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Kuranova NN, Pimenov OA, Zavalishin MN, Gamov GA. Complexes of Gold(III) with Hydrazones Derived from Pyridoxal: Stability, Structure, and Nature of UV-Vis Spectra. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5046. [PMID: 38732264 PMCID: PMC11084471 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25095046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyridoxal and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate are aldehyde forms of B6 vitamin that can easily be transformed into each other in the living organism. The presence of a phosphate group, however, provides the related compounds (e.g., hydrazones) with better solubility in water. In addition, the phosphate group may sometimes act as a binding center for metal ions. In particular, a phosphate group can be a strong ligand for a gold(III) ion, which is of interest for researchers for the anti-tumor and antimicrobial potential of gold(III). This paper aims to answer whether the phosphate group is involved in the complex formation between gold(III) and hydrazones derived from pyridoxal 5'-phosphate. The answer is negative, since the comparison of the stability constants determined for the gold(III) complexes with pyridoxal- and pyridoxal 5'-phosphate-derived hydrazones showed a negligible difference. In addition, quantum chemical calculations confirmed that the preferential coordination of two series of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated hydrazones to gold(III) ion is similar. The preferential protonation modes for the gold(III) complexes were also determined using experimental and calculated data.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - George A. Gamov
- Department of General Chemical Technology, Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevskii pr. 7, Ivanovo 153000, Russia; (N.N.K.); (O.A.P.); (M.N.Z.)
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2
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Nowak M, Tryniszewski W, Sarniak A, Wlodarczyk A, Nowak PJ, Nowak D. Effect of Physiological Concentrations of Vitamin C on the Inhibitation of Hydroxyl Radical Induced Light Emission from Fe 2+-EGTA-H 2O 2 and Fe 3+-EGTA-H 2O 2 Systems In Vitro. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26071993. [PMID: 33915907 PMCID: PMC8037725 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26071993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ascorbic acid (AA) has antioxidant properties. However, in the presence of Fe2+/Fe3+ ions and H2O2, it may behave as a pro-oxidant by accelerating and enhancing the formation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH). Therefore, in this study we evaluated the effect of AA at concentrations of 1 to 200 µmol/L on •OH-induced light emission (at a pH of 7.4 and temperature of 37 °C) from 92.6 µmol/L Fe2+—185.2 µmol/L EGTA (ethylene glycol-bis (β-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid)—2.6 mmol/L H2O2, and 92.6 µmol/L Fe3+—185.2 µmol/L EGTA—2.6 mmol/L H2O2 systems. Dehydroascorbic acid (DHAA) at the same range of concentrations served as the reference compound. Light emission was measured with multitube luminometer (AutoLumat Plus LB 953) for 120 s after automatic injection of H2O2. AA at concentrations of 1 to 50 µmol/L and of 1 to 75 µmol/L completely inhibited light emission from Fe2+-EGTA-H2O2 and Fe3+-EGTA-H2O2, respectively. Concentrations of 100 and 200 µmol/L did not affect chemiluminescence of Fe3+-EGTA-H2O2 but tended to increase light emission from Fe2+-EGTA-H2O2. DHAA at concentrations of 1 to 100 µmol/L had no effect on chemiluminescence of both systems. These results indicate that AA at physiological concentrations exhibits strong antioxidant activity in the presence of chelated iron and H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nowak
- Radiation Protection, University Hospital No. 2, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Wieslaw Tryniszewski
- Department of Radiological and Isotopic Diagnostics and Therapy, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Agata Sarniak
- Department of General Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Anna Wlodarczyk
- Department of Sleep Medicine and Metabolic Disorders, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Piotr J. Nowak
- Department of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Kidney Transplantation, Medical University of Lodz, Pomorska 251, 92-213 Lodz, Poland;
| | - Dariusz Nowak
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-422-725-656; Fax: +48-422-725-652
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Gebretsadik T, Yang Q, Wu J, Tang J. Hydrazone based spin crossover complexes: Behind the extra flexibility of the hydrazone moiety to switch the spin state. Coord Chem Rev 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Amaral EP, Costa DL, Namasivayam S, Riteau N, Kamenyeva O, Mittereder L, Mayer-Barber KD, Andrade BB, Sher A. A major role for ferroptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced cell death and tissue necrosis. J Exp Med 2019; 216:556-570. [PMID: 30787033 PMCID: PMC6400546 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Revised: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Necrotic tissue damage is a major pathological feature of tuberculosis. Here, Amaral et al. show that ferroptosis, a newly described regulated cell death pathway, plays an important role in Mycobacterium tuberculosis–induced cellular necrosis both in vitro and in vivo. Necrotic cell death during Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is considered host detrimental since it facilitates mycobacterial spread. Ferroptosis is a type of regulated necrosis induced by accumulation of free iron and toxic lipid peroxides. We observed that Mtb-induced macrophage necrosis is associated with reduced levels of glutathione and glutathione peroxidase-4 (Gpx4), along with increased free iron, mitochondrial superoxide, and lipid peroxidation, all of which are important hallmarks of ferroptosis. Moreover, necrotic cell death in Mtb-infected macrophage cultures was suppressed by ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1), a well-characterized ferroptosis inhibitor, as well as by iron chelation. Additional experiments in vivo revealed that pulmonary necrosis in acutely infected mice is associated with reduced Gpx4 expression as well as increased lipid peroxidation and is likewise suppressed by Fer-1 treatment. Importantly, Fer-1–treated infected animals also exhibited marked reductions in bacterial load. Together, these findings implicate ferroptosis as a major mechanism of necrosis in Mtb infection and as a target for host-directed therapy of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo P Amaral
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Diego L Costa
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Sivaranjani Namasivayam
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicolas Riteau
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD.,University of Orleans and CNRS, UMR7355, Orleans, France
| | - Olena Kamenyeva
- Research Technology Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lara Mittereder
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Katrin D Mayer-Barber
- Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD
| | - Bruno B Andrade
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Multinational Organization Network Sponsoring Translational and Epidemiological Research Initiative, José Silveira Foundation, Salvador, Brazil.,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Disease Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN.,Universidade Salvador, Laureate University, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.,Escola Bahiana de Medicina e Saúde Pública, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alan Sher
- Immunobiology Section, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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Chen YL, Kong X, Xie Y, Hider RC. The interaction of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) with iron. J Inorg Biochem 2017; 180:194-203. [PMID: 29329026 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The interaction of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH), two important biologically active chelators, with iron has been investigated by spectrophotometric methods. High iron(III) affinity constants were determined for PIH, logβ2=37.0 and SIH, logβ2=37.6. The associated redox potentials of the iron complexes were determined using cyclic voltammetry at pH7.4 as +130mV (vs normal hydrogen electrode, NHE) for PIH and +136mV(vs NHE) for SIH. These redox potentials are much higher than those corresponding to iron chelators in clinical use, namely deferiprone, -620mV; desferasirox, -600mV and desferrioxamine, -468mV. Although the positive redox potentials of SIH and PIH are similar to that of EDTA, namely +120mV, the iron complexes of these two hydrazone chelators, unlike the iron complex of EDTA, do not redox cycle in the presence of vitamin C. These properties render PIH and SIH as excellent scavengers of iron, under biological conditions. Both SIH and PIH scavenge mononuclear iron(II) and iron(III) rapidly. These fast kinetic properties of the hydrazone-based chelators provide a ready explanation for the adoption of SIH in fluorescence-based methods for the quantification of cytosolic iron(II).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Lin Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Xiaole Kong
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK
| | - Yuanyuan Xie
- Key Laboratory for Green Pharmaceutical Technologies and Related Equipment of Ministry of Education, Zhejiang University of Technology, PR China
| | - Robert C Hider
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, King's College London, 150 Stamford Street London SE1 9NH, UK.
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Dalvi LT, Moreira DC, Andrade R, Ginani J, Alonso A, Hermes-Lima M. Ellagic acid inhibits iron-mediated free radical formation. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 173:910-917. [PMID: 27829207 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 10/14/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Polyphenols are reported to have some health benefits, which are link to their antioxidant properties. In the case of ellagic acid (EA), there is evidence that it has free radical scavenger properties and that it is able to form complexes with metal ions. However, information on a possible link between the formation of iron-EA complexes and their interference in Haber-Weiss/Fenton reactions was not yet determined. Thus, the present study investigated the in vitro antioxidant mechanism of EA in a system containing ascorbate, Fe(III) and different iron ligands (EDTA, citrate and NTA). Iron-mediated oxidative degradation of 2-deoxyribose was poorly inhibited (by 12%) in the presence of EA (50μM) and EDTA. When citrate or NTA - which form weak iron complexes - were used, the 2-deoxyribose protection increased to 89-97% and 45%, respectively. EA also presented equivalent inhibitory effects on iron-mediated oxygen uptake and ascorbyl radical formation. Spectral analyses of iron-EA complexes show that EA removes Fe(III) from EDTA within hours, and from citrate within 1min. This difference in the rate of iron-EA complex formation may explain the antioxidant effects of EA. Furthermore, the EA antioxidant effectiveness was inversely proportional to the Fe(III) concentration, suggesting a competition with EDTA. In conclusion, the results indicate that EA may prevent in vitro free radical formation when it forms a complex with iron ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luana T Dalvi
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Nutrição Humana, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Daniel C Moreira
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Roberto Andrade
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Janini Ginani
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alonso
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil.
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Maurício ÂQ, Rettori D, Alonso A, Hermes-Lima M. Antioxidant Activity of Caffeic Acid against Iron-Induced Free Radical Generation--A Chemical Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129963. [PMID: 26098639 PMCID: PMC4476807 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Caffeic acid (CA) is a phenolic compound widely found in coffee beans with known beneficial effects in vivo. Many studies showed that CA has anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antibacterial and anti-carcinogenic properties, which could be linked to its antioxidant activity. Taking in consideration the reported in vitro antioxidant mechanism of other polyphenols, our working hypothesis was that the CA antioxidant activity could be related to its metal-chelating property. With that in mind, we sought to investigate the chemical antioxidant mechanism of CA against in vitro iron-induced oxidative damage under different assay conditions. CA was able to prevent hydroxyl radical formation promoted by the classical Fenton reaction, as determined by 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) oxidative degradation and DMPO hydroxylation. In addition to its ability to prevent hydroxyl radical formation, CA had a great inhibition of membrane lipid peroxidation. In the lipid peroxidation assays CA acted as both metal-chelator and as hydrogen donor, preventing the deleterious action promoted by lipid-derived peroxyl and alkoxyl radicals. Our results indicate that the observed antioxidant effects were mostly due to the formation of iron-CA complexes, which are able to prevent 2-DR oxidation and DMPO hydroxylation. Noteworthy, the formation of iron-CA complexes and prevention of oxidative damage was directly related to the pH of the medium, showing better antioxidant activity at higher pH values. Moreover, in the presence of lipid membranes the antioxidant potency of CA was much higher, indicating its enhanced effectiveness in a hydrophobic environment. Overall, our results show that CA acts as an antioxidant through an iron chelating mechanism, preventing the formation of free hydroxyl radicals and, therefore, inhibiting Fenton-induced oxidative damage. The chemical properties of CA described here—in association with its reported signaling effects—could be an explanation to its beneficial effects observed in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C. Genaro-Mattos
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massa, Embrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Instituto de Química, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Ângelo Q. Maurício
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Daniel Rettori
- Laboratório de Química e Bioquímica de Espécies Altamente Reativas, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade Federal de São Paulo–UNIFESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio Alonso
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Hermes-Lima
- Laboratório de Radicais Livres, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Nagata T, Ito S, Itoga K, Kanazawa H, Masaki H. The mechanism of melanocytes-specific cytotoxicity induced by phenol compounds having a prooxidant effect, relating to the appearance of leukoderma. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:479798. [PMID: 25861631 PMCID: PMC4377363 DOI: 10.1155/2015/479798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Specific phenol compounds including rhododendrol (RD), a skin-brightening ingredient in cosmetics, are reported to induce leukoderma, inducing a social problem, and the elucidation of mechanism of leukoderma is strongly demanded. This study investigated the relationship among the cytotoxicities of six phenol compounds on B16F10 melanoma cells and HaCaT keratinocytes and generated reactive oxygen species (ROS). As a result, the cytotoxicity of RD on B16F10 cells was higher than that on HaCaT cells, and RD significantly increased intracellular ROS and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) levels in B16F10 cells. Furthermore, although raspberry ketone (RK), RD derivative, also increased intracellular ROS in B16F10 cells, increase in ROS was suppressed by disodium dihydrogen ethylenediaminetetraacetate dehydrate (EDTA). The amounts of increased ROS with RK in HaCaT cells without melanocyte were further increased by tyrosinase. Therefore, tyrosinase, a metalloprotein having copper, was speculated to be one of causative agents allowing phenol compounds to work as a prooxidant. Hydroxyl radical was generated by adding a mixture of tyrosinase and H2O2 to RD, and the amount of the radical was further increased by UVB, indicating that RD cytotoxicity was caused by intracellularly increased ROS, which possibly related to phenol induced prooxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Nagata
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-10 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan
- I.T.O. Co. Ltd., 1-6-7-3F Naka-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0006, Japan
| | - Shinobu Ito
- I.T.O. Co. Ltd., 1-6-7-3F Naka-cho, Musashino, Tokyo 180-0006, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Itoga
- Institute of Advanced Biomedical Engineering and Science, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 2-10 Kawadacho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-0054, Japan
| | - Hideko Kanazawa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, 1-5-30 Shibakoen, Minato-ku, Tokyo 105-8512, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Masaki
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakuramachi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Ellis S, Kalinowski DS, Leotta L, Huang MLH, Jelfs P, Sintchenko V, Richardson DR, Triccas JA. Potent antimycobacterial activity of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone analog 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone: a lipophilic transport vehicle for isonicotinic acid hydrazide. Mol Pharmacol 2014; 85:269-78. [PMID: 24243647 PMCID: PMC6067633 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.090357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The rise in drug-resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a major threat to human health and highlights the need for new therapeutic strategies. In this study, we have assessed whether high-affinity iron chelators of the pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) class can restrict the growth of clinically significant mycobacteria. Screening a library of PIH derivatives revealed that one compound, namely, 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH), exhibited nanomolar in vitro activity against Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin and virulent M. tuberculosis. Interestingly, PCIH is derived from the condensation of 2-pyridylcarboxaldehyde with the first-line antituberculosis drug isoniazid [i.e., isonicotinic acid hydrazide (INH)]. PCIH displayed minimal host cell toxicity and was effective at inhibiting growth of M. tuberculosis within cultured macrophages and also in vivo in mice. Further, PCIH restricted mycobacterial growth at high bacterial loads in culture, a property not observed with INH, which shares the isonicotinoyl hydrazide moiety with PCIH. When tested against Mycobacterium avium, PCIH was more effective than INH at inhibiting bacterial growth in broth culture and in macrophages, and also reduced bacterial loads in vivo. Complexation of PCIH with iron decreased its effectiveness, suggesting that iron chelation may play some role in its antimycobacterial efficacy. However, this could not totally account for its potent efficacy, and structure-activity relationship studies suggest that PCIH acts as a lipophilic vehicle for the transport of its intact INH moiety into the mammalian cell and the mycobacterium. These results demonstrate that iron-chelating agents such as PCIH may be of benefit in the treatment and control of mycobacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Ellis
- Microbial Immunity and Pathogenesis Group, Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology (S.E., L.L., J.A.T.), and Molecular Pharmacology and Pathology Program, Department of Pathology and Bosch Institute (D.S.K., M.L.H.H., D.R.R.), University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; and Centre for Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-Pathology West, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (P.J., V.S.)
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Aging-related changes in the iron status of skeletal muscle. Exp Gerontol 2013; 48:1294-302. [PMID: 23994517 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The rise in non-heme iron (NHI) concentration observed in skeletal muscle of aging rodents is thought to contribute to the development of sarcopenia. The source of the NHI has not been identified, nor have the physiological ramifications of elevated iron status in aged muscle been directly examined. Therefore, we assessed plantaris NHI and heme iron (HI) levels in addition to expression of proteins involved in iron uptake (transferrin receptor-1; TfR1), storage (ferritin), export (ferroportin; FPN), and regulation (iron regulatory protein-1 (IRP1) and -2 (IRP2)) of male F344xBN F1 rats (n=10/group) of various ages (8, 18, 28, 32, and 36 months) to further understand iron regulation in aging muscle. In a separate experiment, iron chelator (pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone; PIH) or vehicle was administered to male F344xBN F1 rats (n=8/group) beginning at 30 months of age to assess the impact on plantaris muscle mass and function at ~36 months of age. Principle findings revealed the increased NHI concentration in old age was consistent with concentrating effects of muscle atrophy and reduction in HI levels, with no change in the total iron content of the muscle. The greatest increase in muscle iron content occurred during the period of animal growth and was associated with downregulation of TfR1 and IRP2 expression. Ferritin upregulation did not occur until senescence and the protein remained undetectable during the period of muscle iron content elevation. Lastly, administration of PIH did not significantly (p>0.05) impact NHI or measures of muscle atrophy or contractile function. In summary, this study confirms that the elevated NHI concentration in old age is largely due to the loss in muscle mass. The increased muscle iron content during aging does not appear to associate with cytosolic ferritin storage, but the functional consequences of elevated iron status in old age remains to be determined.
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Naskar S, Naskar S, Butcher RJ, Corbella M, Espinosa Ferao A, Chattopadhyay SK. Synthesis, X-ray Crystal Structures, and Spectroscopic, Electrochemical, and Theoretical Studies of MnIIIComplexes of Pyridoxal Schiff Bases with Two Diamines. Eur J Inorg Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201300047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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12
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Iron chelation afforded cardioprotection against H2O2-induced H9C2 cell injury: Application of novel 3-hydroxy pyridine-4-one derivatives. Int J Cardiol 2012; 162:60-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2011.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2011] [Accepted: 11/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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13
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Leed MGD, Wolkow N, Pham DM, Daniel CL, Dunaief JL, Franz KJ. Prochelators triggered by hydrogen peroxide provide hexadentate iron coordination to impede oxidative stress. J Inorg Biochem 2011; 105:1161-72. [PMID: 21708101 PMCID: PMC3355344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2011.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 05/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Prochelators are agents that have little affinity for metal ions until they undergo a chemical conversion. Three new aryl boronate prochelators are presented that are responsive to hydrogen peroxide to provide hexadentate ligands for chelating metal ions. TRENBSIM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzylidene)-2-aminoethyl]amine), TRENBSAM (tris[(2-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)benzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TB (tris[(2-boronic acid-benzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine) convert to TRENSIM (tris[(salicylideneamino)ethyl]amine), TRENSAM (tris[(2-hydroxybenzoyl)-2-aminoethyl]amine), and TS (tris[2-hydroxybenzyl)2-aminoethyl]amine), respectively. The prochelators were characterized by (11)B NMR, and the structures of TRENBSAM, TRENBSIM, and the Fe(III) complex of TS were determined by X-ray crystallography. Of the three prochelator/chelator pairs, TB/TS was identified as the most promising for biological applications, as they prevent iron and copper-induced hydroxyl radical generation in an in vitro assay. TB has negligible interactions with metal ions, whereas TS has apparent binding constants (log K') at pH 7.4 of 15.87 for Cu(II), 9.67 Zn(II) and 14.42 for Fe(III). Up to 1 mMTB was nontoxic to retinal pigment epithelial cells, whereas 10 μM TS induced cell death. TS protected cells against H(2)O(2)-induced death, but only within a 1-10 μM range. TB, on the other hand, had a much broader window of protection, suggesting that it may be a useful agent for preventing metal-promoted oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G. D. Leed
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | - Natalie Wolkow
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - David M. Pham
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
| | | | - Joshua L. Dunaief
- F. M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Katherine J. Franz
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346
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14
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Haas KL, Franz KJ. Application of metal coordination chemistry to explore and manipulate cell biology. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4921-60. [PMID: 19715312 PMCID: PMC2761982 DOI: 10.1021/cr900134a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 597] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn L Haas
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, 124 Science Drive, Durham, North Carolina 27708-0346, USA
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15
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Genaro-Mattos TC, Dalvi LT, Oliveira RG, Ginani JS, Hermes-Lima M. Reevaluation of the 2-deoxyribose assay for determination of free radical formation. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1790:1636-42. [PMID: 19747523 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2009] [Revised: 08/08/2009] [Accepted: 09/03/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The 2-deoxyribose (2-DR) degradation assay is a widely used test for determining anti/pro-oxidant properties of molecules and plant extracts. Most reports use reaction blanks omitting 2-DR or thiobarbituric acid (TBA). However, when studying Fe(II)-mediated reactions, we verified that these blanks are not appropriate. Fe(III)--a product of these reactions--causes a relevant artifact in the assay, where 2-DR is oxidized by Fe(III). METHOD 2-DR degradation was determined at 532 nm as TBA-reactive substances. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION HPLC determinations indicated that Fe(III) added after or before TBA generates considerable amounts of malondialdehyde (2-DR degradation product) in comparison with assays employing Fenton reagents or Fe(II) autoxidation. Addition of catalase and thiourea has no effect on Fe(III)-induced 2-DR degradation indicating lack of ROS involvement. This Fe(III)-mediated 2-DR damage is dependent on iron and 2-DR concentrations, but not on H2O2, buffer composition or iron-chelators. Depending on the assay conditions Fe(III)-interference accounts for 20% to 90% of 2-DR degradation mediated by Fe(II). SIGNIFICANCE A new reaction blank is proposed herein-based on the use of Fe(III)-for the assay. The lack of such correction has caused the underestimation of antioxidant capacity of various compounds in many studies in the last 2 decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago C Genaro-Mattos
- Oxyradical Research Group, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, DF, Brazil
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16
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Simůnek T, Stérba M, Popelová O, Adamcová M, Hrdina R, Gersl V. Anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity: overview of studies examining the roles of oxidative stress and free cellular iron. Pharmacol Rep 2009; 61:154-71. [PMID: 19307704 DOI: 10.1016/s1734-1140(09)70018-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 542] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2008] [Revised: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The risk of cardiotoxicity is the most serious drawback to the clinical usefulness of anthracycline antineoplastic antibiotics, which include doxorubicin (adriamycin), daunorubicin or epirubicin. Nevertheless, these compounds remain among the most widely used anticancer drugs. The molecular pathogenesis of anthracycline cardiotoxicity remains highly controversial, although the oxidative stress-based hypothesis involving intramyocardial production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has gained the widest acceptance. Anthracyclines may promote the formation of ROS through redox cycling of their aglycones as well as their anthracycline-iron complexes. This proposed mechanism has become particularly popular in light of the high cardioprotective efficacy of dexrazoxane (ICRF-187). The mechanism of action of this drug has been attributed to its hydrolytic transformation into the iron-chelating metabolite ADR-925, which may act by displacing iron from anthracycline-iron complexes or by chelating free or loosely bound cellular iron, thus preventing site-specific iron-catalyzed ROS damage. However, during the last decade, calls for the critical reassessment of this "ROS and iron" hypothesis have emerged. Numerous antioxidants, although efficient in cellular or acute animal experiments, have failed to alleviate anthracycline cardiotoxicity in clinically relevant chronic animal models or clinical trials. In addition, studies with chelators that are stronger and more selective for iron than ADR-925 have also yielded negative or, at best, mixed outcomes. Hence, several lines of evidence suggest that mechanisms other than the traditionally emphasized "ROS and iron" hypothesis are involved in anthracycline-induced cardiotoxicity and that these alternative mechanisms may be better bases for designing approaches to achieve efficient and safe cardioprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomás Simůnek
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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17
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Guo P, Chen W, Song J, Cao W, Tian C. A DFT study of the interaction between butein anion and metal cations (M=Mg2+, Cr2+, Fe2+, and Cu2+): Taking an insight into its chelating property. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theochem.2007.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Ito S, Mori T, Kanazawa H, Sawaguchi T. Differential effects of the ascorbyl and tocopheryl derivative on the methamphetamine-induced toxic behavior and toxicity. Toxicology 2007; 240:96-110. [PMID: 17875351 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 07/24/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A previous study showed that high doses of methamphetamine induce self-injurious behavior (SIB) in rodents. Furthermore, the combination of methamphetamine and morphine increased lethality in mice. We recently surmised that the rise in SIB and mortality induced by methamphetamine and/or morphine may be related to oxidative stress. The present study was designed to determine whether an antioxidant could inhibit SIB or mortality directly induced by methamphetamine and/or morphine. The SIB induced by 20mg/kg of methamphetamine was abolished by the administration of Na L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate (APS: 300 mg/kg), but not Na DL-alpha-tocopheryl phosphate (TPNa: 200mg/kg). In contrast, APS (300 mg/kg) and TPNa (200mg/kg) each significantly attenuated the lethality induced by methamphetamine and morphine. The present study showed that the signal intensity of superoxide adduct was increased by 20mg/kg of methamphetamine in the heart and lungs, and methamphetamine plus morphine tended to increase superoxide adduct in all of the tissues measured by ESR spin trap methods. Adduct signal induced in brain by methamphetamine administration increased in significance, but in mouse administrated methamphetamine plus morphine. There are differential effects of administration of methamphetamine and coadministration of methamphetamine plus morphine on adduct signal. These results suggest that APS and TPNa are effective for reducing methamphetamine-induced toxicity and/or toxicological behavior. While APS and TPNa each affected methamphetamine- and/or morphine-induced toxicology and/or toxicological behavior, indicating that both drugs have antioxidative effects, their effects differed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinobu Ito
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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19
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Lesnikov VA, Abbasi N, Lesnikova MP, Lazaro CA, Campbell JS, Fausto N, Deeg HJ. Protection of human and murine hepatocytes against Fas-induced death by transferrin and iron. Apoptosis 2007; 11:79-87. [PMID: 16374550 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-005-3086-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies in a murine model show that transferrin (Tf) interferes with Fas-mediated hepatocyte death and liver failure by decreasing pro-apoptotic and increasing anti-apoptotic signals. We show here in vitro in murine and human hepatocyte cell lines and in vivo in mice that Fas-induced apoptosis is modulated by exogenous Tf and iron. The results obtained with iron-free Tf (ApoTf), iron-saturated Tf (FeTf), and the iron chelator salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) in its iron-free and iron-saturated (FeSIH) forms indicate that apoptosis-modulating effects of Tf are not mediated by iron alone. Both the Tf molecule and iron affect multiple aspects of cell death, and the route of iron delivery to the cell may be critical for the final outcome of cellular Fas signaling. Survival of hepatocytes 'stressed' by Fas signals can be manipulated by Tf and iron and may be a target for prophylactic and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- V A Lesnikov
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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20
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Kaiserová H, den Hartog GJM, Simůnek T, Schröterová L, Kvasnicková E, Bast A. Iron is not involved in oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 149:920-30. [PMID: 17031387 PMCID: PMC2014688 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The anticancer drugs doxorubicin and bleomycin are well-known for their oxidative stress-mediated side effects in heart and lung, respectively. It is frequently suggested that iron is involved in doxorubicin and bleomycin toxicity. We set out to elucidate whether iron chelation prevents the oxidative stress-mediated toxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin and whether it affects their antiproliferative/proapoptotic effects. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell culture experiments were performed in A549 cells. Formation of hydroxyl radicals was measured in vitro by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR). We investigated interactions between five iron chelators and the oxidative stress-inducing agents (doxorubicin, bleomycin and H(2)O(2)) by quantifying oxidative stress and cellular damage as TBARS formation, glutathione (GSH) consumption and lactic dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage. The antitumour/proapoptotic effects of doxorubicin and bleomycin were assessed by cell proliferation and caspase-3 activity assay. KEY RESULTS All the tested chelators, except for monohydroxyethylrutoside (monoHER), prevented hydroxyl radical formation induced by H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+) in EPR studies. However, only salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone and deferoxamine protected intact A549 cells against H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+). Conversely, the chelators that decreased doxorubicin and bleomycin-induced oxidative stress and cellular damage (dexrazoxane, monoHER) were not able to protect against H(2)O(2)/Fe(2+). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS We have shown that the ability to chelate iron as such is not the sole determinant of a compound protecting against doxorubicin or bleomycin-induced cytotoxicity. Our data challenge the putative role of iron and hydroxyl radicals in the oxidative stress-mediated cytotoxicity of doxorubicin and bleomycin and have implications for the development of new compounds to protects against this toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kaiserová
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Charles University in Prague, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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21
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Pardo-Andreu GL, Delgado R, Núñez-Sellés AJ, Vercesi AE. Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) inhibits 2-deoxyribose damage induced by Fe (III) plus ascorbate. Phytother Res 2006; 20:120-4. [PMID: 16444664 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Vimang is an aqueous extract of selected species of Mangifera indica L, used in Cuba as a nutritional antioxidant supplement. Many in vitro and in vivo models of oxidative stress have been used to elucidate the antioxidant mechanisms of this extract. To further characterize the mechanism of Vimang action, its effect on the degradation of 2-deoxyribose induced by Fe (III)-EDTA plus ascorbate or plus hypoxanthine/xanthine oxidase was studied. Vimang was shown to be a potent inhibitor of 2-deoxyribose degradation mediated by Fe (III)-EDTA plus ascorbate or superoxide (O2-). The results revealed that Vimang, at concentrations higher than 50 microM mangiferin equivalent, was equally effective in preventing degradation of both 15 mM and 1.5 mM 2-deoxyribose. At a fixed Fe (III) concentration, increasing the concentration of ligands (either EDTA or citrate) caused a significant reduction in the protective effects of Vimang. When ascorbate was replaced by O2- (formed by hypoxanthine and xanthine oxidase) the protective efficiency of Vimang was also inversely related to EDTA concentration. The results strongly indicate that Vimang does not block 2-deoxyribose degradation by simply trapping *OH radicals. Rather, Vimang seems to act as an antioxidant by complexing iron ions, rendering them inactive or poorly active in the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Lázaro Pardo-Andreu
- Departamento de Patologia Clínica, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brasil.
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22
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Andrade RG, Ginani JS, Lopes GKB, Dutra F, Alonso A, Hermes-Lima M. Tannic acid inhibits in vitro iron-dependent free radical formation. Biochimie 2006; 88:1287-96. [PMID: 16600466 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2006.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 02/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The antioxidant activity of tannic acid (TA), a plant polyphenol claimed to possess antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities, was studied by monitoring (i) 2-deoxyribose degradation (a technique for OH detection), (ii) ascorbate oxidation, (iii) ascorbate radical formation (determined by EPR analysis) and (iv) oxygen uptake induced by the system, which comprised Fe(III) complexes (EDTA, nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) or citrate as co-chelators), ascorbate and oxygen. TA removes Fe(III) from the co-chelators (in the case of EDTA, this removal is slower than with NTA or citrate), forming an iron-TA complex less capable of oxidizing ascorbate into ascorbate radical or mediating 2-deoxyribose degradation. The effectiveness of TA against 2-deoxyribose degradation, ascorbate oxidation and ascorbate radical formation was substantially higher in the presence of iron-NTA (or iron-citrate) than with iron-EDTA, which is consistent with the known formation constants of the iron complexes with the co-chelators. Oxygen uptake and 2-deoxyribose degradation induced by Fe(II) autoxidation were also inhibited by TA. These results indicate that TA inhibits OH formation induced by Fe(III)/ascorbate/O(2) mainly by arresting Fe(III)-induced ascorbate oxidation and Fe(II) autoxidation (which generates Fe(II) and H(2)O(2), respectively), thus limiting the production of Fenton reagents and OH formation. We also hypothesize that the Fe(II) complex with TA exhibits an OH trapping activity, which explains the effect of TA on the Fenton reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto G Andrade
- Oxyradical Research Group, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, 70910-900, Brazil.
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23
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de Avellar IGJ, Magalhães MMM, Silva AB, Souza LL, Leitão AC, Hermes-Lima M. Reevaluating the role of 1,10-phenanthroline in oxidative reactions involving ferrous ions and DNA damage. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2005; 1675:46-53. [PMID: 15535966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2004.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2004] [Revised: 07/28/2004] [Accepted: 08/20/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It is widely believed that the iron chelator 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) is able to fully block the Fenton reaction by forming a complex (Fe(phen)3(2+), also known as ferroin) that cannot react with H2O2. We observed that phen cannot fully prevent 2-deoxyribose (5 mM) degradation induced by Fenton reagents (30 microM Fe(II) plus 100-500 microM H2O2); protection varied from 55% to 66% when the phen/Fe(II) ratio was 3:1 to 20:1. Inhibition of 2-deoxyribose damage was nearly unchanged if phen was pre-incubated with Fe(II). Moreover, preformed Fe(phen)3(2+) complex added to the solution containing H2O2 was able to induce 2-deoxyribose degradation and methane sulfinic acid formation from the oxidation of 5% DMSO. The partially protective effect of phen was unchanged with the use of either phosphate or HEPES as buffers (5 mM, pH 7.2), or in unbuffered media (pH 5.1). Both DMSO oxidation and 2-deoxyribose degradation correlated with the increase in Fe(phen)3(2+) concentration. Strand breaks in plasmid pTARGETtrade mark DNA induced by Fenton reagents (1 microM Fe(II) plus 25 microM H2O2) in HEPES buffer could only be partially prevented by phen, even when the chelator was 16 times more concentrated than Fe(II). In these experiments, Fe(phen)3(2+) and DNA were pre-incubated from 1 to 10 min before addition of H2O2. Moreover, a high level of DNA strand breakage was observed when iron and phen are added to the reaction immediately before H2O2. On the other hand, phen fully prevented 2-deoxyribose degradation induced by the autoxidation of 30 microM Fe(II) in phosphate-buffered (3 to 30 mM) media. Our data provide evidence that the Fe(phen)3(2+) complex induces in vitro oxidative damage in the presence of H2O2 (possibly by means of Fe(phen)3(2+) dissociation into Fe(phen)2(2+)), but they show that the complex cannot undergo autoxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isa G J de Avellar
- Oxyradical Research Group, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF 70910-900, Brazil
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Lesnikov VA, Lesnikova MP, Shulman HM, Wilson HM, Hockenbery DM, Kocher M, Pierpaoli W, Deeg HJ. Prevention of Fas-mediated hepatic failure by transferrin. J Transl Med 2004; 84:342-52. [PMID: 14704719 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.3700035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies in lymphohemopoietic cells show that transferrin (Tf), a pivotal component of iron transport and metabolism, also exerts cytoprotective functions. We show here in a murine model that Tf interferes with Fas-mediated hepatocyte death and liver failure. The mechanism involves the downregulation of apoptosis via BID, cytochrome c, caspase-3 and caspase-9, and upregulation of antiapoptotic signals via Bcl-xL. The results obtained with iron-saturated Tf, Apo-Tf and the iron-chelator salicylaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone indicate that the observed antiapoptotic effect of Tf was not mediated by iron alone. In conclusion, the data suggest that Tf has broader functions than previously recognized and may serve as a cytoprotective agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Lesnikov
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109-1024, USA.
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25
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Buss JL, Neuzil J, Ponka P. Oxidative stress mediates toxicity of pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone analogs. Arch Biochem Biophys 2004; 421:1-9. [PMID: 14678779 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2003.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) and many of its analogs are effective iron chelators in vivo and in vitro, and are of interest for the treatment of secondary iron overload. Because previous work has implicated the Fe(3+)-chelator complexes as a determinant of toxicity, the role of iron-based oxidative stress in the toxicity of PIH analogs was assessed. The Fe(3+) complexes of PIH analogs were reduced by K562 cells and the physiological reductant, ascorbate. Depletion of the antioxidant, glutathione, sensitized Jurkat T lymphocytes to the toxicity of PIH analogs and their Fe(3+) complexes, and toxicity of the chelators increased with oxygen tension. Fe(3+) complexes of pyridoxal benzoyl hydrazone (PBH) and salicyloyl isonicotinoyl hydrazone (SIH) caused lipid peroxidation and toxicity in K562 cells loaded with eicosapentenoic acid (EPA), a readily oxidized fatty acid, whereas Fe(PIH)(2) did not. The lipophilic antioxidant, vitamin E, completely prevented both the toxicity and lipid peroxidation caused by Fe(PBH)(2) in EPA-loaded cells, indicating a causal relationship between oxidative stress and toxicity. PBH also caused concomitant lipid peroxidation and toxicity in EPA-loaded cells, both of which were reversed as its concentration increased. In contrast, PIH was inactive, while SIH was equally toxic toward control and EPA-loaded cells, without causing lipid peroxidation, indicating a much smaller contribution of oxidative stress to the mechanism of toxicity of these analogs. In summary, PIH analogs and their Fe(3+) complexes are redox active in the intracellular environment. The contribution of oxidative stress to the overall mechanism of toxicity varies across the series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Buss
- Department of Cancer Biology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd., Winston-Salem, NC, USA
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Buss JL, Hermes-Lima M, Ponka P. Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone and its analogues. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 509:205-29. [PMID: 12572996 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0593-8_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Joan L Buss
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Sir Mortimer B. Davis Jewish General Hospital and Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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27
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Chaston TB, Richardson DR. Iron chelators for the treatment of iron overload disease: relationship between structure, redox activity, and toxicity. Am J Hematol 2003; 73:200-10. [PMID: 12827659 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.10348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The success of the iron (Fe) chelator desferrioxamine (DFO) in the treatment of beta-thalassemia is limited by its lack of bioavailability. The design and characterization of synthetic alternatives to DFO has attracted much scientific interest and has led to the discovery of orally active chelators that can remove pathological Fe deposits. However, chelators that access intracellular Fe pools can be toxic by either inhibiting Fe-containing enzymes or promoting Fe-mediated free radical damage. Interestingly, toxicity does not necessarily correlate with Fe-binding affinity or with chelation efficacy, suggesting that other factors may promote the cytopathic effects of chelators. In this review, we discuss the interactions of chelators and their Fe complexes with biomolecules that can lead to toxicity and tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Chaston
- Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, The Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Randwick, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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28
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Chaston TB, Richardson DR. Interactions of the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone class of chelators with iron and DNA: implications for toxicity in the treatment of iron overload disease. J Biol Inorg Chem 2003; 8:427-38. [PMID: 12761664 DOI: 10.1007/s00775-002-0434-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2002] [Accepted: 11/15/2002] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Iron chelation therapy for the management of iron-overload disease is dominated by desferrioxamine (DFO). However, treatment using DFO is very arduous. Recently, novel Fe chelators of the pyridine-2-carboxaldehyde isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PCIH) class have shown high chelation efficacy and the potential to replace DFO. A critical consideration in the design of alternatives to DFO is that the chelator forms a redox-inert Fe complex. In the present study, the participation of Fe complexes in redox reactions has been investigated. Ascorbate oxidation in the presence of Fe(III) or benzoate hydroxylation in the presence of Fe(II) was not enhanced by the PCIH analogues. However, redox-induced DNA strand breaks were observed with these ligands under highly oxidizing conditions in the presence of Fe(II) and hydrogen peroxide. Experiments then examined the interactions of the PCIH analogues with DNA, and this was found to be weak. Considering this, we suggest that under extreme conditions seen in the DNA-strand break assay, weak DNA-binding may potentiate the redox activity of the PCIH analogues. However, importantly, in contrast to naked plasmid DNA, DNA damage by these chelators using intact human cells was not significant. Collectively, our results support the potential of the PCIH analogues for the treatment of Fe overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy B Chaston
- Iron Metabolism and Chelation Program, Children's Cancer Institute Australia for Medical Research, High Street, Randwick, PO Box 81, 2031, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Maurício AQ, Lopes GKB, Gomes CS, Oliveira RG, Alonso A, Hermes-Lima M. Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone inhibits iron-induced ascorbate oxidation and ascorbyl radical formation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2003; 1620:15-24. [PMID: 12595068 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4165(02)00502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory demonstrated that pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) has in vitro antioxidant activity against iron plus ascorbate-induced 2-deoxyribose degradation due to its ability to chelate iron; the resulting Fe(III)-PIH(2) complex is supposedly unable to catalyze oxyradical formation. A putative step in the antioxidant action of PIH is the inhibition of Fe(III)-mediated ascorbate oxidation, which yields the Fenton reagent Fe(II) [Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1523 (2000) 154]. In this work, we demonstrate that PIH inhibits Fe(III)-EDTA-mediated ascorbate oxidation (measured at 265 nm) and the formation of ascorbyl radical (in electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies). The efficiency of PIH against ascorbate oxidation, ascorbyl radical formation and 2-deoxyribose degradation was dose dependent and directly proportional to the period of preincubation of PIH with Fe(III)-EDTA. The efficiency of PIH in inhibiting ascorbate oxidation and ascorbyl radical formation was also inversely proportional to the Fe(III)-EDTA concentration in the media. When EDTA was replaced by the weaker iron ligand nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA), PIH was much more effective in preventing ascorbate oxidation, ascorbyl radical formation and 2-deoxyribose degradation. Moreover, the replacement of EDTA with citrate, a physiological chelator with a low affinity for iron, also resulted in PIH having a higher efficiency in inhibiting iron-mediated ascorbate oxidation and 2-deoxyribose degradation. These results demonstrate that PIH removes iron from EDTA (or from either NTA or citrate), forming an iron-PIH complex that cannot induce ascorbate oxidation effectively, thus inhibiting iron-mediated oxyradical formation. These results are of pharmacological relevance because PIH has been considered for experimental chelating therapy in iron-overload diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Q Maurício
- Oxyradical Research Group, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
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Hermes-Lima M, Gonçalves MS, Andrade RG. Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) prevents copper-mediated in vitro free radical formation. Mol Cell Biochem 2001; 228:73-82. [PMID: 11855743 DOI: 10.1023/a:1013348005312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is an iron chelator with antioxidant activity, low toxicity and is useful in the experimental treatment of iron-overload diseases. Previous studies on x-ray diffraction have revealed that PIH also forms a complex with Cu(II). Since the main drug of choice for the treatment of Wilson's disease, d-penicillamine, causes a series of side effects, there is an urgent need for the development of alternative copper chelating agents for clinical use. These chelators must also have antioxidant activity because oxidative stress is associated with brain and liver copper-overload. In this work we tested the ability of PIH to prevent in vitro free radical formation mediated by Cu(II), ascorbate and dissolved O2. Degradation of 2-deoxyribose mediated by 10 microM Cu(II) and 3 mM ascorbate was fully inhibited by 10 microM PIH (I50 = 6 microM) or 20 microM d-penicillamine (I50 = 10 microM). The antioxidant efficiency of PIH remained unchanged with increasing concentrations (from 1 to 15 mM) of the hydroxyl radical detector molecule, 2-deoxyribose, indicating that PIH does not act as a hydroxyl scavenger. On the other hand, the efficiency of PIH (against copper-mediated 2-deoxyribose degradation and ascorbate oxidation) was inversely proportional to the Cu(II) concentration, suggesting a competition between PIH and ascorbate for complexation with Cu(lI). An almost full inhibitory effect by PIH was observed when the ratio PIH:copper was 1:1. A similar result was obtained with the measurement of copper plus ascorbate-mediated O2 uptake. Moreover, spectral studies of the copper and PIH interaction showed a peak at 455 nm and also indicated the formation of a stable Cu(II) complex with PIH with a 1:1 ratio. These data demonstrated that PIH prevents hydroxyl radical formation and oxidative damage to 2-deoxyribose by forming a complex with Cu(II) that is not reactive with ascorbate (first step of the reactions leading to hydroxyl radical formation from Cu(II), ascorbate and O2) and does not participate in Haber-Weiss reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hermes-Lima
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Instituto de Quimica, Universidade de Brasilia, DF, Brazil.
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Santos NC, Castilho RF, Meinicke AR, Hermes-Lima M. The iron chelator pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone inhibits mitochondrial lipid peroxidation induced by Fe(II)-citrate. Eur J Pharmacol 2001; 428:37-44. [PMID: 11779035 DOI: 10.1016/s0014-2999(01)01291-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Pyridoxal isonicotinoyl hydrazone (PIH) is able to prevent iron-mediated hydroxyl radical formation by means of iron chelation and inhibition of redox cycling of the metal. In this study, we investigated the effect of PIH on Fe(II)-citrate-mediated lipid peroxidation and damage to isolated rat liver mitochondria. Lipid peroxidation was quantified by the production of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and by antimycin A-insensitive oxygen consumption. PIH at 300 microM induced full protection against 50 microM Fe(II)-citrate-induced loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential (deltapsi) and mitochondrial swelling. In addition, PIH prevented the Fe(II)-citrate-dependent formation of TBARS and antimycin A-insensitive oxygen consumption. The antioxidant effectiveness of 100 microM PIH (on TBARS formation and mitochondrial swelling) was greater in the presence of 20 or 50 microM Fe(II)-citrate than in the presence of 100 microM Fe(II)-citrate, suggesting that the mechanism of PIH antioxidant action is linked with its Fe(II) chelating property. Finally, PIH increased the rate of Fe(II) autoxidation by sequestering iron from the Fe(II)-citrate complex, forming a Fe(III)-PIH, complex that does not participate in Fenton-type reactions and lipid peroxidation. These results are of pharmacological relevance since PIH is a potential candidate for chelation therapy in diseases related to abnormal intracellular iron distribution and/or iron overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- N C Santos
- Oxyradical Research Group, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, Brazil
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