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Martínez MDLÁM, Urzúa LS, Carrillo YA, Ramírez MB, Morales LJM. Polyhydroxybutyrate Metabolism in Azospirillum brasilense and Its Applications, a Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3027. [PMID: 37514417 PMCID: PMC10383645 DOI: 10.3390/polym15143027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-negative Azospirillum brasilense accumulates approximately 80% of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) as dry cell weight. For this reason, this bacterium has been characterized as one of the main microorganisms that produce PHB. PHB is synthesized inside bacteria by the polymerization of 3-hydroxybutyrate monomers. In this review, we are focusing on the analysis of the PHB production by A. brasilense in order to understand the metabolism during PHB accumulation. First, the carbon and nitrogen sources used to improve PHB accumulation are discussed. A. brasilense accumulates more PHB when it is grown on a minimal medium containing a high C/N ratio, mainly from malate and ammonia chloride, respectively. The metabolic pathways to accumulate and mobilize PHB in A. brasilense are mentioned and compared with those of other microorganisms. Next, we summarize the available information to understand the role of the genes involved in the regulation of PHB metabolism as well as the role of PHB in the physiology of Azospirillum. Finally, we made a comparison between the properties of PHB and polypropylene, and we discussed some applications of PHB in biomedical and commercial areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Los Ángeles Martínez Martínez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Av. 24 Sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Lucía Soto Urzúa
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Av. 24 Sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Yovani Aguilar Carrillo
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Av. 24 Sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Mirian Becerril Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Av. 24 Sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
| | - Luis Javier Martínez Morales
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Av. San Claudio y Av. 24 Sur, Col. San Manuel Ciudad Universitaria, Puebla 72570, Mexico
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2
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Choi S, Kim JW, Lee S, Yoon WY, Han Y, Kim KJ, Rhie JW, Suh TS, Lee KD. Mechanical and Biocompatibility Properties of Sintered Titanium Powder for Mimetic 3D-Printed Bone Scaffolds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:10340-10346. [PMID: 35382287 PMCID: PMC8973078 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c06974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A composite comprising Ti and NaCl powders was sintered similar to a three-dimensional (3D)-printed patient-customized artificial bone scaffold. Additionally, a proper microstructure of the mimetic scaffold and the optimum processing parameters for its development were analyzed. The mechanical properties of the metal-based porous-structured framework used as an artificial bone scaffold were an optimum replacement for the human bone. Thus, it was confirmed that patient-customized scaffolds could be manufactured via 3D printing. The 3D-printed mimetic specimens were fabricated by a powder-sintering method using Ti for the metal parts, NaCl as the pore former, and polylactic acid as the biodegradable binder. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that pores were formed homogeneously, while X-ray computed tomography confirmed that open pores were generated. The porosity and pore size distribution were measured using a mercury porosimeter, while the flexural strength and flexural elastic modulus were calculated using the three-point bending test. Based on these measurements, a pore-former content of 15 vol % optimized the density and flexural strength to 2.52 g cm-2 and 283 MPa, respectively, similar to those of the actual iliac bone. According to the 3D-printing production method, a selective laser-sintering process was applied for the fabrication of the mimetic specimen, and it was determined that the microstructure and properties similar to those of previous metal specimens could be achieved in the as-prepared specimen. Additionally, a decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) was used to coat the surfaces and interiors of the specimens for evaluating their biocompatibilities. SEM image analysis indicated that the adipose-derived stem cells grew evenly inside the pores of the coated specimens, as compared with the bulky Ti specimens without the dECM coating. The doubling time at 65% was measured at 72, 75, and 83 h for specimens with pore-former contents of 5, 10, and 15 vol %, respectively. The doubling time without the pore former was 116 h. As compared with the specimens without the pore former (73 h), 15% of the dECM-coated specimens showed a doubling time of 64%, measured at 47 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanghyeon Choi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Woong Kim
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungtaek Lee
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Young Yoon
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea
University, Seoul 136-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuna Han
- Department
of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03083, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital,
College of Medicine, The Catholic University
of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Joo Kim
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital,
College of Medicine, The Catholic University
of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Won Rhie
- Department
of Biomedicine and Health Sciences, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03083, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital,
College of Medicine, The Catholic University
of Korea, Seoul 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Suk Suh
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 03083, Republic
of Korea
| | - Kyung-Don Lee
- Institute
for Advanced Engineering, Yongin-si 17180, Republic of Korea
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3
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Chen H, Shi Q, Shui H, Wang P, Chen Q, Li Z. Degradation of 3D-Printed Porous Polylactic Acid Scaffolds Under Mechanical Stimulus. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:691834. [PMID: 34765591 PMCID: PMC8576397 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.691834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polylactic acid (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer commonly used as a scaffold material to repair tissue defects, and its degradation is associated with mechanical stimulus. In this study, the effect of mechanical stimulus on the degradation of 3D-printed PLA scaffolds was investigated by in vitro experiments and an author-developed numerical model. Forty-five samples with porosity 64.8% were printed to carry out the degradation experiment within 90 days. Statistical analyses of the mass, volume fraction, Young’s modulus, and number average molecular weight were made, and the in vitro experiments were further used to verify the proposed numerical model of the scaffold degradation. The results indicated that the mechanical stimulus accelerated the degradation of the PLA scaffold, and the higher mechanical stimulus led to a faster degradation of the scaffolds at the late stage of the degradation process. In addition, the Young’s modulus and the normalized number average molecular weight of the PLA scaffolds between the experiments and the numerical simulations were comparable, especially for the number average molecular weight. The present study could be helpful in the design of the biodegradable PLA scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heming Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Quan Shi
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hengtao Shui
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Sports Medicine and Adult Reconstructive Surgery, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiyong Li
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,School of Mechanical, Medical and Process Engineering, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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4
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Wang L, Jiao L, Pang S, Yan P, Wang X, Qiu T. The Development of Design and Manufacture Techniques for Bioresorbable Coronary Artery Stents. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080990. [PMID: 34442612 PMCID: PMC8398368 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is the leading killer of humans worldwide. Bioresorbable polymeric stents have attracted a great deal of interest because they can treat CAD without producing long-term complications. Bioresorbable polymeric stents (BMSs) have undergone a sustainable revolution in terms of material processing, mechanical performance, biodegradability and manufacture techniques. Biodegradable polymers and copolymers have been widely studied as potential material candidates for bioresorbable stents. It is a great challenge to find a reasonable balance between the mechanical properties and degradation behavior of bioresorbable polymeric stents. Surface modification and drug-coating methods are generally used to improve biocompatibility and drug loading performance, which are decisive factors for the safety and efficacy of bioresorbable stents. Traditional stent manufacture techniques include etching, micro-electro discharge machining, electroforming, die-casting and laser cutting. The rapid development of 3D printing has brought continuous innovation and the wide application of biodegradable materials, which provides a novel technique for the additive manufacture of bioresorbable stents. This review aims to describe the problems regarding and the achievements of biodegradable stents from their birth to the present and discuss potential difficulties and challenges in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (S.P.)
| | - Li Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.J.); (P.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Shuoshuo Pang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.W.); (S.P.)
| | - Pei Yan
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.J.); (P.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xibin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.J.); (P.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Tianyang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Fundamental Science for Advanced Machining Beijing Institute of Technology, No. 5 Zhongguancun South Street, Haidian District, Beijing 100081, China; (L.J.); (P.Y.); (X.W.)
- Correspondence:
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5
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Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Morshed M, Karbalaie K, Fesharaki MA, Nematallahi M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H. The Thickness of Electrospun Poly (ε-Caprolactone) Nanofibrous Scaffolds Influences Cell Proliferation. Int J Artif Organs 2018; 32:150-8. [DOI: 10.1177/039139880903200305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nanofibrous scaffolds have morphological similarities to native extracellular matrix and have been considered as candidate scaffolds in tissue engineering. However, there is no report on the effect of the thickness of nanofibrous scaffold on cell behavior. In this study poly (∊-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffolds with thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.6 mm were fabricated by electrospinning. Properties of PCL nanofibrous scaffolds were measured by contact angle and air permeability measurements while the morphology of the nanofibers was observed by SEM. Mouse embryonal carcinoma stem cells (P19), monkey epithelial kidney cells (Vero), Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) and mouse mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were seeded on PCL nanofibrous scaffolds with thicknesses of 0.1 and 0.6 mm. Air permeability measurements showed that air permeability decreases with the increase in the thickness of nanofibrous scaffolds, and contact angle measurements revealed a contact angle of 118° for electrospun PCL nanofibers. The MTT assays showed that the proliferation of the cells was influenced by the thickness of the nanofibrous scaffold. Scaffolds with a thickness of 0.6 mm were found to provide a better substrate for cell proliferation, possibly due to more dimensional stability. Therefore, regardless of cell origin, thicker scaffolds provide a better substrate for cell proliferation, possibly due to the higher dimensional stability and tightness of thicker scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laleh Ghasemi-Mobarakeh
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, ACECR, Esfahan - Iran
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahan - Iran
| | - Mohammad Morshed
- Department of Textile Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Esfahan - Iran
| | - Khadijeh Karbalaie
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, ACECR, Esfahan - Iran
| | - Mehr-Afarin Fesharaki
- Department of Physiology, Medical School, Esfahan University of Medical Sciences, Esfahan - Iran
| | - Marziyeh Nematallahi
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, Esfahan Campus, ACECR, Esfahan - Iran
| | | | - Hossein Baharvand
- Department of Stem Cells, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute, ACECR, Tehran - Iran
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Science and Culture, ACECR, Tehran - Iran
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6
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Burke M, Armstrong JPK, Goodwin A, Deller RC, Carter BM, Harniman RL, Ginwalla A, Ting VP, Davis SA, Perriman AW. Regulation of Scaffold Cell Adhesion Using Artificial Membrane Binding Proteins. Macromol Biosci 2017; 17. [PMID: 28233419 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201600523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The rapid pace of development in biotechnology has placed great importance on controlling cell-material interactions. In practice, this involves attempting to decouple the contributions from adhesion molecules, cell membrane receptors, and scaffold surface chemistry and morphology, which is extremely challenging. Accordingly, a strategy is presented in which different chemical, biochemical, and morphological properties of 3D biomaterials are systematically varied to produce novel scaffolds with tuneable cell affinities. Specifically, cationized and surfactant-conjugated proteins, recently shown to have non-native membrane affinity, are covalently attached to 3D scaffolds of collagen or carboxymethyl-dextran, yielding surface-functionalized 3D architectures with predictable cell immobilization profiles. The artificial membrane-binding proteins enhance cellular adhesion of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) via electrostatic and hydrophobic binding mechanisms. Furthermore, functionalizing the 3D scaffolds with cationized or surfactant-conjugated myoglobin prevents a slowdown in proliferation of seeded hMSCs cultured for seven days under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Burke
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.,Bristol Centre for Functional Nanomaterials, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1FD, UK
| | - James P K Armstrong
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Andrew Goodwin
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Robert C Deller
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Benjamin M Carter
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Robert L Harniman
- Chemical Imaging Facility, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Aasiya Ginwalla
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Valeska P Ting
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Sean A Davis
- Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK.,Chemical Imaging Facility, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Adam W Perriman
- School of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK.,Centre for Organized Matter Chemistry and Centre for Protolife Research, School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TS, UK
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7
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Trimukhe AM, Pandiyaraj KN, Tripathi A, Melo JS, Deshmukh RR. Plasma Surface Modification of Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications. ADVANCED STRUCTURED MATERIALS 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-3328-5_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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8
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Preparation and Characterization of Chitosan-Coated Poly(l-Lactic Acid) Fibers and Their Braided Rope. FIBERS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/fib3040380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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A Survey of Surface Modification Techniques for Next-Generation Shape Memory Polymer Stent Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/polym6092309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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10
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Arginine-glycine-glutamine and serine-isoleucine-lysine-valine-alanine-valine modified poly(l-lactide) films: Bioactive molecules used for surface grafting to guide cellular contractile phenotype. Biointerphases 2014; 9:029002. [DOI: 10.1116/1.4864432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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11
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Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Nematollahi M, Karbalaie K, Ramakrishna S, Nasr-Esfahani MH. Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation to Cardiomyocytes on Nanostructured Scaffolds for Myocardial Tissue Regeneration. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2013.830247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Goonoo N, Bhaw-Luximon A, Bowlin GL, Jhurry D. An assessment of biopolymer- and synthetic polymer-based scaffolds for bone and vascular tissue engineering. POLYM INT 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nowsheen Goonoo
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building; University of Mauritius; Réduit Mauritius
| | - Archana Bhaw-Luximon
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building; University of Mauritius; Réduit Mauritius
| | - Gary L Bowlin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University; Richmond; Virginia USA
| | - Dhanjay Jhurry
- ANDI Centre of Excellence for Biomedical and Biomaterials Research, MSIRI Building; University of Mauritius; Réduit Mauritius
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13
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Le X, Poinern GEJ, Ali N, Berry CM, Fawcett D. Engineering a biocompatible scaffold with either micrometre or nanometre scale surface topography for promoting protein adsorption and cellular response. Int J Biomater 2013; 2013:782549. [PMID: 23533416 PMCID: PMC3600176 DOI: 10.1155/2013/782549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Surface topographical features on biomaterials, both at the submicrometre and nanometre scales, are known to influence the physicochemical interactions between biological processes involving proteins and cells. The nanometre-structured surface features tend to resemble the extracellular matrix, the natural environment in which cells live, communicate, and work together. It is believed that by engineering a well-defined nanometre scale surface topography, it should be possible to induce appropriate surface signals that can be used to manipulate cell function in a similar manner to the extracellular matrix. Therefore, there is a need to investigate, understand, and ultimately have the ability to produce tailor-made nanometre scale surface topographies with suitable surface chemistry to promote favourable biological interactions similar to those of the extracellular matrix. Recent advances in nanoscience and nanotechnology have produced many new nanomaterials and numerous manufacturing techniques that have the potential to significantly improve several fields such as biological sensing, cell culture technology, surgical implants, and medical devices. For these fields to progress, there is a definite need to develop a detailed understanding of the interaction between biological systems and fabricated surface structures at both the micrometre and nanometre scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Le
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Nurshahidah Ali
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Cassandra M. Berry
- Division of Health Sciences, School of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Derek Fawcett
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
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14
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Irvine SA, Yun X, Venkatraman S. Anti-platelet and tissue engineering approaches to biomaterial blood compatibilization: how well have these been translated into the clinic? Drug Deliv Transl Res 2012; 2:384-97. [DOI: 10.1007/s13346-012-0077-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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15
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Qu XH, Wu Q, Chen GQ. In vitro study on hemocompatibility and cytocompatibility of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyhexanoate). JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012. [DOI: 10.1163/156856206778530704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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16
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Armentano I, Marinucci L, Dottori M, Balloni S, Fortunati E, Pennacchi M, Becchetti E, Locci P, Kenny JM. Novel Poly(L-lactide) PLLA/SWNTs Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications: Material Characterization and Biocompatibility Evaluation. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:541-56. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x487873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Armentano
- a Material Science and Technology Center, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - L. Marinucci
- b Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M. Dottori
- c Material Science and Technology Center, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy; INBB at Material Science and Technology Center, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - S. Balloni
- d Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - E. Fortunati
- e Material Science and Technology Center, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - M. Pennacchi
- f Material Science and Technology Center, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
| | - E. Becchetti
- g Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - P. Locci
- h Department of Experimental Medicine and Biochemical Science, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - J. M. Kenny
- i Material Science and Technology Center, UdR INSTM, NIPLAB, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy; INBB at Material Science and Technology Center, University of Perugia, Terni, Italy
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17
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Liu H, Li X, Niu X, Zhou G, Li P, Fan Y. Improved Hemocompatibility and Endothelialization of Vascular Grafts by Covalent Immobilization of Sulfated Silk Fibroin on Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Scaffolds. Biomacromolecules 2011; 12:2914-24. [DOI: 10.1021/bm200479f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xufeng Niu
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Gang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Xu FJ, Yang XC, Li CY, Yang WT. Functionalized Polylactide Film Surfaces via Surface-Initiated ATRP. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200160h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. J. Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - X. C. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - C. Y. Li
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - W. T. Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
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Heng BC, Xia Y, Shang X, Preiser PR, Alex Law SK, Boey FYC, Venkatraman SS. Comparison of the adhesion and proliferation characteristics of HUVEC and two endothelial cell lines (CRL 2922 and CRL 2873) on various substrata. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-010-0141-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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20
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Poinern GEJ, Shackleton R, Mamun SI, Fawcett D. Significance of novel bioinorganic anodic aluminum oxide nanoscaffolds for promoting cellular response. Nanotechnol Sci Appl 2011; 4:11-24. [PMID: 24198483 DOI: 10.2147/nsa.s13913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue engineering is a multidisciplinary field that can directly benefit from the many advancements in nanotechnology and nanoscience. This article reviews a novel biocompatible anodic aluminum oxide (AAO, alumina) membrane in terms of tissue engineering. Cells respond and interact with their natural environment, the extracellular matrix, and the landscape of the substrate. The interaction with the topographical features of the landscape occurs both in the micrometer and nanoscales. If all these parameters are favorable to the cell, the cell will respond in terms of adhesion, proliferation, and migration. The role of the substrate/scaffold is crucial in soliciting a favorable response from the cell. The size and type of surface feature can directly influence the response and behavior of the cell. In the case of using an AAO membrane, the surface features and porosity of the membrane can be dictated at the nanoscale during the manufacturing stage. This is achieved by using general laboratory equipment to perform a relatively straightforward electrochemical process. During this technique, changing the operational parameters of the process directly controls the nanoscale features produced. For example, the pore size, pore density, and, hence, density can be effectively controlled during the synthesis of the AAO membrane. In addition, being able to control the pore size and porosity of a biomaterial such as AAO significantly broadens its application in tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérrard Eddy Jai Poinern
- Murdoch Applied Nanotechnology Research Group, Department of Physics, Energy Studies and Nanotechnology, School of Engineering and Energy, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, Australia
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21
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Ghasemi-Mobarakeh L, Prabhakaran MP, Morshed M, Nasr-Esfahani MH, Baharvand H, Kiani S, Al-Deyab SS, Ramakrishna S. Application of conductive polymers, scaffolds and electrical stimulation for nerve tissue engineering. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2011; 5:e17-35. [PMID: 21413155 DOI: 10.1002/term.383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 361] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/12/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the numerous attempts to integrate tissue engineering concepts into strategies to repair nearly all parts of the body, neuronal repair stands out. This is partially due to the complexity of the nervous anatomical system, its functioning and the inefficiency of conventional repair approaches, which are based on single components of either biomaterials or cells alone. Electrical stimulation has been shown to enhance the nerve regeneration process and this consequently makes the use of electrically conductive polymers very attractive for the construction of scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. In this review, by taking into consideration the electrical properties of nerve cells and the effect of electrical stimulation on nerve cells, we discuss the most commonly utilized conductive polymers, polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PANI), along with their design and modifications, thus making them suitable scaffolds for nerve tissue engineering. Other electrospun, composite, conductive scaffolds, such as PANI/gelatin and PPy/poly(ε-caprolactone), with or without electrical stimulation, are also discussed. Different procedures of electrical stimulation which have been used in tissue engineering, with examples on their specific applications in tissue engineering, are also discussed.
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22
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Heng BC, Bezerra PP, Preiser PR, Law SKA, Xia Y, Boey F, Venkatraman SS. Effect of cell-seeding density on the proliferation and gene expression profile of human umbilical vein endothelial cells within ex vivo culture. Cytotherapy 2010; 13:606-17. [PMID: 21171823 DOI: 10.3109/14653249.2010.542455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AIMS Characterization of endothelial cell-biomaterial interaction is crucial for the development of blood-contacting biomedical devices and implants. However, a crucial parameter that has largely been overlooked is the cell-seeding density. METHODS This study investigated how varying cell-seeding density influences human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) proliferation on three different substrata: gelatin, tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) and poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA). RESULTS The fastest proliferation was seen on gelatin, followed by TCPS and PLLA, regardless of seeding density. On both TCPS and gelatin, maximal proliferation was attained at an initial seeding density of 1000 cells/cm(2). At seeding densities above and below 1000 cells/cm(2), the proliferation rate decreased sharply. On PLLA, there was a decrease in cell numbers over 7 days of culture, below a certain threshold seeding density (c. 2500-3000 cells/cm(2)), which meant that some of the cells were dying off rather than proliferating. Above this threshold seeding density, HUVEC displayed slow proliferation. Subsequently, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis of eight gene markers associated with adhesion and endothelial functionality (VEGF-A, integrin-α5, VWF, ICAM1, ICAM2, VE-cadherin, endoglin and PECAM1) was carried out on HUVEC seeded at varying densities on the three substrata. A significant downregulation of gene expression was observed at an ultralow cell-seeding density of 100 cells/cm(2). This was accompanied by an extremely slow proliferation rate, probably because of an acute lack of intercellular contacts and paracrine signaling. CONCLUSION Hence, this study demonstrates that seeding density has a profound effect on the proliferation and gene expression profile of endothelial cells seeded on different biomaterial surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boon Chin Heng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore.
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23
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Liu C, McKenna FM, Liang H, Johnstone A, Abel EW. Enhanced Cell Colonization of Collagen Scaffold by Ultraviolet/Ozone Surface Processing. Tissue Eng Part C Methods 2010; 16:1305-14. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tec.2009.0769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chaozong Liu
- Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, School of Engineering, NRP Joint Research Institute for Medical Technology, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona-Mairead McKenna
- Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, School of Engineering, NRP Joint Research Institute for Medical Technology, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - He Liang
- Advanced Materials and Biomaterials Research Centre, School of Engineering, NRP Joint Research Institute for Medical Technology, The Robert Gordon University, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Alan Johnstone
- Trauma Unit, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Eric W. Abel
- School of Engineering & Physical Science, Dundee University, Dundee, United Kingdom
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24
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Armentano I, Dottori M, Fortunati E, Mattioli S, Kenny J. Biodegradable polymer matrix nanocomposites for tissue engineering: A review. Polym Degrad Stab 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2010.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 482] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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25
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Santos MI, Reis RL. Vascularization in bone tissue engineering: physiology, current strategies, major hurdles and future challenges. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:12-27. [PMID: 19688722 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The lack of a functional vascular supply has, to a large extent, hampered the whole range of clinical applications of 'successful' laboratory-based bone tissue engineering strategies. To the present, grafts have been dependent on post-implant vascularization, which jeopardizes graft integration and often leads to its failure. For this reason, the development of strategies that could effectively induce the establishment of a microcirculation in the engineered constructs has become a major goal for the tissue engineering research community. This review addresses the role and importance of the development of a vascular network in bone tissue engineering and provides an overview of the most up to date research efforts to develop such a network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Santos
- 3B's Research Group - Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, AvePark, 4806-909 Taipas, Guimarães, Portugal.
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26
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Ghanaati SM, Thimm BW, Unger RE, Orth C, Kohler T, Barbeck M, Müller R, Kirkpatrick CJ. Collagen-embedded hydroxylapatite-beta-tricalcium phosphate-silicon dioxide bone substitute granules assist rapid vascularization and promote cell growth. Biomed Mater 2010; 5:25004. [PMID: 20208127 DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/5/2/025004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we assessed the biocompatibility in vitro and in vivo of a low-temperature sol-gel-manufactured SiO(2)-based bone graft substitute. Human primary osteoblasts and the osteoblastic cell line, MG63, cultured on the SiO(2) biomatrix in monoculture retained their osteoblastic morphology and cellular functionality in vitro. The effect of the biomaterial in vivo and its vascularization potential was tested subcutaneously in Wistar rats and demonstrated both rapid vascularization and good integration within the peri-implant tissue. Scaffold degradation was progressive during the first month after implantation, with tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive macrophages being present and promoting scaffold degradation from an early stage. This manuscript describes successful osteoblastic growth promotion in vitro and a promising biomaterial integration and vasculogenesis in vivo for a possible therapeutic application of this biomatrix in future clinical studies.
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27
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Ranjan A, Webster TJ. Increased endothelial cell adhesion and elongation on micron-patterned nano-rough poly(dimethylsiloxane) films. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2009; 20:305102. [PMID: 19581692 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/20/30/305102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The success of synthetic vascular grafts is largely determined by their ability to promote vital endothelial cell functions such as adhesion, alignment, proliferation, and extracellular matrix (ECM) deposition. Developing such biomaterials requires the design and fabrication of materials that mimic select properties of native extracellular matrices. Furthermore, cells of the native endothelium have elongated and aligned morphology in the direction of blood flow, yet few materials promote this type of morphology initially, but rather rely on blood flow to orient endothelial cells. Therefore, the objective of this in vitro study was to design a biomaterial that mimics the conditions of the micro- and nano-environment of vascular intima tissue suitable for endothelial cell adhesion and elongation to improve the efficacy of small synthetic vascular grafts. Towards this end, patterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) films consisting of periodic arrays of nano-grooves (500 nm), with spacings ranging from 22 to 80 microm, and alternating nano- and micron roughness were fabricated using a novel electron beam physical vapor deposition method followed by polymer casting. By varying pattern spacing, the area of micron- and nano-rough surface was controlled. In vitro rat aortic endothelial cell adhesion and elongation studies indicated that endothelial cell function was enhanced on patterned PDMS surfaces with the widest spacing and greatest surface area of nano-roughness, as compared to more narrow pattern spacings and non-patterned PDMS surfaces. Specifically, endothelial cells adherent on PDMS patterned films of the widest spacing (greatest nano-rough area) displayed almost twice as much elongation as cells on non-patterned surfaces. For these reasons, the present study highlighted design criteria (the use of micron patterns of nano-features on PDMS) that may contribute to the intelligent design of new-generation vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwini Ranjan
- Division of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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28
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Abstract
Despite well-established bone-grafting techniques, large bone defects still represent a challenge for orthopaedic and reconstructive surgeons. Efforts have therefore been made to develop osteoconductive, osteoinductive and osteogenic bone-replacement systems. According to its original definition, tissue engineering is an 'interdisciplinary field that applies the principles of engineering and the life sciences toward the development of biological substitutes that restore, maintain, or improve tissue function'. It is based on the understanding of tissue formation and regeneration, and aims to grow new functional tissues rather than to build new spare parts. This review focuses on the principles of tissue engineering applied to the creation of bioartificial bone tissue. Important aspects, such as osteogenic cells, matrix materials, inter- and intra-cellular communication, growth factors, gene therapy and current concepts of bone tissue engineering are reviewed. First clinical applications are discussed. An outlook provides insight into the possible future perspectives of bone tissue engineering.
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29
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Santos MI, Pashkuleva I, Alves CM, Gomes ME, Fuchs S, Unger RE, Reis RL, Kirkpatrick CJ. Surface-modified 3D starch-based scaffold for improved endothelialization for bone tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b819089e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Liu Y, Wu N, Wei Q, Cai Y, Wei A. Wetting behavior of electrospun poly(L-lactic acid)/poly(vinyl alcohol) composite nonwovens. J Appl Polym Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/app.28904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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31
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Safinia L, Wilson K, Mantalaris A, Bismarck A. Through-thickness plasma modification of biodegradable and nonbiodegradable porous polymer constructs. J Biomed Mater Res A 2008; 87:632-42. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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32
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Pavithra D, Doble M. Biofilm formation, bacterial adhesion and host response on polymeric implants—issues and prevention. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:034003. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/3/034003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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UV-O3-treated and protein-coated polymer surfaces facilitate endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation mediated by the PKCα/ERK/cPLA2 pathway. Microvasc Res 2008; 75:330-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mvr.2007.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2007] [Revised: 10/02/2007] [Accepted: 11/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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34
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Thimm BW, Unger RE, Neumann HG, Kirkpatrick CJ. Biocompatibility studies of endothelial cells on a novel calcium phosphate/SiO
2
-xerogel composite for bone tissue engineering. Biomed Mater 2008; 3:015007. [DOI: 10.1088/1748-6041/3/1/015007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Couet F, Rajan N, Mantovani D. Macromolecular biomaterials for scaffold-based vascular tissue engineering. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:701-18. [PMID: 17477449 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200700002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are increasingly becoming the main cause of death all over the world, which has led to an increase in the economic and social burden of such diseases. Vascular tissue engineering (VTE) is providing a route towards interesting applications, mainly focussing on the in vitro, in vivo, or combined in vitro/in vivo regeneration of small-diameter blood vessels (<6 mm) for coronary or peripheral vascular substitutions. Although different approaches have been investigated in the past two decades to achieve this aim, the most common method uses a macromolecular-based structure to scaffold cells during the regeneration process. Therefore, the aim of this work is to comprehensively review macromolecular biomaterials that were designed, developed, fabricated, and tested for scaffolding VTE. In an effort to provide a comprehensive overview, this review will mainly focus on the mechanical properties of the construct and its biological performance that results from the scaffold colonization during cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Couet
- Laboratory for Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department Materials Engineering & Research Centre, Quebec University Hospital, Laval University, Quebec City, G1K 7P4, Canada
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36
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Ho MH, Lee JJ, Fan SC, Wang DM, Hou LT, Hsieh HJ, Lai JY. Efficient modification on PLLA by ozone treatment for biomedical applications. Macromol Biosci 2007; 7:467-74. [PMID: 17429808 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200600241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
RGDS (Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser) is immobilized on poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) with ozone oxidation and the addition of an intermediate reactant, acryl succinimide (ASI) to promote the grafting efficiency. A DPPH (2,2-di(4-tert-octylphenyl)-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay has revealed that the peroxide concentration can be controlled by adjusting the ozone treatment time. The immobilization of ASI is verified by elemental analysis. The peptide concentrations are in the effective order, as shown by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and the grafting efficiency is proven to be relatively high compared with the previous studies. The culture of rat osteosarcoma 17/2.8 (ROS), osteoblastic-like cells, demonstrates that the grafting of RGDS can enhance the attachment and osteogenesis of ROS cells on PLLA. With the addition of ASI, the cultured ROS cells express normal function in proliferation and mineralization. From in vivo experiments, ASI immobilized on the surface is shown to be biocompatible. These results lead to the conclusion that the ozone treatment with the intermediate reactant ASI is an efficient, biocompatible, and easily controllable procedure to modify PLLA. Furthermore, the immobilization of RGDS in significant amounts following the ozone oxidation could further promote the biocompatibility and the osteoinduction of PLLA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hua Ho
- R&D Center of Membrane Technology and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan University, Chungli, Taiwan ROC.
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37
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Human vascular smooth muscle cells and endothelial cells cocultured on polyglycolic acid (70/30) scaffold in tissue engineered vascular graft. Chin Med J (Engl) 2007. [DOI: 10.1097/00029330-200708010-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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38
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Kim G, Kim W. Highly porous 3D nanofiber scaffold using an electrospinning technique. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 81:104-10. [PMID: 16924612 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A successful 3D tissue-engineering scaffold must have a highly porous structure and good mechanical stability. High porosity and optimally designed pore size provide structural space for cell accommodation and migration and enable the exchange of nutrients between the scaffold and environment. Poly(epsilon-carprolactone) fibers were electrospun using an auxiliary electrode and chemical blowing agent (BA), and characterized according to porosity, pore size, and their mechanical properties. We also investigated the effect of the BA on the electrospinning processability. The growth characteristic of human dermal fibroblasts cells cultured in the webs showed the good adhesion with the blown web relative to a normal electrospun mat. The blown nanofiber web had good tensile properties and high porosity compared to a typical electrospun nanofiber scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geunhyung Kim
- Bio-mechatronics Laboratory, Department of Future Technology, Korea Institute of Machinery and Materials, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon, Korea.
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39
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Carampin P, Conconi MT, Lora S, Menti AM, Baiguera S, Bellini S, Grandi C, Parnigotto PP. Electrospun polyphosphazene nanofibers forin vitro rat endothelial cells proliferation. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 80:661-8. [PMID: 17051540 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A large variety of natural and synthetic polymers have been explored as scaffolds for the seeding and growth of different types of cells. To fabricate a scaffold that can be used as a synthetic extracellular matrix (ECM), it is important to replicate the nanoscale dimensions of natural ECM. The electrospinning process allows to produce ultrathin fibers so that this method represents a suitable approach to scaffold fabrication for tissue engineering applications. In this work, the feasibility of obtaining flat or tubular matrices from biocompatible poly[(ethyl phenylalanato)(1.4) (ethyl glycinato)(0.6) phosphazene] by electrospinning was evaluated and the effect of process parameters on the diameter of nanofibers was examined. The adhesion and growth of rat neuromicrovascular endothelial cells cultured on sheets and tubes composed by the polymer with an average fiber diameter of 850 +/- 150 nm were also reported. Microscopic examination of the seeded tubes demonstrated that, after 16 days of incubation, endothelial cells formed a monolayer on the whole surface. These results are the first step to demonstrate that tubes of biodegradable polyphosphazenes might be a feasible model to construct human tissues such as vessels or cardiac valves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Carampin
- Institute of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, ISOF, C.N.R., Viale dell'Università,2, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
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40
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Santos MI, Fuchs S, Gomes ME, Unger RE, Reis RL, Kirkpatrick CJ. Response of micro- and macrovascular endothelial cells to starch-based fiber meshes for bone tissue engineering. Biomaterials 2007; 28:240-8. [PMID: 16945411 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2006.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2006] [Accepted: 08/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The establishment of a functional vasculature is as yet an unrealized milestone in bone reconstruction therapy. For this study, fiber-mesh scaffolds obtained from a blend of starch and poly(caprolactone) (SPCL), that have previously been shown to be an excellent material for the proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow cells and thereby represent great potential as constructs for bone regeneration, were examined for endothelial cell (EC) compatibility. To be successfully applied in vivo, this tissue engineered construct should also be able to support the growth of ECs in order to facilitate vascularization and therefore assure the viability of the construct upon implantation. The main goal of this study was to examine the interactions between ECs and SPCL fiber meshes. Primary cultures of HUVEC cells were selected as a model of macrovascular cells and the cell line HPMEC-ST1.6R as a model for microvascular ECs. Both macro- and microvascular ECs adhered to SPCL fiber-mesh scaffolds and grew to cover much of the available surface area of the scaffold. In addition, ECs growing on the SPCL fibers exhibited a typical morphology, maintained important functional properties, such as the expression of the intercellular junction proteins, PECAM-1 and VE-cadherin, the expression of the most typical endothelial marker vWF and sensitivity to pro-inflammatory stimuli, as shown by induction of the expression of cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). These data indicate that ECs growing on SPCL fiber-mesh scaffolds maintain a normal expression of EC-specific genes/proteins, indicating a cell compatibility and potential suitability of these scaffolds for the vascularization process in bone tissue engineering in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina I Santos
- 3B's Research Group--Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimetics, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
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41
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Liu C, Xia Z, Czernuszka J. Design and Development of Three-Dimensional Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering. Chem Eng Res Des 2007. [DOI: 10.1205/cherd06196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 333] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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42
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Miller DC, Haberstroh KM, Webster TJ. PLGA nanometer surface features manipulate fibronectin interactions for improved vascular cell adhesion. J Biomed Mater Res A 2007; 81:678-84. [PMID: 17187386 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.31093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The largest cause of mortality in the Western world is atherosclerotic vascular disease. Many of these diseases require synthetic vascular grafts; however, their patency rate is only 30% in small (<6 mm) diameter vascular grafts after 5 years of implantation. In an effort to increase small diameter vascular graft success, researchers have been designing random nanostructured surface features which enhance vascular cell functions. However, for the present study, highly-controllable, nanostructured features on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) surfaces were formulated. To create ordered nanostructured roughness on PLGA surfaces, either 500, 200, or 100 nm polystyrene nanospheres were separately placed onto mica. These were then used as a template for creating an inverse poly(dimethylsiloxane) mold which was utilized to cast PLGA. Compared to all other PLGA films formulated, AFM results demonstrated greater initial fibronectin spreading on PLGA which possessed spherical 200 nm features. Compared to smooth PLGA, PLGA with 500 or 100 nm surface features, results further showed that PLGA with 200 nm spherical features promoted vascular cell (specifically, endothelial, and smooth muscle cell) adhesion. In this manner, the present study demonstrated a specific nanometer surface feature size that promoted fibronectin spreading and subsequent vascular cell adhesion; criteria critical to vascular graft success.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick C Miller
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
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43
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Venugopal J, Low S, Choon AT, Ramakrishna S. Interaction of cells and nanofiber scaffolds in tissue engineering. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2007; 84:34-48. [PMID: 17477388 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.30841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Nanofibers and nanomaterials are potentially recent additions to materials in relation to tissue engineering (TE). TE is the regeneration of biological tissues through the use of cells, with the aid of supporting structures and biomolecules. Mimicking architecture of extracellular matrix is one of the challenges for TE. Biodegradable biopolymer nanofibers with controlled surface and internal molecular structures can be electrospun into mats with specific fiber arrangement and structural integrity for drug delivery and TE applications. The polymeric materials are widely accepted because of their ease of processability and amenability to provide a large variety of cost-effective materials, which help to enhance the comfort and quality of life in modern biomedical and industrial society. Today, nanotechnology and nanoscience approaches to scaffold design and functionalization are beginning to expand the market for drug delivery and TE is forming the basis for highly profitable niche within the industry. This review describes recent advances for fabrication of nanofiber scaffolds and interaction of cells in TE.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Venugopal
- Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Initiative, Division of Bioengineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576.
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Williamson MR, Woollard KJ, Griffiths HR, Coombes AGA. Gravity Spun Polycaprolactone Fibers for Applications in Vascular Tissue Engineering: Proliferation and Function of Human Vascular Endothelial Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 12:45-51. [PMID: 16499441 DOI: 10.1089/ten.2006.12.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Poly(epsilon-caprolactone) (PCL) fibers produced by wet spinning from solutions in acetone under lowshear (gravity-flow) conditions resulted in fiber strength of 8 MPa and stiffness of 0.08 Gpa. Cold drawing to an extension of 500% resulted in an increase in fiber strength to 43 MPa and stiffness to 0.3 GPa. The growth rate of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (seeded at a density of 5 x 10(4) cells/mL) on as-spun fibers was consistently lower than that measured on tissue culture plastic (TCP) beyond day 2. Cell proliferation was similar on gelatin-coated fibers and TCP over 7 days and higher by a factor of 1.9 on 500% cold-drawn PCL fibers relative to TCP up to 4 days. Cell growth on PCL fibers exceeded that on Dacron monofilament by at least a factor of 3.7 at 9 days. Scanning electron microscopy revealed formation of a cell layer on samples of cold-drawn and gelatin-coated fibers after 24 hours in culture. Similar levels of ICAM-1 expression by HUVECs attached to PCL fibers and TCP were measured using RT-PCR and flow cytometry, indicative of low levels of immune activation. Retention of a specific function of HUVECs attached to PCL fibers was demonstrated by measuring their immune response to lipopolysaccharide. Levels of ICAM-1 expression increased by approximately 11% in cells attached to PCL fibers and TCP. The high fiber compliance, favorable endothelial cell proliferation rates, and retention of an important immune response of attached HUVECS support the use of gravity spun PCL fibers for three-dimensional scaffold production in vascular tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R Williamson
- Aston Pharmacy School, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, United Kingdom.
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Conconi MT, Lora S, Baiguera S, Boscolo E, Folin M, Scienza R, Rebuffat P, Parnigotto PP, Nussdorfer GG. In vitro culture of rat neuromicrovascular endothelial cells on polymeric scaffolds. J Biomed Mater Res A 2005; 71:669-74. [PMID: 15499589 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Polyphosphazenes are polymers possessing a skeleton composed of alternating phosphorous and nitrogen atoms, and two side-moieties linked to each phosphorous atom. Polyphosphazenes with amino acid esters as side-moieties are biocompatible and biodegradable polymers. Two polyphosphazenes, poly[bis(ethyl alanate) phosphazene] and poly[(ethyl phenylalanate)0.8(ethyl alanate)0.8(ethyl glycinate)0.4 phosphazene] (PPAGP) were synthesized, and processed to form small fibers. Their ability to support rat neuromicrovascular endothelial cell (EC) adhesion and growth has been studied, using poly(D,L-lactic acid) as reference compound. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that both poly[bis(ethyl alanate) phosphazene] and PPAGP fibers were thinner than poly(D,L-lactic acid) fibers, and possessed a more irregular and porous surface. All polymers increased EC adhesion, compared with polystyrene, but only polyphosphazenes were able to improve EC growth. The highest increase in EC proliferation was induced by PPAGP, which, as revealed by environmental scanning electron microscopy, was also able to induce ECs to arrange into tubular structures. The conclusion is drawn that PPAGP may provide the best scaffold for engineered blood vessels, because it promotes adhesion, growth, and organization of ECs into capillary-like structures.
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Han DW, Sub Lee M, Park BJ, Kim JK, Park JC. Enhanced neurite outgrowth of rat neural cortical cells on surface-modified films of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid). Biotechnol Lett 2005; 27:53-8. [PMID: 15685420 DOI: 10.1007/s10529-004-6585-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2004] [Accepted: 11/12/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Neural cortical cells, isolated from prenatal rat cerebra, were grown on surface-modified poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid, 65:35) (PLGA) films coated with poly-D: -lysine (PDL) with either laminin (LN), fibronectin (FN) or collagen (CN). Immunocytochemistry showed that the isolated cells were highly immunopositive for both neurofilament and MAP-2 with well-organized neurites and somatodendritic localization. The presence of PDL with LN or FN on the PLGA films was essential for increased neural cell growth. Also, PLGA films coated with either PDL/LN or PDL/FN mixtures had higher neurite outgrowth and regular differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Wook Han
- Department of Medical Engineering, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 134 Shinchon-dong,Seodaemun-gu, 120-752, Seoul, Korea
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Xu C, Yang F, Wang S, Ramakrishna S. In vitro study of human vascular endothelial cell function on materials with various surface roughness. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 71:154-61. [PMID: 15368265 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.30143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, creating a biodegradable polymer scaffold with an endothelialized surface has become an attractive concept for replacement of small-diameter blood vessels. Toward this end, a better understanding of the interaction between endothelial cells and biodegradable polymer substrates is particularly important. Surface roughness of biomaterials is one of the important parameters that affect cell behavior. In this study, human vascular endothelial cells were cultured on electrospun and solvent-cast poly(L-lactic acid) substrates with different surface roughness. Cell responses were evaluated via both qualitative examinations of cell morphology changes as well as quantitative assessment of cell adhesion and proliferation rate on the different substrates. The results proved that endothelial cell function was enhanced on the smooth solvent-cast surface rather than on the rough electrospun surface of poly(L-lactic acid). Together with our previous findings that electrospun substrates favor vascular smooth muscle cell behavior, it is possible to design a unique three-dimensional scaffold for application of tissue-engineered small-diameter vessel replacement by combining the fabrication technique of solvent casting and electrospinning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyu Xu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117576.
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Miller DC, Thapa A, Haberstroh KM, Webster TJ. Endothelial and vascular smooth muscle cell function on poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) with nano-structured surface features. Biomaterials 2004; 25:53-61. [PMID: 14580908 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00471-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 254] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biomaterials that successfully integrate into surrounding tissue should match not only the tissue's mechanical properties, but also its topography. The cellular response to a biomaterial may be enhanced in synthetic polymer formulations by mimicking the surface roughness created by the associated nano-structured extra-cellular matrix components of natural tissue. As a first step towards this endeavor, the goal of the present in vitro study was to use these design parameters to develop a synthetic, nano-structured, polymeric biomaterial that promotes cell adhesion and growth for vascular applications. In a novel manner, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) (50/50wt% mix) was synthesized to possess a range (from micron to nanometer) of surface features. Reduction of surface features was accomplished by treating conventional PLGA with various concentrations of NaOH for select periods of time. Results from cell experiments indicated that, compared to conventional PLGA, NaOH treated PLGA enhanced vascular smooth muscle cell adhesion and proliferation. However, PLGA prepared by soaking in NaOH decreased endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation compared to conventional PLGA. After further investigation, this finding was determined to be a result of chemical (and not topographical) changes during polymer synthesis. Surface chemistry effects were removed while retaining nano-structured topography by using polymer/elastomer casting methods. Results demonstrated that endothelial and smooth muscle cell densities increased on nano-structured cast PLGA. For these reasons, the present in vitro study provided the first evidence that nano-structured surface features can significantly improve vascular cell densities; such design criteria can be used in the synthesis of the next-generation of more successful tissue-engineered vascular grafts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derick C Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1296, USA.
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Boura C, Menu P, Payan E, Picart C, Voegel JC, Muller S, Stoltz JF. Endothelial cells grown on thin polyelectrolyte mutlilayered films: an evaluation of a new versatile surface modification. Biomaterials 2003; 24:3521-30. [PMID: 12809781 DOI: 10.1016/s0142-9612(03)00214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cell seeding constitutes an appreciated method to improve blood compatibility of small-diameter vascular grafts. In this study, we report the development of a simple innovative technique based on multilayered polyelectrolyte films as cell adhesive substrates. Polyelectrolyte multilayered films ending by poly(sodium-4-styrenesulfonate)/poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PSS/PAH) or poly(L-glutamic acid)/poly(D-lysine) (PGA/PDL) could enhance cell adhesion by modification of the physico-chemical properties of the surface. The biological responses of human umbilical vein endothelial cells seeded on the polyelectrolyte multilayer films, on PDL or PAH monolayers, and on control surfaces, were evaluated in terms of initial attachment, growth, cellular metabolic activity, endothelial phenotype, and adhesion. The results showed that polyelectrolyte multilayers neither induce cytotoxic effects nor alter the phenotype of the endothelial cells. The polyelectrolyte multilayered films enhanced initial cell attachment as compared to the polyelectrolyte monolayer. Cell growth observed on the films was similar to that on TCPS. Among the different coating tested, the film ending by PSS/PAH exhibited an excellent cellular biocompatibility and appeared to be the most interesting surface in terms of cellular adhesion and growth. Such films could be used to cover hydrophobic (cell resistant) substrates in order to promote cell colonization, thereby constituting an excellent material for endothelial cell seeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Boura
- Laboratoire de Mécanique et Ingénierie Cellulaire et Tissulaire, UMR CNRS-INPL-UHP 7563 et IFR 111, Faculté de Médecine, Bât E, 9 Avenue de la forêt de Haye, 54505 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
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Poncin-Epaillard F, Legeay G. Surface engineering of biomaterials with plasma techniques. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2003; 14:1005-28. [PMID: 14661876 DOI: 10.1163/156856203769231538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, 3 types of plasma techniques, i.e. plasma modification, plasma deposition and plasma followed by grafting reaction, are used for the fabrication of tools, medical devices and biomaterials. Depending on purpose, bioadhesion of cells and biomolecules is either looked for or avoided. Since the mechanisms of bioadhesion depend on the characteristics of the surface (hydrophilic or hydrophobic), modifying the surface by a treatment will alter the bioadhesion. These treatments are developed for the anti-fouling process, the sterilisation and the improvement of the formation of biofilms. They have also proved useful for the synthesis of biomimicking devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Poncin-Epaillard
- Laboratoire Polymères, Colloïdes et Interfaces (UMR CNRS 6120), Université du Maine, Avenue O. Messiaen, 72085 Le Mans, France.
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