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Zhang J, Tian L, Cao G, Yin Z, Wang S, Zhao C, Yang H. AnGong NiuHuang (AGNH) pill attenuated traumatic brain injury through regulating NF-κB/Nlrp3 axis and glycerophospholipid metabolism. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 132:155798. [PMID: 38936259 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 05/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially neuroinflammation after TBI persists for a long time and causes significant neurodegenerative pathologies and neuropsychiatric problems. PURPOSE In this study, the neuroprotective effect of AnGong NiuHuang (AGNH) on TBI was investigated and the mechanism was revealed by integrating multiple omics. METHODS The rats with TBI were administrated with AGNH for 5 consecutive days and the effect was evaluated by using modified neurologic severity score (mNSS), brain edema, H&E staining, Nissl staining and TUNEL staining. The mechanism was revealed by using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and metabolomic analysis. The inflammatory factors, apoptosis-related proteins and identified vital targets were validated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Administration of AGNH decreased mNSS, brain edema, brain structure damage, but increased Nissl body density in the rats with TBI. Additionally, AGNH reduced IL-1β, IL-17A, TNF-α, MMP9, MCP-1, IL-6, Bax and TUNEL staining,but elevated Bcl2 level. Integrating transcriptomic analysis and metabolomic analysis identified vital targets and critical metabolic pathways. Importantly, AGNH treatment reduced the expression of TLR4, MYD88, NLRP3, BTK, IL-18 and Caspase 1 as well as glycerophospholipid metabolism-related protein AGPAT2 and PLA2G2D, and decreased the nuclear translocation of NF-κB p65 in the brain of TBI rats. Additionally, AGNH increased phosphatidylcholine (PC), phosphatidylglycerol (PG), phosphatidylserine (PS), phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), but decreased 1-acyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (LysoPC) in the metabolic pathway of glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION Taken together, AGNH inhibited NF-κB/NLRP3 axis to suppress neuroinflammation, cell apoptosis and pyroptosis, and improved metabolic pathways of glycerophospholipid metabolism after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Quality Ensurance and Sustainable Use of Dao-di Herbs, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Liangliang Tian
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Guangzhao Cao
- Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Zhiru Yin
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China
| | - Shicong Wang
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Chen Zhao
- Fujian Pien Tze Huang Enterprise Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine Research and Development, Zhangzhou, Fujian, 363000, China
| | - Hongjun Yang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China; Experimental Research Center, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing 100700, China.
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Tan J, Tan YY, Ngian ZK, Chong SY, Rao VK, Wang JW, Zeng X, Ong CT. ApoE maintains neuronal integrity via microRNA and H3K27me3-mediated repression. iScience 2024; 27:109231. [PMID: 38439966 PMCID: PMC10909902 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
ApoE regulates neurogenesis, although how it influences genetic programs remains elusive. Cortical neurons induced from isogenic control and ApoE-/- human neural stem cells (NSCs) recapitulated key transcriptomic signatures of in vivo counterparts identified from single-cell human midbrain. Surprisingly, ApoE expression in NSC and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) is not required for differentiation. Instead, ApoE prevents the over-proliferation of non-neuronal cells during extended neuronal culture when it is not expressed. Elevated miR-199a-5p level in ApoE-/- cells lowers the EZH1 protein and the repressive H3K27me3 mark, a phenotype rescued by miR-199a-5p steric inhibitor. Reduced H3K27me3 at genes linked to extracellular matrix organization and angiogenesis in ApoE-/- NPC correlates with their aberrant expression and phenotypes in neurons. Interestingly, the ApoE coding sequence, which contains many predicted miR-199a-5p binding sites, can repress miR-199a-5p without translating into protein. This suggests that ApoE maintains neurons integrity through the target-directed miRNA degradation of miR-199a-5p, imparting the H3K27me3-mediated repression of non-neuronal genes during differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiazi Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Yow-Yong Tan
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Zhen-Kai Ngian
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
| | - Suet-Yen Chong
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - Vinay Kumar Rao
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Medical Genetics, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysore 570015, India
| | - Jiong-Wei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119228, Singapore
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Nanomedicine Translational Research Programme, Centre for NanoMedicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117609, Singapore
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
| | - Xianmin Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117593, Singapore
- RxCell Inc, Novato, CA 94945, USA
| | - Chin-Tong Ong
- Temasek Life Sciences Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117604, Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Hernandez Torres LD, Rezende F, Peschke E, Will O, Hövener JB, Spiecker F, Özorhan Ü, Lampe J, Stölting I, Aherrahrou Z, Künne C, Kusche-Vihrog K, Matschl U, Hille S, Brandes RP, Schwaninger M, Müller OJ, Raasch W. Incidence of microvascular dysfunction is increased in hyperlipidemic mice, reducing cerebral blood flow and impairing remote memory. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2024; 15:1338458. [PMID: 38469142 PMCID: PMC10925718 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2024.1338458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The development of cognitive dysfunction is not necessarily associated with diet-induced obesity. We hypothesized that cognitive dysfunction might require additional vascular damage, for example, in atherosclerotic mice. Methods We induced atherosclerosis in male C57BL/6N mice by injecting AAV-PCSK9DY (2x1011 VG) and feeding them a cholesterol-rich Western diet. After 3 months, mice were examined for cognition using Barnes maze procedure and for cerebral blood flow. Cerebral vascular morphology was examined by immunehistology. Results In AAV-PCSK9DY-treated mice, plaque burden, plasma cholesterol, and triglycerides are elevated. RNAseq analyses followed by KEGG annotation show increased expression of genes linked to inflammatory processes in the aortas of these mice. In AAV-PCSK9DY-treated mice learning was delayed and long-term memory impaired. Blood flow was reduced in the cingulate cortex (-17%), caudate putamen (-15%), and hippocampus (-10%). Immunohistological studies also show an increased incidence of string vessels and pericytes (CD31/Col IV staining) in the hippocampus accompanied by patchy blood-brain barrier leaks (IgG staining) and increased macrophage infiltrations (CD68 staining). Discussion We conclude that the hyperlipidemic PCSK9DY mouse model can serve as an appropriate approach to induce microvascular dysfunction that leads to reduced blood flow in the hippocampus, which could explain the cognitive dysfunction in these mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Flavia Rezende
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Eva Peschke
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Olga Will
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Universitätsklinikum Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frauke Spiecker
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ümit Özorhan
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Josephine Lampe
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Ines Stölting
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Zouhair Aherrahrou
- Institute for Cardiogenetics, University Lübeck; University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
| | - Carsten Künne
- Department of Cardiac Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Kristina Kusche-Vihrog
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Institute for Physiology, University Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Urte Matschl
- Department Virus Immunology, Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Hille
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Ralf P. Brandes
- Institute for Cardiovascular Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research) Partner Site Rhine-Main, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaninger
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Oliver J. Müller
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
| | - Walter Raasch
- Institute for Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Germany
- CBBM (Centre for Brain, Behavior and Metabolism), University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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Feng D, Li P, Xiao W, Pei Z, Chen P, Hu M, Yang Z, Li T, Xia Z, Cui H, Li H, Huang Q, Zhang W, Tang T, Wang Y. N 6-methyladenosine profiling reveals that Xuefu Zhuyu decoction upregulates METTL14 and BDNF in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116823. [PMID: 37348798 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The traditional Chinese herbal formula Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD) is a classic formula in the category of invigorating blood circulation and resolving blood stasis. It has been proven to improve the neurological and ethological prognosis of traumatic brain injury. XFZYD promotes synaptic and axonal regeneration after traumatic brain injury, which is functionally modulated by the N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification of RNA. However, the epigenetic effects of XFZYD on m6A modification remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To explore how XFZYD protects against traumatic brain injury induced by controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury by altering RNA m6A modification. MATERIALS AND METHODS The modified neurological severity scoring and Morris water maze were performed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of XFZYD for 14 days and screen the dose. Then, dot blot, western blotting, and methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-Seq) were used to explore changes in RNA m6A modification in the perilesional cortex. The Metascape platform was used to analyze the Gene Ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and Reactome pathway of the differential m6A-tagged genes. Furthermore, MeRIP-qPCR was conducted to quantify differences in the hub differential m6A modification gene brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf). RESULTS XFZYD significantly ameliorated the neurological deficits, spatial learning, and memory impairments in rats post-CCI on day 14. XFZYD enhanced the m6A level, and the expression of METTL14 and YTHDC2 in the perilesional cortex of CCI rats. In all three groups, the 3'-untranslated regions and coding sequence were primarily enriched for m6A peaks. XFZYD reversed the increased proportion of 3'-untranslated regions, and the decreased proportion of coding sequence and 5'-untranslated regions post-CCI. Moreover, XFZYD markedly downregulated 41 elevated m6A-tagged transcripts and upregulated 119 decreased m6A-tagged transcripts following CCI. Gene ontology and KEGG pathway analysis revealed that XFZYD-regulated m6A-tagged transcripts were predominantly enriched in synapse assembly, synaptic plasticity, learning or memory, and MAPK signaling pathway. Then, the hub-regulated m6A-tagged gene BDNF was identified. Both the m6A methylation level and the protein level of BDNF were ascended by XFZYD treatment. CONCLUSION XFZYD improves neurological deficits, spatial learning and memory impairments in rats post-TBI probably through increasing the expression of METTL14 and BDNF in the cortex. Our study highlights a novel post-transcriptional regulation mechanism mediated by herbal medicine for traumatic brain injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Feng
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Pengfei Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Wei Xiao
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Zhuan Pei
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Peishun Chen
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Mingrui Hu
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Teng Li
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Zian Xia
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Hanjin Cui
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Haigang Li
- Hunan Key Laboratory of the Research and Development of Novel Pharmaceutical Preparations, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, 410219, PR China
| | - Qing Huang
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Prevention and Treatment of Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, PR China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Medicine, Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, PR China.
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Shabani Z, Farhoudi M, Rahbarghazi R, Karimipour M, Mehrad H. Cellular, histological, and behavioral pathological alterations associated with the mouse model of photothrombotic ischemic stroke. J Chem Neuroanat 2023; 130:102261. [PMID: 36967096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2023.102261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photothrombotic (PT) stroke model is a reliable method to induce ischemic stroke in the target site using the excitation of photosensitive agents such as Rose Bengal (RB) dye after light illumination. Here, we performed a PT-induced brain ischemic model using a green laser and photosensitive agent RB and confirmed its efficiency through cellular, histological, and neurobehavioral approaches. METHODS Mice were randomly allocated into RB; Laser irradiation; and RB + Laser irradiation groups. Mice were exposed to a green laser at a wavelength of 532 nm and intensity of 150 mW in a mouse model after injection of RB under stereotactic surgery. The pattern of Hemorrhagic and ischemic changes were evaluated throughout the study. The volume of the lesion site was calculated using unbiased stereological methods. For investigation of neurogenesis, we performed double - (BrdU/NeuN) immunofluorescence (IF) staining on day 28 following the last- BrdU injection. To assess the effect and quality of ischemic stroke on neurological behavior, the Modified neurological severity score (mNSS) test was done on days 1, 7, 14, and 28 days after stroke induction. RESULTS Laser irradiation plus RB induced hemorrhagic tissue and pale ischemic changes over the 5 days. In the next few days, microscopic staining revealed neural tissue degeneration, demarcated necrotic site, and neuronal injury. BrdU staining showed a significant number of proliferating cells in the periphery of the lesion site in the Laser irradiation plus RB group compared to the group (p < 0.05) while the percent of NeuN+ cells per BrdU- positive cells was reduced. Also, prominent astrogliosis was observed in the periphery of irradiated sites on day 28. Neurological deficits were detected in mice from Laser irradiation plus the RB group. No histological or functional deficits were detected in RB and Laser irradiation groups. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our study showed cellular and histologic pathological changes which are associated with the PT induction model. Our findings indicated that the undesirable microenvironment and inflammatory conditions could affect neurogenesis concomitantly with functional deficits. Moreover, this research showed that this model is a focal, reproducible, noninvasive and accessible stroke model with a distinctive demarcation similar to human stroke conditions.
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Buchanan H, Hull C, Cacho Barraza M, Delibegovic M, Platt B. Apolipoprotein E loss of function: Influence on murine brain markers of physiology and pathology. AGING BRAIN 2022; 2:100055. [PMID: 36908879 PMCID: PMC9997145 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical role of Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is related to lipid and cholesterol metabolism, however, additional functions of this protein have not been fully described. Given the association of ApoE with diseases such as Alzheimer's Disease (AD), it is clear that further characterisation of its roles, especially within the brain, is needed. Therefore, using protein and gene expression analyses of neonatal and 6-month old brain tissues from an ApoE knockout mouse model, we examined ApoE's contribution to several CNS pathways, with an emphasis on those linked to AD. Early neonatal changes associated with ApoE-/- were observed, with decreased soluble phosphorylated tau (p-tau, -40 %), increased synaptophysin (+36 %) and microglial Iba1 protein levels (+25 %) vs controls. Progression of the phenotype was evident upon analysis of 6-month-old tissue, where decreased p-tau was also confirmed in the insoluble fraction, alongside reduced synaptic and increased amyloid precursor protein (APP) protein levels. An age comparison further underlined deviations from WT animals and thus the impact of ApoE loss on neuronal maturation. Taken together, our data implicate ApoE modulation of multiple CNS roles. Loss of function is associated with alterations from birth, and include synaptic deficits, neuroinflammation, and changes to key AD pathologies, amyloid-β and tau.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bettina Platt
- Corresponding author at: Chair in Translational Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Medical Sciences & Nutrition, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, Scotland, UK.
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Singh LN, Kao SH, Wallace DC. Unlocking the Complexity of Mitochondrial DNA: A Key to Understanding Neurodegenerative Disease Caused by Injury. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123460. [PMID: 34943968 PMCID: PMC8715673 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders that are triggered by injury typically have variable and unpredictable outcomes due to the complex and multifactorial cascade of events following the injury and during recovery. Hence, several factors beyond the initial injury likely contribute to the disease progression and pathology, and among these are genetic factors. Genetics is a recognized factor in determining the outcome of common neurodegenerative diseases. The role of mitochondrial genetics and function in traditional neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, is well-established. Much less is known about mitochondrial genetics, however, regarding neurodegenerative diseases that result from injuries such as traumatic brain injury and ischaemic stroke. We discuss the potential role of mitochondrial DNA genetics in the progression and outcome of injury-related neurodegenerative diseases. We present a guide for understanding mitochondrial genetic variation, along with the nuances of quantifying mitochondrial DNA variation. Evidence supporting a role for mitochondrial DNA as a risk factor for neurodegenerative disease is also reviewed and examined. Further research into the impact of mitochondrial DNA on neurodegenerative disease resulting from injury will likely offer key insights into the genetic factors that determine the outcome of these diseases together with potential targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry N. Singh
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - Shih-Han Kao
- Resuscitation Science Center, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
| | - Douglas C. Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Fleischmann C, Shohami E, Trembovler V, Heled Y, Horowitz M. Cognitive Effects of Astaxanthin Pretreatment on Recovery From Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Neurol 2020; 11:999. [PMID: 33178093 PMCID: PMC7593578 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), caused by mechanical impact to the brain, is a leading cause of death and disability among young adults, with slow and often incomplete recovery. Preemptive treatment strategies may increase the injury resilience of high-risk populations such as soldiers and athletes. In this work, the xanthophyll carotenoid Astaxanthin was examined as a potential nutritional preconditioning method in mice (sabra strain) to increase their resilience prior to TBI in a closed head injury (CHI) model. The effect of Astaxanthin pretreatment on heat shock protein (HSP) dynamics and functional outcome after CHI was explored by gavage or free eating (in pellet form) for 2 weeks before CHI. Assessment of neuromotor function by the neurological severity score (NSS) revealed significant improvement in the Astaxanthin gavage-treated group (100 mg/kg, ATX) during recovery compared to the gavage-treated olive oil group (OIL), beginning at 24 h post-CHI and lasting throughout 28 days (p < 0.007). Astaxanthin pretreatment in pellet form produced a smaller improvement in NSS vs. posttreatment at 7 days post-CHI (p < 0.05). Cognitive and behavioral evaluation using the novel object recognition test (ORT) and the Y Maze test revealed an advantage for Astaxanthin administration via free eating vs. standard chow during recovery post-CHI (ORT at 3 days, p < 0.035; improvement in Y Maze score from 2 to 29 days, p < 0.02). HSP profile and anxiety (open field test) were not significantly affected by Astaxanthin. In conclusion, astaxanthin pretreatment may contribute to improved recovery post-TBI in mice and is influenced by the form of administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Fleischmann
- The Institute of Military Physiology, IDF Medical Corps, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Esther Shohami
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Victoria Trembovler
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute for Drug Research, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yuval Heled
- Heller Institute of Medical Research, Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan, Israel.,Kibbutzim College, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Horowitz
- Laboratory of Environmental Physiology, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
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Abstract
Rodents are the most widely used experimental animals in stroke research due to their similar vascular anatomy, high reproductive rates, and availability of transgenic models. However, the difficulties in assessing higher brain functions, such as cognition and memory, in rodents decrease the translational potential of these studies. In this review, we summarize commonly used motor/sensorimotor and cognition tests in rodent models of stroke. Specifically, we first briefly introduce the objective and procedure of each behavioral test. Next, we summarize the application of each test in both ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. Last, the advantages and disadvantages of these tests in assessing stroke outcome are discussed. This review summarizes commonly used behavioral tests in stroke studies and compares their applications in different stroke types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingsong Ruan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 240 W Green Street, Athens, GA, USA
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Huang ZJ, Cao F, Wu Y, Peng JH, Zhong JJ, Jiang Y, Yin C, Guo ZD, Sun XC, Jiang L, Cheng CJ. Apolipoprotein E promotes white matter remodeling via the Dab1-dependent pathway after traumatic brain injury. CNS Neurosci Ther 2020; 26:698-710. [PMID: 32115899 PMCID: PMC7298982 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Axonal injury results in long‐term neurological deficits in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) has been reported to activate intracellular adaptor protein Disabled‐1 (Dab1) phosphorylation via its interaction with ApoE receptors. The Dab1 pathway acts as a regulator of axonal outgrowth and growth cone formation in the brain. Aims We hypothesized that ApoE may alleviate axonal injury and regulate axonal regeneration via the Dab1 pathway after TBI. Results In this study, we established a model of controlled cortical impact (CCI) to mimic TBI in vivo. Using diffusion tensor imaging to detect white matter integrity, we demonstrated that APOE‐deficient mice exhibited lower fractional anisotropy (FA) values than APOE+/+ mice at 28 days after injury. The expression levels of axonal regeneration and synapse plasticity biomarkers, including growth‐associated protein 43 (GAP43), postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD‐95), and synaptophysin, were also lower in APOE‐deficient mice. In contrast, APOE deficiency exerted no effects on the levels of myelin basic protein (MBP) expression, oligodendrocyte number, or oligodendrocyte precursor cell number. Neurological severity score (NSS) and behavioral measurements in the rotarod, Morris water maze, and Y maze tests revealed that APOE deficiency caused worse neurological deficits in CCI mice. Furthermore, Dab1 activation downregulation by the ApoE receptor inhibitor receptor‐associated protein (RAP) or Dab1 shRNA lentivirus attenuated the beneficial effects of ApoE on FA values, GAP43, PSD‐95, and synaptophysin expression, and neurological function tests. Additionally, the effects of ApoE on axonal regeneration were further validated in vitro. In a mechanical scratch injury model of primary cultured neurons, recombinant ApoE protein treatment enhanced axonal outgrowth and growth cone formation in injured neurons; however, these effects were attenuated by Dab1 shRNA, consistent with the in vivo results. Conclusion Collectively, these data suggest that ApoE promotes axonal regeneration partially through the Dab1 pathway, thereby contributing to functional recovery following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian-Hua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jian-Jun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Cheng Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, Chengdu, China
| | - Zong-Duo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiao-Chuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Chong-Jie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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11
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Bexarotene Attenuates Focal Cerebral Ischemia–Reperfusion Injury via the Suppression of JNK/Caspase-3 Signaling Pathway. Neurochem Res 2019; 44:2809-2820. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-019-02902-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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12
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Kuai L, Peng J, Jiang Y, Zheng Z, Zhou X. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic Peptide COG1410 Enhances Retinal Ganglion Cell Survival by Attenuating Inflammation and Apoptosis Following TONI. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:980. [PMID: 31607842 PMCID: PMC6755331 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vision loss after traumatic optic nerve injury (TONI) is considered irreversible because of the retrograde loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which undergo inflammation and apoptosis. Previous studies have shown that COG1410, a mimic peptide derived from the apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor binding region, shows neuroprotective activity in acute brain injury. However, the detailed role and mechanisms of COG1410 in RGC survival and vision restoration after TONI are poorly understood. The current study aimed to investigate the effects of COG1410 on inflammation and apoptosis in a mouse model of TONI. The results showed that TONI-induced visual impairment was accompanied by optic nerve inflammation, apoptosis, edema, and RGC apoptosis. COG1410 significantly prevented the decrease in visual from ever occurring, attenuated inflammation and apoptosis, and reduced optic nerve edema and RGC apoptosis compared with vehicle treatment. These data identify protective roles of COG1410 in the inflammatory and apoptotic processes of TONI, as well as strategies for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kuai
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Jianhua Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Neurosurgery Clinical Medical Research Center of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Academician Expert Workstation, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China.,Laboratory of Neurological Diseases and Brain Functions, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, China
| | - Zheng Zheng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiyuan Zhou
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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13
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Bodnar CN, Roberts KN, Higgins EK, Bachstetter AD. A Systematic Review of Closed Head Injury Models of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice and Rats. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:1683-1706. [PMID: 30661454 PMCID: PMC6555186 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mild TBI (mTBI) is a significant health concern. Animal models of mTBI are essential for understanding mechanisms, and pathological outcomes, as well as to test therapeutic interventions. A variety of closed head models of mTBI that incorporate different aspects (i.e., biomechanics) of the mTBI have been reported. The aim of the current review was to compile a comprehensive list of the closed head mTBI rodent models, along with the common data elements, and outcomes, with the goal to summarize the current state of the field. Publications were identified from a search of PubMed and Web of Science and screened for eligibility following PRISMA guidelines. Articles were included that were closed head injuries in which the authors classified the injury as mild in rats or mice. Injury model and animal-specific common data elements, as well as behavioral and histological outcomes, were collected and compiled from a total of 402 articles. Our results outline the wide variety of methods used to model mTBI. We also discovered that female rodents and both young and aged animals are under-represented in experimental mTBI studies. Our findings will aid in providing context comparing the injury models and provide a starting point for the selection of the most appropriate model of mTBI to address a specific hypothesis. We believe this review will be a useful starting place for determining what has been done and what knowledge is missing in the field to reduce the burden of mTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colleen N. Bodnar
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kelly N. Roberts
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Emma K. Higgins
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Adam D. Bachstetter
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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14
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Deng H, Ordaz A, Upadhyayula PS, Gillis-Buck EM, Suen CG, Melhado CG, Mohammed N, Lam T, Yue JK. Apolipoprotein E Epsilon 4 Genotype, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, and the Development of Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:E78. [PMID: 30223506 PMCID: PMC6163513 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6030078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual incidence of mild traumatic brain injury (MTBI) is 3.8 million in the USA with 10⁻15% experiencing persistent morbidity beyond one year. Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau, can occur with repetitive MTBI. Risk factors for CTE are challenging to identify because injury mechanisms of MTBI are heterogeneous, clinical manifestations and management vary, and CTE is a postmortem diagnosis, making prospective studies difficult. There is growing interest in the genetic influence on head trauma and development of CTE. Apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE-ε4) associates with many neurologic diseases, and consensus on the ε4 allele as a risk factor is lacking. This review investigates the influence of APOE-ε4 on MTBI and CTE. A comprehensive PubMed literature search (1966 to 12 June 2018) identified 24 unique reports on the topic (19 MTBI studies: 8 athletic, 5 military, 6 population-based; 5 CTE studies: 4 athletic and military, 1 leucotomy group). APOE-ε4 genotype is found to associate with outcomes in 4/8 athletic reports, 3/5 military reports, and 5/6 population-based reports following MTBI. Evidence on the association between APOE-ε4 and CTE from case series is equivocal. Refining modalities to aid CTE diagnosis in larger samples is needed in MTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Deng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Angel Ordaz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Eva M Gillis-Buck
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| | - Catherine G Suen
- Department of Neurology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA.
| | - Caroline G Melhado
- Department of Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Nebil Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - Troy Lam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
| | - John K Yue
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94122, USA.
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15
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Jamal M, Ito A, Tanaka N, Miki T, Takakura A, Suzuki S, Ameno K, Kinoshita H. The Role of Apolipoprotein E and Ethanol Exposure in Age-Related Changes in Choline Acetyltransferase and Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Expression in the Mouse Hippocampus. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 65:84-92. [PMID: 29717403 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Disruption of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is responsible for age-dependent neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment. Elderly individuals are more sensitive than young individuals to the effects of ethanol (EtOH), particularly those affecting cognition. We investigated the role of APOE deficiency and EtOH exposure on age-dependent alterations in choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA and protein expression in the mouse hippocampus. Three-month-old (young) and 12-month-old (aged) ApoE-knockout (ApoE-KO) and wild-type (WT) mice were treated with saline or 2 g/kg EtOH, and the bilateral hippocampus was collected after 60 min for real-time PCR and western blotting analyses. ChAT (P < 0.01) and BDNF (P < 0.01) expression were significantly decreased in both young and aged saline- and EtOH-treated ApoE-KO mice versus young and aged saline- and EtOH-treated WT mice. Aged saline- and EtOH-treated ApoE-KO mice exhibited greater differences in ChAT and BDNF expression (P < 0.01) than young saline- and EtOH-treated ApoE-KO mice. Aged EtOH-treated WT mice also exhibited larger decreases in BDNF expression (P < 0.01)-but not in ChAT expression-than young EtOH-treated WT mice. EtOH decreased ChAT and BDNF expression in both young (P < 0.01) and aged (P < 0.01) ApoE-KO mice versus EtOH-free ApoE-KO mice of the same age. EtOH also decreased BDNF expression in aged (P < 0.01) WT mice versus EtOH-free aged WT mice. In summary, these results suggest that APOE deficiency and EtOH exposure cause age-dependent decreases in ChAT and BDNF in the hippocampus. Importantly, the decreases in ChAT and BDNF were greater in aged EtOH-treated mice, particularly those lacking APOE, raising the possibility that APOE-deficient individuals who consume alcohol may be at greater risk of memory deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostofa Jamal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan.
| | - Asuka Ito
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Naoko Tanaka
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Takanori Miki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita, Japan
| | - Ayaka Takakura
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Shingo Suzuki
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kita, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Ameno
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kinoshita
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1, Ikenobe, Miki, Kita, Kagawa, 761-0793, Japan
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16
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Main BS, Villapol S, Sloley SS, Barton DJ, Parsadanian M, Agbaegbu C, Stefos K, McCann MS, Washington PM, Rodriguez OC, Burns MP. Apolipoprotein E4 impairs spontaneous blood brain barrier repair following traumatic brain injury. Mol Neurodegener 2018; 13:17. [PMID: 29618365 PMCID: PMC5885297 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-018-0249-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) is a major cause of disability and mortality, to which there is currently no comprehensive treatment. Blood Brain Barrier (BBB) dysfunction is well documented in human TBI patients, yet the molecular mechanisms that underlie this neurovascular unit (NVU) pathology remains unclear. The apolipoprotein-E (apoE) protein has been implicated in controlling BBB integrity in an isoform dependent manner, via suppression of Cyclophilin A (CypA)-Matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) signaling cascades, however the contribution of this pathway in TBI-induced BBB permeability is not fully investigated. METHODS We exposed C57Bl/6 mice to controlled cortical impact and assessed NVU and BBB permeability responses up to 21 days post-injury. We pharmacologically probed the role of the CypA-MMP-9 pathway in BBB permeability after TBI using Cyclosporin A (CsA, 20 mg/kg). Finally, as the apoE4 protein is known to be functionally deficient compared to the apoE3 protein, we used humanized APOE mice as a clinically relevant model to study the role of apoE on BBB injury and repair after TBI. RESULTS In C57Bl/6 mice there was an inverse relationship between soluble apoE and BBB permeability, such that damaged BBB stabilizes as apoE levels increase in the days following TBI. TBI mice displayed acute pericyte loss, increased MMP-9 production and activity, and reduced tight-junction expression. Treatment with the CypA antagonist CsA in C57Bl/6 mice attenuates MMP-9 responses and enhances BBB repair after injury, demonstrating that MMP-9 plays an important role in the timing of spontaneous BBB repair after TBI. We also show that apoe mRNA is present in both astrocytes and pericytes after TBI. We report that APOE3 and APOE4 mice have similar acute BBB responses to TBI, but APOE3 mice display faster spontaneous BBB repair than APOE4 mice. Isolated microvessel analysis reveals delayed pericyte repopulation, augmented and sustained MMP-9 expression at the NVU, and impaired stabilization of Zonula Occludens-1, Occludin and Claudin-5 expression at tight junctions in APOE4 mice after TBI compared to APOE3 mice. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm apoE as an important modulator of spontaneous BBB stabilization following TBI, and highlights the APOE4 allele as a risk factor for poor outcome after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bevan S Main
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sonia Villapol
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Stephanie S Sloley
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - David J Barton
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Maia Parsadanian
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Chinyere Agbaegbu
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Kathryn Stefos
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mondona S McCann
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Patricia M Washington
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Olga C Rodriguez
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Oncology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Mark P Burns
- Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20057, USA. .,Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, New Research Building-EG11, 3970 Reservoir Rd, NW, Washington, D.C, 20057, USA.
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17
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Age-Related Changes in the Behavior of Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Behav Sci (Basel) 2018; 8:bs8030033. [PMID: 29510495 PMCID: PMC5867486 DOI: 10.3390/bs8030033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The knockout mouse model, B6.129P2-Apoetm1Unc is homozygotic for the Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) deletion; thus, it is capable of developing hyperlipidemia and atherosclerosis but ApoE is also a lipid-transport protein abundantly expressed in most neurons in the central nervous system, so these animals could also be models of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to determine age-related changes in spontaneous behavior and in learning and memory of Apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Spontaneous behavioral measurements included sleeping pattern, motor coordination and balance by rotarod and open field activity, whereas learning and memory tests included forced alternation in Y-maze, novel object recognition and passive avoidance conditioning. Significant behavioral differences between aged knockout mice and age-matched wild type strain, C57Bl/6 were found in all the behavioral tests, except for the rotarod test. Genetically’ modified mice exhibited less huddling contact during sleeping, decreased locomotor activity in novel environments and in learning and memory deficits. These results are consistent with the cognitive impairment and memory loss seen as the earliest clinical symptoms in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The ApoE knockout mice might therefore be an appropriate model for studying the underlying mechanisms involved in behavioral changes caused by neurodegenerative diseases as well as for evaluating new therapies for these pathologies.
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18
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Apolipoprotein E as a novel therapeutic neuroprotection target after traumatic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2017; 299:97-108. [PMID: 29056364 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE), a plasma lipoprotein well known for its important role in lipid and cholesterol metabolism, has also been implicated in many neurological diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of apoE on the pathophysiology of traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI). ApoE-deficient mutant (apoE-/-) and wild-type mice received a T9 moderate contusion SCI and were evaluated using histological and behavioral analyses after injury. At 3days after injury, the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier, measured by extravasation of Evans blue dye, was significantly increased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type. The inflammation and spared white matter was also significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in apoE-/- mice compared to the wild type ones. The apoptosis of both neurons and oligodendrocytes was also significantly increased in apoE-/- mice. At 42days after injury, the inflammation was still robust in the injured spinal cord in apoE-/- but not wild type mice. CD45+ leukocytes from peripheral blood persisted in the injured spinal cord of apoE-/- mice. The spared white matter was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones. Locomotor function was significantly decreased in apoE-/- mice compared to wild type ones from week 1 to week 8 after contusion. Treatment of exogenous apoE mimetic peptides partially restored the permeability of spinal cord-blood-barrier in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Importantly, the exogenous apoE peptides decreased inflammation, increased spared white matter and promoted locomotor recovery in apoE-/- mice after SCI. Our results indicate that endogenous apoE plays important roles in maintaining the spinal cord-blood-barrier and decreasing inflammation and spinal cord tissue loss after SCI, suggesting its important neuroprotective function after SCI. Our results further suggest that exogenous apoE mimetic peptides could be a novel and promising neuroprotective reagent for SCI.
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19
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Feng D, Xia Z, Zhou J, Lu H, Zhang C, Fan R, Xiong X, Cui H, Gan P, Huang W, Peng W, He F, Wang Z, Wang Y, Tang T. Metabolomics reveals the effect of Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction on plasma metabolism in rats with acute traumatic brain injury. Oncotarget 2017; 8:94692-94710. [PMID: 29212259 PMCID: PMC5706905 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xuefu Zhuyu Decoction (XFZY), an important traditional Chinese herbal formula, has been reported effective on traumatic brain injury (TBI) in rats. However, its cerebral protection mechanism has not been clarified at the metabolic level. This work aims to explore the global metabolic characteristics of XFZY in rats during the acute phase of TBI on days 1 and 3. A plasma metabolomics method based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with univariate analysis and multivariate statistical analysis was performed in three groups (Sham, Vehicle, XFZY). Then, a pathway analysis using MetaboAnalyst 3.0 was performed to illustrate the pathways of therapeutic action of XFZY in TBI. XFZY treatment attenuates neurological dysfunction and cortical lesion volume post-injury on day 3, and reverses the plasma metabolite abnormalities (glutamic acid, lactic acid, 3-hydroxybutyric acid, and ribitol, etc.). These differential metabolites are mainly involved in D-glutamine and D-glutamate metabolism, alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism, and inositol phosphate metabolism. Our study reveals potential biomarkers and metabolic networks of acute TBI and neuroprotection effects of XFZY, and shows this metabolomics approach with MetaboAnalyst would be a feasible way to systematically study therapeutic effects of XFZY on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Feng
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zian Xia
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- Research Center of Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicines, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, P.R. China
| | - Chunhu Zhang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Xingui Xiong
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Hanjin Cui
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Pingping Gan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Peng
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, P.R. China
| | - Feng He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
| | - Tao Tang
- Institute of Integrative Chinese Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410008, P.R. China
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Wu J, Sun Z, Sun HS, Wu J, Weisel RD, Keating A, Li ZH, Feng ZP, Li RK. Intravenously Administered Bone Marrow Cells Migrate to Damaged Brain Tissue and Improve Neural Function in Ischemic Rats. Cell Transplant 2017; 16:993-1005. [DOI: 10.3727/000000007783472435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Accumulated evidence suggests that bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are capable of regenerating damaged tissue. This study evaluated whether intravenously (noninvasively) administered, GFP-labeled BMSCs would migrate into damaged brain tissue and improve neurological function after a stroke. Wistar rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion. Twenty-four hours after injury, the rats received an IV injection of culture medium or BMSCs isolated from adult Wistar rats expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP). Two hours after injury and 1, 3, and 7 days after cell transplantation, neurological function was evaluated using a neurological severity scale. On day 7, the brain scar size was determined using tetrazolium chloride staining, and the implanted cells were identified using confocal microscopy. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate apoptosis and angiogenesis in the ischemic region, as well as the spatial distribution of the implanted BMSCs relative to the native neural cells. Implanted BMSCs migrated throughout the territory of the middle cerebral artery by 7 days after transplantation. Most implanted cells were located in the scar area and border zone of the ischemic region, and some expressed the neuronal marker NeuN. Rats receiving BMSC transplantation exhibited reduced scar size, limited apoptosis, and enhanced angiogenic factor expression and vascular density in the ischemic region relative to the control group, as well as significant improvements in the neurological severity scores. Intravenously administrated BMSCs facilitated the structural and functional recovery of neural tissue following ischemic injury, perhaps mediated by enhanced angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Zhuo Sun
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hong-Shuo Sun
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jun Wu
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Richard D. Weisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Division of Stem Cell and Developmental Biology, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhi-Hong Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zhong-Ping Feng
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ren-Ke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Toronto General Research Institute and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Cognitive Impairment After Trauma and Orthopedic Injury: Key Issues, Identification, and Treatment. Tech Orthop 2016. [DOI: 10.1097/bto.0000000000000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Wang W, Li H, Yu J, Hong M, Zhou J, Zhu L, Wang Y, Luo M, Xia Z, Yang ZJ, Tang T, Ren P, Huang X, Wang J. Protective Effects of Chinese Herbal Medicine Rhizoma drynariae in Rats After Traumatic Brain Injury and Identification of Active Compound. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 53:4809-20. [PMID: 26334614 PMCID: PMC4777690 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9385-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in the USA. Effective therapeutic strategies for TBI are needed, and increasing attention is turning toward traditional herbal medicine. Rhizoma drynariae is a traditional Chinese medicine that has immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory effects. Here, using the controlled cortical impact model of TBI in rats, we examined whether oral administration of R. drynariae can reduce TBI-induced brain injury in rats. We also identified the likely active compound among its four major phytochemicals in decoction. We found that post-treatment with R. drynariae decreased brain lesion volume, improved neurologic and cognitive function, and reduced anxiety- and depression-like behaviors. These changes were accompanied by reduced blood levels of IL-6 and increased IL-10. R. drynariae treatment also reversed the TBI-induced decrease in blood monocyte numbers and percentage of blood CD3 and CD4 T lymphocytes while inhibiting microglial/macrophage activation. Furthermore, by using ultra performance liquid chromatography and comparing retention times with authentic standards, we identified eriodictyol as the putative active compound of R. drynariae extract in the blood of rats with TBI. These novel findings indicate that the traditional Chinese herbal medicine R. drynariae protects brain against TBI-induced brain injury, possibly via immune-promoting, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective effects. Eriodictyol could be its active compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhu Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China, Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Haigang Li
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Jintao Yu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Michael Hong
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Min Luo
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zian Xia
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Zeng-Jin Yang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Tao Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Ping Ren
- Office of Good Clinical Practice, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China
| | - Xi Huang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 87 Xiangya Road, Changsha 410008, China, Institute of TCM-Related Depressive Comorbidity, Nanjing University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 138 Xianling Road, Nanjing 210064, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, 720 Rutland Ave, Ross Bldg 370B, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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23
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Brain structure alterations and cognitive impairment following repetitive mild head impact: An in vivo MRI and behavioral study in rat. Behav Brain Res 2016; 340:41-48. [PMID: 27498246 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) or concussion is a common health issue. Several people repeatedly experience head impact milder than that causing concussion. The present study aimed to confirm the effects of such repeated impact on the brain structure and cognitive abilities. Rat models were established by closed skull weight-drop injury. The animals were anesthetized, subjected to single (s)-sham, s-mTBI, repetitive (r)-sham, and r-mTBI, and recovery times were recorded. MRI, including T2-weighted and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), as well as, neurological severity scores (mNSS) were assessed for the dynamics of the brain structure and neurological function. Morris water maze (MWM) was used to evaluate the cognitive function. The histological examination of r-mTBI rats revealed the basis of structural changes in the brain. There was no significant difference in the recovery time, MRI, mNSS, and MWM between the s-sham and the s-mTBI groups. Compared with r-sham, r-mTBI induced significant differences in the following aspects. The recovery time was prolonged and beam balance test (BBT) in mNSS increased from day 5. MWM performances were worse even after the BBT was recovered. The volumes of the cortex (CT), hippocampus (HP), and lateral ventricle had changed from day 5, which reached a maximum at day 14. Abnormal DTI parameters were observed in CT, corpus callosum, and HP. Histological analyses showed that both in CT and HP, neuron counts reduced at the end of the experiment. Altogether, these findings indicate that non-symptomatic head injury may result in brain atrophy and cognitive impairment when occurred repeatedly.
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24
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Huebbe P, Lange J, Lietz G, Rimbach G. Dietary beta-carotene and lutein metabolism is modulated by the APOE genotype. Biofactors 2016; 42:388-96. [PMID: 27040933 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has been suggested to interact with nutrient metabolism particularly with lipid soluble vitamins. Plasma carotenoid levels are determined by numerous dietary and genetic factors with high inter-individual variation; however, the APOE genotype has not been systematically examined so far. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the APOE genotype on dietary carotenoid metabolism with special regard to transcriptional regulation of carotenoid absorption, cleavage and adipocyte fat storage. We supplemented targeted replacement mice expressing human APOE3 and APOE4 isoforms with dietary beta-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT) for 8 weeks. Plasma BC and adipose tissue BC and LUT levels were in trend lower in APOE4 than APOE3 mice, while hepatic expression of the beta-carotene oxygenases BCO1 and BCO2 was significantly higher. In contrast to the liver, mRNA levels of proteins involved in carotenoid absorption and cleavage in the small intestinal mucosa as well as of adipogenic markers in the adipose tissue were not different between APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Our data suggest that the hepatic carotenoid cleavage activity is higher in APOE4 mice partially reducing the circulation and extra-hepatic accumulation of intact carotenoids as compared to APOE3. Therefore we suggest considering the APOE genotype as modulator of carotenoid status in the future. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):388-396, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lange
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Human Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
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25
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Büchele F, Morawska MM, Schreglmann SR, Penner M, Muser M, Baumann CR, Noain D. Novel Rat Model of Weight Drop-Induced Closed Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury Compatible with Electrophysiological Recordings of Vigilance States. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:1171-80. [DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Büchele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marta M. Morawska
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Neuroscience Centre Zurich ZNZ, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Marco Penner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Markus Muser
- Working Group on Accident Mechanics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniela Noain
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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26
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Washington PM, Burns MP. The Effect of the APOE4 Gene on Accumulation of Aβ40 After Brain Injury Cannot Be Reversed by Increasing apoE4 Protein. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2016; 75:770-778. [PMID: 27297672 PMCID: PMC7299436 DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlw049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (apoE) protein is involved in clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) from the brain; and the APOE4 gene is associated with Aβ plaque formation in humans following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Here, we examined the association between apoE and Aβ40 after experimental TBI and the effects of APOE alleles on this relationship. We report a biphasic response of soluble apoE protein after TBI with an acute reduction at 1 day postinjury followed by an increase at 7 days postinjury. TBI-induced Aβ40 levels decreased as soluble apoE levels increased. In APOE4 mice there was a diminished apoE response to TBI that corresponded to prolonged accumulation of TBI-induced Aβ40 versus that in APOE3 mice. Amyloid precursor protein processing was similar in APOE3 and APOE4 mice suggesting that impaired clearance was responsible for the abnormal accumulation of Aβ40 in the latter. Treatment of APOE4 mice with bexarotene for 7 days increased apoE4 protein levels but was not sufficient to reduce TBI-induced Aβ40 Thus, rapid clearance of TBI-induced Aβ40 occurs in mice but these pathways are impaired in APOE4 carriers. These data may help explain the deposition of Aβ in APOE4 carriers and the increased incidence of brain Aβ plaques following TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia M Washington
- From the Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (PM, MB)
| | - Mark P Burns
- From the Laboratory for Brain Injury and Dementia, Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC (PM, MB).
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27
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Zhong J, Cheng C, Liu H, Huang Z, Wu Y, Teng Z, He J, Zhang H, Wu J, Cao F, Jiang L, Sun X. Bexarotene protects against traumatic brain injury in mice partially through apolipoprotein E. Neuroscience 2016; 343:434-448. [PMID: 27235741 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 05/14/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Bexarotene has been proved to have neuroprotective effects in many animal models of neurological diseases. However, its neuroprotection in traumatic brain injury (TBI) is still unknown. This study aims to explore the neuroprotective effects of bexarotene on TBI and its possible mechanism. Controlled cortical impact (CCI) model was used to simulate TBI in C57BL/6 mice as well as APOE gene knockout (APOE-KO) mice. After CCI, mice were daily dosed with bexarotene or vehicle solution intraperitoneally. The motor function, learning and memory, inflammatory factors, microglia amount, apoptosis condition around injury site and main side-effects were all measured. The results showed that, after CCI, bexarotene treatment markedly improved the motor function and spatial memory in C57BL/6 compare to APOE-KO mice which showed no improvement. The inflammatory cytokines, microglia amount, cell apoptosis rate, and protein of cleaved caspase-3 around the injury site were markedly upregulated after TBI in both C57BL/6 and APOE-KO mice, and all these upregulation were significantly mitigated by bexarotene treatment in C57BL/6 mice, but not in APOE-KO mice. No side-effects were detected after consecutive administration. Taken together, bexarotene inhibits the inflammatory response as well as cell apoptosis and improves the neurological function of mice after TBI partially through apolipoprotein E. This may make it a promising candidate for the therapeutic treatment after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Chongjie Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Han Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhipeng Teng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Junchi He
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Hongrong Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinchuan Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 653000, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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28
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Yu CE, Foraker J. Epigenetic considerations of the APOE gene. [corrected]. Biomol Concepts 2016; 6:77-84. [PMID: 25741792 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2014-0039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene is robustly linked with numerous physiological conditions, including healthy aging, altered cardiovascular fitness, and cognitive function. These connections have been established primarily by phenotype-genotype association studies using APOE's three common genetic variants (ε2, ε3, and ε4). These variants encode for the three apoE protein isoforms (E2, E3, and E4), which have slightly different structures and, consequently, distinct functions in lipid metabolism. However, the differential lipid binding and transferring properties of these isoforms cannot fully explain the association of APOE with such a wide range of physiological phenotypes. One potential explanation for APOE's pleiotropic roles may lie in its unique epigenetic properties. In this article, we present a brief review of the APOE gene and protein, its disease associations, and epigenetic components, with a focus on DNA methylation. We close with a discussion of the prospective epigenetic implications of APOE in disease.
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29
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Cao F, Jiang Y, Wu Y, Zhong J, Liu J, Qin X, Chen L, Vitek MP, Li F, Xu L, Sun X. Apolipoprotein E-Mimetic COG1410 Reduces Acute Vasogenic Edema following Traumatic Brain Injury. J Neurotrauma 2016; 33:175-82. [PMID: 26192010 PMCID: PMC4722604 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2015.3887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The degree of post-traumatic brain edema and dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) influences the neurofunctional outcome after a traumatic brain injury (TBI). Previous studies have demonstrated that the administration of apolipoprotein E-mimetic peptide COG1410 reduces the brain water content after subarachnoid hemorrhage, intra-cerebral hemorrhage, and focal brain ischemia. However, the effects of COG1410 on vasogenic edema following TBI are not known. The current study evaluated the effects of 1 mg/kg daily COG1410 versus saline administered intravenously after a controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on BBB dysfunction and vasogenic edema at an acute stage in mice. The results demonstrated that treatment with COG1410 suppressed the activity of matrix metalloproteinase-9, reduced the disruption of the BBB and Evans Blue dye extravasation, reduced the TBI lesion volume and vasogenic edema, and decreased the functional deficits compared with mice treated with vehicle, at an acute stage after CCI. These findings suggest that COG1410 is a promising preclinical therapeutic agent for the treatment of traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Cao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianjun Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jieshi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Xinghu Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, China
| | - Michael P. Vitek
- Department of Medicine (Neurology), Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Fengqiao Li
- Cognosci Inc., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Lu Xu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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30
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Aĝirbaşli M, Song J, Lei F, Wang S, Kunselman AR, Clark JB, Myers JL, Ündar A. Apolipoprotein E levels in pediatric patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Artif Organs 2015; 39:28-33. [PMID: 25626577 DOI: 10.1111/aor.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) may play a critical role in modulating the response to neurological injury after cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in children. Plasma samples were collected from 38 pediatric patients. Half of the patients received nonpulsatile flow and the other half underwent pulsatile flow during CPB. Plasma samples were collected at three time points: at baseline prior to incision (T1), 1 h after CPB (T2), and 24 h after CPB (T3). The study included 38 pediatric patients undergoing heart surgery (mean age 2.5 ± 2.1 years). Baseline apoE levels were low (<30 μg/mL) in 21 patients (55%). ApoE levels were significantly decreased at 1 h after CPB compared with baseline (22 ± 14 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.001). At 24 h after CPB, apoE levels were significantly increased compared with baseline (47 ± 25 vs. 34 ± 18 μg/mL, P = 0.002). Pulsatile mode was associated with lower apoE levels at 24 h after CPB compared with nonpulsatile mode (38 ± 14 vs. 57 ± 29 μg/mL, P = 0.018). ApoE levels correlated negatively with pump time (r = -0.525, P = 0.021) and cross-clamp time (r = -0.464, P = 0.045) at 24 h following CPB for the nonpulsatile group but not for the pulsatile group. In this cohort of young children with congenital heart disease, baseline apoE levels were low in the majority of patients prior to surgery. ApoE levels decreased further at 1 h after CPB, and then significantly increased by 24 h. The mode of perfusion and the duration of pump time and clamp time influence the apoE levels after CPB. An improved understanding of these mechanisms may translate into the development of new techniques to improve the clinical outcomes after pediatric CPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Aĝirbaşli
- Department of Cardiology, Marmara University College of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
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31
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Szczygielski J, Mautes AE, Müller A, Sippl C, Glameanu C, Schwerdtfeger K, Steudel WI, Oertel J. Decompressive Craniectomy Increases Brain Lesion Volume and Exacerbates Functional Impairment in Closed Head Injury in Mice. J Neurotrauma 2015; 33:122-31. [PMID: 26102497 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Decompressive craniectomy has been widely used in patients with head trauma. The randomized clinical trial on an early decompression (DECRA) demonstrated that craniectomy did not improve the neurological outcome, in contrast to previous animal experiments. The goal of our study was to analyze the effect of decompressive craniectomy in a murine model of head injury. Male mice were assigned into the following groups: sham, decompressive craniectomy, closed head injury (CHI), and CHI followed by craniectomy. At 24 h post-trauma, animals underwent the Neurological Severity Score test (NSS) and Beam Balance Score test (BBS). At the same time point, magnetic resonance imaging was performed, and volume of edema and contusion was assessed, followed by histopathological analysis. According to NSS, animals undergoing both trauma and craniectomy presented the most severe neurological impairment. Also, balancing time was reduced in this group compared with sham animals. Both edema and contusion volume were increased in the trauma and craniectomy group compared with sham animals. Histopathological analysis showed that all animals that underwent trauma presented substantial neuronal loss. In animals treated with craniectomy after trauma, a massive increase of edema with hemorrhagic transformation of contusion was documented. Decompressive craniectomy applied after closed head injury in mice leads to additional structural and functional impairment. The surgical decompression via craniectomy promotes brain edema formation and contusional blossoming in our model. This additive effect of combined mechanical and surgical trauma may explain the results of the DECRA trial and should be explored further in experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Szczygielski
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Angelika E Mautes
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- 2 Department of Radiology, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Christoph Sippl
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Cosmin Glameanu
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Karsten Schwerdtfeger
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wolf-Ingo Steudel
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Joachim Oertel
- 1 Department of Neurosurgery, Saarland University Medical Center and Saarland University Faculty of Medicine , Homburg/Saar, Germany
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32
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Gupta VB, Wilson AC, Burnham S, Hone E, Pedrini S, Laws SM, Lim WLF, Rembach A, Rainey-Smith S, Ames D, Cobiac L, Macaulay SL, Masters CL, Rowe CC, Bush AI, Martins RN. Follow-up plasma apolipoprotein E levels in the Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Flagship Study of Ageing (AIBL) cohort. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2015; 7:16. [PMID: 25859282 PMCID: PMC4391582 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-015-0105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a growing socioeconomic problem worldwide. Early diagnosis and prevention of this devastating disease have become a research priority. Consequently, the identification of clinically significant and sensitive blood biomarkers for its early detection is very important. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a well-known and established genetic risk factor for late-onset AD; however, the impact of the protein level on AD risk is unclear. We assessed the utility of plasma ApoE protein as a potential biomarker of AD in the large, well-characterised Australian Imaging, Biomarkers and Lifestyle Study of Ageing (AIBL) cohort. Methods Total plasma ApoE levels were measured at 18-month follow-up using a commercial bead-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay: the Luminex xMAP human apolipoprotein kit. ApoE levels were then analysed between clinical classifications (healthy controls, mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and AD) and correlated with the data available from the AIBL cohort, including but not limited to APOE genotype and cerebral amyloid burden. Results A significant decrease in ApoE levels was found in the AD group compared with the healthy controls. These results validate previously published ApoE protein levels at baseline obtained using different methodology. ApoE protein levels were also significantly affected, depending on APOE genotypes, with ε2/ε2 having the highest protein levels and ε4/ε4 having the lowest. Plasma ApoE levels were significantly negatively correlated with cerebral amyloid burden as measured by neuroimaging. Conclusions ApoE is decreased in individuals with AD compared with healthy controls at 18-month follow-up, and this trend is consistent with our results published at baseline. The influence of APOE genotype and sex on the protein levels are also explored. It is clear that ApoE is a strong player in the aetiology of this disease at both the protein and genetic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veer B Gupta
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Andrea C Wilson
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Samantha Burnham
- CSIRO Computational Informatics, Preventative Health Flagship, 65 Brockway Road, Floreat, 6014 Australia
| | - Eugene Hone
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Steve Pedrini
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Simon M Laws
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia ; Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia
| | - Wei Ling Florence Lim
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - Alan Rembach
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Stephanie Rainey-Smith
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
| | - David Ames
- Academic Unit for Psychiatry of Old Age, Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, St Vincent's Aged Psychiatry Service, St George's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC 3065 Australia ; National Ageing Research Institute, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia
| | - Lynne Cobiac
- CSIRO Preventative Health Flagship, Adelaide, SA 5000 Australia
| | | | - Colin L Masters
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ; Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Christopher C Rowe
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & Centre for PET, Austin Health, Heidelberg, VIC 3084 Australia
| | - Ashley I Bush
- Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ; Mental Health Research Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3052 Australia ; Centre for Neuroscience, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010 Australia
| | - Ralph N Martins
- Centre of Excellence in Alzheimer's Disease Research and Care, School of Medical Sciences, Edith Cowan University, 270 Joondalup Drive, Joondalup, 6027 Australia ; McCusker Alzheimer's Research Foundation, Hollywood Medical Centre, 85 Monash Avenue, Suite 22, Nedlands, 6009 Australia ; Cooperative Research Centre for Mental Health, Carlton, VIC 3053 Australia ; School of Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, 6009 Australia
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McAllister TW. Genetic factors in traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 128:723-39. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63521-1.00045-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Huebbe P, Dose J, Schloesser A, Campbell G, Glüer CC, Gupta Y, Ibrahim S, Minihane AM, Baines JF, Nebel A, Rimbach G. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype regulates body weight and fatty acid utilization-Studies in gene-targeted replacement mice. Mol Nutr Food Res 2014; 59:334-43. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201400636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Janina Dose
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Graeme Campbell
- Section Biomedical Imaging; Department of Diagnostic Radiology; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Claus-Christian Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging; Department of Diagnostic Radiology; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Yask Gupta
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Saleh Ibrahim
- Department of Dermatology; University of Lübeck; Lübeck Germany
| | - Anne-Marie Minihane
- Department of Nutrition; Norwich Medical School; University of East Anglia; Norwich United Kingdom
| | - John F. Baines
- Institute for Experimental Medicine; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology; Plön Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science; University of Kiel; Kiel Germany
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Gold EM, Su D, López-Velázquez L, Haus DL, Perez H, Lacuesta GA, Anderson AJ, Cummings BJ. Functional assessment of long-term deficits in rodent models of traumatic brain injury. Regen Med 2014; 8:483-516. [PMID: 23826701 DOI: 10.2217/rme.13.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) ranks as the leading cause of mortality and disability in the young population worldwide. The annual US incidence of TBI in the general population is estimated at 1.7 million per year, with an estimated financial burden in excess of US$75 billion a year in the USA alone. Despite the prevalence and cost of TBI to individuals and society, no treatments have passed clinical trial to clinical implementation. The rapid expansion of stem cell research and technology offers an alternative to traditional pharmacological approaches targeting acute neuroprotection. However, preclinical testing of these approaches depends on the selection and characterization of appropriate animal models. In this article we consider the underlying pathophysiology for the focal and diffuse TBI subtypes, discuss the existing preclinical TBI models and functional outcome tasks used for assessment of injury and recovery, identify criteria particular to preclinical animal models of TBI in which stem cell therapies can be tested for safety and efficacy, and review these criteria in the context of the existing TBI literature. We suggest that 2 months post-TBI is the minimum period needed to evaluate human cell transplant efficacy and safety. Comprehensive review of the published TBI literature revealed that only 32% of rodent TBI papers evaluated functional outcome ≥1 month post-TBI, and only 10% evaluated functional outcomes ≥2 months post-TBI. Not all published papers that evaluated functional deficits at a minimum of 2 months post-TBI reported deficits; hence, only 8.6% of overall TBI papers captured in this review demonstrated functional deficits at 2 months or more postinjury. A 2-month survival and assessment period would allow sufficient time for differentiation and integration of human neural stem cells with the host. Critically, while trophic effects might be observed at earlier time points, it will also be important to demonstrate the sustainability of such an effect, supporting the importance of an extended period of in vivo observation. Furthermore, regulatory bodies will likely require at least 6 months survival post-transplantation for assessment of toxicology/safety, particularly in the context of assessing cell abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Gold
- Sue & Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine 2030 Gross Hall, CA 92697-1705, USA
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Valiyaveettil M, Alamneh YA, Wang Y, Arun P, Oguntayo S, Wei Y, Long JB, Nambiar MP. Cytoskeletal protein α-II spectrin degradation in the brain of repeated blast exposed mice. Brain Res 2014; 1549:32-41. [PMID: 24412202 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 12/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Repeated blast exposures commonly induce traumatic brain injury (TBI) characterized by diffuse axonal injury (DAI). We hypothesized that degradation of cytoskeletal proteins in the brain can lead to DAI, and evaluated α-II spectrin degradation in the pathophysiology of blast-induced TBI using the tightly-coupled three repetitive blast exposure mice model with a 1-30 min window in between exposures. Degradation of α-II spectrin and the expression profiles of caspase-3 and calpain-2, the major enzymes involved in the degradation were analyzed in the frontal cortex and cerebellum using Western blotting with specific antibodies. DAI at different brain regions was evaluated by neuropathology with silver staining. Repeated blast exposures resulted in significant increases in the α-II spectrin degradation products in the frontal cortex and cerebellum compared to sham controls. Expression of active caspase-3, which degrades α-II spectrin, showed significant increase in the frontal cortex after blast exposure at all the time points studied, while cerebellum showed an acute increase which was normalized over time. The expression of another α-II spectrin degrading enzyme, calpain-2, showed a rapid increase in the frontal cortex after blast exposure and it was significantly higher in the cerebellum at later time points. Neuropathological analysis showed significant levels of DAI at the frontal cortex and cerebellum at multiple time points after repeated blast injury. In summary, repeated blast exposure results in specific degradation of α-II spectrin in the brain along with differential expression of caspase-3/calpain-2 suggesting cytoskeletal breakdown as a possible contributor of DAI after repeated blast exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj Valiyaveettil
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
| | - Yonas A Alamneh
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Ying Wang
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Peethambaran Arun
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Samuel Oguntayo
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Yanling Wei
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Joseph B Long
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Madhusoodana P Nambiar
- Blast-Induced Neurotrauma Branch, Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA.
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Namjoshi DR, Good C, Cheng WH, Panenka W, Richards D, Cripton PA, Wellington CL. Towards clinical management of traumatic brain injury: a review of models and mechanisms from a biomechanical perspective. Dis Model Mech 2013; 6:1325-38. [PMID: 24046354 PMCID: PMC3820257 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.011320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major worldwide healthcare problem. Despite promising outcomes from many preclinical studies, the failure of several clinical studies to identify effective therapeutic and pharmacological approaches for TBI suggests that methods to improve the translational potential of preclinical studies are highly desirable. Rodent models of TBI are increasingly in demand for preclinical research, particularly for closed head injury (CHI), which mimics the most common type of TBI observed clinically. Although seemingly simple to establish, CHI models are particularly prone to experimental variability. Promisingly, bioengineering-oriented research has advanced our understanding of the nature of the mechanical forces and resulting head and brain motion during TBI. However, many neuroscience-oriented laboratories lack guidance with respect to fundamental biomechanical principles of TBI. Here, we review key historical and current literature that is relevant to the investigation of TBI from clinical, physiological and biomechanical perspectives, and comment on how the current challenges associated with rodent TBI models, particularly those involving CHI, could be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
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Fan J, Shimizu Y, Chan J, Wilkinson A, Ito A, Tontonoz P, Dullaghan E, Galea LAM, Pfeifer T, Wellington CL. Hormonal modulators of glial ABCA1 and apoE levels. J Lipid Res 2013; 54:3139-50. [PMID: 23999864 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m042473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is the major lipid carrier in the central nervous system. As apoE plays a major role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD) and also mediates repair pathways after several forms of acute brain injury, modulating the expression, secretion, or function of apoE may provide potential therapeutic approaches for several neurological disorders. Here we show that progesterone and a synthetic progestin, lynestrenol, significantly induce apoE secretion from human CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, whereas estrogens and the progesterone metabolite allopregnanolone have negligible effects. Intriguingly, lynestrenol also increases expression of the cholesterol transporter ABCA1 in CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells, primary murine glia, and immortalized murine astrocytes that express human apoE3. The progesterone receptor inhibitor RU486 attenuates the effect of progestins on apoE expression in CCF-STTG1 astrocytoma cells but has no effect on ABCA1 expression in all glial cell models tested, suggesting that the progesterone receptor (PR) may participate in apoE but does not affect ABCA1 regulation. These results suggest that selective reproductive steroid hormones have the potential to influence glial lipid homeostasis through liver X receptor-dependent and progesterone receptor-dependent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Biradar SM, Joshi H, Chheda TK. Biochanin-A ameliorates behavioural and neurochemical derangements in cognitive-deficit mice for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease. Hum Exp Toxicol 2013; 33:369-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327113497772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Biochanin-A (BCA), a potent phytoconstituent, has been previously used as an antitumour, a dopaminergic neuron protective agent, an antioxidant, an anticholinergic and on other pharmacological activities including neuroprotection. The present study was aimed to evaluate the behavioural and neurochemical evidence of BCA in cognitive-deficit mice in scopolamine challenged and natural aged-induced amnesia models in young and aged mice, respectively. BCA has exhibited decrease in the transfer latency and increase in step through latency significantly ( p < 0.001) in scopolamine-treated and natural aged mice of exteroceptive behavioural models such as elevated plus maze and passive shock avoidance paradigm, respectively. A decrease in acetylcholinesterase activity of whole brain was seen in scopolamine and aged mice with standard piracetam (Pira; p < 0.001) and BCA in dose-dependent manner. The antioxidant property of BCA was proven by increase in GSH ( p < 0.01) and decrease in thiobarbituric acid reactive substances level significantly in a scopolamine-challenged and aged mice. The scopolamine-treated mice exhibited significant ( p < 0.01) increase in the content of noradrenalin and dopamine, which is a sign of dementia, and these excess increased neurotransmitters were reversed by BCA 40 mg kg−1 ( p < 0.05), BCA 20 mg kg−1 ( p > 0.05), BCA 10 mg kg−1 ( p < 0.05) and standard Pira ( p < 0.05) when compared with scopolamine group. Furthermore, in histopathology of hippocampus, the Pira and BCA-treated mice were protected from the formation of pyknotic neurons, increases in the viable cells count and decreases in the number of degenerative cells compared with the scopolamine group. Hence, BCA could be potential enough for the betterment of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- SM Biradar
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Studies and Research Center, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - H Joshi
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Sarada Vilas College of Pharmacy, Mysore, Karnataka, India
| | - TK Chheda
- Department of Pharmacology, Postgraduate Studies and Research Center, SET’s College of Pharmacy, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
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Yu CE, Cudaback E, Foraker J, Thomson Z, Leong L, Lutz F, Gill JA, Saxton A, Kraemer B, Navas P, Keene CD, Montine T, Bekris LM. Epigenetic signature and enhancer activity of the human APOE gene. Hum Mol Genet 2013; 22:5036-47. [PMID: 23892237 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddt354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene plays an important role in lipid metabolism. It has three common genetic variants, alleles ε2/ε3/ε4, which translate into three protein isoforms of apoE2, E3 and E4. These isoforms can differentially influence total serum cholesterol levels; therefore, APOE has been linked with cardiovascular disease. Additionally, its ε4 allele is strongly associated with the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD), whereas the ε2 allele appears to have a modest protective effect for AD. Despite decades of research having illuminated multiple functional differences among the three apoE isoforms, the precise mechanisms through which different APOE alleles modify diseases risk remain incompletely understood. In this study, we examined the genomic structure of APOE in search for properties that may contribute novel biological consequences to the risk of disease. We identify one such element in the ε2/ε3/ε4 allele-carrying 3'-exon of APOE. We show that this exon is imbedded in a well-defined CpG island (CGI) that is highly methylated in the human postmortem brain. We demonstrate that this APOE CGI exhibits transcriptional enhancer/silencer activity. We provide evidence that this APOE CGI differentially modulates expression of genes at the APOE locus in a cell type-, DNA methylation- and ε2/ε3/ε4 allele-specific manner. These findings implicate a novel functional role for a 3'-exon CGI and support a modified mechanism of action for APOE in disease risk, involving not only the protein isoforms but also an epigenetically regulated transcriptional program at the APOE locus driven by the APOE CGI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-En Yu
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Human apolipoprotein E4 worsens acute axonal pathology but not amyloid-β immunoreactivity after traumatic brain injury in 3xTG-AD mice. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2013; 72:396-403. [PMID: 23584199 DOI: 10.1097/nen.0b013e31828e24ab] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) genotype is a risk factor for poor outcome after traumatic brain injury (TBI), particularly in young patients, but the underlying mechanisms are not known. By analogy to effects of APOE4 on the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), the APOE genotype may influence β-amyloid (Aβ) and tau deposition after TBI. To test this hypothesis, we crossed 3xTG-AD transgenic mice carrying 3 human familial AD mutations (PS1(M146V), tauP(301)L, and APP(SWE)) to human ApoE2-, ApoE3-, and ApoE4-targeted replacement mice. Six- to 8-month-old 3xTG-ApoE mice were assayed by quantitative immunohistochemistry for amyloid precursor protein (APP), Aβ(1-40) (Aβ40), Aβ(1-42) (Aβ42), total human tau, and phospho-serine 199 (pS199) tau at 24 hours after moderate controlled cortical impact. There were increased numbers of APP-immunoreactive axonal varicosities in 3xTG-ApoE4 mice versus the other genotypes. This finding was repeated in a separate cohort of ApoE4-targeted replacement mice without human transgenes compared with ApoE3 and ApoE2 mice. There were no differences between genotypes in the extent of intra-axonal Aβ40 and Aβ42; none of the mice had extracellular Aβ deposition. Regardless of injury status, 3xTG-ApoE4 mice had more total human tau accumulation in both somatodendritic and intra-axonal compartments than other genotypes. These results suggest that the APOE4 genotype may have a primary effect on the severity of axonal injury in acute TBI.
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Namjoshi DR, Martin G, Donkin J, Wilkinson A, Stukas S, Fan J, Carr M, Tabarestani S, Wuerth K, Hancock REW, Wellington CL. The liver X receptor agonist GW3965 improves recovery from mild repetitive traumatic brain injury in mice partly through apolipoprotein E. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53529. [PMID: 23349715 PMCID: PMC3547922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) increases Alzheimer’s disease (AD) risk and leads to the deposition of neurofibrillary tangles and amyloid deposits similar to those found in AD. Agonists of Liver X receptors (LXRs), which regulate the expression of many genes involved in lipid homeostasis and inflammation, improve cognition and reduce neuropathology in AD mice. One pathway by which LXR agonists exert their beneficial effects is through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1)-mediated lipid transport onto apolipoprotein E (apoE). To test the therapeutic utility of this pathway for TBI, we subjected male wild-type (WT) and apoE−/− mice to mild repetitive traumatic brain injury (mrTBI) followed by treatment with vehicle or the LXR agonist GW3965 at 15 mg/kg/day. GW3965 treatment restored impaired novel object recognition memory in WT but not apoE−/− mice. GW3965 did not significantly enhance the spontaneous recovery of motor deficits observed in all groups. Total soluble Aβ40 and Aβ42 levels were significantly elevated in WT and apoE−/− mice after injury, a response that was suppressed by GW3965 in both genotypes. WT mice showed mild but significant axonal damage at 2 d post-mrTBI, which was suppressed by GW3965. In contrast, apoE−/− mice showed severe axonal damage from 2 to 14 d after mrTBI that was unresponsive to GW3965. Because our mrTBI model does not produce significant inflammation, the beneficial effects of GW3965 we observed are unlikely to be related to reduced inflammation. Rather, our results suggest that both apoE-dependent and apoE-independent pathways contribute to the ability of GW3965 to promote recovery from mrTBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay R. Namjoshi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Georgina Martin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - James Donkin
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Anna Wilkinson
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sophie Stukas
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jianjia Fan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Michael Carr
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Sepideh Tabarestani
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Kelli Wuerth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Robert E. W. Hancock
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cheryl L. Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- * E-mail: *
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Jiang Y, Brody DL. Administration of COG1410 reduces axonal amyloid precursor protein immunoreactivity and microglial activation after controlled cortical impact in mice. J Neurotrauma 2012; 29:2332-41. [PMID: 22676717 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2012.2362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) accounts for at least 35% of the morbidity and mortality in traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients without space-occupying lesions. It is also believed to be a key determinant of adverse outcomes such as cognitive dysfunction across the spectrum of TBI severity. Previous studies have shown that COG1410, a synthetic peptide derived from the apolipoprotein E (apoE) receptor binding region, has anti-inflammatory effects after experimental TBI, with improvements in cognitive recovery. However, the effects of COG1410 on axonal injury following TBI are not known. The current study evaluated the effects of 1 mg/kg daily COG1410 versus saline administered intravenously starting 30 min after controlled cortical impact (CCI) injury on pericontusional TAI in young, wild-type C57BL6/J male mice. We found that COG1410 did not affect the number of amyloid precursor protein (APP)-immunoreactive axonal varicosities in the pericontusional corpus callosum and external capsule at 24 h, but reduced APP-immunoreactive varicosities by 31% at 3 days (p=0.0023), and 36% at 7 days (p=0.0009). COG1410 significantly reduced the number of Iba1-positive cells with activated microglial morphology at all three time points by 21-30%. There was no effect of COG1410 on pericontusional white matter volume or silver staining at any time point. This indicates a possible effect of COG1410 on delayed but not immediate TAI. Future studies are needed to investigate the underlying mechanisms, therapeutic time window, and physiological implications of this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou, P.R. China
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Neuropharmacological effect of Mangiferin on brain cholinesterase and brain biogenic amines in the management of Alzheimer's disease. Eur J Pharmacol 2012; 683:140-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2012.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2012] [Revised: 02/17/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Bukur M, Mohseni S, Mosheni S, Ley E, Salim A, Margulies D, Talving P, Demetriades D, Inaba K. Efficacy of beta-blockade after isolated blunt head injury: does race matter? J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012; 72:1013-8. [PMID: 22491619 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e318241bc5b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several retrospective clinical studies and recent prospective animal models demonstrate improved outcomes with beta-blocker administration after isolated blunt head injury. However, no investigations to date have examined the influence of race on the potential therapeutic effectiveness of these medications. Our hypothesis was that mortality benefits associated with beta-blocker exposure after isolated blunt head injury varies based on ethnicity. METHODS The trauma registry and the surgical intensive care unit (ICU) databases of an academic Level I trauma center were used to identify all patients sustaining blunt head injury requiring ICU admission from July 1998 to December 2009. Patients sustaining major associated extracranial injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale [AIS] score ≥ 3 in any body region) were excluded. Patient demographics, injury profile, Injury Severity Score, and beta-blocker exposure were abstracted. The primary outcome evaluated was in-hospital mortality stratified by ethnicity. RESULTS During the 11-year study period, 3,750 patients were admitted to the Los Angeles County + University of Southern California Medical Center trauma ICU because of blunt trauma. Of these, 65% (n = 2,446) had an "isolated" head injury. When stratified by race, most patients were Hispanics (60%), followed by Whites (21%), Asians (11%), and African Americans (8%). After adjusting for confounding variables with multivariate regression, only those of Asian and Hispanic descent demonstrated significantly improved outcomes associated with beta-blocker administration. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that beta-blockade after traumatic brain injury may not benefit all races equally. Further prospective research is necessary to assess this discrepancy in treatment benefit and explore other possible therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marko Bukur
- Department of Surgery, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, 8635 West Third Street, Suite 650, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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Crawford F, Crynen G, Reed J, Mouzon B, Bishop A, Katz B, Ferguson S, Phillips J, Ganapathi V, Mathura V, Roses A, Mullan M. Identification of plasma biomarkers of TBI outcome using proteomic approaches in an APOE mouse model. J Neurotrauma 2011; 29:246-60. [PMID: 21895520 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2011.1789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The current lack of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for traumatic brain injury (TBI) confounds treatment and management of patients and is of increasing concern as the TBI population grows. We have generated plasma proteomic profiles from mice receiving TBI by controlled cortical impact at either 1.3 mm or 1.8 mm depth, comparing these against those of sham injured-animals to identify plasma biomarkers specific to mild or severe TBI at 24 hours, 1 month, or 3 months post-injury. To identify possible prognostic biomarkers, we used apolipoprotein E (APOE)3 and APOE4 transgenic mice, which demonstrate relatively favorable and unfavorable outcomes respectively, following TBI. Using a quantitative proteomics approach (isobaric tagging for relative and absolute quantitation--iTRAQ) we have identified proteins that are significantly modulated as a function of TBI and also in response to the TBI*APOE genotype interaction, the latter representing potential prognostic biomarkers. These preliminary data clearly demonstrate plasma protein changes that are not only injury dependent but also interaction dependent. Importantly, these results demonstrate the presence of TBI-dependent and interaction-dependent plasma proteins at a 3-month time point, which is a considerable time post-injury in the mouse model, and will potentially be of significance for combat veterans receiving assessment at extended periods post-injury. Furthermore, our identification of clusters of functionally related proteins indicates disturbance of particular biological modules, which potentially increases their value beyond that of solitary biomarkers.
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Age-Related Binding of Proximal Region of ApoE Promoter to Nuclear Proteins of Mouse Cerebral Cortex. Neurochem Res 2011; 36:1931-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-011-0515-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Age-dependent effect of apolipoprotein E4 on functional outcome after controlled cortical impact in mice. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2011; 31:351-61. [PMID: 20588316 PMCID: PMC3049498 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2010.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) gene leads to increased brain amyloid beta (Aβ) and poor outcome in adults with traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, its role in childhood TBI is controversial. We hypothesized that the transgenic expression of human APOE4 worsens the outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in adult but not immature mice. Adult and immature APOE4 mice had worse motor outcome after CCI (P<0.001 versus wild type (WT)), but the Morris water maze performance was worse only in adult APOE4 mice (P=0.028 at 2 weeks, P=0.019 at 6 months versus WT), because immature APOE4 mice had performance similar to WT for up to 1 year after injury. Brain lesion size was similar in adult APOE4 mice but was decreased (P=0.029 versus WT) in injured immature APOE4 mice. Microgliosis was similar in all groups. Soluble brain Aβ(40) was increased at 48 hours after CCI in adult and immature APOE4 mice and in adult WT (P<0.05), and was dynamically regulated during the chronic period by APOE4 in adults but not immature mice. The data suggest age-dependent effects of APOE4 on cognitive outcome after TBI, and that therapies targeting APOE4 may be more effective in adults versus children with TBI.
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McAllister TW. Genetic Factors Modulating Outcome After Neurotrauma. PM R 2010; 2:S241-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hill J, Zhao J, Dash PK. High blood glucose does not adversely affect outcome in moderately brain-injured rodents. J Neurotrauma 2010; 27:1439-48. [PMID: 20504157 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2010.1328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In a number of clinical studies researchers have reported that acute hyperglycemia is associated with increased mortality and worsened neurological outcome in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). In contrast, it has been demonstrated that intensive insulin therapy to lower blood glucose can lead to an increased frequency of hypoglycemic episodes and poor outcome. Consistent with this, experimental and clinical studies have shown that TBI causes a "metabolic crisis" in the injured brain, suggesting that a reduction in glucose availability may exacerbate brain damage. We therefore examined the consequences of hyperglycemia on cognitive and pathological measures. Using a rodent model of TBI, we find that when acute hyperglycemia is induced in animals prior to injury, there is little to no change in motor and cognitive performance, contusion volume, or cerebral edema. To examine the consequences of persistent hyperglycemia (as seen in diabetic patients), animals were treated with streptozotocin (STZ) to induce type 1 diabetes. We find that the presence of persistent STZ-induced hyperglycemia results in a reduction of brain edema. Insulin therapy to reduce blood glucose reverses this beneficial effect of hyperglycemia. Taken together, our results indicate that an acute increase in blood glucose levels may not be harmful, and that intervention with insulin therapy to lower blood glucose levels in TBI patients may increase secondary brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Hill
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, The University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77225, USA
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