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Rao J, Xie H, Liang Z, Yang Z, Chen P, Zhou M, Xu X, Lin Y, Lin F, Wang R, Wang C, Chen C. Hypoxic-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles inhibit neuronal death after spinal cord injury by regulating the SIRT1/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1419390. [PMID: 39246654 PMCID: PMC11377843 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1419390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 08/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Oxidative stress and apoptosis of neurons significantly contribute to the pathophysiological cascade of spinal cord injury (SCI). However, the role of hypoxic-preconditioned mesenchymal stem cell-derived small extracellular vesicles (H-sEVs) in promoting SCI repair remains unclear. Hence, the present study aims to investigate the regulatory effects of H-sEVs on neuronal oxidative stress and apoptotic responses following SCI. Methods The administration of H-sEVs of SCI rats was assessed using behavioral evaluations such as Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan (BBB) scores, neuroelectrophysiological monitoring, and Catwalk gait analysis. Indices of oxidative stress (including superoxide dismutase [SOD], total antioxidant capacity [T-AOC], and malondialdehyde [MDA]) were measured. Neuronal survival was evaluated through Nissl staining, while the expression level of sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) was examined using immunohistochemical staining. Additionally, histological evaluation of lesion size was performed using hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining. Tunel cell apoptosis staining and analysis of apoptosis-associated proteins (B-cell lymphoma-2 [Bcl2] and BCL2-Associated X [Bax]) were conducted through immunofluorescence staining and western blot, respectively. Furthermore, the model of oxidative stress was established using PC12 cells, and apoptosis levels were assessed via flow cytometry and western blot analysis. Importantly, to ascertain the critical role of SIRT1, we performed SIRT1 knockout experiments in PC12 cells using lentivirus transfection, followed by western blot. Results Using those behavioral evaluations, we observed significant functional improvement after H-sEVs treatment. Nissl staining revealed that H-sEVs treatment promoted neuronal survival. Moreover, we found that H-sEVs effectively reduced oxidative stress levels after SCI. HE staining demonstrated that H-sEVs could reduce lesion area. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that H-sEVs enhanced SIRT1 expression. Furthermore, Tunel cell apoptosis staining and western blot analysis of apoptosis-related proteins confirmed the anti-apoptotic effects of H-sEVs. The PC12 cells were used to further substantiate the neuroprotective properties of H-sEVs by significantly inhibiting neuronal death and attenuating oxidative stress. Remarkably, SIRT1 knockout in PC12 cells reversed the antioxidant stress effects induced by H-sEVs treatment. Additionally, we elucidated the involvement of the downstream Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study provides valuable insights into the effects of H-sEVs on neuronal oxidative stress and apoptosis after SCI. These findings underscore the potential clinical significance of H-sEVs-based therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Rao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Haishu Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zeyan Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhelun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Pingping Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Maochao Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Xiongjie Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Yike Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Fabin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunhua Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Chunmei Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Fujian Neurosurgical Institute, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
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McPherson JI, Prakash Krishnan Muthaiah V, Kaliyappan K, Leddy JJ, Personius KE. Temporal expression of brainstem neurotrophic proteins following mild traumatic brain injury. Brain Res 2024; 1835:148908. [PMID: 38582416 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/31/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BDNF, a neurotrophic factor, and its receptors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The brainstem houses many vital functions, that are also associated with signs and symptoms of mTBI, but has been understudied in mTBI animal models. We determined the extent to which neurotrophic protein and associated receptor expression is affected within the brainstem of adult rats following mTBI. Their behavioral function was assessed and temporal expression of the 'negative' regulators of neuronal function (p75, t-TrkB, and pro-BDNF) and 'positive' neuroprotective (FL-TrkB and m-BDNF) protein isoforms were determined via western blot and immunohistochemistry at 1, 3, 7, and 14 post-injury days (PID) following mTBI or sham (control) procedure. Within the brainstem, p75 expression increased at PID 1 vs. sham animals. t-TrkB and pro-BDNF expression increased at PID 7 and 14. The 'positive' protein isoforms of FL-TrkB and m-BDNF expression were increased only at PID 7. The ratio of t-TrkB:FL-TrkB (negative:positive) was substantial across groups and time points, suggesting a negative impact of neurotrophic signaling on neuronal function. Additional NeuN experiments revealed cell death occurring within a subset of neurons within the medulla. While behavioral measures improved by PID 7-14, negative neurotrophic biochemical responses persisted. Despite the assertion that mTBI produces "mild" injury, evidence of cell death was observed in the medulla. Ratios of TrkB and BDNF isoforms with conflicting functions suggest that future work should specifically measure each subtype since they induce opposing downstream effects on neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob I McPherson
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States.
| | - Vijaya Prakash Krishnan Muthaiah
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kathiravan Kaliyappan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - John J Leddy
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kirkwood E Personius
- Department of Rehabilitation Science, School of Public Health and Health Professions, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, United States
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Allam AM, AbuBakr HO, Yassin AM, Abdel-Razek AS, Khattab MS, Gouda EM, Mousa SZ. Potential chemopreventive effects of Broccoli extract supplementation against 7, 12 dimethyl Benz(a)anthracene (DMBA) -induced toxicity in female rats. Sci Rep 2023; 13:17234. [PMID: 37821474 PMCID: PMC10567736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-43629-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Dietary components have recently received rapidly expanding attention for their potential to halt or reverse the development of many oxidative stress-mediated diseases after exposure to environmental toxicants. 7, 12 dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) is one of the most common environmental pollutants. The present study aimed to evaluate the chemo-preventive effects of broccoli as a nutritional component against DMBA intoxication in rats. A daily dose of aqueous (1 ml/rat) and methanolic (150 mg/kg) broccoli extracts, respectively, was given to 50-day-old female rats for 26 successive weeks after carcinogen intoxication with a single dose of 20 mg/ml of DMBA. DMBA intoxication resulted in a redox imbalance (a decreased GSH level and an increased MDA level) and increased DNA fragmentation in the liver, kidney, and brain. Besides, it affected the level of expression of the bcl2 gene in the liver, kidney, and brain tissue but didn't affect cfos gene expression accompanied by histopathological changes. The aqueous and methanolic broccoli extract supplements ameliorated the adverse effects by increasing the level of GSH, decreasing the MDA level, and reducing DNA fragmentation. Besides, broccoli extracts decreased the expression of bcl2 in the liver and brain and up-regulated bcl2 expression in the kidney, accompanied by lowering NF-κβ 65 expression in the liver and brain and γ-catenin expression in the liver and kidney. In conclusion, broccoli as a dietary component had a strong chemoprotective effect against oxidative stress, DNA damage, and genotoxicity induced by DMBA intoxication in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya M Allam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Huda O AbuBakr
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt.
| | - Aya M Yassin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Abdel-Razek
- Department of Microbial Chemistry, Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki- Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa S Khattab
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Eman M Gouda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
| | - Said Z Mousa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, 12211, Egypt
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San Martín Molina I, Fratini M, Campi G, Burghammer M, Grünewald TA, Salo RA, Narvaez O, Aggarwal M, Tohka J, Sierra A. A multiscale tissue assessment in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2022; 82:71-83. [PMID: 36331507 PMCID: PMC9764078 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlac100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has demonstrated the potential to assess the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) but correlations of DTI findings and pathological changes in mTBI are unclear. We evaluated the potential of ex vivo DTI to detect tissue damage in a mild mTBI rat model by exploiting multiscale imaging methods, histology and scanning micro-X-ray diffraction (SμXRD) 35 days after sham-operation (n = 2) or mTBI (n = 3). There were changes in DTI parameters rostral to the injury site. When examined by histology and SμXRD, there was evidence of axonal damage, reduced myelin density, gliosis, and ultrastructural alterations in myelin that were ongoing at the experimental time point of 35 days postinjury. We assessed the relationship between the 3 imaging modalities by multiple linear regression analysis. In this analysis, DTI and histological parameters were moderately related, whereas SμXRD parameters correlated weakly with DTI and histology. These findings suggest that while DTI appears to distinguish tissue changes at the microstructural level related to the loss of myelinated axons and gliosis, its ability to visualize alterations in myelin ultrastructure is limited. The use of several imaging techniques represents a novel approach to reveal tissue damage and provides new insights into mTBI detection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michela Fratini
- Institute of Nanotechnology-CNR c/o Physics Department, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy,IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Tilman A Grünewald
- European Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Grenoble Cedex, France,Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, Institut Fresnel, Marseille, France
| | - Raimo A Salo
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Omar Narvaez
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Manisha Aggarwal
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, John Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jussi Tohka
- A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Alejandra Sierra
- Send correspondence to: Alejandra Sierra, PhD, A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland (Kuopio Campus), PO Box 1627, Neulaniementie 2, FI-70211 Kuopio, Finland; E-mail:
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Toman E, Hodgson S, Riley M, Welbury R, Di Pietro V, Belli A. Concussion in the UK: a contemporary narrative review. Trauma Surg Acute Care Open 2022; 7:e000929. [PMID: 36274785 PMCID: PMC9582316 DOI: 10.1136/tsaco-2022-000929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Concussion has been receiving an increasing amount of media exposure following several high-profile professional sports controversies and multimillion-dollar lawsuits. The potential life-changing sequalae of concussion and the rare, but devasting, second impact syndrome have also gained much attention. Despite this, our knowledge of the pathological processes involved is limited and often extrapolated from research into more severe brain injuries. As there is no objective diagnostic test for concussion. Relying on history and examination only, the diagnosis of concussion has become the rate-limiting step in widening research into the disease. Clinical study protocols therefore frequently exclude the most vulnerable groups of patients such as those with existing cognitive impairment, concurrent intoxication, mental health issues or learning difficulties. This up-to-date narrative review aims to summarize our current concussion knowledge and provides an insight into promising avenues for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Toman
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Sam Hodgson
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Max Riley
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Richard Welbury
- School of Dentistry, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, UK
| | - Valentina Di Pietro
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK,Department of Neurosurgery, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK,NIHR Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK
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Lupeol Treatment Attenuates Activation of Glial Cells and Oxidative-Stress-Mediated Neuropathology in Mouse Model of Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116086. [PMID: 35682768 PMCID: PMC9181489 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) signifies a major cause of death and disability. TBI causes central nervous system (CNS) damage under a variety of mechanisms, including protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Astrocytes and microglia, cells of the CNS, are considered the key players in initiating an inflammatory response after injury. Several evidence suggests that activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO have the potential to cause more harmful effects in the pathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have established that lupeol provides neuroprotection through modulation of inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis in Aβ and LPS model and neurodegenerative disease. However, the effects of lupeol on apoptosis caused by inflammation and oxidative stress in TBI have not yet been investigated. Therefore, we explored the role of Lupeol on antiapoptosis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative stress and its potential mechanism following TBI. In these experiments, adult male mice were randomly divided into four groups: control, TBI, TBI+ Lupeol, and Sham group. Western blotting, immunofluorescence staining, and ROS/LPO assays were performed to investigate the role of lupeol against neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. Lupeol treatment reversed TBI-induced behavioral and memory disturbances. Lupeol attenuated TBI-induced generation of reactive oxygen species/lipid per oxidation (ROS/LPO) and improved the antioxidant protein level, such as nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and heme-oxygenase 1 (HO-1) in the mouse brain. Similarly, our results indicated that lupeol treatment inhibited glial cell activation, p-NF-κB, and downstream signaling molecules, such as TNF-α, COX-2, and IL-1β, in the mouse cortex and hippocampus. Moreover, lupeol treatment also inhibited mitochondrial apoptotic signaling molecules, such as caspase-3, Bax, cytochrome-C, and reversed deregulated Bcl2 in TBI-treated mice. Overall, our study demonstrated that lupeol inhibits the activation of astrocytes/microglia and ROS/LPO that lead to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and apoptosis followed by TBI.
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Shi W, Dong P, Kuss MA, Gu L, Kievit F, Kim HJ, Duan B. Design and Evaluation of an In Vitro Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Modeling System Using 3D Printed Mini Impact Device on the 3D Cultured Human iPSC Derived Neural Progenitor Cells. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2100180. [PMID: 33890428 PMCID: PMC8222191 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Despite significant progress in understanding the disease mechanism of traumatic brain injury (TBI), promising preclinical therapeutics have seldom been translated into successful clinical outcomes, partially because the model animals have physiological and functional differences in the central nervous system (CNS) compared to humans. Human relevant models are thus urgently required. Here, an in vitro mild TBI (mTBI) modeling system is reported based on 3D cultured human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) derived neural progenitor cells (iPSC-NPCs) to evaluate consequences of single and repetitive mTBI using a 3D printed mini weight-drop impact device. Computational simulation is performed to understand the single/cumulative effects of weight-drop impact on the NPC differentiated neurospheres. Experimental results reveal that neurospheres show reactive astrogliosis and glial scar formation after repetitive (10 hits) mild impacts, while no astrocyte activation is found after one or two mild impacts. A 3D co-culture model of human microglia cells with neurospheres is further developed. It is found that astrocyte response is promoted even after two mild impacts, possibly caused by the chronic neuroinflammation after microglia activation. The in vitro mTBI modeling system recapitulates several hallmarks of the brain impact injury and might serve as a good platform for future drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Shi
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Pengfei Dong
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Mitchell A Kuss
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Linxia Gu
- Department of Biomedical and Chemical Engineering and Science, Florida Institute of Technology, Melbourne, FL, 32901, USA
| | - Forrest Kievit
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA
| | - Hyung Joon Kim
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Eppley Institute, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Bin Duan
- Mary & Dick Holland Regenerative Medicine Program, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Nebraska, Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
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Montanino A, Saeedimasine M, Villa A, Kleiven S. Axons Embedded in a Tissue May Withstand Larger Deformations Than Isolated Axons Before Mechanoporation Occurs. J Biomech Eng 2019; 141:1031141. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4044953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is the pathological consequence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that most of all requires a multiscale approach in order to be, first, understood and then possibly prevented. While in fact the mechanical insult usually happens at the head (or macro) level, the consequences affect structures at the cellular (or microlevel). The quest for axonal injury tolerances has so far been addressed both with experimental and computational approaches. On one hand, the experimental approach presents challenges connected to both temporal and spatial resolution in the identification of a clear axonal injury trigger after the application of a mechanical load. On the other hand, computational approaches usually consider axons as homogeneous entities and therefore are unable to make inferences about their viability, which is thought to depend on subcellular damages. Here, we propose a computational multiscale approach to investigate the onset of axonal injury in two typical experimental scenarios. We simulated single-cell and tissue stretch injury using a composite finite element axonal model in isolation and embedded in a matrix, respectively. Inferences on axonal damage are based on the comparison between axolemma strains and previously established mechanoporation thresholds. Our results show that, axons embedded in a tissue could withstand higher deformations than isolated axons before mechanoporation occurred and this is exacerbated by the increase in strain rate from 1/s to 10/s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annaclaudia Montanino
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Huddinge SE-14152, Sweden
| | - Marzieh Saeedimasine
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Huddinge SE-14152, Sweden
| | - Alessandra Villa
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet (KI), Huddinge SE-14152, Sweden
| | - Svein Kleiven
- Division of Neuronic Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), Huddinge SE-14152, Sweden
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High Serum Caspase-Cleaved Cytokeratin-18 Levels and Mortality of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9100269. [PMID: 31658711 PMCID: PMC6826452 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9100269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Apoptosis increases in traumatic brain injury (TBI). Caspase-cleaved cytokeratin (CCCK)-18 in blood during apoptosis could appear. At the time of admission due to TBI, higher blood CCCK-18 levels were found in non-surviving than in surviving patients. Therefore, the objective of our study was to analyze whether serum CCCK-18 levels determined during the first week after TBI could predict early mortality (at 30 days). Methods: Severe TBI patients were included (considering severe when Glasgow Coma Scale < 9) in this observational and multicentre study. Serum CCCK-18 levels were determined at day 1 of TBI, and at days 4 and 8 after TBI. Results: Serum CCCK-18 levels at day 1 of TBI, and in the days 4 and 8 after TBI were higher (p < 0.001) in non-surviving than in surviving patients (34 and 90 patients, respectively) and could predict early mortality (p < 0.001 in the area under the curve). Conclusions: The new findings from our study were that serum CCCK-18 levels at any moment of the first week of TBI were higher in non-surviving patients and were able to predict early mortality.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The concussion public health burden has increased alongside our knowledge of the pathophysiology of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI). The purpose of this review is to summarize our current understanding of mTBI pathophysiology and biomechanics and how these underlying principles correlate with clinical manifestations of mTBI. RECENT FINDINGS Changes in post-mTBI glutamate and GABA concentrations seem to be region-specific and time-dependent. Genetic variability may predict recovery and symptom severity while gender differences appear to be associated with the neuroinflammatory response and neuroplasticity. Ongoing biomechanical research has shown a growing body of evidence in support of an "individual-specific threshold" for mTBI that varies based on individual intrinsic factors. The literature demonstrates a well-characterized timeframe for mTBI pathophysiologic changes in animal models while work in this area continues to grow in humans. Current human research shows that these underlying post-mTBI effects are multifactorial and may correlate with symptomatology and recovery. While wearable sensor technology has advanced biomechanical impact research, a definitive concussion threshold remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Romeu-Mejia
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christopher C Giza
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- UCLA Brain Injury Research Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics/Pediatric Neurology, Mattel Children's Hospital UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Joshua T Goldman
- Department of Neurosurgery, UCLA Steve Tisch BrainSPORT Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Family Medicine, Division of Sports Medicine, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Center for Sports Medicine, Orthopedic Institute for Children, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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The Effects of a Combination of Ion Channel Inhibitors in Female Rats Following Repeated Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113408. [PMID: 30384417 PMCID: PMC6274967 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Following mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), the ionic homeostasis of the central nervous system (CNS) becomes imbalanced. Excess Ca2+ influx into cells triggers molecular cascades, which result in detrimental effects. The authors assessed the effects of a combination of ion channel inhibitors (ICI) following repeated mTBI (rmTBI). Adult female rats were subjected to two rmTBI weight-drop injuries 24 h apart, sham procedures (sham), or no procedures (normal). Lomerizine, which inhibits voltage-gated calcium channels, was administered orally twice daily, whereas YM872 and Brilliant Blue G, inhibiting α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) and P2X₇ receptors, respectively, were delivered intraperitoneally every 48 h post-injury. Vehicle treatment controls were included for rmTBI, sham, and normal groups. At 11 days following rmTBI, there was a significant increase in the time taken to cross the 3 cm beam, as a sub-analysis of neurological severity score (NSS) assessments, compared with the normal control (p < 0.05), and a significant decrease in learning-associated improvement in rmTBI in Morris water maze (MWM) trials relative to the sham (p < 0.05). ICI-treated rmTBI animals were not different to sham, normal controls, or rmTBI treated with vehicle in all neurological severity score and Morris water maze assessments (p > 0.05). rmTBI resulted in increases in microglial cell density, antioxidant responses (manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) immunoreactivity), and alterations to node of Ranvier structure. ICI treatment decreased microglial density, MnSOD immunoreactivity, and abnormalities of the node of Ranvier compared with vehicle controls (p < 0.01). The authors' findings demonstrate the beneficial effects of the combinatorial ICI treatment on day 11 post-rmTBI, suggesting an attractive therapeutic strategy against the damage induced by excess Ca2+ following rmTBI.
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12
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Russell AL, Tasker JG, Lucion AB, Fiedler J, Munhoz CD, Wu TYJ, Deak T. Factors promoting vulnerability to dysregulated stress reactivity and stress-related disease. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12641. [PMID: 30144202 PMCID: PMC6181794 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective coordination of the biological stress response is integral for the behavioural well-being of an organism. Stress reactivity is coordinated by an interplay of the neuroendocrine system and the sympathetic nervous system. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis plays a key role in orchestrating the bodily responses to stress, and the activity of the axis can be modified by a wide range of experiential events. This review focuses on several factors that influence subsequent HPA axis reactivity. Some of these factors include early-life adversity, exposure to chronic stress, immune activation and traumatic brain injury. The central premise is that each of these experiences serves as a general vulnerability factor that accelerates future HPA axis reactivity in ways that make individuals more sensitive to stress challenges, therefore feeding forward into the exacerbation of ongoing (or greater susceptibility toward) future stress-related disease states, especially as they pertain to negative affect and overall brain health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley L Russell
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jeffrey G Tasker
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, Los Angeles
| | - Aldo B Lucion
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences (ICBS), Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Jenny Fiedler
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences Faculty, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina D Munhoz
- Deparment of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tao-Yiao John Wu
- Program in Neuroscience, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland
- Center for Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Bethesda, Maryland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Terrence Deak
- Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Department of Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience Program, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York
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13
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Li QX, Shen YX, Ahmad A, Shen YJ, Zhang YQ, Xu PK, Chen WW, Yu YQ. Mesencephalic Astrocyte-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Prevents Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats by Inhibiting Inflammatory Activation and Protecting the Blood-Brain Barrier. World Neurosurg 2018; 117:e117-e129. [PMID: 29883817 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.05.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our previous studies have shown that mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) provides a neuroprotective effect against ischemia/reperfusion injury and is also involved in inflammatory disease models. This study investigates the potential role and mechanism of MANF in acute brain damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS The model of TBI was induced by Feeney free falling methods with male Sprague-Dawley rats. The expression of MANF, 24 hours after TBI, was detected by the immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction techniques. After treatment with recombinant human MANF after TBI, assessment was conducted 24 hours later for brain water content, cerebral edema volume in magnetic resonance imaging, neurobehavioral testing, and Evans blue extravasation. Moreover, by the techniques of Western blot and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, the expression of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α) and P65 was also analyzed to explore the underlying protective mechanism of MANF. RESULTS At 24 hours after TBI, we found that endogenous MANF was widely expressed in the rat's brain tissues and different types of cells. Treatment with a high dose of recombinant human MANF (20 μg/20 μL) significantly increased the modified Garcia score, and reduced brain water content as well as cerebral edema volume on magnetic resonance imaging. Furthermore, MANF alleviated not only the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) but also the expressions of interleukin 1β and tumor necrosis factor α messenger RNA and protein. Besides, the activation of P65 was also inhibited. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that MANF provides a neuroprotective effect against acute brain injury after TBI, via attenuating blood-brain barrier disruption and intracranial neuroinflammation; the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway might be a potential mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Xin Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Xian Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Biopharmaceutical Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Akhlaq Ahmad
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Jun Shen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China; Biopharmaceutical Institute, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Quan Zhang
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei-Kun Xu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei-Wei Chen
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Qiang Yu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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14
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Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) represents a significant public healthcare concern, accounting for the majority of all head injuries. While symptoms are generally transient, some patients go on to experience long-term cognitive impairments and additional mild impacts can result in exacerbated and persisting negative outcomes. To date, studies using a range of experimental models have reported chronic behavioral deficits in the presence of axonal injury and inflammation following repeated mTBI; assessments of oxidative stress and myelin pathology have thus far been limited. However, some models employed induced acute focal damage more suggestive of moderate–severe brain injury and are therefore not relevant to repeated mTBI. Given that the nature of mechanical loading in TBI is implicated in downstream pathophysiological changes, the mechanisms of damage and chronic consequences of single and repeated closed-head mTBI remain to be fully elucidated. This review covers literature on potential mechanisms of damage following repeated mTBI, integrating known mechanisms of pathology underlying moderate–severe TBIs, with recent studies on adult rodent models relevant to direct impact injuries rather than blast-induced damage. Pathology associated with excitotoxicity and cerebral blood flow-metabolism uncoupling, oxidative stress, cell death, blood-brain barrier dysfunction, astrocyte reactivity, microglial activation, diffuse axonal injury, and dysmyelination is discussed, followed by a summary of functional deficits and preclinical assessments of therapeutic strategies. Comprehensive characterization of the pathology underlying delayed and persisting deficits following repeated mTBI is likely to facilitate further development of therapeutic strategies to limit long-term sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brooke Fehily
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda Fitzgerald
- 1 Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,2 Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,3 Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Sarich Neuroscience Research Institute, Nedlands, Western Australia, Australia
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15
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Sorby-Adams AJ, Vink R, Turner RJ. Large animal models of stroke and traumatic brain injury as translational tools. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018. [PMID: 29537289 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00163.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acute central nervous system injury, encompassing traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke, accounts for a significant burden of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Studies in animal models have greatly enhanced our understanding of the complex pathophysiology that underlies TBI and stroke and enabled the preclinical screening of over 1,000 novel therapeutic agents. Despite this, the translation of novel therapeutics from experimental models to clinical therapies has been extremely poor. One potential explanation for this poor clinical translation is the choice of experimental model, given that the majority of preclinical TBI and ischemic stroke studies have been conducted in small animals, such as rodents, which have small lissencephalic brains. However, the use of large animal species such as nonhuman primates, sheep, and pigs, which have large gyrencephalic human-like brains, may provide an avenue to improve clinical translation due to similarities in neuroanatomical structure when compared with widely adopted rodent models. This purpose of this review is to provide an overview of large animal models of TBI and ischemic stroke, including the surgical considerations, key benefits, and limitations of each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel J Sorby-Adams
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Robert Vink
- Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia , Adelaide, South Australia
| | - Renée J Turner
- Adelaide Medical School and Adelaide Centre for Neuroscience Research, The University of Adelaide , Adelaide, South Australia
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16
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Liu YY, Brent GA. Thyroid hormone and the brain: Mechanisms of action in development and role in protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury. Pharmacol Ther 2018; 186:176-185. [PMID: 29378220 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Thyroid hormone (TH) is essential for normal brain development and may also promote recovery and neuronal regeneration after brain injury. TH acts predominantly through the nuclear receptors, TH receptor alpha (THRA) and beta (THRB). Additional factors that impact TH action in the brain include metabolism, activation of thyroxine (T4) to triiodothyronine (T3) by the enzyme 5'-deiodinase Type 2 (Dio2), inactivation by the enzyme 5-deiodinase Type 3 (Dio3) to reverse T3 (rT3), which occurs in glial cells, and uptake by the Mct8 transporter in neurons. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is associated with inflammation, metabolic alterations and neural death. In clinical studies, central hypothyroidism, due to hypothalamic and pituitary dysfunction, has been found in some individuals after brain injury. TH has been shown, in animal models, to be protective for the damage incurred from brain injury and may have a role to limit injury and promote recovery. Although clinical trials have not yet been reported, findings from in vitro and in vivo models inform potential treatment strategies utilizing TH for protection and promotion of recovery after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yun Liu
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States
| | - Gregory A Brent
- Departments of Medicine and Physiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, CA 90073, United States.
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17
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Jurick SM, Bangen KJ, Evangelista ND, Sanderson-Cimino M, Delano-Wood L, Jak AJ. Advanced neuroimaging to quantify myelin in vivo: Application to mild TBI. Brain Inj 2018; 30:1452-1457. [PMID: 27834545 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2016.1219064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Difficulty providing accurate diagnosis and prognosis, especially after mild forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), has increased efforts to detect changes in white matter microstructure using advanced neuroimaging techniques. Although methods such as diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) have greatly increased knowledge of white matter changes resulting from TBI, several shortcomings limit the utility of these techniques particularly when applied to populations with mild TBI (mTBI) history. In vivo imaging of myelin may be particularly well suited to detect changes in white matter microstructure resulting from mTBI. REVIEW This manuscript will briefly review the animal and histological data supporting the important role of myelin following TBI, contributions and shortcomings of the use of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in mild TBI and the utility of multi-component relaxometry (MCR) techniques as a method for improved visualizing of white matter microstructural integrity in myelin. CONCLUSION The use of MCR-based techniques has potential as a clinical and research tool to assess and track changes in myelin as well as the common behavioural changes such as slowed processing speed following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Jurick
- a San Diego State University/University of California San Diego Joint Doctoral Program in Clinical Psychology , San Diego , CA , USA.,b Veterans Medical Research Foundation , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - K J Bangen
- c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Research Service
| | - N D Evangelista
- b Veterans Medical Research Foundation , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Research Service
| | | | - L Delano-Wood
- b Veterans Medical Research Foundation , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Research Service.,e Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA
| | - A J Jak
- b Veterans Medical Research Foundation , San Diego , CA , USA.,c Department of Psychiatry , University of California San Diego , San Diego , CA , USA.,d Research Service.,e Psychology Service, VA San Diego Healthcare System , San Diego , CA , USA
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18
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Lorente L. Biomarkers Associated with the Outcome of Traumatic Brain Injury Patients. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7110142. [PMID: 29076989 PMCID: PMC5704149 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7110142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on biomarkers associated with the outcome of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients, such as caspase-3; total antioxidant capacity; melatonin; S100B protein; glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP); glutamate; lactate; brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); substance P; neuron-specific enolase (NSE); ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L-1 (UCH-L1); tau; decanoic acid; and octanoic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife 38320, Spain.
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19
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Hung TH, Shyue SK, Wu CH, Chen CC, Lin CC, Chang CF, Chen SF. Deletion or inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase protects against brain damage and reduces microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in traumatic brain injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:103236-103260. [PMID: 29262558 PMCID: PMC5732724 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces a series of inflammatory processes that contribute to neuronal damage. The present study investigated the involvement of soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) in neuroinflammation and brain damage in mouse TBI and in microglial cultures. The effects of genetic deletion of sEH and treatment with an sEH inhibitor, 12-(3-adamantan-1-yl-ureido)-dodecanoic acid (AUDA), on brain damage and inflammatory responses were evaluated in mice subjected to controlled cortical impact. The anti-inflammatory mechanism of sEH inhibition/deletion was investigated in vitro. TBI-induced an increase in sEH protein level in the injured cortex from 1 h to 4 days and sEH was expressed in microglia. Genetic deletion of sEH significantly attenuated functional deficits and brain damage up to 28 days post-TBI. Deletion of sEH also reduced neuronal death, apoptosis, brain edema, and BBB permeability at 1 and 4 day(s). These changes were associated with markedly reduced microglial/macrophage activation, neutrophil infiltration, matrix metalloproteinase-9 activity, inflammatory mediator expression at 1 and 4 day(s), and epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (EET) degradation at 1 and 4 day(s). Administration of AUDA attenuated brain edema, apoptosis, inflammatory mediator upregulation and EET degradation at 4 days. In primary microglial cultures, AUDA attenuated both LPS- or IFN-γ-stimulated nitric oxide (NO) production and reduced LPS- or IFN-γ-induced p38 MAPK and NF-κB signaling. Deletion of sEH also reduced IFN-γ-induced NO production. Moreover, AUDA attenuated N2A neuronal death induced by BV2 microglial-conditioned media. Our results suggest that inhibition of sEH may be a potential therapy for TBI by modulating the cytotoxic functions of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Ho Hung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Taipei and College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Song-Kun Shyue
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hu Wu
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chien-Cheng Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chao-Chang Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Che-Feng Chang
- Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Szu-Fu Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Cheng Hsin General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Departments of Physiology and Biophysics, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
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20
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Zhu W, Chi N, Zou P, Chen H, Tang G, Zhao W. Effect of docosahexaenoic acid on traumatic brain injury in rats. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:4411-4416. [PMID: 29075341 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. A model of TBI was induced by lateral fluid percussion injury in adult rats and rats were randomly divided into the TBI-model group, TBI-low DHA group and TBI-high DHA group, while other healthy rats were assigned to the sham-operated group. Motor recovery was tested with beam-walking trials at 2, 7 and 15 days post-TBI. Cognitive recovery was tested with Morris water maze trials at 15 days post-TBI. The expression levels of caspase-3, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) were measured by western blotting. DHA protected against motor deficits induced by TBI in beam walking tests. All TBI-model groups had longer escape latency and swimming distances than the sham groups. Compared with the TBI-low DHA group, the TBI-high DHA group demonstrated shorter escape latency and swimming distances. DHA inhibited the expression of caspase-3 and the inhibition effect was more obvious at a high dosage. Furthermore, DHA dose-dependently rescued neurons by upregulating the Bcl-2:Bax ratio. DHA supplementation was a viable strategy to mitigate injury from TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Nan Chi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Peng Zou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hongguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Guotai Tang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
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Braun M, Vaibhav K, Saad NM, Fatima S, Vender JR, Baban B, Hoda MN, Dhandapani KM. White matter damage after traumatic brain injury: A role for damage associated molecular patterns. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:2614-2626. [PMID: 28533056 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of mortality and long-term morbidity worldwide. Despite decades of pre-clinical investigation, therapeutic strategies focused on acute neuroprotection failed to improve TBI outcomes. This lack of translational success has necessitated a reassessment of the optimal targets for intervention, including a heightened focus on secondary injury mechanisms. Chronic immune activation correlates with progressive neurodegeneration for decades after TBI; however, significant challenges remain in functionally and mechanistically defining immune activation after TBI. In this review, we explore the burgeoning evidence implicating the acute release of damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP), high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1), S100 proteins, and hyaluronic acid in the initiation of progressive neurological injury, including white matter loss after TBI. The role that pattern recognition receptors, including toll-like receptor and purinergic receptors, play in progressive neurological injury after TBI is detailed. Finally, we provide support for the notion that resident and infiltrating macrophages are critical cellular targets linking acute DAMP release with adaptive immune responses and chronic injury after TBI. The therapeutic potential of targeting DAMPs and barriers to clinical translational, in the context of TBI patient management, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Braun
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Kumar Vaibhav
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Nancy M Saad
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Sumbul Fatima
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - John R Vender
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Babak Baban
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Md Nasrul Hoda
- Department of Medical Laboratory, Imaging & Radiologic Sciences, College of Allied Health Science, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Krishnan M Dhandapani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States.
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Abiko K, Ikoma K, Shiga T, Katoh C, Hirata K, Kuge Y, Kobayashi K, Tamaki N. I-123 iomazenil single photon emission computed tomography for detecting loss of neuronal integrity in patients with traumatic brain injury. EJNMMI Res 2017; 7:28. [PMID: 28337724 PMCID: PMC5364122 DOI: 10.1186/s13550-017-0276-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes brain dysfunction in many patients. Using C-11 flumazenil (FMZ) positron emission tomography (PET), we have detected and reported the loss of neuronal integrity, leading to brain dysfunction in TBI patients. Similarly to FMZ PET, I-123 iomazenil (IMZ) single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is widely used to determine the distribution of the benzodiazepine receptor (BZR) in the brain cortex. The purpose of this study is to examine whether IMZ SPECT is as useful as FMZ PET for evaluating the loss of neuronal integrity in TBI patients. The subjects of this study were seven patients who suffered from neurobehavioral disability. They underwent IMZ SPECT and FMZ PET. Nondisplaceable binding potential (BPND) was calculated from FMZ PET images. The uptake of IMZ was evaluated on the basis of lesion-to-pons ratio (LPR). The locations of low uptake levels were visually evaluated both in IMZ SPECT and FMZ PET images. We compared FMZ BPND and (LPR-1) of IMZ SPECT. Results In the visual assessment, FMZ BPND decreased in 11 regions. In IMZ SPECT, low uptake levels were observed in eight of the 11 regions. The rate of concordance between FMZ PET and IMZ SPECT was 72.7%. The mean values IMZ (LPR-1) (1.95 ± 1.01) was significantly lower than that of FMZ BPND (2.95 ± 0.80 mL/mL). There was good correlation between FMZ BPND and IMZ (LPR-1) (r = 0.80). Conclusions IMZ SPECT findings were almost the same as FMZ PET findings in TBI patients. The results indicated that IMZ SPECT is useful for evaluating the loss of neuronal integrity. Because IMZ SPECT can be performed in various facilities, IMZ SPECT may become widely adopted for evaluating the loss of neuronal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kagari Abiko
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Katsunori Ikoma
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Tohru Shiga
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15th, West 7th, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan.
| | - Chietsugu Katoh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15th, West 7th, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kenji Hirata
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15th, West 7th, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Yuji Kuge
- Department of Tracer Kinetics, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Kentaro Kobayashi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15th, West 7th, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Nagara Tamaki
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, North 15th, West 7th, Kitaku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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23
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Bu W, Ren H, Deng Y, Del Mar N, Guley NM, Moore BM, Honig MG, Reiner A. Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Produces Neuron Loss That Can Be Rescued by Modulating Microglial Activation Using a CB2 Receptor Inverse Agonist. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:449. [PMID: 27766068 PMCID: PMC5052277 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously reported that mild TBI created by focal left-side cranial blast in mice produces widespread axonal injury, microglial activation, and a variety of functional deficits. We have also shown that these functional deficits are reduced by targeting microglia through their cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors using 2-week daily administration of the CB2 inverse agonist SMM-189. CB2 inverse agonists stabilize the G-protein coupled CB2 receptor in an inactive conformation, leading to increased phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of the cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and thus bias activated microglia from a pro-inflammatory M1 to a pro-healing M2 state. In the present study, we showed that SMM-189 boosts nuclear pCREB levels in microglia in several brain regions by 3 days after TBI, by using pCREB/CD68 double immunofluorescent labeling. Next, to better understand the basis of motor deficits and increased fearfulness after TBI, we used unbiased stereological methods to characterize neuronal loss in cortex, striatum, and basolateral amygdala (BLA) and assessed how neuronal loss was affected by SMM-189 treatment. Our stereological neuron counts revealed a 20% reduction in cortical and 30% reduction in striatal neurons bilaterally at 2-3 months post blast, with SMM-189 yielding about 50% rescue. Loss of BLA neurons was restricted to the blast side, with 33% of Thy1+ fear-suppressing pyramidal neurons and 47% of fear-suppressing parvalbuminergic (PARV) interneurons lost, and Thy1-negative fear-promoting pyramidal neurons not significantly affected. SMM-189 yielded 50-60% rescue of Thy1+ and PARV neuron loss in BLA. Thus, fearfulness after mild TBI may result from the loss of fear-suppressing neuron types in BLA, and SMM-189 may reduce fearfulness by their rescue. Overall, our findings indicate that SMM-189 rescues damaged neurons and thereby alleviates functional deficits resulting from TBI, apparently by selectively modulating microglia to the beneficial M2 state. CB2 inverse agonists thus represent a promising therapeutic approach for mitigating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Bu
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Huiling Ren
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Yunping Deng
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Nobel Del Mar
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Natalie M. Guley
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Bob M. Moore
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Marcia G. Honig
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
| | - Anton Reiner
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science CenterMemphis, TN, USA
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Gronbeck KR, Rodrigues CMP, Mahmoudi J, Bershad EM, Ling G, Bachour SP, Divani AA. Application of Tauroursodeoxycholic Acid for Treatment of Neurological and Non-neurological Diseases: Is There a Potential for Treating Traumatic Brain Injury? Neurocrit Care 2016; 25:153-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s12028-015-0225-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Levy Nogueira M, Epelbaum S, Steyaert JM, Dubois B, Schwartz L. Mechanical stress models of Alzheimer's disease pathology. Alzheimers Dement 2015; 12:324-33. [PMID: 26718585 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β protein and intracellular accumulation of tau in brain tissues have been described in animal models of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and mechanical stress-based diseases of different mechanisms, such as traumatic brain injury (TBI), arterial hypertension (HTN), and normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH). METHODS We provide a brief overview of experimental models of TBI, HTN, and NPH showing features of tau-amyloid pathology, neuroinflammation, and neuronal loss. RESULTS "Alzheimer-like" hallmarks found in these mechanical stress-based models were compared with AD features found in transgenic models. DISCUSSION The goal of this review is, therefore, to build on current concepts of onset and progression of AD lesions. We point to the importance of accumulated mechanical stress in brain as an environmental and endogenous factor that pushes protein deposition and neuronal injury over the disease threshold. We further encourage the development of preventing strategies and drug screening based on mechanical stress models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France.
| | - Stéphane Epelbaum
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
| | - Bruno Dubois
- Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Département de Neurologie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; INSERM, CNRS, UMR-S975, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM), Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Schwartz
- Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), UMR 7161, Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau, France
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Lorente L. New Prognostic Biomarkers in Patients With Traumatic Brain Injury. ARCHIVES OF TRAUMA RESEARCH 2015; 4:e30165. [PMID: 26848476 PMCID: PMC4733516 DOI: 10.5812/atr.30165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death, disability, and resource consumption per year. There are two kinds of brain injury in TBI, primary and secondary injuries. Primary injury refers to the initial physical forces applied to the brain at the moment of impact. Secondary injury occurs over a period of hours or days following the initial trauma and results from the activation of different pathways such as inflammation, coagulation, oxidation, and apoptosis. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION This review focuses on new prognostic biomarkers of mortality in TBI patients related to inflammation, coagulation, oxidation, and apoptosis. RESULTS Recently circulating levels of substance P (SP), soluble CD40 ligand (sCD40L), tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMP)-1, malondialdehyde (MDA), and cytokeratin (CK)-18 fragmented have been found to be associated with mortality in TBI patients. Substance P is a neuropeptide of the tachykinin family, mainly synthesized in the central and peripheral nervous system, with proinflammatory effects when binding to their neurokinin-1 receptor (NK1R). Soluble CD40 ligand, a member of the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family that is released into circulation from activated platelets, exhibit proinflamatory, and procoagulant properties on binding to their cell surface receptor CD40. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing endoproteinases involved neuroinflammation and TIMP-1 is the inhibitor of some of them. Malondialdehyde is an end-product formed during lipid peroxidation due to degradation of cellular membrane phospholipids, that is released into extracellular space and finally into the blood. Cytokeratin -18 is cleaved by the action of caspases during apoptosis, and CK-18 fragmented is released into the blood. CONCLUSIONS Circulating levels of some biomarkers, such as SP, sCD40L, TIMP-1, MDA, and CK-18 fragmented, related to inflammation, coagulation, oxidation, and apoptosis have been recently associated with mortality in patients with TBI. These biomarkers could help in the prognostic classification of the patients and open new research lines in the treatment of patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
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Balança B, Bapteste L, Lieutaud T, Ressnikoff D, Guy R, Bezin L, Marinesco S. Neuronal loss as evidenced by automated quantification of neuronal density following moderate and severe traumatic brain injury in rats. J Neurosci Res 2015; 94:39-49. [PMID: 26451689 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury causes widespread neurological lesions that can be reproduced in animals with the lateral fluid percussion (LFP) model. The characterization of the pattern of neuronal death generated in this model remains unclear, involving both cortical and subcortical brain regions. Here, 7 days after moderate (3 atmospheres absolute [ATA]) or severe (3.8 ATA) LFP, we estimated neuronal loss by using immunohistochemistry together with a computer-assisted automated method for quantifying neuronal density in brain sections. Neuronal counts were performed ipsilateral to the impact, in the parietal cortex ventral to the site of percussion, in the temporal cortex, in the dorsal thalamus, and in the hippocampus. These results were compared with the counts observed at similar areas in sham animals. We found that neuronal density was severely decreased in the temporal cortex (-60%), in the dorsal thalamus (-63%), and in area CA3 of the hippocampus (-36%) of injured animals compared with controls but was not significantly modified in the cortices located immediately ventral to the impact. Total cellular density increased in brain structures displaying neuronal death, suggesting the presence of gliosis. The increase in the severity of LFP did not change the pattern of neuronal injury. This automated method simplified the study of neuronal loss following traumatic brain injury and allowed the identification of a pattern of neuronal loss that spreads from the dorsal thalamus to the temporal cortex, with the most severe lesions being in brain structures remote from the site of impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Balança
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team WAKING, Lyon, France.,Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, P. Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Lionel Bapteste
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, P. Wertheimer Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Lieutaud
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
| | - Denis Ressnikoff
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Centre d'Imagerie Quantitative Lyon Est, Lyon, France
| | - Rainui Guy
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team WAKING, Lyon, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Laurent Bezin
- University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team TIGER, Lyon, France
| | - Stéphane Marinesco
- INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, Team WAKING, Lyon, France.,University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292, Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, AniRA-Neurochem Technological Platform, Lyon, France
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Levy Nogueira M, da Veiga Moreira J, Baronzio GF, Dubois B, Steyaert JM, Schwartz L. Mechanical Stress as the Common Denominator between Chronic Inflammation, Cancer, and Alzheimer's Disease. Front Oncol 2015; 5:197. [PMID: 26442209 PMCID: PMC4585184 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of common diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cancer, are currently poorly understood. Inflammation is a common risk factor for cancer and AD. Recent data, provided by our group and from others, demonstrate that increased pressure and inflammation are synonymous. There is a continuous increase in pressure from inflammation to fibrosis and then cancer. This is in line with the numerous papers reporting high interstitial pressure in cancer. But most authors focus on the role of pressure in the lack of delivery of chemotherapy in the center of the tumor. Pressure may also be a key factor in carcinogenesis. Increased pressure is responsible for oncogene activation and cytokine secretion. Accumulation of mechanical stress plays a key role in the development of diseases of old age, such as cardiomyopathy, atherosclerosis, and osteoarthritis. Growing evidence suggest also a possible link between mechanical stress in the pathogenesis of AD. The aim of this review is to describe environmental and endogenous mechanical factors possibly playing a pivotal role in the mechanism of chronic inflammation, AD, and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Levy Nogueira
- Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP , Paris , France ; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) , Paris , France ; UMR 7161, Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , Palaiseau , France
| | - Jorgelindo da Veiga Moreira
- UMR 7161, Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , Palaiseau , France
| | | | - Bruno Dubois
- Département de Neurologie, Institut de la Mémoire et de la Maladie d'Alzheimer (IM2A), Hôpital de la Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP , Paris , France ; Institut des Neurosciences Translationnelles de Paris (IHU-A-ICM), Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) , Paris , France ; UMR-S975, CNRS, INSERM, Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Epinière (ICM) , Paris , France
| | - Jean-Marc Steyaert
- UMR 7161, Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , Palaiseau , France
| | - Laurent Schwartz
- UMR 7161, Laboratoire d'informatique (LIX), Ecole Polytechnique, Université Paris-Saclay , Palaiseau , France
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Jin Y, Lin Y, Feng JF, Jia F, Gao G, Jiang JY. Attenuation of Cell Death in Injured Cortex After Post-Traumatic Brain Injury Moderate Hypothermia: Possible Involvement of Autophagy Pathway. World Neurosurg 2015; 84:420-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2015.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Jin Y, Lin Y, Feng JF, Jia F, Gao GY, Jiang JY. Moderate Hypothermia Significantly Decreases Hippocampal Cell Death Involving Autophagy Pathway after Moderate Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1090-100. [PMID: 25942484 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we evaluated changes in autophagy after post-traumatic brain injury (TBI) followed by moderate hypothermia in rats. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham injury with normothermia group (37 °C); sham injury with hypothermia group (32 °C); TBI with normothermia group (TNG; 37 °C); and TBI with hypothermia group (THG; 32 °C). Injury was induced by a fluid percussion TBI device. Moderate hypothermia (32 °C) was achieved by partial immersion in a water bath (0 °C) under general anesthesia for 4 h. All rats were killed at 24 h after fluid percussion TBI. The ipsilateral hippocampus in all rats was analyzed with hematoxylin and eosin staining; terminal deoxynucleoitidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling staining was used to determine cell death in ipsilateral hippocampus. Immunohistochemistry and western blotting of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3), Beclin-1, as well as transmission electron microscopy performed to assess changes in autophagy. At 24 h after TBI, the cell death index was 27.90 ± 2.36% in TNG and 14.90 ± 1.52% in THG. Expression level of LC3 and Beclin-1 were significantly increased after TBI and were further up-regulated after post-TBI hypothermia. Further, ultrastructural observations showed that there was a marked increase of autophagosomes and autolysosomes in ipsilateral hippocampus after post-TBI hypothermia. Our data demonstrated that moderate hypothermia significantly attenuated cell death and increased autophagy in ipsilateral hippocampus after fluid percussion TBI. In conclusion, autophagy pathway may participate in the neuroprotective effect of post-TBI hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichao Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingying Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-feng Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-yi Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-yao Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Lorente L, Martín MM, González-Rivero AF, Argueso M, Ramos L, Solé-Violán J, Cáceres JJ, Jiménez A, Borreguero-León JM. Serum levels of caspase-cleaved cytokeratin-18 in patients with severe traumatic brain injury are associated with mortality: a pilot study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121739. [PMID: 25822281 PMCID: PMC4379106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There have been found apoptotic changes in brain tissue samples from animals and humans after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The protein cytokeratin 18 (CK-18), present in epithelial cells, is cleaved by the action of caspases during apoptosis, and the resulting fragments are released into the blood as caspase-cleaved CK (CCCK)-18. Circulating levels of CCCK-18, as biomarker of apoptosis, have been determined in patients with different processes; however, it has not been explored in TBI patients. Thus, the objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between serum CCCK-18 levels and mortality and whether such levels could be used as a biomarker to predict outcomes in TBI patients. METHODS A prospective, observational, multicenter study carried out in six Spanish Intensive Care Units. We included patients with severe TBI defined as Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) lower than 9; and were excluded those patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) in non-cranial aspects higher than 9. We measured serum CCCK-18 levels at admission. The end-point of the study was 30-day mortality. RESULTS Surviving patients (n = 73) showed lower serum CCCK-18 levels (P = 0.003) than non-survivors (n = 27). On ROC analysis, the area under the curve (AUC) for serum CCCK-18 levels as predictor of 30-day mortality was 0.69 (95% CI = 0.59-0.78; P = 0.006). We found in survival analysis that patients with serum CCCK-18 higher than 201 u/L had higher 30-day mortality than patients with lower levels (Hazard ratio = 3.9; 95% CI = 1.81-8.34; P<0.001). Regression analyses showed that serum CCCK-18 levels higher than 201 u/L were associated with 30-day mortality (OR = 8.476; 95% CI = 2.087-34.434; P = 0.003) after controlling for age and GCS. CONCLUSIONS The novel finding of our study was that serum CCCK-18 levels are associated with 30-day mortality and could be used as a prognostic biomarker in patients with severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Lorente
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
| | - María M. Martín
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Nuestra Señora de Candelaria, Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Spain
| | | | - Mónica Argueso
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Ramos
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital General de La Palma, Breña Alta, La Palma, Spain
| | - Jordi Solé-Violán
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Universitario Dr. Negrín, CIBERES, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Juan J. Cáceres
- Intensive Care Unit, Hospital Insular, Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Alejandro Jiménez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario de Canarias, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain
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González-López A, Albaiceta GM, Talbot K. Newly identified precipitating factors in mechanical ventilation-induced brain damage: implications for treating ICU delirium. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 14:583-8. [PMID: 24852225 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2014.915743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Delirium is 1.5 to 4.1 times as likely in intensive care unit patients when they are mechanically ventilated. While progress in treatment has occurred, delirium is still a major problem in mechanically ventilated patients. Based on studies of a murine mechanical ventilation model, we summarize evidence here for a novel mechanism by which such ventilation can quickly initiate brain damage likely to cause cognitive deficits expressed as delirium. That mechanism consists of aberrant vagal sensory input driving sustained dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) signaling in the hippocampal formation, which induces apoptosis in that brain area within 90 min without causing hypoxia, oxidative stress, or inflammatory responses. This argues for minimizing the duration and tidal volumes of mechanical ventilation and for more effectively reducing sustained D2R signaling than achieved with haloperidol alone. The latter might be accomplished by reducing D2R cell surface expression and D2R-mediated Akt inhibition by elevating protein expression of dysbindin-1C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrián González-López
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin - Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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Petraglia AL, Dashnaw ML, Turner RC, Bailes JE. Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurosurgery 2014; 75 Suppl 4:S34-49. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000000472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Behavioral and anatomical consequences of repetitive mild thoracic spinal cord contusion injury in the rat. Exp Neurol 2014; 257:57-69. [PMID: 24786492 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Moderate and severe spinal cord contusion injuries have been extensively studied, yet much less is known about mild injuries. Mild contusions result in transient functional deficits, proceeding to near-complete recovery, but they may render the spinal cord vulnerable to future injuries. However, to date there have been no appropriate models to study the behavioral consequences, anatomical changes, and susceptibility of a mild contusion to repeated injuries, which may occur in children as well as adults during competitive sport activities. We have developed a novel mild spinal cord contusion injury model characterized by a sequence of transient functional deficits after the first injury and restoration to near-complete motor and sensory function, which is then followed up by a second injury. This model can serve not only to study the effects of repeated injuries on behavioral and anatomical changes, but also to examine the relationship between successive tissue damage and recovery of function. In the present study, we confirmed that mild thoracic spinal cord contusion, utilizing the NYU impactor device, resulted in localized tissue damage, characterized by a cystic cavity and peripheral rim of spared white matter at the injury epicenter, and rapid functional recovery to near-normal levels utilizing several behavioral tests. Repeated injury after 3weeks, when functional recovery has been completed, resulted in worsening of both motor and sensory function, which did not recover to prior levels. Anatomical analyses showed no differences in the volumes of spared white matter, lesion, or cyst, but revealed modest extension of lesion area rostral to the injury epicenter as well as an increase in inflammation and apoptosis. These studies demonstrate that a mild injury model can be used to test efficacy of treatments for repeated injuries and may serve to assist in the formulation of policies and clinical practice regarding mild SCI injury and spinal concussion.
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Possible nitric oxide modulation in the protective effects of rutin against experimental head trauma-induced cognitive deficits: behavioral, biochemical, and molecular correlates. J Surg Res 2014; 188:268-79. [PMID: 24484907 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2013.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 11/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic head injury is turning out to be a major cause of disability and death. Nitric oxide (NO), an intercellular messenger plays a crucial role in the pathophysiology of several neurologic disorders. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effects of rutin, a well-known flavonoid against cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation associated with traumatic head injury and the probable role of NO pathway in this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wistar rats were exposed to head trauma using weight drop method and kept for a postsurgical rehabilitation period of 2 wk. Later, animals were administered with rutin (20, 40, and 80 mg/kg; per oral) alone and in combination with NO modulators such as N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester and L-arginine, daily for another 2 wk. RESULTS Head injury caused impaired spatial navigation in Morris water maze test and poor retention in elevated plus maze task. Furthermore, there was a significant rise in acetylcholinesterase activity, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation (tumor necrosis factor α), and neuronal apoptosis (caspase-3) in both cortex and hippocampal regions of traumatized rat brain. Rutin significantly attenuated these behavioral, biochemical, and molecular alterations associated with head trauma. Furthermore, pretreatment of N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), a nonspecific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, with subeffective dose of rutin (40 mg/kg) potentiated the protective effects; however, pretreatment of L-arginine (100 mg/kg; intraperitoneally), an NO donor, reversed the effects of rutin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggests that NO modulation could possibly be involved in the neuroprotective effects of rutin against head trauma-induced cognitive deficits, neuroinflammation, and apoptotic signaling cascade.
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Blaya MO, Bramlett HM, Naidoo J, Pieper AA, Dietrich WD. Neuroprotective efficacy of a proneurogenic compound after traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 31:476-86. [PMID: 24070637 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2013.3135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by histopathological damage and long-term sensorimotor and cognitive dysfunction. Recent studies have reported the discovery of the P7C3 class of aminopropyl carbazole agents with potent neuroprotective properties for both newborn neural precursor cells in the adult hippocampus and mature neurons in other regions of the central nervous system. This study tested, for the first time, whether the highly active P7C3-A20 compound would be neuroprotective, promote hippocampal neurogenesis, and improve functional outcomes after experimental TBI. Sprague-Dawley rats subjected to moderate fluid percussion brain injury were evaluated for quantitative immunohistochemical and behavioral changes after trauma. P7C3-A20 (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was initiated intraperitoneally 30 min postsurgery and twice per day every day thereafter for 7 days. Administration of P7C3-A20 significantly reduced overall contusion volume, preserved vulnerable anti-neuronal nuclei (NeuN)-positive pericontusional cortical neurons, and improved sensorimotor function 1 week after trauma. P7C3-A20 treatment also significantly increased both bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)- and doublecortin (DCX)-positive cells within the subgranular zone of the ipsilateral dentate gyrus 1 week after TBI. Five weeks after TBI, animals treated with P7C3-A20 showed significantly increased BrdU/NeuN double-labeled neurons and improved cognitive function in the Morris water maze, compared to TBI-control animals. These results suggest that P7C3-A20 is neuroprotective and promotes endogenous reparative strategies after TBI. We propose that the chemical scaffold represented by P7C3-A20 provides a basis for optimizing and advancing new pharmacological agents for protecting patients against the early and chronic consequences of TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan O Blaya
- 1 Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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Effect of normabaric hyperoxia treatment on neuronal damage following fluid percussion injury in the striatum of mice: a morphological approach. J Biosci 2013; 38:93-103. [PMID: 23385817 DOI: 10.1007/s12038-012-9290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) causes significant mortality in most developing countries worldwide. At present, it is imperative to identify a treatment to address the devastating post-TBI consequences. Therefore, the present study has been performed to assess the specific effect of immediate exposure to normabaric hyperoxia (NBO) after fluid percussion injury (FPI) in the striatum of mice. To execute FPI, mice were anesthetised and sorted into (i) a TBI group, (ii) a sham group without injury and (iii) a TBI group treated with immediate exposure to NBO for 3 h. Afterwards, brains were harvested for morphological assessment. The results revealed no changes in morphological and neuronal damage in the sham group as compared to the TBI group. Conversely, the TBI group showed severe morphological changes as well as neuronal damage as compared to the TBI group exposed to NBO for 3 h. Interestingly, our findings also suggested that NBO treatment could diminish the neuronal damage in the striatum of mice after FPI. Neuronal damage was evaluated at different points of injury and the neighbouring areas using morphology, neuronal apoptotic cell death and pan-neuronal markers to determine the complete neuronal structure. In conclusion, immediate exposure to NBO following FPI could be a potential therapeutic approach to reduce neuronal damage in the TBI model.
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Breunig JJ, Guillot-Sestier MV, Town T. Brain injury, neuroinflammation and Alzheimer's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2013; 5:26. [PMID: 23874297 PMCID: PMC3708131 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2013.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
With as many as 300,000 United States troops in Iraq and Afghanistan having suffered head injuries (Miller, 2012), traumatic brain injury (TBI) has garnered much recent attention. While the cause and severity of these injuries is variable, severe cases can lead to lifelong disability or even death. While aging is the greatest risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD), it is now becoming clear that a history of TBI predisposes the individual to AD later in life (Sivanandam and Thakur, 2012). In this review article, we begin by defining hallmark pathological features of AD and the various forms of TBI. Putative mechanisms underlying the risk relationship between these two neurological disorders are then critically considered. Such mechanisms include precipitation and ‘spreading’ of cerebral amyloid pathology and the role of neuroinflammation. The combined problems of TBI and AD represent significant burdens to public health. A thorough, mechanistic understanding of the precise relationship between TBI and AD is of utmost importance in order to illuminate new therapeutic targets. Mechanistic investigations and the development of preclinical therapeutics are reliant upon a clearer understanding of these human diseases and accurate modeling of pathological hallmarks in animal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua J Breunig
- Regenerative Medicine Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, CA, USA
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DeWitt DS, Perez-Polo R, Hulsebosch CE, Dash PK, Robertson CS. Challenges in the Development of Rodent Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2013; 30:688-701. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas S. DeWitt
- Department of Anesthesiology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Regino Perez-Polo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Claire E. Hulsebosch
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas
| | - Pramod K. Dash
- Department of Neuroscience, The University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, Texas
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Williams WM, Castellani RJ, Weinberg A, Perry G, Smith MA. Do β-defensins and other antimicrobial peptides play a role in neuroimmune function and neurodegeneration? ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:905785. [PMID: 22606066 PMCID: PMC3346844 DOI: 10.1100/2012/905785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 10/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
It is widely accepted that the brain responds to mechanical trauma and development of most neurodegenerative diseases with an inflammatory sequelae that was once thought exclusive to systemic immunity. Mostly cationic peptides, such as the β-defensins, originally assigned an antimicrobial function are now recognized as mediators of both innate and adaptive immunity. Herein supporting evidence is presented for the hypothesis that neuropathological changes associated with chronic disease conditions of the CNS involve abnormal expression and regulatory function of specific antimicrobial peptides. It is also proposed that these alterations exacerbate proinflammatory conditions within the brain that ultimately potentiate the neurodegenerative process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wesley M Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA.
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41
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Schoch KM, Madathil SK, Saatman KE. Genetic manipulation of cell death and neuroplasticity pathways in traumatic brain injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:323-37. [PMID: 22362424 PMCID: PMC3337028 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) initiates a complex cascade of secondary neurodegenerative mechanisms contributing to cell dysfunction and necrotic and apoptotic cell death. The injured brain responds by activating endogenous reparative processes to counter the neurodegeneration or remodel the brain to enhance functional recovery. A vast array of genetically altered mice provide a unique opportunity to target single genes or proteins to better understand their role in cell death and endogenous repair after TBI. Among the earliest targets for transgenic and knockout studies in TBI have been programmed cell death mediators, such as the Bcl-2 family of proteins, caspases, and caspase-independent pathways. In addition, the role of cell cycle regulatory elements in the posttraumatic cell death pathway has been explored in mouse models. As interest grows in neuroplasticity in TBI, the use of transgenic and knockout mice in studies focused on gliogenesis, neurogenesis, and the balance of growth-promoting and growth-inhibiting molecules has increased in recent years. With proper consideration of potential effects of constitutive gene alteration, traditional transgenic and knockout models can provide valuable insights into TBI pathobiology. Through increasing sophistication of conditional and cell-type specific genetic manipulations, TBI studies in genetically altered mice will be increasingly useful for identification and validation of novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen M. Schoch
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Sindhu K. Madathil
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
| | - Kathryn E. Saatman
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center and Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, B473 Biomedical and Biological Sciences Research Building (BBSRB), 741 South Limestone Street, Lexington, KY 40536 USA
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42
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Zhang M, Shan H, Gu Z, Wang D, Wang T, Wang Z, Tao L. Increased expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II subunit δ after rat traumatic brain injury. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 46:631-43. [PMID: 22048920 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Many cellular responses to Ca(2+) signals are mediated by Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent enzymes, among which is the Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII was originally described in rat brain tissue. In rat brain, four different subunits of the kinase have been identified: α, β, γ, and δ. This study aims to investigate changes of CaMKIIδ after traumatic brain injury and its possible role. Rat traumatic brain injury (TBI) model was established by controlled cortical injury system. In the present study, we mainly investigated the expression and cellular localization of CaMKIIδ after traumatic brain injury. Western blot analysis revealed that CaMKIIδ was present in normal rat brain cortex. It gradually increased, reached a peak at the third day after TBI, and then decreased. Importantly, more CaMKIIδ was colocalized with neuron. In addition, Western blot detection showed that the third day postinjury was also the apoptosis peak indicated by the elevated expression of caspase-3.Importantly, immunohistochemistry analysis revealed that injury-induced expression of CaMKIIδ was colabeled by caspase-3 (apoptosis cells marker). Moreover, pretreatment with the CaMKII inhibitor (KN62) reduced the injury-induced activation of caspase-3. Noticeably, the CaMKII inhibitor KN-62 could reduce TBI-induced cell injury assessed with lesion volume and attenuate behavioral outcome evaluated by motor test. These data suggested that CaMKIIδ may be implicated in the apoptosis of neuron and the recovery of neurological outcomes. However, the inherent mechanisms remained unknown. Further studies are needed to confirm the exact role of CaMKIIδ after brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyang Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China
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43
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[Biological mechanisms involved in the spread of traumatic brain damage]. Med Intensiva 2011; 36:37-44. [PMID: 21903299 DOI: 10.1016/j.medin.2011.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a worldwide health problem that is especially prevalent in young adults. It is characterized by one or more primary injury foci, with secondary spread to initially not compromised areas via cascades of inflammatory response, excitotoxicity, energy failure conditions, and amplification of the original tissue injury by glia. In theory, such progression of injury should be amenable to management. However, all neuroprotective drug trials have failed, and specific treatments remain lacking. These negative results can be explained by a neuron centered approach, excluding the participation of other cell types and pathogenic mechanisms. To change this situation, it is necessary to secure a better understanding of the biological mechanisms determining damage progression or spread. We discuss the biological mechanisms involved in the progression of post-trauma tissue damage, including the general physiopathology of TBI and cellular mechanisms of secondary damage such as inflammation, apoptosis, cell tumefaction, excitotoxicity, and the role of glia in damage propagation. We highlight the role of glia in each cellular mechanism discussed. Therapeutic approaches related to the described mechanisms have been included. The discussion is completed with a working model showing the convergence of the main topics.
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Lotocki G, de Rivero Vaccari JP, de Rivero Vaccari J, Alonso O, Molano JS, Nixon R, Safavi P, Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. Oligodendrocyte vulnerability following traumatic brain injury in rats. Neurosci Lett 2011; 499:143-8. [PMID: 21669255 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2011] [Revised: 05/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/23/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical findings demonstrate that traumatic brain injury (TBI) results in injury to both gray and white matter structures. The purpose of this study was to document patterns of oligodendrocyte vulnerability to TBI. Sprague Dawley rats underwent sham operated procedures or moderate fluid percussion brain injury. Quantitative immunohistochemical analysis was performed on animals perfusion-fixed at 3 (n=9) or 7 (n=9) days post-surgery. Within the ipsilateral external capsule and corpus callosum, numbers of APC-CC1 immunoreactive oligodendrocytes were significantly decreased at 3 or 7 days post-TBI compared to sham rats (p<0.03). At both posttraumatic survival periods, double-labeling studies indicated that oligodendrocytes showed increased Caspase 3 activation compared to sham. These data demonstrate regional patterns of oligodendrocyte vulnerability after TBI and that oligodendrocyte cell loss may be due to Caspase 3-mediated cell death mechanisms. Further studies are needed to test therapeutic interventions that prevent trauma-induced oligodendrocyte cell death, subsequent demyelination and circuit dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lotocki
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
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45
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Mohammed Sulaiman A, Denman N, Buchanan S, Porter N, Vijay S, Sharpe R, Graham DI, Maxwell WL. Stereology and Ultrastructure of Chronic Phase Axonal and Cell Soma Pathology in Stretch-Injured Central Nerve Fibers. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:383-400. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohammed Sulaiman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nicola Denman
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Shaun Buchanan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Nicola Porter
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Sauparnika Vijay
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Rachel Sharpe
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - David I. Graham
- University Division of Neuropathology, Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - William L. Maxwell
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medicine, Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, Thomson Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
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46
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Lotocki G, de Rivero Vaccari J, Alonso O, Molano JS, Nixon R, Dietrich WD, Bramlett HM. OLIGODENDROCYTE VULNERABILITY FOLLOWING TRAUMATIC BRAIN INJURY IN RATS: EFFECT OF MODERATE HYPOTHERMIA. Ther Hypothermia Temp Manag 2011; 1:43-51. [PMID: 23336085 DOI: 10.1089/ther.2010.0011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to document patterns of oligodendrocyte vulnerability to TBI and determine whether posttraumatic hypothermia prevents oligodendrocyte cell loss. Sprague Dawley rats underwent moderate fluid percussion brain injury. Thirty minutes after TBI, brain temperature was reduced to 33°C for 4 hrs or maintained at normothermic levels (37°C). Animals were perfusion-fixed for quantitative immunohistochemical analysis at 3 (n=9) or 7 (n=9) days post-TBI. Within the cerebral cortex, external capsule and corpus callosum, numbers of APC-CC1 immunoreactive oligodendrocytes at 3 and 7 days following TBI were significantly decreased compared to sham operated rats (p<0.02). Double-labeling studies showed that vulnerable oligodendrocytes expressed increased Caspase 3 activation compared to sham. Posttraumatic hypothermia significantly reduced the number of CC1 positive oligodendrocytes lost after normothermia TBI in white matter tracts (p<0.01). This model of TBI leads to quantifiable regional patterns of oligodendrocyte vulnerability. Posttraumatic hypothermia protects oligodendrocytes by interfering with Caspase 3-mediated cell death mechanisms. Therapeutic hypothermia may improve functional outcome by attenuating trauma-induced oligodendrocyte cell death, subsequent demyelination and circuit dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- George Lotocki
- The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL
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47
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Evidence for cellular injury in the midbrain of rats following chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve. J Chem Neuroanat 2011; 41:158-69. [PMID: 21291996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2011.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Complex behavioural disabilities, as well as pain, characterise neuropathic pain conditions for which clinical treatment is sought. In rats, chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve evokes, allodynia and hyperalgesia as well as three distinct patterns of disability, characterised by changes in social and sleep-wake behaviours: (i) Pain & Disability; (ii) Pain & Transient Disability and (iii) Pain alone. Importantly, the degree of allodynia and hyperalgesia is identical for each of these groups. Social-interactions and sleep-wake behaviours are regulated by neural networks, which converge on the periaqueductal grey (PAG). Rats with Pain & Disability show astrocyte activation restricted to the lateral and ventrolateral PAG. Reactive astrocytes are a hallmark of cell death (apoptosis and necrosis). Quantitative real-time RT-PCR for the mRNAs encoding Bax, Bcl-2, heat shock protein 60 (HSP60), mitogen activated kinase kinase (MEK2) and iNOS was performed on the dorsal midbrains of individual, disability characterised rats, extending our earlier Gene-Chip data, showing a select up-regulation of Bax and MEK2 mRNA, and a down-regulation of HSP60 mRNA, in Pain & Disability rats. The anatomical location of TUNEL and cleaved-caspase-3 immunoreactive profiles in the midbrain was also identified. Rats with Pain & Disability showed: (i) pro-apoptotic ratios of Bax:Bcl-2 mRNAs; (ii) decreased HSP60 mRNA; (iii) increased iNOS and MEK2 mRNAs; (iv) TUNEL-positive profiles in the lateral and ventrolateral PAG; and (v) caspase-3 immunoreactive neurons in the mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve. Cell death in these specific midbrain regions may underlie the disabilities characterising this subgroup of nerve-injured rats.
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48
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Huh JW, Widing AG, Raghupathi R. Differential effects of injury severity on cognition and cellular pathology after contusive brain trauma in the immature rat. J Neurotrauma 2011; 28:245-57. [PMID: 21091272 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although diffuse brain damage has been suggested to be the predominant predictor of neurological morbidity following closed head injury in infants and children, the presence of contusions also predicts long-term neurobehavioral dysfunction. Contusive brain trauma in the 17-day-old rat resulted in neurodegeneration and caspase activation in the cortex at 1 day, and in the thalamus at 3 days post-injury, and to a greater extent following a deeper impact. Cortical tissue loss in the 4-mm impact group was significantly greater than that in the 3-mm impact group (p < 0.05), and exhibited a time-dependent increase over the first 3 weeks post-injury. Traumatic axonal injury was observed in the white matter tracts below the site of impact at 1 day, and in the corpus callosum at 3 days, to a greater extent following 4-mm impact. In contrast, cellular caspase-3 activation in these white matter tracts was only observed at 24 h post-injury and was not affected by impact depth. Similarly, neurodegeneration and caspase activation in the hippocampus was restricted to the dentate gyrus and occurred to a similar extent in both injured groups. Only the 4-mm impact group exhibited learning deficits in the first week (p < 0.0001) that was sustained until the third week post-injury (p < 0.0001), while deficits in the 3-mm impact group were seen only at 3 weeks post-injury (p < 0.02). These observations demonstrate that increasing severity of injury in immature animals does not uniformly increase the extent of cellular damage, and that the progression of tissue damage and behavioral deficits varies as a function of injury severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy W Huh
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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49
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Fas and FasL Expression in the Spinal Cord Following Cord Hemisection in the Monkey. Neurochem Res 2010; 36:419-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0357-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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50
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Nakao KI, Kibayashi K, Taki T, Koyama H. Changes in the Brain after Intracerebral Implantation of a Lead Pellet in the Rat. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1925-34. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Nakao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Kibayashi
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Taki
- Department of Legal Medicine, School of Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyoshi Koyama
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
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