic injury in adulthood, in a mouse model of neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. In this study, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (5 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally administered 30 minutes before surgery and every 24 hours thereafter. The results showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment improved body weight, brain structure, adenosine triphosphate levels, oxidative damage, neurobehavioral test outcomes, and seizure threshold in experimental mice. Tandem mass tag proteomics revealed that numerous proteins were altered after nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice. Parallel reaction monitoring and western blotting confirmed changes in the expression levels of proteins including serine (or cysteine) peptidase inhibitor, clade A, member 3N, fibronectin 1, 5'-nucleotidase, cytosolic IA, microtubule associated protein 2, and complexin 2. Proteomics analyses showed that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ameliorated hypoxic-ischemic injury through inflammation-related signaling pathways (e.g., nuclear factor-kappa B, mitogen-activated protein kinase, and phosphatidylinositol 3 kinase/protein kinase B). These findings suggest that nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide treatment can improve neurobehavioral phenotypes in hypoxic-ischemic brain injury mice through inflammation-related pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Xu
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinxin Wang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yiming Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lili Li
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Meifang Jin
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lianyong Li
- Department of Pediatric Orthopedics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Hong Ni
- Division of Brain Science, Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
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Martínez-Torres NI, Cárdenas-Bedoya J, Torres-Mendoza BM. Acute Combined Cerebrolysin and Nicotinamide Administration Promote Cognitive Recovery Through Neuronal Changes in the Hippocampus of Rats with Permanent Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion. Neuroscience 2024; 549:76-83. [PMID: 38734304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2024.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of disability worldwide, where the Hippocampus (HPC) is affected. HPC organizes memory, which is a cognitive domain compromised after a stroke, where cerebrolysin (CBL) and Nicotinamide (NAM) have been recognized as potentially therapeutic. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a combined administration of CBL and NAM in a rat stroke model. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 36) were divided into four groups: saline (pMCAO - Saline), CBL (pMCAO + CBL), NAM (pMCAO + NAM), and experimental (pMCAO + CBL-NAM) (n = 9 per group). A permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion (pMCAO) was induced through electrocauterization of the middle cerebral artery, followed by the administration of CBL (2.5 ml/kg), NAM (500 mg/kg) or combined immediately after skin suture, as well as at 24, 48, and 72 h post-surgery. The rats were evaluated in the novel object recognition test; hippocampal infarct area measurement; reconstruction of neurons from CA1 for Sholl analysis; and, measurement of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels near the infarct zone. Our findings revealed that the administration of CBL or NAM induced infarct reduction, improved cognition, and increased BDNF levels. Moreover, a combination of CBL and NAM increased dendritic intersection in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Thus, the combined administration of CBL and NAM can promote cognitive recovery after a stroke, with infarct reduction, cytoarchitectural changes in HPC CA1 neurons, and BDNF increase. Our findings suggest that this combination therapy could be a promising intervention strategy for stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nestor I Martínez-Torres
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Centro Universitario del Norte, Departamento de Bienestar y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad de Guadalajara, Colotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Jhonathan Cárdenas-Bedoya
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Disciplinas Filósofico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Blanca Miriam Torres-Mendoza
- División de Neurociencias, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico; Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Departamento de Disciplinas Filósofico, Metodológicas e Instrumentales, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Qu W, Ralto KM, Qin T, Cheng Y, Zong W, Luo X, Perez-Pinzon M, Parikh SM, Ayata C. NAD + precursor nutritional supplements sensitize the brain to future ischemic events. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2023; 43:37-48. [PMID: 37434361 PMCID: PMC10638999 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x231156500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) is a redox cofactor critical for oxidative phosphorylation. Nicotinamide (NAM) and nicotinamide riboside (NR) are NAD+ precursors widely used as nutritional supplements to augment oxidative phosphorylation. Indeed, NAD+ precursors have been reported to improve outcomes in ischemic stroke when administered as a rescue therapy after stroke onset. However, we have also reported that enhanced reliance on oxidative phosphorylation before ischemia onset might worsen outcomes. To address the paradox, we examined how NAD+ precursors modulate the outcome of middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice, when administered either 20 minutes after reperfusion or daily for three days before ischemia onset. A single post-ischemic dose of NAM or NR indeed improved tissue and neurologic outcomes examined at 72 hours. In contrast, pre-ischemic treatment for three days enlarged the infarcts and worsened neurological deficits. As a possible explanation for the diametric outcomes, a single dose of NAM or NR augmented tissue AMPK, PGC1α, SIRT1, and ATP in both naïve and ischemic brains, while the multiple-dose paradigm failed to do so. Our data suggest that NAD+ precursor supplements may sensitize the brain to subsequent ischemic events, despite their neuroprotective effect when administered after ischemia onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wensheng Qu
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Kenneth M Ralto
- Division of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Tao Qin
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Yinhong Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Weifeng Zong
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Luo
- Department of Neurology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Miguel Perez-Pinzon
- Peritz Scheinberg Cerebral Vascular Disease Laboratories, Department of Neurology, The University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Samir M Parikh
- Division of Nephrology and Department of Medicine, Center for Vascular Biology Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical School, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Cenk Ayata
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Waddell J, Khatoon R, Kristian T. Cellular and Mitochondrial NAD Homeostasis in Health and Disease. Cells 2023; 12:1329. [PMID: 37174729 PMCID: PMC10177113 DOI: 10.3390/cells12091329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondrion has a unique position among other cellular organelles due to its dynamic properties and symbiotic nature, which is reflected in an active exchange of metabolites and cofactors between the rest of the intracellular compartments. The mitochondrial energy metabolism is greatly dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) as a cofactor that is essential for both the activity of respiratory and TCA cycle enzymes. The NAD level is determined by the rate of NAD synthesis, the activity of NAD-consuming enzymes, and the exchange rate between the individual subcellular compartments. In this review, we discuss the NAD synthesis pathways, the NAD degradation enzymes, and NAD subcellular localization, as well as NAD transport mechanisms with a focus on mitochondria. Finally, the effect of the pathologic depletion of mitochondrial NAD pools on mitochondrial proteins' post-translational modifications and its role in neurodegeneration will be reviewed. Understanding the physiological constraints and mechanisms of NAD maintenance and the exchange between subcellular compartments is critical given NAD's broad effects and roles in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaylyn Waddell
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Rehana Khatoon
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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Hao K, Wang H, Zhang Y, Xie X, Huang H, Chen C, Xu S, Xu R, Shu C, Liu Z, Zhou Y, Reynolds GP, Wang G. Nicotinamide reverses deficits in puberty-born neurons and cognitive function after maternal separation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:232. [PMID: 36131290 PMCID: PMC9494869 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02591-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Early life stress (ELS) is associated with the development of schizophrenia later in life. The hippocampus develops significantly during childhood and is extremely reactive to stress. In rodent models, ELS can induce neuroinflammation, hippocampal neuronal loss, and schizophrenia-like behavior. While nicotinamide (NAM) can inhibit microglial inflammation, it is unknown whether NAM treatment during adolescence reduces hippocampal neuronal loss and abnormal behaviors induced by ELS. Methods Twenty-four hours of maternal separation (MS) of Wistar rat pups on post-natal day (PND)9 was used as an ELS. On PND35, animals received a single intraperitoneal injection of BrdU to label dividing neurons and were given NAM from PND35 to PND65. Behavioral testing was performed. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to detect nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)/Sirtuin3 (Sirt3)/superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) pathway-related proteins. Results Compared with controls, only MS animals in the adult stage (PND56–65) but not the adolescent stage (PND31–40) exhibited pre-pulse inhibition deficits and cognitive impairments mimicking schizophrenia symptoms. MS decreased the survival and activity of puberty-born neurons and hippocampal NAD+ and Sirt3 expression in adulthood. These observations were related to an increase in acetylated SOD2, microglial activation, and significant increases in pro-inflammatory IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6 expression. All the effects of MS at PND9 were reversed by administering NAM in adolescence (PND35–65). Conclusions MS may lead to schizophrenia-like phenotypes and persistent hippocampal abnormalities. NAM may be a safe and effective treatment in adolescence to restore normal hippocampal function and prevent or ameliorate schizophrenia-like behavior. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02591-y.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keke Hao
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Huiling Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Department of Psychiatry, Zhongxiang Hospital of Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Zhongxiang, 431900, China. .,Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Yuejin Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medicine, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xinhui Xie
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Huan Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Shilin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chang Shu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Zhongchun Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yuan Zhou
- Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gaohua Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, 238 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China. .,Hubei Institute of Neurology and Psychiatry Research, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Akiu M, Tsuji T, Sogawa Y, Terayama K, Yokoyama M, Tanaka J, Asano D, Sakurai K, Sergienko E, Sessions EH, Gardell SJ, Pinkerton AB, Nakamura T. Discovery of 1-[2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl]-3-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)urea as a potent NAMPT (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase) activator with attenuated CYP inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 43:128048. [PMID: 33887438 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) catalyzes the rate-limiting step of the NAD+ salvage pathway. Since NAD+ plays a pivotal role in many biological processes including metabolism and aging, activation of NAMPT is an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of diverse array of diseases. Herein, we report the continued optimization of novel urea-containing derivatives which were identified as potent NAMPT activators. Early optimization of HTS hits afforded compound 12, with a triazolopyridine core, as a lead compound. CYP direct inhibition (DI) was identified as an issue of concern, and was resolved through modulation of lipophilicity to culminate in 1-[2-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-5-yl)-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyridin-6-yl]-3-(pyridin-4-ylmethyl)urea (21), which showed potent NAMPT activity accompanied with attenuated CYP DI towards multiple CYP isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayuko Akiu
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan.
| | - Takashi Tsuji
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Yoshitaka Sogawa
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Koji Terayama
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Mika Yokoyama
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Jun Tanaka
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Daigo Asano
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Ken Sakurai
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
| | - Eduard Sergienko
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - E Hampton Sessions
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Stephen J Gardell
- Translational Research Institute, AdventHealth, Orlando, FL 32804, USA
| | - Anthony B Pinkerton
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakamura
- R&D Division, Daiichi Sankyo Co., Ltd., 1-2-58 Hiromachi, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 140-8710, Japan
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Klimova N, Fearnow A, Long A, Kristian T. NAD + precursor modulates post-ischemic mitochondrial fragmentation and reactive oxygen species generation via SIRT3 dependent mechanisms. Exp Neurol 2019; 325:113144. [PMID: 31837320 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2019.113144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Global cerebral ischemia depletes brain tissue NAD+, an essential cofactor for mitochondrial and cellular metabolism, leading to bioenergetics failure and cell death. The post-ischemic NAD+ levels can be replenished by the administration of nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), which serves as a precursor for NAD+ synthesis. We have shown that NMN administration shows dramatic protection against ischemic brain damage and inhibits post-ischemic hippocampal mitochondrial fragmentation. To understand the mechanism of NMN-induced modulation of mitochondrial dynamics and neuroprotection we used our transgenic mouse models that express mitochondria targeted yellow fluorescent protein in neurons (mito-eYFP) and mice that carry knockout of mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirt3 gene (SIRT3KO). Following ischemic insult, the mitochondrial NAD+ levels were depleted leading to an increase in mitochondrial protein acetylation, high reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and excessive mitochondrial fragmentation. Administration of a single dose of NMN normalized hippocampal mitochondria NAD+ pools, protein acetylation, and ROS levels. These changes were dependent on SIRT3 activity, which was confirmed using SIRT3KO mice. Ischemia induced increase in acetylation of the key mitochondrial antioxidant enzyme, superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2) that resulted in inhibition of its activity. This was reversed after NMN treatment followed by reduction of ROS generation and suppression of mitochondrial fragmentation. Specifically, we found that the interaction of mitochondrial fission protein, pDrp1(S616), with neuronal mitochondria was inhibited in NMN treated ischemic mice. Our data thus provide a novel link between mitochondrial NAD+ metabolism, ROS production, and mitochondrial fragmentation. Using NMN to target these mechanisms could represent a new therapeutic approach for treatment of acute brain injury and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Klimova
- Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Adam Fearnow
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Aaron Long
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tibor Kristian
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Center System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; Department of Anesthesiology and the Center for Shock, Trauma, and Anesthesiology Research (S.T.A.R.), University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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Linnik IV, Rayner PJ, Stow RA, Duckett SB, Cheetham GMT. Pharmacokinetics of the SABRE agent 4,6-d 2-nicotinamide and also nicotinamide in rats following oral and intravenous administration. Eur J Pharm Sci 2019; 135:32-37. [PMID: 31077749 PMCID: PMC6556870 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
To prepare the way for using the isotopically labelled SABRE hyperpolarized 4,6-d2-nicotinamide as an MRI agent in humans we have performed an in-vivo study to measure its pharmacokinetics in the plasma of healthy rats after intravenous and oral administration. Male Han Wistar rats were dosed with either 4,6-d2-nicotinamide or the corresponding control, non-labelled nicotinamide, and plasma samples were obtained at eight time points for up to 24 h after administration. Pharmacokinetic parameters were determined from agent concentration-versus-time data for both 4,6-d2-nicotinamide and nicotinamide. 4,6-d2-Nicotinamide proved to be well tolerated regardless of route of administration at the concentrations used (20, 80 and 120 mg/kg). Pharmacokinetic parameters were similar after oral and intravenous administration and similar to those obtained for nicotinamide. Analysis of nicotinamide plasma concentrations after dosing 4,6-d2-nicotinamide intravenously demonstrates a reversible exchange of endogenous nicotinamide by this labelled agent over the time-course of our assays. Supported by a large body of evidence for the safety of nicotinamide when dosed orally in humans, we conclude that 4,6-d2-nicotinamide can also be safely administered intravenously, which will provide significant benefit when using this agent for planned imaging studies in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna V Linnik
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Ruth A Stow
- Covance Laboratories, Harrogate, North Yorkshire HG3 1PY, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Graham M T Cheetham
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, UK.
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9
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Wang SN, Miao CY. Targeting NAMPT as a therapeutic strategy against stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2019; 4:83-89. [PMID: 31338216 PMCID: PMC6613878 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2018-000199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke is the second and the leading most common cause of death in the world and China, respectively, but with few effective therapies. Nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT) is the rate-limiting enzyme for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) salvage synthesis in mammals, thereby influencing NAD-dependent enzymes and constituting a strong endogenous defence system against various stresses. Accumulating in-vitro and in-vivo studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effect of NAMPT in stroke. Here, we review the direct evidence of NAMPT as a promising target against stroke from five potential therapeutic strategies, including NAMPT overexpression, recombinant NAMPT, NAMPT activators, NAMPT enzymatic product nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), and NMN precursors nicotinamide riboside and nicotinamide, and describe the relevant mechanisms and limitations, providing a promising choice for developing novel and effective therapeutic interventions against ischaemic and haemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Na Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao-Yu Miao
- Department of Pharmacology, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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10
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Gasperi V, Sibilano M, Savini I, Catani MV. Niacin in the Central Nervous System: An Update of Biological Aspects and Clinical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040974. [PMID: 30813414 PMCID: PMC6412771 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Niacin (also known as "vitamin B₃" or "vitamin PP") includes two vitamers (nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) giving rise to the coenzymatic forms nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP). The two coenzymes are required for oxidative reactions crucial for energy production, but they are also substrates for enzymes involved in non-redox signaling pathways, thus regulating biological functions, including gene expression, cell cycle progression, DNA repair and cell death. In the central nervous system, vitamin B₃ has long been recognized as a key mediator of neuronal development and survival. Here, we will overview available literature data on the neuroprotective role of niacin and its derivatives, especially focusing especially on its involvement in neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, and Huntington's diseases), as well as in other neuropathological conditions (ischemic and traumatic injuries, headache and psychiatric disorders).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Gasperi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Matteo Sibilano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Isabella Savini
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Valeria Catani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Tor Vergata University of Rome, Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
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11
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Smith AC, Holden RC, Rasmussen SM, Hoane MR, Hylin MJ. Effects of nicotinamide on spatial memory and inflammation after juvenile traumatic brain injury. Behav Brain Res 2019; 364:123-132. [PMID: 30771366 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Age is a consistent predictor of outcome following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Although children and adolescents have the highest rate of hospitalizations and long-term disabilities, few preclinical studies have attempted to model and treat TBI in this population. Studies using nicotinamide (NAM), a soluble B-group vitamin, in older animals (3-6 months) have shown improved functional recovery in experimental models of TBI. The purpose of this study was two-fold: to examine the preclinical efficacy of NAM at different doses on behavioral outcomes in juvenile rats and examine the microglial response over time. Groups of juvenile rats (PND 28-60) were assigned to sham, NAM (125 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, or 1000 mg/kg) or saline (1 mL/kg) and received unilateral cortical contusion injuries (CCI) and received injections at 15 min, 24 h, and 72 h after injury. Animals treated with NAM demonstrated no significant behavioral improvements over saline treatments. NAM treatments did however show slowed cortical loss and reduced microglia compared to saline treated animals. In summary, the preclinical efficacy of NAM as a treatment following CCI in juvenile animals differs from that previously documented in older rat models. While NAM treatments did reduce microglial activity and slowed progression of cortical loss, it did not reduce the total cortical volume lost nor did it improve behavioral outcomes. The findings of this study emphasize the need to examine potential treatments for TBI utilizing juvenile populations and may explain why so many treatments have failed in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aidan C Smith
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Ryan C Holden
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Sherry M Rasmussen
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Michael R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States
| | - Michael J Hylin
- Neurotrauma and Rehabilitation Laboratory, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, United States.
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12
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Multi-targeted Effect of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide on Brain Bioenergetic Metabolism. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2280-2287. [PMID: 30661231 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02729-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunctions in NAD+ metabolism are associated with neurodegenerative diseases, acute brain injury, diabetes, and aging. Loss of NAD+ levels results in impairment of mitochondria function, which leads to failure of essential metabolic processes. Strategies to replenish depleted NAD+ pools can offer significant improvements of pathologic states. NAD+ levels are maintained by two opposing enzymatic reactions, one is the consumption of NAD+ while the other is the re-synthesis of NAD+. Inhibition of NAD+ degrading enzymes, poly-ADP-ribose polymerase 1 (PARP1) and ectoenzyme CD38, following brain ischemic insult can provide neuroprotection. Preservation of NAD+ pools by administration of NAD+ precursors, such as nicotinamide (Nam) or nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN), also offers neuroprotection. However, NMN treatment demonstrates to be a promising candidate as a therapeutic approach due to its multi-targeted effect acting as PARP1 and CD38 inhibitor, sirtuins activator, mitochondrial fission inhibitor, and NAD+ supplement. Many neurodegenerative diseases or acute brain injury activate several cellular death pathways requiring a treatment strategy that will target these mechanisms. Since NMN demonstrated the ability to exert its effect on several cellular metabolic pathways involved in brain pathophysiology it seems to be one of the most promising candidates to be used for successful neuroprotection.
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13
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Harrison IF, Powell NM, Dexter DT. The histone deacetylase inhibitor nicotinamide exacerbates neurodegeneration in the lactacystin rat model of Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2018; 148:136-156. [PMID: 30269333 PMCID: PMC6487684 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Histone hypoacetylation is associated with dopaminergic neurodegeneration in Parkinson's disease (PD), because of an imbalance in the activities of the enzymes responsible for histone (de)acetylation. Correction of this imbalance, with histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibiting agents, could be neuroprotective. We therefore hypothesize that nicotinamide, being a selective inhibitor of HDAC class III as well as having modulatory effects on mitochondrial energy metabolism, would be neuroprotective in the lactacystin rat model of PD, which recapitulates the formation of neurotoxic accumulation of altered proteins within the substantia nigra to cause progressive dopaminergic cell death. Rats received nicotinamide for 28 days, starting 7 days after unilateral injection of the irreversible proteasome inhibitor, lactacystin, into the substantia nigra. Longitudinal motor behavioural testing and structural magnetic resonance imaging were used to track changes in this model of PD, and assessment of nigrostriatal integrity, histone acetylation and brain gene expression changes post-mortem used to quantify nicotinamide-induced neuroprotection. Counterintuitively, nicotinamide dose-dependently exacerbated neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons, behavioural deficits and structural brain changes in the lactacystin-lesioned rat. Nicotinamide treatment induced histone hyperacetylation and over-expression of numerous neurotrophic and anti-apoptotic factors in the brain, yet failed to result in neuroprotection, rather exacerbated dopaminergic pathology. These findings highlight the importance of inhibitor specificity within HDAC isoforms for therapeutic efficacy in PD, demonstrating the contrasting effects of HDAC class III inhibition upon cell survival in this animal model of the disease. OPEN SCIENCE BADGES: This article has received a badge for *Open Materials* because it provided all relevant information to reproduce the study in the manuscript. The complete Open Science Disclosure form for this article can be found at the end of the article. More information about the Open Practices badges can be found at https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Harrison
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Nicholas M Powell
- UCL Centre for Advanced Biomedical Imaging, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK.,Translational Imaging Group, Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
| | - David T Dexter
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Imperial College London, London, UK
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14
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Khoury N, Koronowski KB, Young JI, Perez-Pinzon MA. The NAD +-Dependent Family of Sirtuins in Cerebral Ischemia and Preconditioning. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 28:691-710. [PMID: 28683567 PMCID: PMC5824497 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Sirtuins are an evolutionarily conserved family of NAD+-dependent lysine deacylases and ADP ribosylases. Their requirement for NAD+ as a cosubstrate allows them to act as metabolic sensors that couple changes in the energy status of the cell to changes in cellular physiological processes. NAD+ levels are affected by several NAD+-producing and NAD+-consuming pathways as well as by cellular respiration. Thus their intracellular levels are highly dynamic and are misregulated in a spectrum of metabolic disorders including cerebral ischemia. This, in turn, compromises several NAD+-dependent processes that may ultimately lead to cell death. Recent Advances: A number of efforts have been made to replenish NAD+ in cerebral ischemic injuries as well as to understand the functions of one its important mediators, the sirtuin family of proteins through the use of pharmacological modulators or genetic manipulation approaches either before or after the insult. Critical Issues and Future Directions: The results of these studies have regarded the sirtuins as promising therapeutic targets for cerebral ischemia. Yet, additional efforts are needed to understand the role of some of the less characterized members and to address the sex-specific effects observed with some members. Sirtuins also exhibit cell-type-specific expression in the brain as well as distinct subcellular and regional localizations. As such, they are involved in diverse and sometimes opposing cellular processes that can either promote neuroprotection or further contribute to the injury; which also stresses the need for the development and use of sirtuin-specific pharmacological modulators. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 691-710.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Khoury
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Kevin B. Koronowski
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Juan I. Young
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics; Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
| | - Miguel A. Perez-Pinzon
- Department of Neurology; Cerebral Vascular Research Laboratories; and Neuroscience Program, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
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15
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Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD), the cell's hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, is well known for its role in redox reactions. More recently, it has emerged as a signaling molecule. By modulating NAD+-sensing enzymes, NAD+ controls hundreds of key processes from energy metabolism to cell survival, rising and falling depending on food intake, exercise, and the time of day. NAD+ levels steadily decline with age, resulting in altered metabolism and increased disease susceptibility. Restoration of NAD+ levels in old or diseased animals can promote health and extend lifespan, prompting a search for safe and efficacious NAD-boosting molecules that hold the promise of increasing the body's resilience, not just to one disease, but to many, thereby extending healthy human lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Rajman
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Karolina Chwalek
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - David A Sinclair
- Paul F. Glenn Center for the Biological Mechanisms of Aging, Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Laboratory for Ageing Research, Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
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16
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Proctor AR, Ramirez GA, Han S, Liu Z, Bubel TM, Choe R. Validation of diffuse correlation spectroscopy sensitivity to nicotinamide-induced blood flow elevation in the murine hindlimb using the fluorescent microsphere technique. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2018; 23:1-9. [PMID: 29595019 PMCID: PMC5873645 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.23.3.035006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide has been shown to affect blood flow in both tumor and normal tissues, including skeletal muscle. Intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide was used as a simple intervention to test the sensitivity of noninvasive diffuse correlation spectroscopy (DCS) to changes in blood flow in the murine left quadriceps femoris skeletal muscle. DCS was then compared with the gold-standard fluorescent microsphere (FM) technique for validation. The nicotinamide dose-response experiment showed that relative blood flow measured by DCS increased following treatment with 500- and 1000-mg / kg nicotinamide. The DCS and FM technique comparison showed that blood flow index measured by DCS was correlated with FM counts quantified by image analysis. The results of this study show that DCS is sensitive to nicotinamide-induced blood flow elevation in the murine left quadriceps femoris. Additionally, the results of the comparison were consistent with similar studies in higher-order animal models, suggesting that mouse models can be effectively employed to investigate the utility of DCS for various blood flow measurement applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley R. Proctor
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Gabriel A. Ramirez
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Songfeng Han
- University of Rochester, Institute of Optics, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Ziping Liu
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Tracy M. Bubel
- University of Rochester, Center for Visual Science, Rochester, New York, United States
| | - Regine Choe
- University of Rochester, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
- University of Rochester, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Rochester, New York, United States
- Address all correspondence to: Regine Choe, E-mail:
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17
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Nicotinamide Administration Improves Remyelination after Stroke. Neural Plast 2017; 2017:7019803. [PMID: 28656112 PMCID: PMC5471593 DOI: 10.1155/2017/7019803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Stroke is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to determine whether nicotinamide administration could improve remyelination after stroke and reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS Adult male C57BL/6J mice were intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered with nicotinamide (200 mg/kg, daily) or saline after stroke induced by photothrombotic occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. FK866 (3 mg/kg, daily, bis in die), an inhibitor of NAMPT, and ANA-12 (0.5 mg/kg, daily), an antagonist of tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB), were administered intraperitoneally 1 h before nicotinamide administration. Functional recovery, MRI, and histological assessment were performed after stroke at different time points. RESULTS The nicotinamide-treated mice showed significantly lower infarct area 7 d after stroke induction and significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) in the ipsilesional internal capsule (IC) 14 d after stroke induction than the other groups. Higher levels of NAD+, BDNF, and remyelination markers were observed in the nicotinamide-treated group. FK866 administration reduced NAD+ and BDNF levels in the nicotinamide-treated group. ANA-12 administration impaired the recovery from stroke with no effect on NAD+ and BDNF levels. Furthermore, lesser functional deficits were observed in the nicotinamide-treated group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Nicotinamide administration improves remyelination after stroke via the NAD+/BDNF/TrkB pathway.
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18
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Shear DA, Dixon CE, Bramlett HM, Mondello S, Dietrich WD, Deng-Bryant Y, Schmid KE, Wang KKW, Hayes RL, Povlishock JT, Kochanek PM, Tortella FC. Nicotinamide Treatment in Traumatic Brain Injury: Operation Brain Trauma Therapy. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:523-37. [PMID: 26670792 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide (vitamin B3) was the first drug selected for cross-model testing by the Operation Brain Trauma Therapy (OBTT) consortium based on a compelling record of positive results in pre-clinical models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to either moderate fluid percussion injury (FPI), controlled cortical impact injury (CCI), or penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI). Nicotinamide (50 or 500 mg/kg) was delivered intravenously at 15 min and 24 h after injury with subsequent behavioral, biomarker, and histopathological outcome assessments. There was an intermediate effect on balance beam performance with the high (500 mg/kg) dose in the CCI model, but no significant therapeutic benefit was detected on any other motor task across the OBTT TBI models. There was an intermediate benefit on working memory with the high dose in the FPI model. A negative effect of the low (50 mg/kg) dose, however, was observed on cognitive outcome in the CCI model, and no cognitive improvement was observed in the PBBI model. Lesion volume analysis showed no treatment effects after either FPI or PBBI, but the high dose of nicotinamide resulted in significant tissue sparing in the CCI model. Biomarker assessments included measurements of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and ubiquitin carboxyl-terminal hydrolase-1 (UCH-L1) in blood at 4 or 24 h after injury. Negative effects (both doses) were detected on biomarker levels of GFAP after FPI and on biomarker levels of UCH-L1 after PBBI. The high dose of nicotinamide, however, reduced GFAP levels after both PBBI and CCI. Overall, our results showed a surprising lack of benefit from the low dose nicotinamide. In contrast, and partly in keeping with the literature, some benefit was achieved with the high dose. The marginal benefits achieved with nicotinamide, however, which appeared sporadically across the TBI models, has reduced enthusiasm for further investigation by the OBTT Consortium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah A Shear
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - C Edward Dixon
- 2 Department of Neurological Surgery, Brain Trauma Research Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Helen M Bramlett
- 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida.,4 Bruce W. Carter Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center , Miami, Florida
| | - Stefania Mondello
- 5 Department of Neurosciences, University of Messina , Messina, Italy
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- 3 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami , Miami, Florida
| | - Ying Deng-Bryant
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kara E Schmid
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
| | - Kevin K W Wang
- 6 Center of Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research, Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of Florida , Gainesville, Florida
| | - Ronald L Hayes
- 7 Center for Innovative Research, Center for Neuroproteomics and Biomarkers Research , Banyan Biomarkers, Inc., Alachua, Florida
| | - John T Povlishock
- 8 Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Virginia Commonwealth University , Richmond, Virginia
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- 9 Department of Critical Care Medicine, Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Frank C Tortella
- 1 Brain Trauma Neuroprotection/Neurorestoration, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research , Silver Spring, Maryland
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19
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Preconditioning is hormesis part I: Documentation, dose-response features and mechanistic foundations. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:242-264. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Nicotinamide mononucleotide inhibits post-ischemic NAD(+) degradation and dramatically ameliorates brain damage following global cerebral ischemia. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 95:102-10. [PMID: 27425894 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) is an essential cofactor for multiple cellular metabolic reactions and has a central role in energy production. Brain ischemia depletes NAD(+) pools leading to bioenergetics failure and cell death. Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is utilized by the NAD(+) salvage pathway enzyme, nicotinamide adenylyltransferase (Nmnat) to generate NAD(+). Therefore, we examined whether NMN could protect against ischemic brain damage. Mice were subjected to transient forebrain ischemia and treated with NMN or vehicle at the start of reperfusion or 30min after the ischemic insult. At 2, 4, and 24h of recovery, the proteins poly-ADP-ribosylation (PAR), hippocampal NAD(+) levels, and expression levels of NAD(+) salvage pathway enzymes were determined. Furthermore, animal's neurologic outcome and hippocampal CA1 neuronal death was assessed after six days of reperfusion. NMN (62.5mg/kg) dramatically ameliorated the hippocampal CA1 injury and significantly improved the neurological outcome. Additionally, the post-ischemic NMN treatment prevented the increase in PAR formation and NAD(+) catabolism. Since the NMN administration did not affect animal's temperature, blood gases or regional cerebral blood flow during recovery, the protective effect was not a result of altered reperfusion conditions. These data suggest that administration of NMN at a proper dosage has a strong protective effect against ischemic brain injury.
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21
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New Therapeutic Concept of NAD Redox Balance for Cisplatin Nephrotoxicity. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:4048390. [PMID: 26881219 PMCID: PMC4736397 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4048390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is a widely used chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of various tumors. In addition to its antitumor activity, cisplatin affects normal cells and may induce adverse effects such as ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, and peripheral neuropathy. Various mechanisms such as DNA adduct formation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses are closely associated with cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity; however, the precise mechanism remains unclear. The cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) has emerged as a key regulator of cellular energy metabolism and homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated associations between disturbance in intracellular NAD+ levels and clinical progression of various diseases through the production of reactive oxygen species and inflammation. Furthermore, we demonstrated that reduction of the intracellular NAD+/NADH ratio is critically involved in cisplatin-induced kidney damage through inflammation and oxidative stress and that increase of the cellular NAD+/NADH ratio suppresses cisplatin-induced kidney damage by modulation of potential damage mediators such as oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the role of NAD+ metabolism in cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity and discuss a potential strategy for the prevention or treatment of cisplatin-induced adverse effects with a particular focus on NAD+-dependent cellular pathways.
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22
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Kim HJ, Pandit A, Oh GS, Shen A, Lee SB, Khadka D, Lee S, Shim H, Yang SH, Cho EY, Kwak TH, Choe SK, Park R, So HS. Dunnione ameliorates cisplatin ototoxicity through modulation of NAD(+) metabolism. Hear Res 2015; 333:235-246. [PMID: 26341473 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ototoxicity is an important issue in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that cisplatin-induced ototoxicity is related to oxidative stress and DNA damage. However, the precise mechanism underlying cisplatin-associated ototoxicity is still unclear. The cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) has emerged as an important regulator of energy metabolism and cellular homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate that the levels and activities of sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) are suppressed by the reduction of intracellular NAD(+) levels in cisplatin-mediated ototoxicity. We provide evidence that the decreases in SIRT1 activity and expression facilitated by increasing poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) activation and microRNA-34a levels through cisplatin-mediated p53 activation aggravate the associated ototoxicity. Furthermore, we show that the induction of cellular NAD(+) levels using dunnione, which targets intracellular NQO1, prevents the toxic effects of cisplatin through the regulation of PARP-1 and SIRT1 activity. These results suggest that direct modulation of cellular NAD(+) levels by pharmacological agents could be a promising therapeutic approach for protection from cisplatin-induced ototoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Arpana Pandit
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Su Oh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - AiHua Shen
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bin Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipendra Khadka
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - SeungHoon Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Hoon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- PAEAN Biotechnology, 160 Techno-2 Street, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seob So
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Kim HJ, Oh GS, Shen A, Lee SB, Khadka D, Pandit A, Shim H, Yang SH, Cho EY, Song J, Kwak TH, Choe SK, Park R, So HS. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide: An essential factor in preserving hearing in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Hear Res 2015; 326:30-9. [PMID: 25891352 DOI: 10.1016/j.heares.2015.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ototoxicity is an important issue in patients receiving cisplatin chemotherapy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that several mechanisms, including oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses, are closely associated with cisplatin-induced ototoxicity. Although much attention has been directed at identifying ways to protect the inner ear from cisplatin-induced damage, the precise underlying mechanisms have not yet been elucidated. The cofactor nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) has emerged as an important regulator of cellular energy metabolism and homeostasis. NAD(+) acts as a cofactor for various enzymes including sirtuins (SIRTs) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerases (PARPs), and therefore, maintaining adequate NAD(+) levels has therapeutic benefits because of its effect on NAD(+)-dependent enzymes. Recent studies demonstrated that disturbance in intracellular NAD(+) levels is critically involved in cisplatin-induced cochlear damage associated with oxidative stress, DNA damage, and inflammatory responses. In this review, we describe the importance of NAD(+) in cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and discuss potential strategies for the prevention or treatment of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity with a particular focus on NAD(+)-dependent cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jin Kim
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Su Oh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - AiHua Shen
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Su-Bin Lee
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dipendra Khadka
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Arpana Pandit
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeok Shim
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sei-Hoon Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Young Cho
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeho Song
- Department of Sports Industry and Welfare, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- PAEAN Biotechnology, 160 Techno-2 Street, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-500, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Seob So
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Republic of Korea.
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Fu L, Doreswamy V, Prakash R. The biochemical pathways of central nervous system neural degeneration in niacin deficiency. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1509-13. [PMID: 25317166 PMCID: PMC4192966 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.139475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural degeneration is a very complicated process. In spite of all the advancements in the molecular chemistry, there are many unknown aspects of the phenomena of neurodegeneration which need to be put together. It is a common sequela of the conditions of niacin deficiency. Neural degeneration in Pellagra manifests as chromatolysis mainly in pyramidal followed by other neurons and glial cells. However, there is a gross lack of understanding of biochemical mechanisms of neurodegeneration in niacin deficiency states. Because of the necessity of niacin or its amide derivative NAD in a number of biochemical pathways, it is understandable that several of these pathways may be involved in the common outcome of neural degeneration. Here, we highlight five pathways that could be involved in the neuraldegeneration for which evidence has accumulated through several studies. These pathways are: 1) the tryptophan-kyneurenic acid pathway, 2) the mitochondrial ATP generation related pathways, 3) the poly (ADP-ibose) polymerase (PARP) pathway, 4) the BDNF-TRKB Axis abnormalities, 5) the genetic influences of niacin deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshan Fu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First People's Hospital of Yancheng, Yancheng, Jiangsu Province, China
| | | | - Ravi Prakash
- Department of Physiology, M.S. Ramaiah Medical College, Bangalore, India
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Kim HJ, Oh GS, Choe SK, Kwak TH, Park R, So HS. NAD(+) Metabolism in Age-Related Hearing Loss. Aging Dis 2014; 5:150-9. [PMID: 24729940 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related hearing loss (ARHL), a degenerative disorder characterized by age-dependent progressive increase in the threshold of auditory sensitivity, affects 40% of people over the age of 65, and it has emerged as an important social and public health problem. Various factors, including genetic and environmental components, are known to affect both the onset and severity of ARHL. In particular, age-dependent changes in cellular oxidative stress and inflammatory responses accompanied by altered cellular signaling and gene expression progressively affect the function of the auditory system and eventually lead to hearing impairment. Recent findings suggest that a disturbance of intracellular NAD(+) levels is clinically related to the progression of age-associated disorders. Therefore, maintenance of optimal intracellular NAD(+) levels may be a critical factor for cellular senescence, and thus, understanding its molecular signaling pathways would provide critical insights into the prevention and treatment of ARHL as well as other age-related diseases. In this review, we describe the role of NAD(+) metabolism in aging and age-related diseases, including ARHL, and discuss a potential strategy for prevention or treatment of ARHL with a particular interest in NAD(+)-dependent cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gi-Su Oh
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea
| | - Tae Hwan Kwak
- Life Science Research Center, KT&G LIFE SCIENCES, Suwon, 443-813, Korea
| | - Raekil Park
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea
| | - Hong-Seob So
- Center for Metabolic Function Regulation & Department of Microbiology, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, 460 Iksan-Daero, Iksan, Jeonbuk, 570-749, Korea
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Shetty PK, Galeffi F, Turner DA. Nicotinamide pre-treatment ameliorates NAD(H) hyperoxidation and improves neuronal function after severe hypoxia. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 62:469-78. [PMID: 24184921 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged hypoxia leads to irreversible loss of neuronal function and metabolic impairment of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide recycling (between NAD(+) and NADH) immediately after reoxygenation, resulting in NADH hyperoxidation. We test whether the addition of nicotinamide (to enhance NAD(+) levels) or PARP-1 inhibition (to prevent consumption of NAD(+)) can be effective in improving either loss of neuronal function or hyperoxidation following severe hypoxic injury in hippocampal slices. After severe, prolonged hypoxia (maintained for 3min after spreading depression) there was hyperoxidation of NADH following reoxygenation, an increased soluble NAD(+)/NADH ratio, loss of neuronal field excitatory post-synaptic potential (fEPSP) and decreased ATP content. Nicotinamide incubation (5mM) 2h prior to hypoxia significantly increased total NAD(H) content, improved neuronal recovery, enhanced ATP content, and prevented NADH hyperoxidation. The nicotinamide-induced increase in total soluble NAD(H) was more significant in the cytosolic compartment than within mitochondria. Prolonged incubation with PJ-34 (>1h) led to enhanced baseline NADH fluorescence prior to hypoxia, as well as improved neuronal recovery, NADH hyperoxidation and ATP content on recovery from severe hypoxia and reoxygenation. In this acute model of severe neuronal dysfunction prolonged incubation with either nicotinamide or PJ-34 prior to hypoxia improved recovery of neuronal function, enhanced NADH reduction and ATP content, but neither treatment restored function when administered during or after prolonged hypoxia and reoxygenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan K Shetty
- Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Francesca Galeffi
- Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dennis A Turner
- Neurosurgery and Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Research and Surgery Services, Durham VAMC, NC 27710, USA
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Owens K, Park JH, Schuh R, Kristian T. Mitochondrial dysfunction and NAD(+) metabolism alterations in the pathophysiology of acute brain injury. Transl Stroke Res 2013; 4:618-34. [PMID: 24323416 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-013-0278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is commonly believed to be one of the major players in mechanisms of brain injury. For several decades, pathologic mitochondrial calcium overload and associated opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore were considered a detrimental factor causing mitochondrial damage and bioenergetics failure. Mitochondrial and cellular bioenergetic metabolism depends on the enzymatic reactions that require NAD(+) or its reduced form NADH as cofactors. Recently, it was shown that NAD(+) also has an important function as a substrate for several NAD(+) glycohydrolases whose overactivation can contribute to cell death mechanisms. Furthermore, downstream metabolites of NAD(+) catabolism can also adversely affect cell viability. In contrast to the negative effects of NAD(+)-catabolizing enzymes, enzymes that constitute the NAD(+) biosynthesis pathway possess neuroprotective properties. In the first part of this review, we discuss the role of MPT in acute brain injury and its role in mitochondrial NAD(+) metabolism. Next, we focus on individual NAD(+) glycohydrolases, both cytosolic and mitochondrial, and their role in NAD(+) catabolism and brain damage. Finally, we discuss the potential effects of downstream products of NAD(+) degradation and associated enzymes as well as the role of NAD(+) resynthesis enzymes as potential therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Owens
- Veterans Affairs Maryland Health Care System, 10 North Greene Street, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
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Harrison IF, Dexter DT. Epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylase: therapeutic potential in Parkinson's disease? Pharmacol Ther 2013; 140:34-52. [PMID: 23711791 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most common movement disorder affecting more than 4million people worldwide. The primary motor symptoms of the disease are due to degeneration of dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurons. Dopamine replacement therapies have therefore revolutionised disease management by partially controlling these symptoms. However these drugs can produce debilitating side effects when used long term and do not protect degenerating neurons against death. Recent evidence has highlighted a pathological imbalance in PD between the acetylation and deacetylation of the histone proteins around which deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) is coiled, in favour of excessive histone deacetylation. This mechanism of adding/removing acetyl groups to histone lysine residues is one of many epigenetic regulatory processes which control the expression of genes, many of which will be essential for neuronal survival. Hence, such epigenetic modifications may have a pathogenic role in PD. It has therefore been hypothesised that if this pathological imbalance can be corrected with the use of histone deacetylase inhibiting agents then neurodegeneration observed in PD can be ameliorated. This article will review the current literature with regard to epigenetic changes in PD and the use of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACIs) in PD: examining the evidence of the neuroprotective effects of numerous HDACIs in cellular and animal models of Parkinsonian cell death. Ultimately answering the question: does epigenetic targeting of histone deacetylases hold therapeutic potential in PD?
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian F Harrison
- Parkinson's Disease Research Group, Centre for Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration, Division of Brain Sciences, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, UK.
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Anderson GD, Peterson TC, Farin FM, Bammler TK, Beyer RP, Kantor ED, Hoane MR. The effect of nicotinamide on gene expression in a traumatic brain injury model. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:21. [PMID: 23550224 PMCID: PMC3581799 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microarray-based transcriptional profiling was used to determine the effect of nicotinamide on gene expression in an experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI) model. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) was used to evaluate the effect on relevant functional categories and canonical pathways. At 24 h, 72 h, and 7 days, respectively, 70, 58, and 76%, of the differentially expressed genes were up-regulated in the vehicle treated compared to the sham animals. At 24 h post-TBI, there were 150 differentially expressed genes in the nicotinamide treated animals compared to vehicle; the majority (82%) down-regulated. IPA analysis identified a significant effect of nicotinamide on the functional categories of cellular movement, cell-to-cell-signaling, antigen presentation and cellular compromise, function, and maintenance and cell death. The canonical pathways identified were signaling pathways primarily involved with the inflammatory process. At 72 h post-cortical contusion injury, there were 119 differentially expressed genes in the nicotinamide treated animals compared to vehicle; the majority (90%) was up-regulated. IPA analysis identified a significant effect of nicotinamide on cell signaling pathways involving neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, growth factors, and ion channels with little to no effect on inflammatory pathways. At 7 days post-TBI, there were only five differentially expressed genes with nicotinamide treatment compared to vehicle. Overall, the effect of nicotinamide on counteracting the effect of TBI resulted in significantly decreased number of genes differentially expressed by TBI. In conclusion, the mechanism of the effect of nicotinamide on secondary injury pathways involves effects on inflammatory response, signaling pathways, and cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Anderson
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA
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Guo JM, Dong WZ, Liu AJ, Cheng MH, Su DF. Nicotinamide postpones stroke in stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats. CNS Neurosci Ther 2012; 18:267-8. [PMID: 22449110 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2011.00287.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Ullah N, Ullah I, Lee HY, Naseer MI, Seok PM, Ahmed J, Kim MO. Protective function of nicotinamide against ketamine-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the infant rat brain. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:67-75. [PMID: 22160932 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9685-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During development, anesthetics activate neuroapoptosis and produce damage in the central nervous system that leads to several types of neurological disorders. A single dose of ketamine (40 mg/kg) during synaptogenesis in a 7-day-old rat brain activated the apoptotic cascade and caused extensive neuronal cell death in the forebrain. In this study, we investigated the protective effect of nicotinamide against ketamine-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration. After 4 h, neuronal cell death induced by ketamine was associated with the induction of Bax, release of cytochrome c into the cytosol, and activation of caspase-3. One single dose of 1 mg/g nicotinamide was administered to a developing rat and was found to inhibit ketamine-induced neuroapoptosis by downregulating Bax, inhibiting cytochrome c release from mitochondria into cytosol, and inhibiting the expression of activated caspase-3. TUNEL and immunohistochemical analyses showed that ketamine-induced cell death occurred through apoptosis and that it was inhibited by nicotinamide. Fluoro-Jade-B staining demonstrated an increased number of dead cells in the cortex and thalamus after ketamine treatment; treatment with nicotinamide reduced the number of dead cells in these brain regions. Our findings suggest that nicotinamide attenuated ketamine-induced neuronal cell loss in the developing rat brain and is a promising therapeutic and neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ullah
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences-RINS and Applied Life Science-Brain Korea 21, Gyeongsang National University, Chinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Ullah N, Lee HY, Naseer MI, Ullah I, Suh JW, Kim MO. Nicotinamide inhibits alkylating agent-induced apoptotic neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. PLoS One 2011; 6:e27093. [PMID: 22164206 PMCID: PMC3229474 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0027093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to the chemotherapeutic alkylating agent thiotepa during brain development leads to neurological complications arising from neurodegeneration and irreversible damage to the developing central nerve system (CNS). Administration of single dose of thiotepa in 7-d postnatal (P7) rat triggers activation of apoptotic cascade and widespread neuronal death. The present study was aimed to elucidate whether nicotinamide may prevent thiotepa-induced neurodegeneration in the developing rat brain. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Neuronal cell death induced by thiotepa was associated with the induction of Bax, release of cytochrome-c from mitochondria into the cytosol, activation of caspase-3 and cleavage of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1). Post-treatment of developing rats with nicotinamide suppressed thiotepa-induced upregulation of Bax, reduced cytochrome-c release into the cytosol and reduced expression of activated caspase-3 and cleavage of PARP-1. Cresyl violet staining showed numerous dead cells in the cortex hippocampus and thalamus; post-treatment with nicotinamide reduced the number of dead cells in these brain regions. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) and immunohistochemical analysis of caspase-3 show that thiotepa-induced cell death is apoptotic and that it is inhibited by nicotinamide treatment. CONCLUSION Nicotinamide (Nic) treatment with thiotepa significantly improved neuronal survival and alleviated neuronal cell death in the developing rat. These data demonstrate that nicotinamide shows promise as a therapeutic and neuroprotective agent for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders in newborns and infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najeeb Ullah
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Young Lee
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Muhammad Imran Naseer
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Won Suh
- Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Namdong, Yongin, Kyonggido, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Ok Kim
- Division of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences (RINS) and Applied Life Science (Brain Korea 21), Gyeongsang National University, Chinju, Republic of Korea
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Sung JH, Kim MO, Koh PO. Nicotinamide prevents the down-regulation of MEK/ERK/p90RSK signaling cascade in brain ischemic injury. J Vet Med Sci 2011; 74:35-41. [PMID: 21891976 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.11-0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide attenuates neuronal cell death related to focal cerebral ischemic injury. This study investigated whether nicotinamide exerts a neuroprotective effect through the activation of Raf- mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-ERK and its downstream targets, including p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and Bad. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with nicotinamide (500 mg/kg) or vehicle 2 hr after the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brains were collected 24 hr after MCAO. In the present study, nicotinamide significantly reduces the volume of infarct regions and decreases the number of positive cells by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining in the cerebral cortex. Nicotinamide prevents injury-induced decrease in Raf-1, MEK1/2, and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. As part of the downstream cascade, nicotinamide inhibits the injury-induced decrease in p90RSK and Bad phosphorylation. Moreover, nicotinamide prevents the injury-induced increase in cleaved caspase-3 levels. These findings suggest that nicotinamide protects neuronal cells against cerebral ischemic injury and that MEK-ERK-p90RSK cascade activation by nicotinamide contributes to these neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Hee Sung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju, South Korea
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Maynard KI. Hormesis pervasiveness and its potential implications for pharmaceutical research and development. Dose Response 2011; 9:377-86. [PMID: 22013400 DOI: 10.2203/dose-response.11-026.maynard] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This mini-review illustrates that hormesis is not only confined to the areas of biochemistry, radiation biology and toxicology, where it is traditionally known, but illustrates, by citing published scientific literature, that it is found across a wide range of biomedical science and clinical medicine such as neuroscience, cardiology and oncology. The use of techniques and technology, including high through-put screening, micro-dosing or phase 0 studies, pharmacometrics and adaptive trial design in the clinic, are proposed to illustrate how acknowledging the potential impact of hormesis throughout different stages of drug discovery and development, including hurdles related to efficacy and safety, could help the pharmaceutical industry address some of its major and frequently mentioned challenges.
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Koh PO. Nicotinamide attenuates the ischemic brain injury-induced decrease of Akt activation and Bad phosphorylation. Neurosci Lett 2011; 498:105-9. [PMID: 21596097 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2011] [Accepted: 05/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide protects cortical neuronal cells against cerebral ischemic injury through activation of various cytoprotective mechanisms. Here, this study confirmed the neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide in focal cerebral ischemic injury and investigated whether nicotinamide modulates a crucial survival pathway, Akt and its downstream targets. Adult male rats were treated with vehicle or nicotinamide (500 mg/kg) 2h after the onset of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Brains were collected 24h after MCAO and infarct volumes were analyzed. Nicotinamide significantly reduced the infarct volume in the cerebral cortex. Potential activation was measured by phosphorylation of PDK1 at Ser(241), Akt at Ser(473), and Bad at Ser(136) using Western blot analysis. Nicotinamide prevented the injury-induced decrease of pPDK1, pAkt, and pBad levels. 14-3-3 levels were not different between vehicle- and nicotinamide-treated animals. However, pBad and 14-3-3 interaction levels decreased during MCAO, but were maintained in the presence of nicotinamide, compared to levels in control animals. These findings suggest that nicotinamide attenuates cell death due to focal cerebral ischemic injury and that neuroprotective effects are mediated through the Akt signaling pathway, thus enhancing neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phil-Ok Koh
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute of Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, 900 Gajwa-dong, Jinju, South Korea.
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Kristian T, Balan I, Schuh R, Onken M. Mitochondrial dysfunction and nicotinamide dinucleotide catabolism as mechanisms of cell death and promising targets for neuroprotection. J Neurosci Res 2011; 89:1946-55. [PMID: 21488086 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Both acute and chronic neurodegenerative diseases are frequently associated with mitochondrial dysfunction as an essential component of mechanisms leading to brain damage. Although loss of mitochondrial functions resulting from prolonged activation of the mitochondrial permeability transition (MPT) pore has been shown to play a significant role in perturbation of cellular bioenergetics and in cell death, the detailed mechanisms are still elusive. Enzymatic reactions linked to glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial respiration are dependent on the reduced or oxidized form of nicotinamide dinucleotide [NAD(H)] as a cofactor. Loss of mitochondrial NAD(+) resulting from MPT pore opening, although transient, allows detrimental depletion of mitochondrial and cellular NAD(+) pools by activated NAD(+) glycohydrolases. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) is considered to be a major NAD(+) degrading enzyme, particularly under conditions of extensive DNA damage. We propose that CD38, a main cellular NAD(+) level regulator, can significantly contribute to NAD(+) catabolism. We discuss NAD(+) catabolic and NAD(+) synthesis pathways and their role in different strategies to prevent cellular NAD(+) degradation in brain, particularly following an ischemic insult. These therapeutic approaches are based on utilizing endogenous intermediates of NAD(+) metabolism that feed into the NAD(+) salvage pathway and also inhibit CD38 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibor Kristian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Shock, Trauma and Anesthesiology Research, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA.
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Proteomic identification of proteins differentially expressed by nicotinamide in focal cerebral ischemic injury. Neuroscience 2011; 174:171-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Experimental Unilateral Spermatic Cord Torsion: The Effect of Polypolymerase Enzyme Inhibitor on Histopathological and Biochemical Changes in the Early and Late Periods in the Ipsilateral and Contralateral Testicles. Urology 2010; 76:507.e1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.urology.2010.03.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Revised: 03/03/2010] [Accepted: 03/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Goffus AM, Anderson GD, Hoane M. Sustained delivery of nicotinamide limits cortical injury and improves functional recovery following traumatic brain injury. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2010; 3:145-52. [PMID: 20716938 PMCID: PMC2952098 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.3.2.11315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2010] [Revised: 01/26/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have demonstrated that nicotinamide (NAM), a neuroprotective soluble B-group vitamin, improves recovery of function following traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, no prior studies have examined whether NAM is beneficial following continuous infusions over 7 days post-TBI. The purpose of this study was to investigate the preclinical efficacy of NAM treatment as it might be delivered clinically; over several days by slow infusion. Rats were prepared with either unilateral controlled cortical impact (CCI) injuries or sham procedures and divided into three groups: CCI-NAM, CCI-vehicle, and sham. Thirty minutes following CCI, Alzet osmotic mini-pumps were implanted subcutaneously. NAM was delivered at a rate of 50 mg/kg/day for 7 days immediately post-CCI. On day 7 following injury, the pumps were removed and blood draws were collected for serum NAM and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) analyses. Starting on day 2 post-CCI, animals were tested on a battery of sensorimotor tests (bilateral tactile adhesive removal, locomotor placing, and limb-use asymmetry). Continuous infusion of NAM resulted in a significant serum elevation in NAM, but not NAD+. Statistical analyses of the tactile removal and locomotor placing data revealed that continuous administration of NAM significantly reduced the initial magnitude of the injury deficit and improved overall recovery compared to the vehicle-treated animals. NAM treatment also significantly decreased limb-use asymmetries compared to vehicle-treated animals. The overall extent of the cortical damage was also reduced by NAM treatment. No detrimental effects were seen following continuous infusion. The present results suggest that NAM delivered via a clinically relevant therapeutic regimen may truncate behavioral damage following TBI. Thus our results offer strong support for translation into the clinical population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea M Goffus
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
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Suzuki E, Okuda H, Nishida K, Fujimoto S, Nagasawa K. Protective effect of nicotinamide against poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated astrocyte death depends on its transporter-mediated uptake. Life Sci 2010; 86:676-82. [PMID: 20188745 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2010.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/16/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIM Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) is a DNA repair enzyme, and its excessive activation, following ischemia, trauma, etc., depletes cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD(+)) as a substrate and eventually leads to brain cell death. Nicotinamide, an NAD(+) precursor and a PARP-1 inhibitor, is known to prevent PARP-1-triggered cell death, but there is no available information on the mechanisms involved in its transport. Here we clarified the transport characteristics of nicotinamide in primary cultured mouse astrocytes. MAIN METHODS Uptake characteristics of [(14)C]nicotinamide were assessed by a conventional method with primary cultured mouse astrocytes. Cell viability and PARP-1 activity were determined with intracellular LDH activity and immunocytochemical detection of PAR accumulation, respectively. KEY FINDINGS PARP-1 activation was induced by treatment of astrocytes with N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), an alkylating agent. MNNG-triggered astrocyte death and PAR accumulation were completely inhibited by treatment with nicotinamide as with DPQ (3,4-dihydro-5-(4-(1-piperidinyl)butoxy)-1(2H)-isoquinolinone), a second generation PARP inhibitor. The uptake of [(14)C]nicotinamide was time-, temperature-, concentration- and pH-dependent, and was inhibited and stimulated by co- and pre-treatment with N-methylnicotinamide, a representative substrate of an organic cation transport system, respectively. Co-treatment of astrocytes with nicotinamide and N-methylnicotinamide resulted in a decrease in PAR accumulation and absolute prevention of cell death. SIGNIFICANCE These findings suggest that nicotinamide has a protective effect against PARP-1-induced astrocyte death and that its transporter-mediated uptake, which is extracellular pH-sensitive and common to N-methylnicotinamide, is critical for prevention of PARP-1-triggered cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eri Suzuki
- Department of Environmental Biochemistry, Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, 5 Nakauchi-cho, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8414, Japan
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Sole RD, Lazzoi MR, Vasapollo G. Synthesis of nicotinamide-based molecularly imprinted microspheres and in vitro controlled release studies. Drug Deliv 2010; 17:130-7. [DOI: 10.3109/10717541003587418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Quigley A, Tan AA, Hoane MR. The effects of hypertonic saline and nicotinamide on sensorimotor and cognitive function following cortical contusion injury in the rat. Brain Res 2009; 1304:138-48. [PMID: 19781534 PMCID: PMC2784246 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2009] [Revised: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Hypertonic saline (HTS) is an accepted treatment for traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the behavioral and cognitive consequences following HTS administration have not thoroughly been examined. Recent preclinical evidence has suggested that nicotinamide (NAM) is beneficial for recovery of function following TBI. The current study compared the behavioral and cognitive consequences of HTS and NAM as competitive therapeutic agents for the treatment of TBI. Following controlled cortical impact (CCI), bolus administrations of NAM (500 mg/kg), 7.5% HTS, or 0.9% saline Vehicle (1.0 mL/kg) were given at 2, 24, and 48 h post-CCI. Behavioral results revealed that animals treated with NAM and HTS showed significant improvements in beam walk and locomotor placing compared to the Vehicle group. The Morris water maze (MWM) retrograde amnesia test was conducted on day 12 post-CCI and showed that all groups had significant retention of memory compared to injured, Vehicle-treated animals. Working memory was also assessed on days 8-20 using the MWM. The NAM and Vehicle groups quickly acquired the task; however, HTS animals showed no acquisition of this task. Histological examinations revealed that the HTS-treated animals lost significantly more cortical tissue than either the NAM or Vehicle-treated animals. HTS-treated animals showed a greater loss of hippocampal tissue compared to the other groups. In general, NAM showed a faster rate of recovery than HTS without this associated tissue loss. The results of this study reiterate the strengths of NAM following injury and show concerns with bolus administrations of HTS due to the differential effects on cognitive performance and apparent tissue loss.
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Robertson CL, Scafidi S, McKenna MC, Fiskum G. Mitochondrial mechanisms of cell death and neuroprotection in pediatric ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Exp Neurol 2009; 218:371-80. [PMID: 19427308 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2009.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
There are several forms of acute pediatric brain injury, including neonatal asphyxia, pediatric cardiac arrest with global ischemia, and head trauma, that result in devastating, lifelong neurologic impairment. The only clinical intervention that appears neuroprotective is hypothermia initiated soon after the initial injury. Evidence indicates that oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and impaired cerebral energy metabolism contribute to the brain cell death that is responsible for much of the poor neurologic outcome from these events. Recent results obtained from both in vitro and animal models of neuronal death in the immature brain point toward several molecular mechanisms that are either induced or promoted by oxidative modification of macromolecules, including consumption of cytosolic and mitochondrial NAD(+) by poly-ADP ribose polymerase, opening of the mitochondrial inner membrane permeability transition pore, and inactivation of key, rate-limiting metabolic enzymes, e.g., the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex. In addition, the relative abundance of pro-apoptotic proteins in immature brains and neurons, and particularly within their mitochondria, predisposes these cells to the intrinsic, mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis, mediated by Bax- or Bak-triggered release of proteins into the cytosol through the mitochondrial outer membrane. Based on these pathways of cell dysfunction and death, several approaches toward neuroprotection are being investigated that show promise toward clinical translation. These strategies include minimizing oxidative stress by avoiding unnecessary hyperoxia, promoting aerobic energy metabolism by repletion of NAD(+) and by providing alternative oxidative fuels, e.g., ketone bodies, directly interfering with apoptotic pathways at the mitochondrial level, and pharmacologic induction of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney L Robertson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, 21201, USA
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44
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Ratan RR, Siddiq A, Aminova L, Langley B, McConoughey S, Karpisheva K, Lee HH, Carmichael T, Kornblum H, Coppola G, Geschwind DH, Hoke A, Smirnova N, Rink C, Roy S, Sen C, Beattie MS, Hart RP, Grumet M, Sun D, Freeman RS, Semenza GL, Gazaryan I. Small molecule activation of adaptive gene expression: tilorone or its analogs are novel potent activators of hypoxia inducible factor-1 that provide prophylaxis against stroke and spinal cord injury. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1147:383-94. [PMID: 19076458 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1427.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A major challenge for neurological therapeutics is the development of small molecule drugs that can activate a panoply of downstream pathways without toxicity. Over the past decade our group has shown that a family of enzymes that regulate posttranscriptional and transcriptional adaptive responses to hypoxia are viable targets for neuronal protection and repair. The family is a group of iron, oxygen, and 2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases, known as the HIF prolyl 4-hydroxylases (HIF PHDs). We have previously shown that pluripotent protection offered by iron chelators is mediated, in part, via the ability of these agents to inhibit the HIF PHDs. Our group and others have implicated the transcriptional activator HIF-1 in some of the salutary effects of iron chelation-induced PHD inhibition. While some iron chelators are currently employed in humans for conditions such as hemochromatosis, the diverse utilization of iron in physiological processes in the brain makes the development of HIF activators that do not bind iron a high priority. Here we report the development of a high throughput screen to develop novel HIF activators and/or PHD inhibitors for therapeutic use in the central nervous system (CNS). We show that tilorone, a low-molecular weight, antiviral, immunomodulatory agent is the most effective activator of the HIF pathway in a neuronal line. We also show that tilorone enhances HIF protein levels and increases the expression of downstream target genes independent of iron chelation and HIF PHD inhibition in vitro. We further demonstrate that tilorone can activate an HIF-regulated reporter gene in the CNS. These studies confirm that tilorone can penetrate the blood-brain barrier to activate HIF in the CNS. As expected from these findings, we show that tilorone provides effective prophylaxis against permanent ischemic stroke and traumatic spinal cord injury in male rodents. Altogether these findings identify tilorone as a novel and potent modulator of HIF-mediated gene expression in neurons with neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv R Ratan
- Burke-Cornell Medical Research Institute, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, White Plains, NY 10605, USA.
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Anderson DW, Bradbury KA, Schneider JS. Broad neuroprotective profile of nicotinamide in different mouse models of MPTP-induced parkinsonism. Eur J Neurosci 2008; 28:610-7. [PMID: 18702732 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2008.06356.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The factors contributing to substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) dopamine (DA) neuron death and striatal DA depletion in Parkinson's disease (PD) are still poorly understood. However, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular energy depletion and oxidative stress appear to play important roles in the pathogenesis of PD. In view of this, the current study examined the potential of nicotinamide, a form of the B-complex vitamin niacin, to protect against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced SNc cell loss and striatal DA depletion in two mouse MPTP models that respond differently to putative neuroprotective agents. Adult male C57Bl/6 mice received nicotinamide (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg i.p.) prior to either acute (four injections in 1 day at 2-h intervals) or sub-acute (two injections per day at 4-h intervals for 5 days) MPTP administration. Striatal DA levels, changes in numbers of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and cresyl violet-stained cells in the SNc at 2 and 6 weeks following the last MPTP exposure were analyzed. Nicotinamide administration resulted in a dose-dependent sparing of striatal DA levels and SNc neurons in acute MPTP-treated animals. Only the highest dose of nicotinamide had similar effects in sub-acute MPTP-treated animals. At 6 weeks after MPTP exposure, there was some spontaneous recovery of striatal DA levels in both models: neuroprotective effects were still apparent in acute but not sub-acute MPTP-treated animals. These results show neuroprotective effects of nicotinamide in different mouse Parkinson models associated with different forms of cell death and suggest that nicotinamide may have broad neuroprotective potential in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- D W Anderson
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, 521 JAH, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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46
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Hoane MR, Pierce JL, Kaufman NA, Beare JE. Variation in chronic nicotinamide treatment after traumatic brain injury can alter components of functional recovery independent of histological damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2008; 1:46-53. [PMID: 19794908 PMCID: PMC2715190 DOI: 10.4161/oxim.1.1.6694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2008] [Revised: 07/02/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that the window of opportunity for nicotinamide (NAM) therapy (50 mg/kg) following cortical contusion injuries (CCI) extended to 4-8 hrs post-CCI when administered over a six day post-CCI interval. The purpose of the present study was to determine if a more chronic NAM treatment protocol administered following CCI would extend the current window of opportunity for effective treatment onset. Groups of rats received either unilateral CCI's or sham procedures. Initiation of NAM therapy (50 mg/kg, ip) began at either 15-min, 4-hrs, 8-hrs or 24-hrs post-injury. All groups received daily systemic treatments for 12 days post-CCI at 24 hr intervals. Behavioral assessments were conducted for 28 days post injury and included: vibrissae forelimb placing, bilateral tactile adhesive removal, forelimb asymmetry task and locomotor placing testing. Behavioral analysis on both the tactile removal and locomotor placing tests showed that all NAM-treated groups facilitated recovery of function compared to saline treatment. However, on the vibrissae-forelimb placing and forelimb asymmetry tests only the 4-hr and 8-hr NAM-treated groups were significantly different from the saline-treated group. The lesion analysis showed that treatment with NAM out to 8 hrs post-CCI significantly reduced the size of the injury cavity. The window of opportunity for NAM treatment is task-dependent and in some situations can extend to 24 hrs post-CCI. These results suggest that a long term treatment regimen of 50 mg/kg of NAM starting at the clinically relevant time points may prove efficacious in human TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, USA.
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Calabrese EJ. Drug therapies for stroke and traumatic brain injury often display U-shaped dose responses: occurrence, mechanisms, and clinical implications. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 38:557-77. [PMID: 18615310 DOI: 10.1080/10408440802014287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This article explores the occurrence of U-shaped dose responses induced by neuroprotective agents in animal stroke and traumatic brain injury (TBI) screening/preclinical studies. The assessment was stimulated by suggestions that U-shaped dose responses may be common for neuroprotective agents in stroke and TBI models, and its lack of both recognition and understanding may be a factor contributing to the failure of many promising drugs to be protective in clinical trials. Over 30 agents with neuroprotective properties in animal stroke/TBI models were identified that act via U-shaped dose responses in a broad range of experimental protocols. These findings suggest that U-shaped dose responses in animal stroke/TBI models may be a general occurrence and have significant implications for drug discovery, drug development, and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Public Health, School of Public Health and Health Sciences, Environmental Health Sciences Division, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, USA
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48
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Hoane MR, Pierce JL, Holland MA, Anderson GD. Nicotinamide treatment induces behavioral recovery when administered up to 4 hours following cortical contusion injury in the rat. Neuroscience 2008; 154:861-8. [PMID: 18514428 PMCID: PMC2495083 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2008] [Revised: 04/21/2008] [Accepted: 04/22/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated nicotinamide (NAM), a soluble B-group vitamin, to be an effective treatment in experimental models of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, research on this compound has been limited to administration regimens starting shortly after injury. This study was conducted to establish the window of opportunity for NAM administration following controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury to the frontal cortex. Groups of rats were assigned to NAM (50 mg/kg), saline (1 ml/kg), or sham conditions and received contusion injuries or sham procedures. Injections of NAM or saline were administered at 15 min, 4 h, or 8 h post-injury, followed by five boosters at 24 h intervals. Following the last injection, blood was taken for serum NAM analysis. Animals were tested on a variety of tasks to assess somatosensory performance (bilateral tactile adhesive removal and vibrissae-forelimb placement) and cognitive performance (reference and working memory) in the Morris water maze. The results of the serum NAM analysis showed that NAM levels were significantly elevated in treated animals. Behavioral analysis on the tactile removal test showed that all NAM-treated groups facilitated recovery of function compared with saline treatment. On the vibrissae-forelimb placing test all NAM-treated groups also were significantly different from the saline-treated group. However, the acquisition of reference memory was only significantly improved in the 15-min and 4-h groups. In the working memory task both the 15-min and 4-h groups also improved working memory compared with saline treatment. The window of opportunity for NAM treatment is task-dependent and extends to 8 h for the sensorimotor tests but only extends to 4 h post-injury in the cognitive tests. These results suggest that a 50 mg/kg treatment regimen starting at the clinically relevant time point of 4 h may result in attenuated injury severity in the human TBI population.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Hoane
- Restorative Neuroscience Laboratory, Center for Integrative Research in Cognitive and Neural Sciences, Department of Psychology, Life Science II, MC 6502, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901, USA.
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49
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Ying W. NAD+/NADH and NADP+/NADPH in cellular functions and cell death: regulation and biological consequences. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:179-206. [PMID: 18020963 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1033] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence has suggested that NAD (including NAD+ and NADH) and NADP (including NADP+ and NADPH) could belong to the fundamental common mediators of various biological processes, including energy metabolism, mitochondrial functions, calcium homeostasis, antioxidation/generation of oxidative stress, gene expression, immunological functions, aging, and cell death: First, it is established that NAD mediates energy metabolism and mitochondrial functions; second, NADPH is a key component in cellular antioxidation systems; and NADH-dependent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation from mitochondria and NADPH oxidase-dependent ROS generation are two critical mechanisms of ROS generation; third, cyclic ADP-ribose and several other molecules that are generated from NAD and NADP could mediate calcium homeostasis; fourth, NAD and NADP modulate multiple key factors in cell death, such as mitochondrial permeability transition, energy state, poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1, and apoptosis-inducing factor; and fifth, NAD and NADP profoundly affect aging-influencing factors such as oxidative stress and mitochondrial activities, and NAD-dependent sirtuins also mediate the aging process. Moreover, many recent studies have suggested novel paradigms of NAD and NADP metabolism. Future investigation into the metabolism and biological functions of NAD and NADP may expose fundamental properties of life, and suggest new strategies for treating diseases and slowing the aging process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihai Ying
- Department of Neurology, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94121, USA.
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50
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Ji D, Li GY, Osborne NN. Nicotinamide attenuates retinal ischemia and light insults to neurones. Neurochem Int 2007; 52:786-98. [PMID: 17976861 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2007] [Revised: 09/10/2007] [Accepted: 09/13/2007] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present studies was to determine whether nicotinamide is effective in blunting the negative influence of ischemia/reperfusion to the rat retina in situ and of light to transformed retinal ganglion cells (RGC-5 cells) in culture. Ischemia was delivered to the retina of one eye of rats by raising the intraocular pressure. Nicotinamide was administered intraperitoneally just before ischemia and into the vitreous immediately after the insult. Electroretinograms (ERGs) of both eyes were recorded before and 5 days after ischemia. Seven days after ischemia, retinas were analysed for the localization of various antigens. Retinal and optic nerve extracts were also prepared for analysis of specific proteins and mRNAs. Also, RGC-5 cells in culture were given a light insult (1000 lux, 48 and 96 h) and evidence for reduced viability and apoptosis determined by a variety of procedures. Nicotinamide was added to some cultures to see whether it reversed the negative effect of light. Ischemia/reperfusion to the retina affected the localization of Thy-1, neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), the a- and b-wave amplitudes of the ERG, the content of various retinal and optic nerve proteins and mRNAs. Significantly, nicotinamide statistically blunted many of the effects induced by ischemia/reperfusion which included the activation of poly-ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP). Light-induced apoptosis of RGC-5 cells in culture was attenuated by nicotinamide and the PARP inhibitor NU1025. The presented data show that nicotinamide attenuates injury to the retina and RGC-5 cells in culture caused by ischemia/reperfusion and by light, respectively. Evidence is provided to suggest that nicotinamide acts as a PARP inhibitor and possibly an antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ji
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, University of Oxford, Walton Street, Oxford OX2 6AW, UK
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