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Zamiti S, Mhadhbi M, Dhibi M, Darghouth MA, Ben Said M. Development and field evaluation of PCR assays based on minimum length Bm86 cDNA fragments required for Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma tick species delineation. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1209210. [PMID: 37456966 PMCID: PMC10340088 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1209210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus ticks are important genera that can transmit diseases to both animals and humans, including Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, tick-borne encephalitis, and several types of spotted fever. The accurate identification of tick species is essential for the effective control and prevention of tick-borne diseases. However, traditional identification methods based on morphology can be challenging and subjective, leading to errors. The development of DNA markers has provided more precise and efficient methods for tick species identification, but the currently available markers have limitations in their discriminatory power and sensitivity. To address this need for more sensitive and specific markers, this study aimed to identify two minimum sequence fragments required for tick Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus species identification using the Bm86 cDNA marker, which has previously been shown to be in perfect agreement with the current taxonomy of hard ticks based on its complete sequence. Methods Based on our in silico determination that a minimum sequence of 398 bp for Rhipicephalus spp. (from 1487 to 1884) and 559 bp for Hyalomma species (from 539 to 1097) was necessary for species delineation, two distinct PCR assays were developed to apply these sequences in practice. Results and discussion Discrimination between species within each genus was achieved through sequence homology and phylogenetic analysis following the sequencing of the two PCR products. Subsequently, their performance was evaluated by testing them on the field-collected ticks of the Hyalomma and Rhipicephalus genera obtained from various host animals in different geographic regions of Tunisia. The use of shorter partial sequences specific to the tick genera Rhipicephalus and Hyalomma, which target the tick's RNA banks, could represent a significant advance in the field of tick species identification, providing a sensitive and discriminatory tool for interspecific and intraspecific diversity analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed Zamiti
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Moez Mhadhbi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mokhtar Dhibi
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed Aziz Darghouth
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
| | - Mourad Ben Said
- Laboratory of Parasitology, National School of Veterinary Medicine of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
- Department of Basic Sciences, Higher Institute of Biotechnology of Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, Manouba, Tunisia
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Hassan IA, Wang Y, Zhou Y, Cao J, Zhang H, Zhou J. Cross protection induced by combined Subolesin-based DNA and protein immunizations against adult Haemaphysalis longicornis. Vaccine 2019; 38:907-915. [PMID: 31699505 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2019.10.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 10/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination against ticks is an environmentally friendly alternative control method compared to chemical acaricide applications. Subolesin is a conserved protein in ticks, which can provide protection against some tick species. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of cocktail vaccination with Subolesin and ribosomal acidic protein 0 (P0) peptide against adults of Haemaphysalis longicornis. Priming with DNA vaccine expressing subolesin, followed by boosters of a single antigen (rRhSub) or a chimeric polypeptide (rRhSub/P0), provided cross protection. This treatment resulted in significant mortality, reduced blood ingestion and reduced reproduction in H. longicornis adults. Vaccination efficacies of 79.3% and 86.6% are reported in groups supplemented with rRhSub and rRhSub/P0, respectively. Conserved antigens, such as subolesin, formulated as DNA vaccine and enhanced with chimeric polypeptides, could be used as an anti-tick vaccine application, especially for control of infestation involving several tick species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim A Hassan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Houshuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jinlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Animal Parasitology of Ministry of Agriculture, Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai 200241, China.
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Ghosh S, Tiwari SS, Kumar B, Srivastava S, Sharma AK, Kumar S, Bandyopadhyay A, Julliet S, Kumar R, Rawat AKS. Identification of potential plant extracts for anti-tick activity against acaricide resistant cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae). EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2015; 66:159-171. [PMID: 25717008 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-015-9890-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To develop an eco-friendly tick control method, seven plant extracts were prepared using 50 and 95% ethanol and evaluated for acaricidal activity against cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The adult immersion test was adopted for testing different extracts. Based on 72 h screening criterion, 95% ethanolic extracts of Datura metel fruits and Argemone mexicana whole plant were found effective showing more than 50% mortality of treated ticks. The 95% ethanolic extracts of D. metel fruits and A. mexicana whole plant exhibited acaricidal and reproductive inhibitory effects on treated ticks. The LC90 values of D. metel and A. mexicana extracts were determined as 7.13 and 11.3%, respectively. However, although both the extracts were found efficacious against deltamethrin-resistant IVRI-4 and multi-acaricide resistant IVRI-5 lines of R. (B.) microplus, they caused less mortality than treated ticks of the reference IVRI-I line. Phytochemical studies indicated the presence of alkaloids and glucosides in D. metel fruits and alkaloids, terpenoids, flavonoids and phenolics in A. mexicana whole plant extracts. The results indicated that these botanicals may play an important role in reducing the use of chemicals for tick control and possibly to manage resistant tick population in environment friendly manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srikanta Ghosh
- Entomology Laboratory, Division of Parasitology, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly, 243122, UP, India,
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Sultana H, Patel U, Sonenshine DE, Neelakanta G. Identification and comparative analysis of subolesin/akirin ortholog from Ornithodoros turicata ticks. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:132. [PMID: 25889484 PMCID: PMC4359563 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0749-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subolesin is an evolutionary conserved molecule in diverse arthropod species that play an important role in the regulation of genes involved in immune responses, blood digestion, reproduction and development. In this study, we have identified a subolesin ortholog from soft ticks Ornithodoros turicata, the vector of the relapsing fever spirochete in the United States. METHODS Uninfected fed or unfed O. turicata ticks were used throughout this study. The subolesin mRNA was amplified by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and sequenced. Quantitative-real time PCR (QRT-PCR) was performed to evaluate subolesin mRNA levels at different O. turicata developmental stages and from salivary glands and gut tissues. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis was performed to predict potential post-translational modifications in O. turicata subolesin amino-acid sequences. RESULTS Our study reveals that O. turicata subolesin gene expression is developmentally regulated, where; adult ticks expressed significantly higher levels in comparison to the larvae or nymphal ticks. Expression of subolesin was evident in both unfed and fed ticks and in the salivary glands and midgut tissues. The expression of subolesin transcripts varied in fed ticks with peak levels at day 14 post-feeding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that O. turicata subolesin showed a high degree of sequence conservation with subolesin's from other soft and hard ticks. Bioinformatics and comparative analysis predicted that O. turicata subolesin carry three Protein kinase C and one Casein kinase II phosphorylation sites. However, no myristoylation or glycosylation sites were evident in the O. turicata subolesin sequence. CONCLUSION Our study provides important insights in recognizing subolesin as a conserved potential candidate for the development of a broad-spectrum anti-vector vaccine to control not only ticks but also several other arthropods that transmit diseases to humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hameeda Sultana
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Unnati Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Daniel E Sonenshine
- Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
| | - Girish Neelakanta
- Center for Molecular Medicine, College of Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, 23529, VA, USA.
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Subolesin: a candidate vaccine antigen for the control of cattle tick infestations in Indian situation. Vaccine 2014; 32:3488-94. [PMID: 24795229 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Identification of cross-protective tick vaccine antigens is a challenging area of veterinary research. To address this challenge, a recently identified candidate tick protective antigen, Subolesin (SUB), was targeted in this research. The conservation of subolesin ortholog of Hyalomma anatolicum and Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus across different Indian strains was 98.1-99.4% (within species), while at the amino acid level SUB sequence homology was ≥53.2% (between tick species). Recombinant R. (B.) microplus SUB (rBmSu) was produced in Escherichia coli and characterized. Cross-bred cattle male calves (N=10) were immunized with three doses of 100 μg each of the rBmSu emulsified in 10% Montanide 888 at monthly intervals on days 0, 30 and 60. The control group was injected with PBS in 10% Montanide 888. For the first tick challenge, calves were infested with larvae of R. (B.) microplus generated from 100mg eggs 2 weeks after last immunization (day 75). The immunization resulted in 16.3%, 8.0%, 9.4%, and 26.1% reduction in female tick numbers (DT), weight (DW), oviposition (DO) and egg fertility (DF), respectively, when compared to controls. In the subsequent challenge on day 105, DT, DW, DO and DF were reduced by 9.0%, 4.1%, 8.6%, and 24.2%, respectively, when compared to controls. The vaccine efficacy (E) was equal to 44.0% and 37.2% after the first and second challenges, respectively. The results showed a positive correlation between antibody titers for both total IgG and IgG1 and E in the second but not in the first tick challenge. These results suggested the possibility of developing a SUB-based vaccine for control of cattle tick infestations under Indian conditions.
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Popara M, Villar M, Mateos-Hernández L, de Mera IGF, Marina A, del Valle M, Almazán C, Domingos A, de la Fuente J. Lesser protein degradation machinery correlates with higher BM86 tick vaccine efficacy in Rhipicephalus annulatus when compared to Rhipicephalus microplus. Vaccine 2013; 31:4728-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2013.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Revised: 08/05/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Velayutham V, Shanmugavel S, Munusamy A, Sundaram J. Detection of genetic variability in various isolates of cattle tick, Boophilus microplus from Tamil Nadu, India using PCR-RAPD analysis. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2012; 56:375-383. [PMID: 22349940 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-012-9524-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The genomic DNA from ten isolates of the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus collected in and around Chennai, India, was analyzed by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) using PCR. Selected five random primers were used for the study of genetic variability among different isolates of B. microplus. A high degree of genetic polymorphism with a different pattern of RAPD profiles for each tick isolate was detected with all these random primers. This variability was also confirmed by similarity coefficient values and dendrogram which were performed using mean RAPD profiles for all the primers between various isolates of ticks. The findings suggest the existence of a complex genotypic diversity of the tick B. microplus in an endemic region such as Chennai.
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Expression of recombinant HAO3 from an Iranian isolate of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum in Pichia pastoris and evaluation of its antigenicity. Biologicals 2011; 40:72-8. [PMID: 22079373 DOI: 10.1016/j.biologicals.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2011] [Revised: 08/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum tick is considered as one of the main problem of ruminants' productivity in endemic countries such as parts of Africa, the Middle East and India. The disease is economically important and hence, its control and eradication is a priority. This problem reinforces the need for alternative approach like vaccine to control tick infestations instead of continuous application of acaricide which led to the natural selection of the acaricide-resistant ticks. Therefore, the present study provided evidence for the construction of transformant containing the chromosomally integrated multi-copy expression cassettes of HAO3, its successful and efficient expression in Pichia pastoris yeast and purification of the secreted protein by ultrafiltration (UF) system in a high level yield and purity. The result of antigenicity assay for the rHAO3 protein pointed well toward its capability for the elicitation of antibody response in immunized rabbits. Interestingly, the results indicated that the expressed HAO3 protein reacted well with mid gut antigen (MGAg) and rBm86 (Gavac) antisera in ELISA and western blot assays making it evident that the epitopes present in expressed protein are well recognized by the antibodies against MGAg and rBm86 proteins. Moreover, the presence of cross-reactive epitopes between rHAO3 protein with its native antigen from mid gut cells was also determined.
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Kamau L, Skilton RA, Odongo DO, Mwaura S, Githaka N, Kanduma E, Obura M, Kabiru E, Orago A, Musoke A, Bishop RP. Differential transcription of two highly divergent gut-expressed Bm86 antigen gene homologues in the tick Rhipicephalus appendiculatus (Acari: Ixodida). INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2011; 20:105-114. [PMID: 20854482 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2010.01043.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The transcriptional control of gene expression is not well documented in the Arthropoda. We describe transcriptional analysis of two exceptionally divergent homologues (Ra86) of the Bm86 gut antigen from Rhipicephalus appendiculatus. Bm86 forms the basis of a commercial vaccine for the control of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. The R. appendiculatus Ra86 proteins contain 654 and 693 amino acids, with only 80% amino acid sequence identity. Reverse-transcription PCR of gut cDNA showed transcription of only one genotype in individual female ticks. PCR amplification of 3' untranslated sequences from genomic DNA indicated that both variants could be encoded within a single genome. When both variants were present, one of the two Ra86 genotypes was transcriptionally dominant.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kamau
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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Shahein YE, El-Rahim MTA, Hussein NA, Hamed RR, El-Hakim AE, Barakat MM. Molecular cloning of a small heat shock protein (sHSPII) from the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) annulatus salivary gland. Int J Biol Macromol 2010; 47:614-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2010.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ebrahimi SM, Paykari H, Memarnejadian A. Molecular characterization of HAO3, the homologue of the Bm86 tick vaccine antigen, from the Iranian isolate of Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum. Exp Parasitol 2010; 135:726-34. [PMID: 20599993 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2010.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Hyalomma anatolicum anatolicum tick is widely distributed in many parts of Iran and while the commercial vaccines based on the application of midgut-derived recombinant Bm86 antigen are used for its control, limited information about the efficiency of this vaccination in Iran is available. Herein, with the final aim of evaluation of Bm86-based heterologous vaccination, as the primary step the Bm86 homologue of the H. a. anatolicum (Hao3) from an Iranian isolate was characterized and compared with the commercialized Bm86 and other Bm86 homologoue sequences available in GenBank. Our in silico predictions resulted in the identification of seven epidermal growth factor (EGF)-like domains, one hydrophobic transmembrane region, one leader sequence and several glycosylation sites within the structure of both Hao3 and Bm86 proteins, which suggested the pattern of extracellular membrane-bound glycoproteins with the role of regulation in cell growth for both proteins. Moreover, while the nucleotide and amino acid sequences corresponding to Bm86 homologue showed a high level of conservation among the Iranian isolates (Hao3, Hao3-1 and Hao3-2, more than 99%), the Hao3 amino acid sequence had a homology of around 89%, 64% and 65% with that of Indian, Australian and Argentinean isolates, respectively. This indicated a considerable variation between commercial Bm86 antigen and H. a. anatolicum Bm86-like protein of Iranian and Indian isolates. Taking together, these results imply that the efficiency of commercial Bm86-based vaccine against the Iranian H. a. anatolicum may be under the question and indicates the value of the development of Hao3-based recombinant vaccines and further planning for their in vivo evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Mahmoud Ebrahimi
- Department of Biotechnology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute (RVSRI), P.O. Box 31975/148, Karaj, Tehran, Iran.
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Hajdusek O, Almazán C, Loosova G, Villar M, Canales M, Grubhoffer L, Kopacek P, de la Fuente J. Characterization of ferritin 2 for the control of tick infestations. Vaccine 2010; 28:2993-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2009] [Revised: 02/02/2010] [Accepted: 02/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Patarroyo J, Vargas M, González C, Guzmán F, Martins-Filho O, Afonso L, Valente F, Peconick A, Marciano A, Patarroyo A, Sossai S. Immune response of bovines stimulated by synthetic vaccine SBm7462® against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2009; 166:333-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2009] [Revised: 08/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Almazán C, Lagunes R, Villar M, Canales M, Rosario-Cruz R, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Identification and characterization of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus candidate protective antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. Parasitol Res 2009; 106:471-9. [PMID: 19943063 PMCID: PMC2797406 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-009-1689-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The cattle ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The recombinant Rhipicephalus microplus Bm86 antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. However, variable efficacy of Bm86-based vaccines against geographic tick strains has encouraged the research for additional tick-protective antigens. Herein, we describe the analysis of R. microplus glutathione-S transferase, ubiquitin (UBQ), selenoprotein W, elongation factor-1 alpha, and subolesin (SUB) complementary DNAs (cDNAs) by RNA interference (RNAi) in R. microplus and Rhipicephalus annulatus. Candidate protective antigens were selected for vaccination experiments based on the effect of gene knockdown on tick mortality, feeding, and fertility. Two cDNA clones encoding for UBQ and SUB were used for cattle vaccination and infestation with R. microplus and R. annulatus. Control groups were immunized with recombinant Bm86 or adjuvant/saline. The highest vaccine efficacy for the control of tick infestations was obtained for Bm86. Although with low immunogenic response, the results with the SUB vaccine encourage further investigations on the use of recombinant subolesin alone or in combination with other antigens for the control of cattle tick infestations. The UBQ peptide showed low immunogenicity, and the results of the vaccination trial were inconclusive to assess the protective efficacy of this antigen. These experiments showed that RNAi could be used for the selection of candidate tick-protective antigens. However, vaccination trials are necessary to evaluate the effect of recombinant antigens in the control of tick infestations, a process that requires efficient recombinant protein production and formulation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Almazán
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Km. 5 carretera Victoria-Mante, CP 87000, Victoria, Tamaulipas, Mexico
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Population structure of Australian isolates of the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Vet Parasitol 2009; 161:283-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2009.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2008] [Revised: 01/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Canales M, Almazán C, Naranjo V, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Vaccination with recombinant Boophilus annulatus Bm86 ortholog protein, Ba86, protects cattle against B. annulatus and B. microplus infestations. BMC Biotechnol 2009; 9:29. [PMID: 19335900 PMCID: PMC2667501 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/31/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The cattle ticks, Boophilus spp., affect cattle production in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The recombinant B. microplus Bm86 protective antigen has been shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. Recently, the gene coding for B. annulatus Bm86 ortholog, Ba86, was cloned and the recombinant protein was secreted and purified from the yeast Pichia pastoris. Results Recombinant Ba86 (Israel strain) was used to immunize cattle to test its efficacy for the control of B. annulatus (Mercedes, Texas, USA strain) and B. microplus (Susceptible, Mexico strain) infestations. Bm86 (Gavac and Mozambique strain) and adjuvant/saline were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Vaccination with Ba86 reduced tick infestations (71% and 40%), weight (8% and 15%), oviposition (22% and 5%) and egg fertility (25% and 50%) for B. annulatus and B. microplus, respectively. The efficacy of both Ba86 and Bm86 was higher for B. annulatus than for B. microplus. The efficacy of Ba86 was higher for B. annulatus (83.0%) than for B. microplus (71.5%). The efficacy of Bm86 (Gavac; 85.2%) but not Bm86 (Mozambique strain; 70.4%) was higher than that of Ba86 (71.5%) on B. microplus. However, the efficacy of Bm86 (both Gavac and Mozambique strain; 99.6%) was higher than that of Ba86 (83.0%) on B. annulatus. Conclusion These experiments showed the efficacy of recombinant Ba86 for the control of B. annulatus and B. microplus infestations in cattle and suggested that physiological differences between B. microplus and B. annulatus and those encoded in the sequence of Bm86 orthologs may be responsible for the differences in susceptibility of these tick species to Bm86 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Canales
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Labruna MB, Naranjo V, Mangold AJ, Thompson C, Estrada-Peña A, Guglielmone AA, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Allopatric speciation in ticks: genetic and reproductive divergence between geographic strains of Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. BMC Evol Biol 2009; 9:46. [PMID: 19243585 PMCID: PMC2656471 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2148-9-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2008] [Accepted: 02/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cattle tick, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, economically impact cattle industry in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. The morphological and genetic differences among R. microplus strains have been documented in the literature, suggesting that biogeographical and ecological separation may have resulted in boophilid ticks from America/Africa and those from Australia being different species. To test the hypothesis of the presence of different boophilid species, herein we performed a series of experiments to characterize the reproductive performance of crosses between R. microplus from Australia, Africa and America and the genetic diversity of strains from Australia, Asia, Africa and America. RESULTS The results showed that the crosses between Australian and Argentinean or Mozambican strains of boophilid ticks are infertile while crosses between Argentinean and Mozambican strains are fertile. These results showed that tick strains from Africa (Mozambique) and America (Argentina) are the same species, while ticks from Australia may actually represent a separate species. The genetic analysis of mitochondrial 12S and 16S rDNA and microsatellite loci were not conclusive when taken separately, but provided evidence that Australian tick strains were genetically different from Asian, African and American strains. CONCLUSION The results reported herein support the hypothesis that at least two different species share the name R. microplus. These species could be redefined as R. microplus (Canestrini, 1887) (for American and African strains) and probably the old R. australis Fuller, 1899 (for Australian strains), which needs to be redescribed. However, experiments with a larger number of tick strains from different geographic locations are needed to corroborate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo B Labruna
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Victoria Naranjo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Atilio J Mangold
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Carolina Thompson
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Agustín Estrada-Peña
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Zaragoza, Miguel Servet 177, 50013-Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Alberto A Guglielmone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Rafaela, CC 22, CP 2300 Rafaela, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Frans Jongejan
- Utrecht Centre for Tick-borne Diseases (UCTD), Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584CL, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X04, 0110, Onderstepoort, South Africa
| | - José de la Fuente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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Canales M, de la Lastra JMP, Naranjo V, Nijhof AM, Hope M, Jongejan F, de la Fuente J. Expression of recombinant Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, R. annulatus and R. decoloratus Bm86 orthologs as secreted proteins in Pichia pastoris. BMC Biotechnol 2008; 8:14. [PMID: 18275601 PMCID: PMC2262073 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-8-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2007] [Accepted: 02/14/2008] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) spp. ticks economically impact on cattle production in Africa and other tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Tick vaccines constitute a cost-effective and environmentally friendly alternative to tick control. The R. microplus Bm86 protective antigen has been produced by recombinant DNA technology and shown to protect cattle against tick infestations. Results In this study, the genes for Bm86 (R. microplus), Ba86 (R. annulatus) and Bd86 (R. decoloratus) were cloned and characterized from African or Asian tick strains and the recombinant proteins were secreted and purified from P. pastoris. The secretion of recombinant Bm86 ortholog proteins in P. pastoris allowed for a simple purification process rendering a final product with high recovery (35–42%) and purity (80–85%) and likely to result in a more reproducible conformation closely resembling the native protein. Rabbit immunization experiments with recombinant proteins showed immune cross-reactivity between Bm86 ortholog proteins. Conclusion These experiments support the development and testing of vaccines containing recombinant Bm86, Ba86 and Bd86 secreted in P. pastoris for the control of tick infestations in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Canales
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (CSIC-UCLM-JCCM), Ronda de Toledo s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Peconick AP, Sossai S, Girão FA, Rodrigues MQRB, Souza E Silva CH, Guzman Q F, Patarroyo V AM, Vargas MI, Patarroyo JH. Synthetic vaccine (SBm7462) against the cattle tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus: preservation of immunogenic determinants in different strains from South America. Exp Parasitol 2007; 119:37-43. [PMID: 18226809 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2007] [Revised: 11/16/2007] [Accepted: 12/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The synthetic vaccine SBm7462 is based on three immunogenic epitopes (4822, 4823 and 4824) contained within protein Bm86 derived from the Australian Yeerongpilly strain of the tick Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus. Twenty strains of the tick originating from Brazil, Argentina, Colombia and Uruguay were analysed in order to identify differences compared with sequences present in components of vaccine SBm7462. For each parasite population, three cDNA fragments containing the nucleotides coding for the epitopes 4822, 4824 and 4823 were sequenced, and the amino acid sequences were deduced and compared with those of the homologous bm86 gene. The results indicate that the epitope sequences of vaccine SBm7462 are conserved in the South American populations of the tick. The conservation of such sequences is very important for the immunological response of different populations of R. (B.) microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A P Peconick
- Laboratório de Biologia e Controle de Hematozoários e Vetores, DVT, Instituto de Biotecnologia Aplicada A Agropecuária-BIOAGRO, Universidade Federal de Viçosa-BIOAGRO, Campus Universitario, 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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Sossai S, Peconick AP, Sales-Junior PA, Marcelino FC, Vargas MI, Neves ES, Patarroyo JH. Polymorphism of the bm86 gene in South American strains of the cattle tick Boophilus microplus. EXPERIMENTAL & APPLIED ACAROLOGY 2005; 37:199-214. [PMID: 16323051 DOI: 10.1007/s10493-005-3262-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Accepted: 09/13/2005] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirty Boophilus microplus strains from various geographic regions of Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, Venezuela and Colombia were analyzed for the bm86 and bm95 gene. A fragment of cDNA of 794 base pairs of the parasite larvae, included between nucleotides 278-1071s, was amplified and cloned on the pGEM-T vector. Two random clones were sequenced for each population and the nucleotides 278-1071 and predicted amino acid sequences compared with the bm86 and bm95 genes. Variations from 1.76 to 3.65% were detected in the nucleotides sequence when compared with the homologous sequence of the bm86 gene and a 3.4-6.08% in the homologous amino acid sequence of the Bm86 protein. When the sequences obtained were compared with the bm95 gene, variations from 0.50 to 3.15% were detected. Variations from 1.14 to 4.56% were detected for the Bm95 protein homologous sequences in the deduced amino acid sequence. Only five of the 30 strains analyzed presented two different types of alleles expressed and the two alleles of the Alegre population and allele 1 of the Betim population were the most divergent of all those analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidimar Sossai
- Laboratory of Biology and Control of Haematozoa and Vectors, BIOAGRO/Veterinary Department, Federal University of Viçosa, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
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de la Fuente J, Almazán C, Van Den Bussche RA, Bowman J, Yoshioka JH, Kocan KM. Characterization of genetic diversity in Dermacentor andersoni (Acari: Ixodidae) with body size and weight polymorphism. Exp Parasitol 2004; 109:16-26. [PMID: 15639135 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2004.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2004] [Revised: 10/22/2004] [Accepted: 10/22/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphological and discrete genetic differences are found between geographically isolated, allopatric, tick populations. However, we have found differences in sympatric tick populations. Notable differences were found in the body size and weight of Dermacentor andersoni collected from a single location in Montana, USA. These ticks were separated in groups consisting of big (B) and small (S) individuals. The objectives of this study were: (a) to characterize genetic diversity in B and S D. andersoni individuals, (b) to evaluate transmissibility of the character associated with body size and weight, and (c) to correlate morphological differences with biological, physiological, and behavioral characteristics. We found extensive genetic variation in 16S rDNA and ITS2 loci in B and S ticks and demonstrated genetic differentiation between B and S individuals. We further provide some support for Mendelian autosomal dominant transmission of characters associated with tick body size and weight. The results reported herein show that B ticks have a better reproductive success than S ticks and suggest partial reproductive isolation of S ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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Medintz IL, Berti L, Emrich CA, Tom J, Scherer JR, Mathies RA. Genotyping Energy-Transfer-Cassette-labeled Short-Tandem-Repeat Amplicons with Capillary Array Electrophoresis Microchannel Plates. Clin Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/47.9.1614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Genetic analysis of microsatellite DNA is a powerful tool used in linkage analysis, gene mapping, and clinical diagnosis. To address the expanding needs of studies of short tandem repeats (STRs), we demonstrated high-performance STR analysis on a high-throughput microchannel plate-based platform.
Methods: Energy-transfer-cassette-labeled STR amplicons were separated and typed on a microfabricated 96-channel radial capillary array electrophoresis (CAE) microchannel plate system. Four-color detection was accomplished with a laser-excited confocal fluorescence rotary scanner.
Results: Multiplex STR analysis with single base-pair resolution was demonstrated on denaturing polyacrylamide gel media. The high-throughput multiplex capabilities of this genetic analysis platform were demonstrated by the simultaneous separation of STR amplicons representing 122 samples in ninety-six 5.5-cm-long channels in <8 min. Sizing values obtained for these amplicons on the CAE microchannel plate were comparable to those measured on a conventional commercial CAE instrument and exhibit <1% sizing variance.
Conclusions: Energy-transfer-cassette labeling and microfabricated CAE microchannel plates allow high-performance multiplex STR analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor L Medintz
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Lorenzo Berti
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Charles A Emrich
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Jennifer Tom
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - James R Scherer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
| | - Richard A Mathies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720
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