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Wang Q, Muhammad TA, Muhammad WH, Muhammad AM, Muhammad H, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. Haemonchus contortus hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 59 with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid): A promising nanovaccine candidate against Haemonchus contortus infection. Vet Parasitol 2021; 292:109398. [PMID: 33677347 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma-associated antigen 59 (HCA59), one of significant excretory/secretory products of Haemonchus contortus (HcESPs), is identified to have immunomodulatory eff ;ects on host cells. However, protection potential of the molecule in H. contortus remains poorly understood. In this study, H. contortus recombinant HCA59 protein amalgamated with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticle adjuvant was tested for its protection against H. contortus infection in goats. Fifteen goats were allocated into three groups. On days 0 and 14, rHCA59 group was immunized with PLGA nanoparticles encapsulated with recombinant protein HCA59 (rHCA59-PLGA) respectively. Positive control group was unvaccinated, but challenged with H. contortus third stage larvae (L3). Negative control group was unvaccinated and unchallenged with L3. Goats in rHCA59 group and positive control group were challenged with 8000 H. contortus L3 after 14 days of the second immunization. Following immunization, high level of sera IgG, IgA, and IgE, as well as significantly high production of IL-4 and IL-9 was produced in rHCA59 group. After L3 challenge, the level of IL-17 and TGF-β in rHCA59 group increased obviously. Meanwhile, the fecal eggs and the abomasal worm burdens in rHCA59 group was reduced by 44.1 % and 54.6 %, respectively. The studies suggested that rHCA59-PLGA nanoparticles conferred partial protection and could be a good candidate for the development of nanovaccines against H. contortus infection in goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- QiangQiang Wang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Tahir Aleem Muhammad
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Waqqas Hasan Muhammad
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Ali Memon Muhammad
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - Haseeb Muhammad
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - LiXin Xu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - XiaoKai Song
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
| | - XiangRui Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Zawawi A, Else KJ. Soil-Transmitted Helminth Vaccines: Are We Getting Closer? Front Immunol 2020; 11:576748. [PMID: 33133094 PMCID: PMC7565266 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.576748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminths infect over one-fourth of the human population resulting in significant morbidity, and in some cases, death in endemic countries. Despite mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children and other control measures, helminth infections are spreading into new areas. Thus, there is a strong rationale for developing anthelminthic vaccines as cost-effective, long-term immunological control strategies, which, unlike MDA, are not haunted by the threat of emerging drug-resistant helminths nor limited by reinfection risk. Advances in vaccinology, immunology, and immunomics include the development of new tools that improve the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of vaccines; and some of these tools have been used in the development of helminth vaccines. The development of anthelminthic vaccines is fraught with difficulty. Multiple lifecycle stages exist each presenting stage-specific antigens. Further, helminth parasites are notorious for their ability to dampen down and regulate host immunity. One of the first significant challenges in developing any vaccine is identifying suitable candidate protective antigens. This review explores our current knowledge in lead antigen identification and reports on recent pre-clinical and clinical trials in the context of the soil-transmitted helminths Trichuris, the hookworms and Ascaris. Ultimately, a multivalent anthelminthic vaccine could become an essential tool for achieving the medium-to long-term goal of controlling, or even eliminating helminth infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayat Zawawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia,*Correspondence: Ayat Zawawi
| | - Kathryn J. Else
- Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Biology, Medicine, and Health, School of Biological Sciences, Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom,Kathryn J. Else
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Lin B, Qing X, Liao J, Zhuo K. Role of Protein Glycosylation in Host-Pathogen Interaction. Cells 2020; 9:E1022. [PMID: 32326128 PMCID: PMC7226260 DOI: 10.3390/cells9041022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-pathogen interactions are fundamental to our understanding of infectious diseases. Protein glycosylation is one kind of common post-translational modification, forming glycoproteins and modulating numerous important biological processes. It also occurs in host-pathogen interaction, affecting host resistance or pathogen virulence often because glycans regulate protein conformation, activity, and stability, etc. This review summarizes various roles of different glycoproteins during the interaction, which include: host glycoproteins prevent pathogens as barriers; pathogen glycoproteins promote pathogens to attack host proteins as weapons; pathogens glycosylate proteins of the host to enhance virulence; and hosts sense pathogen glycoproteins to induce resistance. In addition, this review also intends to summarize the roles of lectin (a class of protein entangled with glycoprotein) in host-pathogen interactions, including bacterial adhesins, viral lectins or host lectins. Although these studies show the importance of protein glycosylation in host-pathogen interaction, much remains to be discovered about the interaction mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Borong Lin
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Xue Qing
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China;
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Eco-Engineering Polytechnic, Guangzhou 510520, China
| | - Kan Zhuo
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; (B.L.); (J.L.)
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Jayaraj R, Kumarasamy C, Norbury L, Piedrafita D, Smooker P. Protective efficacy of liver fluke DNA vaccines: A systematic review and meta-analysis: Guiding novel vaccine development. Vet Parasitol 2019; 267:90-98. [PMID: 30878093 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The immunogenicity and efficacy of Fasciola DNA vaccines have not yet been comprehensively summarised in the form of a systematic review and meta-analysis. Though multiple vaccine studies with respect to Fasciola vaccines exist, the variance in the experimental parameters has made comparison difficult. We conducted a bibliographic database search in Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane Library, EMBASE and Web of Science databases, limited to publications from 1998 to 2017. The key words: Liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, Fasciola gigantica, DNA vaccination, and immunogenicity were used in combination to form search strings. A total of 4760 studies were identified after initial screening, of which 14 qualified for systematic review and 7 for meta-analysis. The mean Odds Ratio (OR) for all studies was 0.565 (95% confidence interval (CI) of 0.293 to 1.087), which means the percentage of protection in terms of decreased fluke burden in animals vaccinated with DNA vaccines was 43.5%. A moderate protective efficacy was observed for cysteine protease and phosphoglycerate kinase vaccine antigen candidates (pooled OR and 95% CI, [0.542; 0.179-1.721] and [0.616; 0.219-1.735], respectively). Vaccine effectiveness was observed in individual studies and cohorts; however, the overall pooled efficacy for all vaccine candidates was found to be non-significant. Despite multiple individual studies showing promising results for various DNA vaccine candidates against fascioliasis, the pooled studies showed the non-significant effect of the vaccine formulations against fluke burden, and displayed minimal protective efficacy against Fasciola infection. Though promising results are observed in isolated studies, further animal trials with standardised experimental parameters are required to develop new vaccine candidates effective against Fasciola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Jayaraj
- Yellow 1.1.05, Charles Darwin University, Ellengowan Drive, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia.
| | - Chellan Kumarasamy
- University of Adelaide, North Terrace Campus, Adelaide, South Australia, 5005, Australia
| | - Luke Norbury
- School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Vic, 3083, Australia
| | - David Piedrafita
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Federation University, Northways Road, Churchill, Australia
| | - Peter Smooker
- Building 223, Level 1, Room 29, School of Science, RMIT University, Bundoora West Campus, PO Box 71, Bundoora, Vic, 3083 Australia
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Ehsan M, Wang W, Gadahi JA, Hasan MW, Lu M, Wang Y, Liu X, Haseeb M, Yan R, Xu L, Song X, Li X. The Serine/Threonine-Protein Phosphatase 1 From Haemonchus contortus Is Actively Involved in Suppressive Regulatory Roles on Immune Functions of Goat Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1627. [PMID: 30061894 PMCID: PMC6054924 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Serine/threonine-protein phosphatases (STPs), as integral constituents of parasitic excretory/secretory proteins, are assumed to be released during the host–parasite interactions. However, knowledge about these phosphatases and their immunoregulatory and immune protective efficiencies with host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) is scant. In this study, an open reading frame of STP from Haemonchus contortus designated as HcSTP-1 was amplified and cloned using reverse-transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. The 951-bp nucleotides sequence was encoded to a protein of 316 amino acid residues, conserved in characteristics motifs GDXHG, GDYVDRG, GNHE, HGG, RG, and H. The HcSTP-1 protein was detected at approximately 35 kDa as recombinant protein fused in an expression vector system and resolved on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Immunohistochemically, HcSTP-1 was found to be localized in both male and female adult worm sections. Using immunofluorescence assay, the binding activity of rHcSTP-1 was confirmed on surface of goat PBMCs, which resulted in expression of multiple cytokines and various immunoregulatory activities in vitro. The RT-PCR results showed that mRNA level of interleukin-2, TGF-β1, IFN-γ, and IL-17 (with 10 µg/ml) was upregulated and IL-10 was decreased. However, IL-6 showed no change after PBMCs incubated with rHcSTP-1 protein. Further functional analysis showed that migratory activity of cells, intracellular nitrite production (NO), and apoptotic efficiency of PBMCs were elevated at significant level, whereas the proliferation of goat PBMCs and monocytes-associated major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-I and MHC-II expressions were decreased significantly at concentration-dependent fashion. Our results showed that the HcSTP-1 protein engaged in vital suppressive regulatory roles on host immune cells, which might represent a potential molecular target for controlling H. contortus infection in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ehsan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - WenJuan Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Javaid Ali Gadahi
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Waqqas Hasan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - MingMin Lu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - YuJian Wang
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - XinChao Liu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Muhammad Haseeb
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - RuoFeng Yan
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - LiXin Xu
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - XiaoKai Song
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - XiangRui Li
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Tian AL, Lu M, Calderón-Mantilla G, Petsalaki E, Dottorini T, Tian X, Wang Y, Huang SY, Hou JL, Li X, Elsheikha HM, Zhu XQ. A recombinant Fasciola gigantica 14-3-3 epsilon protein (rFg14-3-3e) modulates various functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:152. [PMID: 29510740 PMCID: PMC5840819 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-2745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular structure of Fasciola gigantica 14-3-3 protein has been characterized. However, the involvement of this protein in parasite pathogenesis remains elusive and its effect on the functions of innate immune cells is unknown. We report on the cloning and expression of a recombinant F. gigantica 14-3-3 epsilon protein (rFg14-3-3e), and testing its effects on specific functions of goat peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Methods rFg14-3-3e protein was expressed in Pichia pastoris. Western blot and immunofluorescence assay (IFA) were used to examine the reactivity of rFg14-3-3e protein to anti-F. gigantica and anti-rFg14-3-3e antibodies, respectively. Various assays were used to investigate the stimulatory effects of the purified rFg14-3-3e protein on specific functions of goat PBMCs, including cytokine secretion, proliferation, migration, nitric oxide (NO) production, phagocytosis, and apoptotic capabilities. Potential protein interactors of rFg14-3-3e were identified by querying the databases Intact, String, BioPlex and BioGrid. A Total Energy analysis of each of the identified interaction was performed. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was conducted using Funcassociate 3.0. Results Sequence analysis revealed that rFg14-3-3e protein had 100% identity to 14-3-3 protein from Fasciola hepatica. Western blot analysis showed that rFg14-3-3e protein is recognized by sera from goats experimentally infected with F. gigantica and immunofluorescence staining using rat anti-rFg14-3-3e antibodies demonstrated the specific binding of rFg14-3-3e protein to the surface of goat PBMCs. rFg14-3-3e protein stimulated goat PBMCs to produce interleukin-10 (IL-10) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), corresponding with low levels of IL-4 and interferon gamma (IFN-γ). Also, this recombinant protein promoted the release of NO and cell apoptosis, and inhibited the proliferation and migration of goat PBMCs and suppressed monocyte phagocytosis. Homology modelling revealed 65% identity between rFg14-3-3e and human 14-3-3 protein YWHAE. GO enrichment analysis of the interacting proteins identified terms related to apoptosis, protein binding, locomotion, hippo signalling and leukocyte and lymphocyte differentiation, supporting the experimental findings. Conclusions Our data suggest that rFg14-3-3e protein can influence various cellular and immunological functions of goat PBMCs in vitro and may be involved in mediating F. gigantica pathogenesis. Because of its involvement in F. gigantica recognition by innate immune cells, rFg14-3-3e protein may have applications for development of diagnostics and therapeutic interventions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13071-018-2745-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Ling Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - MingMin Lu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Guillermo Calderón-Mantilla
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Evangelia Petsalaki
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory-European Bioinformatics Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, CB10 1SD, UK
| | - Tania Dottorini
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - XiaoWei Tian
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - YuJian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou, Jiangsu Province, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Ling Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - XiangRui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Hany M Elsheikha
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK.
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu Province, 730046, People's Republic of China.
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ARAVIND M, SARAVANAN BC, MANJUNATHACHAR HV, SANKAR M, SARAVANAN R, PRASAD A, MILTON AAP, PRIYA GBHUVANA. Molecular expression and characterization of GCP7 gene of Haemonchus contortus. THE INDIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v87i11.75853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus is a highly pathogenic and most economically important parasite of sheep and goats worldwide. The cysteine proteases from H. contortus are prime targets for vaccine development. In the present communication we report the molecular expression and characterization of cathepsin B-like cysteine protease, GCP7 gene of H. contortus to study its efficiency as target protein for immunoprophylaxis against haemonchosis in sheep and goats. The complete ORF of GCP7 gene, devoid of the signal sequence, was amplified by RT-PCR from mRNA isolated from H. contortus and was cloned initially into pTZ57R/T cloning vector and then sub-cloned in the pET32a(+) expression vector to produce GCP7 antigen. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the GCP7 was aligned against the related sequences of H. contortus available in public domain for in silico analysis by DNA STAR and MEGA version 4.0 softwares. The nucleotide sequence revealed that the GCP7 gene of H.contortus (Indian isolate) encodes 324 amino acids (devoid of signal sequence) and its nucleotide sequence had 95.9% to 99.4% sequence homology with that of U.S.A. and previously published Indian isolates. A high level expression of recombinant (r) GCP7 protein was observed in the molecular range (Mr) of 55 kDa. The rGCP7 protein was confirmed by its specific immunoreactivity against known reference positive sheep sera.
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Hemici A, Benerbaiha RS, Bendjeddou D. Purification and biochemical characterization of a 22-kDa stable cysteine- like protease from the excretory-secretory product of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica by using conventional techniques. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2017; 1068-1069:268-276. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.10.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Matthews JB, Geldhof P, Tzelos T, Claerebout E. Progress in the development of subunit vaccines for gastrointestinal nematodes of ruminants. Parasite Immunol 2017; 38:744-753. [PMID: 27726158 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The global increase in anthelmintic resistant nematodes of ruminants, together with consumer concerns about chemicals in food, necessitates the development of alternative methods of control for these pathogens. Subunit recombinant vaccines are ideally placed to fill this gap. Indeed, they are probably the only valid option for the long-term control of ruminant parasitic nematodes given the increasing ubiquity of multidrug resistance in a range of worm species across the world. The development of a subunit multicellular parasite vaccine to the point of practical application would be a groundbreaking step in the control of these important endemic infections of livestock. This review summarizes the current status of subunit vaccine development for a number of important gastrointestinal nematodes of cattle and sheep, with a focus on the limitations and problems encountered thus far, and suggestions as to how these hurdles might be overcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Matthews
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Geldhof
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T Tzelos
- Vaccines Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Edinburgh, UK
| | - E Claerebout
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Liu Q, Huang SY, Yue DM, Wang JL, Wang Y, Li X, Zhu XQ. Proteomic analysis of Fasciola hepatica excretory and secretory products (FhESPs) involved in interacting with host PBMCs and cytokines by shotgun LC-MS/MS. Parasitol Res 2016; 116:627-635. [PMID: 27866265 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5327-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Fasciola hepatica is a helminth parasite with a worldwide distribution, which can cause chronic liver disease, fasciolosis, leading to economic losses in the livestock and public health in many countries. Control is mostly reliant on the use of drugs, and as a result, drug resistance has now emerged. The identification of F. hepatica genes involved in interaction between the parasite and host immune system is utmost important to elucidate the evasion mechanisms of the parasite and develop more effective strategies against fasciolosis. In this study, we aimed to identify molecules in F. hepatica excretory and secretory products (FhESPs) interacting with the host peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), Th1-like cytokines (IL2 and IFN-γ), and Th17-like cytokines (IL17) by Co-IP combined with tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that 14, 16, and 9 proteins in FhESPs could bind with IL2, IL17, and IFN-γ, respectively, which indicated that adult F. hepatica may evade the host immune responses through directly interplaying with cytokines. In addition, nine proteins in FhESPs could adhere to PBMCs. Our findings provided potential targets as immuno-regulators, and will be helpful to elucidate the molecular basis of host-parasite interactions and search for new potential proteins as vaccine and drug target candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, People's Republic of China
| | - Si-Yang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dong-Mei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin-Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujian Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangrui Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing-Quan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730046, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009, People's Republic of China
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Pfukenyi DM, Mukaratirwa S. A review of the epidemiology and control of gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle in Zimbabwe. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 80:612. [PMID: 24396919 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v80i1.612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
In this review, the main gastrointestinal nematodes infecting cattle in Zimbabwe and the epidemiological factors influencing their occurrence are reviewed and discussed. Nineteen gastrointestinal nematode species that belong to seven families have been found to occur in cattle in Zimbabwe. The main genera reported to date are Cooperia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus and Oesophagostomum and the dominant species are Cooperia pectinata, Cooperia punctata, Haemonchus placei and Trichostrongylus axei. The mixed infection by several species from the genera is the cause of parasitic gastroenteritis in cattle in Zimbabwe. Production and husbandry practices, season, host age and environment are considered to be the main factors that influence gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle. The geographical distribution of the gastrointestinal nematodes is also reviewed in relation to the climatic conditions of the country. Various control options are discussed and how they are applicable to the Zimbabwean situation. Based on reports and existing data on the epidemiological features of the gastrointestinal nematode infection in cattle, practical control measures are critically reviewed and recommendations are made for a national control programme.
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Allaie IM, Prasad A, Sankar M. Cysteine proteinase genes in Indian strain of Haemonchus contortus. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2014; 196:117-21. [PMID: 25239651 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2014.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The genes of microvillar cysteine proteinases such as hmcp1, hmcp6 and gcp7 of phenotypically distinct morphotypes of female H. contortus having knobbed and linguiform vulvar flaps were cloned and characterized. Complementary DNA (cDNA) was synthesized from total RNA of both the morphotypes. The hmcp1, hmcp6 and gcp7 genes were amplified from cDNA. The amplicons were cloned in pDRIVE T/A cloning vector and sequenced by Sanger's dideoxy method. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were compared with the USA/UK strain H. contortus cysteine proteinase sequences. The cysteine proteinase genes of Indian strain show considerable variations with USA/UK strains. Our results revealed that Indian strain of H. contortus expresses both UK strain (hmcp1 and 6) and USA strain (gcp7) cysteine proteinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- I M Allaie
- Network Programme on GI Parasitism, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India.
| | - A Prasad
- Network Programme on GI Parasitism, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
| | - M Sankar
- Network Programme on GI Parasitism, Division of Parasitology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Bareilly 243122, India
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13
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Zhou QJ, Yang Y, Guo XL, Duan LJ, Chen XQ, Yan BL, Zhang HL, Du AF. Expression of Caenorhabditis elegans-expressed Trans-HPS, partial aminopeptidase H11 from Haemonchus contortus. Exp Parasitol 2014; 145:87-98. [PMID: 25128369 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Aminopeptidase H11 present in the surface of intestine microvilli in Haemonchus contortus was identified as the most effective antigen candidate. However, its recombinant forms produced in Escherichiacoli, insect cells and yeast could not provide promising protection against H. contortus challenge, probably due to the inappropriate glycosylation and/or conformational folding. Herein, partial H11 containing the potential zinc-binding domain and two predicted glycosylation sites (nt 1 bp-1710 bp, Trans-HPS) was subcloned downstream of 5' flanking region of Caenorhabditis elegans cpr-1 gene in pPD95.77 vector, with the deletion of GFP gene. The recombinant was expressed in C. elegans and verified by blotting with anti-H11 and anti-Trans-HPS rabbit polyclonal antibodies and anti-His monoclonal antibody. Stably inherited Trans-HPS in worm descendants was achieved by integration using UV irradiation. Immunization with the crude Trans-HPS extracted from transgenic worms resulted in 37.71% reduction in faecal egg counts (FEC) (P<0.05) and 24.91% reduction in worm burden, but an upward curve with moderate rate of daily FEC in goats. These results suggested an apparent delay against H. contortus egg-laying in goats, which differed from that with bacteria-origin form of partial H11 (nt 670 bp-1710 bp, HPS) (26.04% reduction in FEC and 18.46% reduction in worm burden). These findings indicate the feasibility of sufficient C. elegans-expressed H11 for the immunological research and vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Jin Zhou
- School of Marine Science, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, China; Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Lu Guo
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Li-Jun Duan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xue-Qiu Chen
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bao-Long Yan
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong-Li Zhang
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ai-Fang Du
- Institute of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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de la Fuente J, Kocan KM. Advances in the identification and characterization of protective antigens for recombinant vaccines against tick infestations. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 2:583-93. [PMID: 14711342 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.4.583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ticks are economically important ectoparasites of domestic and wild animals and are considered to be second worldwide to mosquitoes as vectors of human pathogens. Current control methods for ticks, based primarily on the use of acaricides, have had limited efficacy in the reduction of tick infestations and the use of acaricides is often accompanied by serious drawbacks, including selection of acaricide-resistant ticks and environmental contamination. Development of improved vaccines against tick infestations offers a cost-effective and environmentally sound control method. Commercial vaccines currently marketed for control of cattle ticks have been effective in field studies when used in concert with integrated control strategies. However, new antigens are needed to increase the efficacy of tick vaccines. Although a limited number of protective antigens against tick infestations have been identified and characterized, discovery of new antigens remains the limiting step for improving the efficacy of tick vaccines. Recent technologies developed for gene discovery, including expression library immunization and evaluation of expressed sequence tags, show promise for rapid, systematic and global antigen screening and should provide a comprehensive approach to selection of candidate vaccine antigens. Design of future tick vaccines should target multiple tick species, as well as interfere with the transmission of pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- José de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA.
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15
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Martínez-Ibeas A, Perteguer M, González-Lanza C, Gárate T, Manga-González M. Analysis of an expressed sequence tag library from Dicrocoelium dentriticum. Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:287-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 06/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Haçarız O, Sayers G. Fasciola hepatica - where is 28S ribosomal RNA? Exp Parasitol 2013; 135:426-9. [PMID: 23954260 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/31/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Advanced molecular biology techniques are currently used to develop new effective strategies against fasciolosis. Assessment of the quality of extracted total RNA is an important step prior to commencing many molecular biology methods such as transcriptomics. However, RNA quality assessment is complicated for some organisms, including Fasciola hepatica, by the absence of a 28S rRNA peak/band, when assessed with modern protocols. In this study, electrophoretic profiles of F. hepatica ribosomal RNAs were evaluated using microfluidics capillary based and conventional non-denaturing gel electrophoresis methods. An important modification to recommended protocols, the exclusion of heat-denaturation step, in the microfluidics capillary based electrophoresis is critical to visualise the expected 28S rRNA and obtain an RNA integrity number (RIN). The intensity of the 28S rRNA band is reduced by the effect of non-denaturing gel electrophoresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orçun Haçarız
- TÜBİTAK Marmara Research Center, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Institute, P.O. Box 21, 41470 Gebze, Kocaeli, Turkey.
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Intranasal immunization of lambs with serine/threonine phosphatase 2A against gastrointestinal nematodes. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2013; 20:1352-9. [PMID: 23761655 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00336-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Seven 3-month-old, female, helminth-free lambs were immunized intranasally with three doses (1 mg total) of a recombinant part of the catalytic region of the serine/threonine phosphatase 2A (PP2Ar) (group 1 [G1]). In addition, four lambs were used as an adjuvant control group (G2), four as unimmunized, infected controls (G3), and four as unimmunized, uninfected controls (G4). Fifteen days after the last immunization, lambs from G1, G2, and G3 were challenged with 10,000 larval stage 3 (L3) organisms in a plurispecific nematode infection composed of ca. 40% Trichostrongylus colubriformis, 40% Haemonchus contortus, and 20% Teladorsagia circumcincta. All the lambs were clinically monitored throughout the experiment. Parasitological (fecal egg output and immunological response), biopathological (packed-cell volume and leukocyte and eosinophil counts), and zootechnical (live-weight gain) analyses were conducted. On day 105 of the experiment, all the animals were slaughtered and the adult worm population in their abomasa examined. Intranasal administration of PP2Ar with bacterial walls as an adjuvant elicited a strong immune response in the immunized lambs, as evidenced by their humoral immune response. Immunized animals and animals receiving the adjuvant shed significantly (P < 0.001) fewer numbers of parasites' eggs in their feces. The immunization significantly reduced the helminth burden in the abomasa by the end of the experiment (>68%), protection being provided against both Haemonchus and Teladorsagia. Live-weight gain in the immunized lambs was similar to that in the uninfected controls versus the infected or adjuvanted animal groups. Our results suggest that heterologous immunization of ruminants by intranasal administration may be efficacious in the struggle to control gastrointestinal helminths in these livestock.
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Li BW, Wang Z, Rush AC, Mitreva M, Weil GJ. Transcription profiling reveals stage- and function-dependent expression patterns in the filarial nematode Brugia malayi. BMC Genomics 2012; 13:184. [PMID: 22583769 PMCID: PMC3414817 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Brugia malayi is a nematode parasite that causes lymphatic filariasis, a disfiguring and disabiling tropical disease. Although a first draft genome sequence was released in 2007, very little is understood about transcription programs that govern developmental changes required for the parasite’s development and survival in its mammalian and insect hosts. Results We used a microarray with probes that represent some 85% of predicted genes to generate gene expression profiles for seven parasite life cycle stages/sexes. Approximately 41% of transcripts with detectable expression signals were differentially expressed across lifecycle stages. Twenty-six percent of transcripts were exclusively expressed in a single parasite stage, and 27% were expressed in all stages studied. K-means clustering of differentially expressed transcripts revealed five major transcription patterns that were associated with parasite lifecycle stages or gender. Examination of known stage-associated transcripts validated these data sets and suggested that newly identified stage or gender-associated transcripts may exercise biological functions in development and reproduction. The results also indicate that genes with similar transcription patterns were often involved in similar functions or cellular processes. For example, nuclear receptor family gene transcripts were upregulated in gene expression pattern four (female-enriched) while protein kinase gene family transcripts were upregulated in expression pattern five (male-enriched). We also used pair-wise comparisons to identify transcriptional changes between life cycle stages and sexes. Conclusions Analysis of gene expression patterns of lifecycle in B. malayi has provided novel insights into the biology of filarial parasites. Proteins encoded by stage-associated and/or stage-specific transcripts are likely to be critically important for key parasite functions such as establishment and maintenance of infection, development, reproduction, and survival in the host. Some of these may be useful targets for vaccines or new drug treatments for filariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben-Wen Li
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St, Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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20
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Immunization with crude antigens plus aluminium hydroxide protects cattle fromFasciola hepaticainfection. J Helminthol 2011; 86:64-9. [DOI: 10.1017/s0022149x11000022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe ability of total homogenate (TH) ofFasciola hepaticaconjugated with aluminium hydroxide (alum) or Freund's complete adjuvant (FCA) to protect cattle against experimental fasciolosis was evaluated. Compared with the infected group, the immunized animals with alum-TH and FCA-TH presented a significant reduction in fluke burden (85.9% and 96.8%, respectively), a higher percentage of short-sized worms, a marked reduction in the released eggs in faeces (89% and 57%, respectively), as well as an increased production of specific antibodies before infection. The alum-TH immunized group also showed a significant increase in the antigen-specific proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) as early as 4 weeks before infection. Although both immunized groups (alum-TH and FCA-TH) were able to develop an efficient protective immune response to metacercarial challenge, an earlier PBMC response, lower hepatic damage and less effect on weight gain were found in alum-immunized animals. Therefore, alum is a good candidate for future immunization against bovine fasciolosis.
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García-Coiradas L, Angulo-Cubillán F, Valladares B, Martínez E, de la Fuente C, Alunda JM, Cuquerella M. Immunization against Lamb Haemonchosis with a Recombinant Somatic Antigen of Haemonchus contortus (rHcp26/23). Vet Med Int 2010; 2010:852146. [PMID: 20631899 PMCID: PMC2902039 DOI: 10.4061/2010/852146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemonchosis, caused by the abomasal nematode Haemonchus contortus, is a common parasitic disease of sheep. Our previous results showed that a soluble fraction from adult stages of the nematode (p26/23) induced partial protection against challenge. Recombinant DNA technology was applied to obtain a synthetic protein (rHcp26/23). Immunological assays (ELISA, Western blotting, and immunolocalization), using sera from lambs immunized with p26/23, confirmed the identity of the recombinant protein and demonstrated that the synthetic protein is equivalent to the purified protein employed in the previous immunoprophylaxis studies. Vaccination of lambs with 300 mug of rHcp26/23 and Freund's adjuvant elicited a notable specific antibody response. Immunization did not induce any significant protection after challenge with 16000 infective larvae of H. contortus, and comparable values for parasite faecal egg output, packed cell volume, and abomasal parasite burdens were found in vaccinated and control animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia García-Coiradas
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Angulo-Cubillán
- Departamento de Enfermedades Transmisibles, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad del Zulia, 4005-A Maracaibo, Venezuela
| | - Basilio Valladares
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38271 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Enrique Martínez
- Departamento de Parasitología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de La Laguna, 38271 Tenerife, Spain
| | - Concepción de la Fuente
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José María Alunda
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Montserrat Cuquerella
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Immune responses generated by intramuscular DNA immunization of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) in mice. Parasitology 2009; 136:887-94. [DOI: 10.1017/s0031182009006143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYAn attempt was made to evaluate the immunoprophylactic efficacy of Brugia malayi transglutaminase (BmTGA) as a DNA vaccine, for human lymphatic filariasis. BmTGA was cloned and characterized in the DNA vaccine vector pVAX1. Further, the tissue distribution study of the DNA construct, pVAX-TGA was carried out in mice and the DNA vaccine was shown to be efficiently distributed to all the organs, was accessible to the immune system, and at the same time was metabolized quickly and did not pose problems of toxicity. Intramuscular immunization in mice showed significant antibody production and splenocyte proliferation upon antigenic stimulation. The immune responses were biased towards the Th1 arm, as evaluated in terms of isotype antibody distribution and cytokine profile. Thus, analysis of the humoral and cellular immune responses indicated that BmTGA is a potent immunogen. However, protection studies as determined by the micropore chamber method using live microfilarial larvae, showed that the DNA vaccine could confer only partial protection in the mouse model. We conclude that despite the induction of sufficient humoral and cellular immune responses, BmTGA as a DNA vaccine could not confer much protection against subsequent challenge and other aspects of the immune responses need to be further investigated.
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Reszka N, Rijsewijk FAM, Zelnik V, Moskwa B, Bieńkowska-Szewczyk K. Haemonchus contortus: characterization of the baculovirus expressed form of aminopeptidase H11. Exp Parasitol 2007; 117:208-13. [PMID: 17482594 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2007.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2006] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant form of Haemonchus contortus aminopeptidase H11, an intestinal membrane glycoprotein considered to be in its native form the most promising vaccine candidate, was produced in insect cells, characterised and tested in pilot vaccination-challenge trial on sheep. The sequence of the cloned gene, obtained by RT PCR isolated from adult worms, showed 97% identity to the highly immunogenic H11 clone, described by Graham et al., (database accession number AJ249941.1). A 1305 bp fragment of H11 was expressed in E. coli and used to raise a specific antiserum, which recognized recombinant forms of H11 and 110 kDa protein from H. contortus extract. H11 was expressed by baculovirus recombinants in insect cells in full length and as a fusion protein with H. contortus glutathione S-transferase (GST). The baculovirus produced recombinant antigens were used without adjuvants to immunize sheep, which resulted in 30% (full length H11) and 20% (GST-H11) reduction of worm burden. These animal experiments indicated that, although the protection induced by in vitro produced protein is lower than in case of H11 isolated from worms, recombinant forms of aminopeptidase may be considered as antigens for the control of haemonchosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Reszka
- University of Gdańsk, Department of Molecular Virology, Kładki 24, 80-822 Gdańsk, Poland
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24
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Vercauteren I, De Maere V, Vercruysse J, Stevens M, Gevaert K, Claerebout E. A small heat shock protein of Ostertagia ostertagi: stage-specific expression, heat inducibility, and protection trial. J Parasitol 2007; 92:1244-50. [PMID: 17304801 DOI: 10.1645/ge-871r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we isolated and analyzed a small heat shock protein (HSP) of Ostertagia ostertagi (Oo-HSP18). Oo-hsp18 is encoded by a single-copy gene and the full-length cDNA represents an 18-kDa protein. The expression of Oo-hsp18 is highly stage specific and restricted to the adult stage. The protein is synthesized in a tissue-specific manner and localized in the body muscle layer. The levels of Oo-hsp18 mRNAs are sharply induced by heat shock but not by other stressors such as levamisole and H2O2. A vaccination trial with recombinant Oo-HSP18 failed to protect calves against a challenge infection.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Western
- Cattle
- Cattle Diseases/prevention & control
- Cells, Cultured
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Helminth/chemistry
- DNA, Helminth/isolation & purification
- Gene Expression
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/biosynthesis
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/chemistry
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/genetics
- Heat-Shock Proteins, Small/immunology
- Hot Temperature
- Male
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Ostertagia/genetics
- Ostertagia/immunology
- Ostertagiasis/prevention & control
- Ostertagiasis/veterinary
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Spodoptera
- Transcription, Genetic
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vercauteren
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan, 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
Ticks are distributed worldwide and impact human and animal health, as well as food animal production. Control of ticks has been primarily by application of acaricides, which has resulted in selection of resistant ticks and environmental pollution. Vaccines have been shown to be a feasible tick control method that offers a cost-effective, environmentally friendly alternative to chemical control. However, identification of tick-protective antigens remains the limiting step in vaccine development. Tick antigens exposed naturally to the host during tick feeding and those concealed have both shown promise as candidate vaccine antigens. Development of vaccines against multiple tick species may be possible using highly conserved tick-protective antigens or by antigens showing immune cross-reaction to different tick species. Vaccines made from a combination of key protective antigens may greatly enhance vaccine efficacy. Preliminary studies have suggested the possibility of vaccine strategies directed toward both tick control and the blocking of pathogen transmission. Characterization of the tick genomes will have a great impact on the discovery of new protective antigens. The future of research directed toward tick vaccine development is exciting because of new and emerging technologies for gene discovery, and vaccine formulation and delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J de la Fuente
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary pathobiology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078-2007, USA.
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26
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Yu JJ, Kirkland TN, Hall LK, Wopschall J, Smith RC, Hung CY, Chen X, Tarcha E, Thomas PW, Cole GT. Characterization of a serodiagnostic complement fixation antigen of Coccidioides posadasii expressed in the nonpathogenic Fungus Uncinocarpus reesii. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43:5462-9. [PMID: 16272471 PMCID: PMC1287831 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.43.11.5462-5469.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Coccidioides spp. (immitis and posadasii) are the causative agents of human coccidioidomycosis. In this study, we developed a novel system to overexpress coccidioidal proteins in a nonpathogenic fungus, Uncinocarpus reesii, which is closely related to Coccidioides. A promoter derived from the heat shock protein gene (HSP60) of Coccidioides posadasii was used to control the transcription of the inserted gene in the constructed coccidioidal protein expression vector (pCE). The chitinase gene (CTS1) of C. posadasii, which encodes the complement fixation antigen, was expressed using this system. The recombinant Cts1 protein (rCts1(Ur)) was induced in pCE-CTS1-transformed U. reesii by elevating the cultivation temperature. The isolated rCts1(Ur) showed chitinolytic activity that was identical to that of the native protein and had serodiagnostic efficacy comparable to those of the commercially available antigens in immunodiffusion-complement fixation tests. Using the purified rCts1(Ur), 74 out of the 77 coccidioidomycosis patients examined (96.1%) were positively identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The rCts1(Ur) protein showed higher chitinolytic activity and slightly greater seroreactivity than the bacterially expressed recombinant Cts1. These data suggest that this novel expression system is a useful tool to produce coccidioidal antigens for use as diagnostic antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- J-J Yu
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Ohio, Toledo, Ohio, USA
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27
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Almazán C, Blas-Machado U, Kocan KM, Yoshioka JH, Blouin EF, Mangold AJ, de la Fuente J. Characterization of three Ixodes scapularis cDNAs protective against tick infestations. Vaccine 2005; 23:4403-16. [PMID: 16005748 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2004] [Revised: 03/30/2005] [Accepted: 04/06/2005] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
cDNA expression library immunization (ELI) and analysis of expressed sequenced tags (EST) in a mouse model of tick infestations was used to identified cDNA clones that affected I. scapularis. Three protective antigens against larval tick infestations, 4F8, with homology to a nucleotidase, and 4D8 and 4E6 of unknown function, were selected for further characterization. All three antigens were expressed in all I. scapularis stages and localized in adult tick tissues. 4D8 was shown to be conserved in six other tick species. Based on immunization trials with synthetic polypeptides against larvae and nymphs and on artificial feeding experiments of adults, these antigens, especially 4D8, appear to be good candidates for continued development of a vaccine for control of tick infestations and may be useful in a formulation to target multiple species of ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Consuelo Almazán
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK 74078, USA
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28
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Abstract
Microarrays have numerous applications in the clinical setting, and these uses are not confined to the study of common human diseases. Indeed, the high-throughput technology affects clinical diagnostics in a variety of contexts, and this is reflected in the increasing use of microarray-based tools in the development of diagnostic and prognostic tests and in the identification of novel therapeutic targets. While much of the value of microarray-based experimentation has been derived from the study of human disease, there is equivalent potential for its role in veterinary medicine. Even though the resources devoted to the study of animal molecular diagnostics may be less than those available for human research, there is nonetheless a growing appreciation of the value of genome-wide information as it applies to animal disease. Therefore, this review focuses on the basics of microarray experimentation, and how this technology lends itself to a variety of diagnostic approaches in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harriet E Feilotter
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
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29
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Abstract
The majority of attempts to develop commercial vaccines for veterinary helminths have focussed on identifying protein antigens, which could be formulated as protective vaccines. Notable successes have been achieved for some cestode parasites, where recombinant proteins have been developed into highly effective vaccines. Although effective protection can also be obtained using some nematode proteins in their native forms, it has not yet been possible to formulate commercially successful vaccines for other helminth parasites of veterinary significance. Increasing evidence suggests that parasite glycan moieties may provide an alternative source of vaccine antigens, and increased attention is now being given to this class of compounds. In addition to identifying candidate protective antigen(s), an increased research effort is needed to develop appropriate strategies for the formulation and delivery of helminth vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- W R Hein
- AgReseach Limited, Wallaceville Animal Research Centre, Ward Street, Upper Hutt, New Zealand.
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30
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Vercruysse J, Knox DP, Schetters TPM, Willadsen P. Veterinary parasitic vaccines: pitfalls and future directions. Trends Parasitol 2004; 20:488-92. [PMID: 15363443 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2004.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Most available antiparasitic drugs are safe, cheap and highly effective against a broad spectrum of parasites. However, the alarming increase in the number of parasite species that are resistant to these drugs, the issue of residues in the food chain and the lack of new drugs stimulate development of alternative control methods in which vaccines would have a central role. Parasite vaccines are still rare, but there are encouraging signs that their number will increase in the next decade. The modern paradigm is that an understanding of parasite genes will lead to the identification of useful antigens, which can then be produced in recombinant systems developed as a result of the huge investment in biotechnology. However, we should also continue to devote efforts to basic research on the host-parasite interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozef Vercruysse
- Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Salisburylaan 133, B9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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31
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Paz-Silva A, Hillyer GV, Sánchez-Andrade R, Rodríguez-Medina JR, Arias M, Morrondo P, Díez-Baños P. Isolation, identification and expression of a Fasciola hepatica cDNA encoding a 2.9-kDa recombinant protein for the diagnosis of ovine fasciolosis. Parasitol Res 2004; 95:129-35. [PMID: 15609063 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-004-1202-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2004] [Accepted: 07/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A 400-bp Fasciola hepatica cDNA clone was isolated from an expression library by immunological screening using rat sera taken 2 weeks after experimental infection. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA revealed the presence of an open reading frame of 78 bp which encoded a 25 amino acid polypeptide with a predicted molecular weight of 2.9 kDa. This polypeptide was expressed in bacteria as a GST-fusion protein and used for the production of specific antigen. The 2.9 kDa recombinant protein (APS) was evaluated against sera from experimentally infected sheep using an indirect ELISA, and the results were compared to those obtained using F. hepatica excretory/secretory products (ESP). The pattern of IgG was very similar both against the recombinant and the native proteins, increasing early following the infection. After treatment with triclabendazole, the IgG response against the APS seroreverted to negative values, whereas it remained elevated against the ESP. We conclude that this recombinant protein could be used in diagnostic assays for the identification of recently infected sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Paz-Silva
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Parasitología y Enfermedades Parasitarias y Epidemiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27071 , Lugo, Spain.
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32
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Vercauteren I, Geldhof P, Vercruysse J, Peelaers I, van den Broeck W, Gevaert K, Claerebout E. Vaccination with an Ostertagia ostertagi polyprotein allergen protects calves against homologous challenge infection. Infect Immun 2004; 72:2995-3001. [PMID: 15102812 PMCID: PMC387912 DOI: 10.1128/iai.72.5.2995-3001.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
As an alternative to antihelminthic drugs, we are exploiting vaccination to control infections with the abomasal nematode Ostertagia ostertagi in cattle. Our focus for vaccine targets is excretory-secretory (ES) products of this parasite. One of the most abundant antigens in larval and adult Ostertagia ES products is a protein homologous to nematode polyprotein allergens. We found that the Ostertagia polyprotein allergen (OPA) is encoded by a single-copy gene. OPA comprises three or more repeated units, and only the 15-kDa subunits are found in ES products. The native antigen is localized in the intestinal cells of third-stage larvae and in the hypodermis and cuticle of fourth-stage larvae and adult parasites. Vaccination of cattle with native OPA (nOPA) in combination with QuilA resulted in protection against Ostertagia challenge infections. The geometric mean cumulative fecal egg counts in the nOPA-vaccinated animals were reduced by 60% compared to the counts in the control group during the 2-month course of the experiment. Both male and female adult worms in nOPA-vaccinated animals were significantly shorter than the worms in the control animals. In the abomasal mucus of vaccinated animals the nOPA-specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) and IgG2 levels were significantly elevated compared to the levels in the control animals. Reductions in the Ostertagia egg output and the length of the adult parasites were significantly correlated with IgG1 levels. IgG2 titers were only negatively associated with adult worm length. Protected animals showed no accumulation of effector cells (mast cells, globular leukocytes, and eosinophils) in the mucosa. In contrast to the native antigen, recombinant OPA expressed in Escherichia coli did not stimulate any protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vercauteren
- Department of Morphology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, B-9820 Merelbeke, Ghent, Belgium.
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33
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas R Shryock
- Elanco Animal Health, 2001 West Main Street, GL21, Greenfield, Indiana 46140, USA.
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34
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Lightowlers MW, Colebrook AL, Gauci CG, Gauci SM, Kyngdon CT, Monkhouse JL, Vallejo Rodriquez C, Read AJ, Rolfe RA, Sato C. Vaccination against cestode parasites: anti-helminth vaccines that work and why. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:83-123. [PMID: 12878418 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00202-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Highly effective recombinant vaccines have been developed against the helminth parasites Taenia ovis, Taenia saginata and Echinococcus granulosus. These vaccines indicate that it is possible to achieve a reliable, high level of protection against a complex metazoan parasite using defined recombinant antigens. However, the effectiveness of the vaccines against the taeniid cestodes stands in contrast to the more limited successes which characterise attempts to develop vaccines against other platyhelminth or nematode parasites. This review examines the features of the host-parasite relationships among the taeniid cestodes which have formed the basis for vaccine development. Particular consideration is given to the methodologies that have been used in making the cestode vaccines that might be of interest to researchers working on vaccination against other helminths. In developing the cestode vaccines, antigens from the parasites' infective larval stage contained within the egg (oncosphere) were identified as having the potential to induce high levels of protection in vaccinated hosts. A series of vaccination trials with antigen fractions, and associated immunological analyses, identified individual protective antigens or fractions. These were cloned from cDNA and the recombinant proteins expressed in Escherichia coli. This strategy was independently successful in developing vaccines against T. ovis and E. granulosus. Identification of protective antigens for these species enabled rapid identification, cloning and expression of their homologues in related species and thereby the development of effective vaccines against T. saginata, E. multilocularis and, more recently, T. solium. The T. saginata vaccine provides an excellent example of the use of two antigen components, each of which were not protective when used individually, but when combined they induce a reliable, high level of protection. One important contributing factor to the success of vaccine development for the taeniid cestodes was the concentration on studies seeking to identify native host-protective antigens, before the adoption of recombinant methodologies. The cestode vaccines are being developed towards practical (commercial) application. The high level of efficacy of the vaccines against T. solium cysticercosis and hydatid disease suggests that they would be effective also if used directly in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lightowlers
- The University of Melbourne, Veterinary Clinical Centre, Vic. 3030, Werribee, Australia.
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35
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Abstract
Prospects for discovering new antiparasitic drugs for veterinary medicine in the coming century will be determined by economic, social and scientific factors. Consolidation in the pharmaceutical industry in general, and the animal health industry in particular, changes the business conditions in which drug discovery for veterinary medicine occurs. Social pressures on traditional animal agriculture and companion animal ownership have shifted the interest of animal companies primarily to pet medicine. Antiparasitic drug discovery is more than ever targeted to the most lucrative market segments, but the excellence of available drugs, and the apparent lack of resistance in important parasites, reduces industrial motivation to invest in parasitology. Veterinary parasitologists in academia will still have the chance to interact with their industrial counterparts in the traditional ways of supporting drug discovery and development. Nonetheless, there are many new opportunities to expand the research horizons of veterinary parasitology to strengthen the case for retaining a significant presence in the animal health industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Geary
- Pfizer Animal Health, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.
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36
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Claerebout E, Knox DP, Vercruysse J. Current research and future prospects in the development of vaccines against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle. Expert Rev Vaccines 2003; 2:147-57. [PMID: 12901605 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Vaccination is being considered as the most feasible alternative for anthelmintic drugs to control gastrointestinal nematode infections in cattle. However, despite the identification of several candidate protective antigens, no vaccines against gastrointestinal nematode parasites are currently available. The main problems that hamper the development of nematode vaccines in ruminants are that vaccination with recombinant nematode proteins produced in bacterial or eukaryotic expression systems did not induce a protective immune response and no suitable antigen delivery system is available for presentation of protective worm antigens to the bovine mucosal immune system. The present review will focus on recent advances and remaining obstacles in vaccine development against gastrointestinal nematodes in cattle, in particular against the abomasal parasite Ostertagia ostertagi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Claerebout
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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37
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Vercauteren I, Geldhof P, Peelaers I, Claerebout E, Berx G, Vercruysse J. Identification of excretory-secretory products of larval and adult Ostertagia ostertagi by immunoscreening of cDNA libraries. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2003; 126:201-8. [PMID: 12615319 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-6851(02)00274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Excretory-secretory (ES) products of Ostertagia ostertagi, an abomasal nematode of cattle, are considered to be important for the development and survival of the parasite within the host. To gain insight in the composition of these ES products of both larval (L3, L4) and adult life stages of Ostertagia cDNA libraries of the parasite were immunoscreened with polyclonal rabbit serum raised against these ES products. This approach led to the identification of 41 proteins, amongst which are structural proteins such as actin, kinesin and vitellogenin, housekeeping proteins such as those involved in protein folding, different metabolic pathways or mitochondrial functioning and proteins associated with stress (heat shock protein) or antioxidantia (thioredoxin peroxidase). A large number of the isolated proteins were similar to hypothetical proteins of the model nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Because somatic proteins can be non-specifically released during in vitro culturing as nematodes deteriorate, it was checked if the isolated proteins are genuinely secreted. The amino acid sequences of the translated cDNAs were investigated for signal peptides and monospecific antibodies against the isolated proteins were purified and used to develop Western blots of ES and somatic extracts. In this manner it could be proven that 15 cDNAs code for genuine secreted proteins. The identification of these ES antigens allows to select proteins with potential protective capacities, which are targets for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Vercauteren
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium.
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38
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Doytchinova IA, Taylor P, Flower DR. Proteomics in Vaccinology and Immunobiology: An Informatics Perspective of the Immunone. J Biomed Biotechnol 2003; 2003:267-290. [PMID: 14688414 PMCID: PMC521502 DOI: 10.1155/s1110724303209232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2002] [Accepted: 12/18/2002] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The postgenomic era, as manifest, inter alia, by proteomics, offers unparalleled opportunities for the efficient discovery of safe, efficacious, and novel subunit vaccines targeting a tranche of modern major diseases. A negative corollary of this opportunity is the risk of becoming overwhelmed by this embarrassment of riches. Informatics techniques, working to address issues of both data management and through prediction to shortcut the experimental process, can be of enormous benefit in leveraging the proteomic revolution. In this disquisition, we evaluate proteomic approaches to the discovery of subunit vaccines, focussing on viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasite systems. We also adumbrate the impact that proteomic analysis of host-pathogen interactions can have. Finally, we review relevant methods to the prediction of immunome, with special emphasis on quantitative methods, and the subcellular localization of proteins within bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irini A Doytchinova
- Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, High Street, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Paul Taylor
- Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, High Street, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
| | - Darren R Flower
- Edward Jenner Institute for Vaccine Research, High Street, Compton, Berkshire, RG20 7NN, UK
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39
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Abstract
Over the last decade, the anti-parasitics market has been the fastest growing sector of the overall $18 billion animal health market. While drugs for the treatment of parasites of livestock still dominate this sector and will continue to be developed or re-formulated, because of consumer demands for chemical-free food and of concerns regarding the environment and animal welfare there is a growing interest in the development of safe and effective vaccines. There is also a call for vaccines in the lucrative $3 billion-plus companion animal market. These demands for vaccines will add a greater impetus to an area that has seen tremendous success in the last 15 years. A number of anti-parasite vaccines have been developed, e.g. the recombinant 45w and EG95 oncosphere proteins against Taenia ovis and Echinococcus granulosis, respectively, and the Bm86 vaccine against Boophilus microplus. In addition, the cathepsin L vaccines against the liver fluke, Fasciola hepatica, and the H11 vaccine against Haemonchus contortus are progressing well. There are also many additional vaccine candidates for H. contortus and for other nematodes such as Ostertagia and Trichostrongylus spp. that may ultimately lead to broad-spectrum gastrointestinal worm vaccines. Live or attenuated-live vaccines are available for the control of avian coccidiosis, toxplasmosis in sheep and anaplasmosis in cattle, although molecular vaccines against protozoans are still proving elusive. The wealth of information in genomics, proteomics and immunology that has been forthcoming together will new methods of vaccine production and delivery should see many new vaccines reach the marketplace in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P Dalton
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, Dublin 9, Ireland.
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