1
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Kumari P, Nanda KP, Firdaus H. Adverse effects of cadmium on lymphoid organs, immune cells, and immunological responses. J Appl Toxicol 2024. [PMID: 39044417 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Humans and animals possess robust immune systems to safeguard against foreign pathogens. However, recent reports suggest a greater incidence of immunity breakdown due to exposure to environmental pollutants, with heavy metals emerging as potential candidates in such immuno-toxicological studies. While we have extensive data on the general toxicity resulting from exposure to heavy metals, comprehensive documentation of their role as immune disruptors remains scarce. Cd (Cadmium) exerts immunomodulation by interfering with immune organs and cells, leading to altered structure, physiology, and function, thereby inducing symptoms of immune deregulation, inflammation and/or autoimmunity. This review aims to summarize the link between Cd exposure and immune dysfunction, drawing from case studies on exposed human subjects, as well as research conducted on various model organisms and in-vitro culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Kumari
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Kumari Pragati Nanda
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
| | - Hena Firdaus
- Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Jharkhand, Cheri-Manatu Campus, Kanke, Ranchi, Jharkhand, India
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2
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Bae S, Lee JN, Hyun CG. Anti-Melanogenic and Anti-Inflammatory Effects of 2'-Hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone in B16F10 and RAW264.7 Cells. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:6018-6040. [PMID: 38921030 PMCID: PMC11202956 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46060359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Chalcone is a type of flavonoid compound that is widely biosynthesized in plants. Studies have shown that consuming flavonoids from fruits and vegetables or applying individual ingredients reduces the risk of skin disease. However, the effects of chalcone on melanogenesis and inflammation have not been fully investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anti-melanogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of 2'-hydroxy-3,4'-dimethoxychalcone (3,4'-DMC), 2'-hydroxy-4,4'-dimethoxychalcone (4,4'-DMC), 2'-hydroxy-3',4'-dimethoxychalcone (3',4'-DMC), and 2'-hydroxy-4',6'-dimethoxychalcone (4',6'-DMC). Among the derivatives of 2'-hydroxy-4'-methoxychalcone, 4',6'-DMC demonstrated the most potent melanogenesis-inhibitory and anti-inflammatory effects. As evidenced by various biological assays, 4',6'-DMC showed no cytotoxicity and notably decreased the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein (TRP)-1, and TRP-2 enzymes. Furthermore, it reduced cellular melanin content and intracellular tyrosinase activity in B16F10 melanoma cells by downregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA), cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), β-catenin, glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), and protein kinase B (AKT) proteins, while upregulating extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and p-β-catenin. Additionally, treatment with 4',6'-DMC significantly mitigated the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced expression of NO, PGE2, inflammatory cytokines, COX-2, and iNOS proteins. Overall, 4',6'-DMC treatment notably alleviated LPS-induced damage by reducing nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), p38, JNK protein levels, and NF-kB/p65 nuclear translocation. Finally, the topical applicability of 4',6'-DMC was evaluated in a preliminary human skin irritation test and no adverse effects were found. These findings suggest that 4',6'-DMC may offer new possibilities for use as functional ingredients in cosmeceuticals and ointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Bae
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetology, Jeju Inside Agency and Cosmetic Science Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
| | - Jung-No Lee
- Bio Convergence R&D Center, CoSeedBioPharm Corporation, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju 28161, Republic of Korea;
| | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Department of Beauty and Cosmetology, Jeju Inside Agency and Cosmetic Science Center, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea;
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3
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Yaman T, Akkoyun HT, Bayramoğlu Akkoyun M, Karagözoğlu F, Melek Ş, Keleş ÖF, Bengü AŞ. Assessment of the effect of sodium tetraborate on oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis in lead-induced nephrotoxicity. Drug Chem Toxicol 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38804252 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2024.2358067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to Pb, a toxic heavy metal, is a risk factor for renal damage. Borax, an essential trace element in cellular metabolism, is a naturally occurring compound found in many foods. This study investigated the effects of sodium tetraborate (ST), a source of borax, on renal oxidative stress and inflammation in rats exposed to Pb. Wistar Albino rats (n = 24) were divided into four groups: Control (0.5 mL, i.p. isotonic), Pb (50 mg/kg/day/i.p.), ST (4.0 mg/kg/day/oral), and Pb + ST groups. At the end of the five-day experimental period, kidney tissue samples were obtained and analyzed. Histopathologically, the Pb-induced damage observed in the Pb group improved in the Pb + ST group. Immunohistochemically, Pb administration increased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, and caspase-3. When evaluated biochemically, Pb application inhibited catalase and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) enzyme activities and activated superoxide dismutase enzyme activity. An increase in malondialdehyde levels was considered an indicator of damage. ST application increases glutathione peroxidase enzyme activity and decreased malondialdehyde levels. These results indicate that ST might play a protective role against Pb-induced renal damage via the upregulation of renal tissue antioxidants and cyclooxygenase-2, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and caspase-3 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Turan Yaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - H Turan Akkoyun
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Siirt University, Siirt, Turkey
| | | | - Fatma Karagözoğlu
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Şule Melek
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Bingol Universıty, Bingöl, Turkey
| | - Ömer Faruk Keleş
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Aydın Şükrü Bengü
- Vocational School of Health Services, Bingöl University, Bingöl, Turkey
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4
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Ahmed EH, Grawish ME, Anees MM, Elhindawy MM, El Rahman MA, Helal ME. Impact of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells on the submandibular gland structure of adult male albino rats exposed to cadmium chloride toxicity. Arch Oral Biol 2022; 145:105585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2022.105585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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5
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Marzec JM, Nadadur SS. Inflammation resolution in environmental pulmonary health and morbidity. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2022; 449:116070. [PMID: 35618031 PMCID: PMC9872158 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2022.116070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inflammation and resolution are dynamic processes comprised of inflammatory activation and neutrophil influx, followed by mediator catabolism and efferocytosis. These critical pathways ensure a return to homeostasis and promote repair. Over the past decade research has shown that diverse mediators play a role in the active process of resolution. Specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), biosynthesized from fatty acids, are released during inflammation to facilitate resolution and are deficient in a variety of lung disorders. Failed resolution results in remodeling and cellular deposition through pro-fibrotic myofibroblast expansion that irreversibly narrows the airways and worsens lung function. Recent studies indicate environmental exposures may perturb and deregulate critical resolution pathways. Environmental xenobiotics induce lung inflammation and generate reactive metabolites that promote oxidative stress, injuring the respiratory mucosa and impairing gas-exchange. This warrants recognition of xenobiotic associated molecular patterns (XAMPs) as new signals in the field of inflammation biology, as many environmental chemicals generate free radicals capable of initiating the inflammatory response. Recent studies suggest that unresolved, persistent inflammation impacts both resolution pathways and endogenous regulatory mediators, compromising lung function, which over time can progress to chronic lung disease. Chronic ozone (O3) exposure overwhelms successful resolution, and in susceptible individuals promotes asthma onset. The industrial contaminant cadmium (Cd) bioaccumulates in the lung to impair resolution, and recurrent inflammation can result in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Persistent particulate matter (PM) exposure increases systemic cardiopulmonary inflammation, which reduces lung function and can exacerbate asthma, COPD, and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). While recurrent inflammation underlies environmentally induced pulmonary morbidity and may drive the disease process, our understanding of inflammation resolution in this context is limited. This review aims to explore inflammation resolution biology and its role in chronic environmental lung disease(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqui M Marzec
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Srikanth S Nadadur
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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6
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Abdelnaby A, Abdel-Aleem N, Mansour A, Abdelkader A, Ibrahim AN, Sorour SM, Elgendy E, Bayoumi H, Abdelrahman SM, Ibrahim SF, Alsaati I, Abdeen A. The Combination of Tamarindus indica and Coenzyme Q10 can be a Potential Therapy Preference to Attenuate Cadmium-Induced Hepatorenal Injury. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:954030. [PMID: 36003506 PMCID: PMC9393486 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.954030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a hazardous environmental pollutant that menaces human and animal health and induces serious adverse effects in various organs, particularly the liver and kidneys. Thus, the current study was designed to look into the possible mechanisms behind the ameliorative activities of Tamarindus indica (TM) and coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) combined therapy toward Cd-inflicted tissue injury. Male Wistar rats were categorized into seven groups: Control (received saline only); TM (50 mg/kg); CoQ (40 mg/kg); Cd (2 mg/kg); (Cd + TM); (Cd + CoQ); and (Cd + TM + CoQ). All the treatments were employed once daily via oral gavage for 28 consecutive days. The results revealed that Cd exposure considerably induced liver and kidney damage, evidenced by enhancement of liver and kidney function tests. In addition, Cd intoxication could provoke oxidative stress evidenced by markedly decreased glutathione (GSH) content and catalase (CAT) activity alongside a substantial increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations in the hepatic and renal tissues. Besides, disrupted protein and lipid metabolism were noticed. Unambiguously, TM or CoQ supplementation alleviated Cd-induced hepatorenal damage, which is most likely attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory contents. Interestingly, when TM and CoQ were given in combination, a better restoration of Cd-induced liver and kidney damage was noticed than was during their individual treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany Abdelnaby
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nabila Abdel-Aleem
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
| | - Ayman Mansour
- Department of Biotechnology, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Giza, Egypt
| | - Afaf Abdelkader
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Screening of Environmental Contaminants (CESEC), Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Afaf Abdelkader, ; Ahmed Abdeen,
| | - Amany N. Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Safwa M. Sorour
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Enas Elgendy
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Heba Bayoumi
- Histology and Cell Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Shaymaa M. Abdelrahman
- Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Benha University, Benha, Egypt
| | - Samah F. Ibrahim
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ilhaam Alsaati
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of Medicine, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Abdeen
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
- Center of Excellence in Screening of Environmental Contaminants (CESEC), Benha University, Toukh, Egypt
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
- *Correspondence: Afaf Abdelkader, ; Ahmed Abdeen,
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Wang H, Abel GM, Storm DR, Xia Z. Adolescent cadmium exposure impairs cognition and hippocampal neurogenesis in C57BL/6 mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2022; 37:335-348. [PMID: 34741586 PMCID: PMC10942748 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal and a significant public health concern. Epidemiological studies suggest that Cd is a potential neurotoxicant, and its exposure is associated with cognitive deficits in children, adults, and seniors. Our previous study has found that adulthood-only Cd exposure can impair cognition in mice. However, few studies have addressed the effects of Cd exposure during adolescence on cognitive behavior in animals later in life. In the present study, we exposed 4-week-old male C57BL/6 mice to 3 mg/L Cd via drinking water for 28 weeks and assessed their hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Cd did not affect anxiety or locomotor activity in the open field test. However, Cd exposure impaired short-term spatial memory and contextual fear memory in mice. A separate cohort of 4-week-old mice was similarly exposed to Cd for 13 weeks to investigate the potential mechanism of Cd neurotoxicity on cognition. We observed that Cd-treated mice had fewer adult-born cells, adult-born neurons, and a reduced proportion of adult-born cells that differentiated into mature neurons in the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus. These results suggest that Cd exposure from adolescence to adulthood is sufficient to cause cognitive deficits and impair key processes of hippocampal neurogenesis in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Glen M. Abel
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Daniel R. Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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8
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Zeng T, Guo W, Jiang L, Luo Q, Shi Z, Lei B, Zhang J, Cai Z. Integration of omics analysis and atmospheric pressure MALDI mass spectrometry imaging reveals the cadmium toxicity on female ICR mouse. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149803. [PMID: 34467920 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Acute cadmium toxicity induces multi-system organ failure. Mass spectrometry (MS)-based omics analyses and atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI MSI) are powerful tools for characterizing the biomarkers. Many studies on cadmium toxicity by metabolomics have been investigated, whereas the applications of lipidomics and MSI studies are still inadequate. In this study, the systematic metabolomics study on female ICR mice tissues including liver, kidney, heart, stomach, brain as well as spleen under cadmium exposure was firstly conducted and lipidomic characterizations on female ICR mice liver, kidney and heart were further constructed step by step. To deeply understand its toxicological mechanisms, several representative lipids on the mouse liver were visualized by AP-MALDI MSI. The results demonstrated that exposure to cadmium caused significant metabolic alterations in the liver, kidney and heart among all the tissues. Additionally, the toxicological mechanisms of cadmium in the mouse models are closely associated with the inflammation response, energy expenditure, oxidative stress, DNA and mitochondria damage, and lipid homeostasis. These insights could enhance knowledge in acute cadmium toxicity of public health and guide risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zeng
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519087, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Wenjing Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Analytical Science for Food Safety and Biology, College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350116, China
| | - Lilong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Qiong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zhangsheng Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Bo Lei
- Food Science and Technology Program, Beijing Normal University-Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, Guangdong, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region.
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9
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Zhang J, Feng W, Li M, Chen P, Ning X, Ou C, Chen M. Receptor-Interacting Protein Kinase 3 Inhibition Prevents Cadmium-Mediated Macrophage Polarization and Subsequent Atherosclerosis via Maintaining Mitochondrial Homeostasis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2021; 8:737652. [PMID: 34820428 PMCID: PMC8606644 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.737652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic cadmium (Cd) exposure contributes to the progression of cardiovascular disease (CVD), especially atherosclerosis (AS), but the underlying mechanism is unclear. Since mitochondrial homeostasis is emerging as a core player in the development of CVD, it might serve as a potential mechanism linking Cd exposure and AS. In this study, we aimed to investigate Cd-mediated AS through macrophage polarization and know the mechanisms of Cd-caused mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance. In vitro, flow cytometry shows that Cd exposure promotes M1-type polarization of macrophages, manifested as the increasing expressions of nuclear Factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B (NF-kB) and NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3). Mitochondrial homeostasis tests revealed that decreasing mitochondrial membrane potential and mitophage, increasing the mitochondrial superoxide (mROS), and mitochondrial fission are involved in the Cd-induced macrophage polarization. The upregulated expressions of receptor-interacting protein kinase 3 (RIPK3) and pseudokinase-mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (p-MLKL) were observed. Knocking out RIPK3, followed by decreasing the expression of p-MLKL, improves the mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance which effectively reverses macrophage polarization. In vivo, the oil red O staining showed that Cd with higher blood significantly aggravates AS. Besides, M1-type polarization of macrophages and mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance were observed in the aortic roots of the mice through immunofluorescence and western blot. Knocking out RIPK3 restored the changes above. Finally, the administered N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) or mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 (Mdivi-1), which decreased the mROS or mitochondrial fission, inhibited the expressions of RIPK3 and p-MLKL, attenuating AS and macrophage M1-type polarization in the Cd-treated group. Consequently, the Cd exposure activated the RIPK3 pathway and impaired the mitochondrial homeostasis, resulting in pro-inflammatory macrophage polarization and subsequent AS. Knocking out RIPK3 provided a potential therapeutic target for Cd-caused macrophage polarization and subsequent AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiexin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weijing Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Cardiology, State Key Laboratory of Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minghui Li
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peier Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Ning
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Caiwen Ou
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minsheng Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Laboratory of Heart Center, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation, Guangzhou, China
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10
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Subacute cadmium exposure promotes M1 macrophage polarization through oxidative stress-evoked inflammatory response and induces porcine adrenal fibrosis. Toxicology 2021; 461:152899. [PMID: 34416349 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2021.152899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a widely distributed environmental pollutant with immunotoxicity and endocrine toxicity. M1/M2 macrophages participate in the immune response and exert an essential influence on fibrosis. Nevertheless, whether Cd can induce porcineadrenal fibrosis by affecting the polarization of M1/M2 macrophages and its potential regulatory mechanism have not been explored. We added 20 mg/kg CdCl2 to the pig diet for 40 days to investigate the fibrogenic effect of subacute Cd exposure on the adrenal gland. The results indicated that the ACTH and CORT in serum were decreased by 15.26 % and 21.99 %, respectively. The contents of adrenal mineral elements Cd, Cr, Mn were increased up to 34, 1.93, 1.42 folds and Co, Zn, Sn were reduced by 21.57 %, 20.52 %, 15.75 %. Concurrently, the pro-oxidative indicators (LPO, MDA and H2O2) were increased by 1.85, 2.20, 2.77 folds and 3.60, 11.15, 4.11 folds upregulated mRNA levels of TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3 were observed. Subsequently, the expression of M1 macrophages polarization markers (IL-6, iNOS, TNF-α, CCL2 and CXCL9) were raised by 2.03, 2.30, 2.35, 1.58, 1.56 folds, while M2 macrophages (IL-4, CCL24, Arg1, IL-10, MRC1) showed a 62.34 %, 31.88 %, 50.26 %, 74.00 %, 69.34 % downregulation. The expression levels of AMPK subunits and genes related to glycolysis, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and fatty acid oxidation (FAO) were also markedly increased. Additionally, the expression level of TGF-β1, Smad2/3 and downstream pro-fibrotic markers was obviously upregulated. Taken together, we conclude that Cd activates the oxidative stress-mediated TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 inflammatory signal transduction, leading to porcine adrenal fibrosis by promoting macrophage polarization toward M1.
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11
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Wang Z, Sun Y, Yao W, Ba Q, Wang H. Effects of Cadmium Exposure on the Immune System and Immunoregulation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:695484. [PMID: 34354707 PMCID: PMC8330548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.695484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a biologically non-essential heavy metal, is widespread in the environment, including the air, water, and soil, and is widely present in foods and quantum dot preparations. Cd enters the body primarily through inhalation and ingestion. Its biological half-life in humans is 10-35 years; therefore, Cd poses long-term health risks. While most studies on Cd toxicity have focused on organ and tissue damage, the immunotoxicity of Cd has drawn increasing attention recently. Cd accumulates in immune cells, modulates the function of the immune system, triggers immunological responses, and leads to diverse health problems. Cd acts as an immunotoxic agent by regulating the activity and apoptosis of immune cells, altering the secretion of immune cytokines, inducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and oxidative stress, changing the frequency of T lymphocyte subsets, and altering the production of selective antibodies in immune cells. This review summarizes the immunological toxicity of Cd, elucidates the mechanisms underlying Cd toxicity in terms of innate immunity and adaptive immunity, and discusses potential strategies to alleviate the adverse effects of Cd on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhineng Wang
- School of Food and Biotechnological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Sun
- School of Food and Biotechnological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Wenbo Yao
- School of Food and Biotechnological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Qian Ba
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Center for Single-Cell Omics, School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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12
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Choudhury C, Mazumder R, Biswas R, Sengupta M. Cadmium exposure induces inflammation through the canonical NF-κΒ pathway in monocytes/macrophages of Channa punctatus Bloch. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 110:116-126. [PMID: 33453382 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A vast range of research related to the toxicity of the heavy metal cadmium (Cd) has been carried out in a wide variety of fish species. However, Cd induced immunomodulation in monocytes/macrophages of Channa punctatus Bloch. has rarely been explored. The present study was designed to determine Cd induced immune response, role of NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa B) pathway and the subsequent downstream molecular responses in monocytes/macrophages of C. punctatus. Fish were sampled and acclimatized, with one group treated with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) (1.96 mg/L) and another kept as untreated control group, both under observation for 7 days. Exposure to CdCl2 was found to alter hematological profile of C. punctatus in addition to incurring histo-architectural damages in the HK (head kidney) and ultrastructural changes in the monocytes/macrophages. The innate immune potential was found to be significantly compromised as evident from decreased phagocytosis, intracellular killing, cell adhesion and reduced release of nitric oxide (NO) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) in Cd intoxicated group. Also Cd triggered ROS generation, reduced cellular NO levels by forming peroxynitrite along with the upregulated expression of the inflammatory marker iNOS (inducible nitric oxide synthase) in monocytes/macrophages, both at mRNA and protein levels, indicating inflammation. Inflammation is further verified from the upregulated expression of proinflammatory cytokines viz. TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 along with a central inflammatory mediator NF-κΒ and downregulation of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10, both at mRNA and protein levels. It can be concluded that, a sub-lethal exposure of Cd in C. punctatus for 7 days caused significant alterations in the hematological, histological and ultrastructural profile in monocytes/macrophages; impaired innate immune parameters, triggers ROS generation and inflammation as validated from the upregulated expression of NF-κΒ, iNOS, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12 and IL-10 downregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chohelee Choudhury
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Ritwik Mazumder
- Department of Economics, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India
| | - Rajib Biswas
- Department of Pathology, Silchar Medical College, Silchar, Assam, 788014, India
| | - Mahuya Sengupta
- Department of Biotechnology, Assam University, Silchar, Assam, 788011, India.
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Cadmium tolerance pathway in Anopheles gambiae senso stricto. Acta Trop 2019; 198:105033. [PMID: 31121147 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is one of the widely used heavy metals (HM) in commercial and industrial products and contributes to environmental contamination in an urban setting. In our previous studies, we established that An. gambiae sensu stricto, a vector of malaria, had adapted to HM pollutants in nature despite their proclivity for unpolluted aquatic habitats. We further demonstrated that heavy metal tolerance adaptation process impacts a biological cost to the fitness of the mosquito and potentially involves the induction of specific HM-responsive transcripts and proteins. Here we interrogated differential proteomic profiles of the cadmium tolerant vs. naïve strains of An. gambiae to shed light on proteomic processes that underpinned biological cost to fitness. We identified a total of 1067 larval proteins and observed significant down-regulation of proteins involved in larval immune responses, energy metabolism, antioxidant enzymes, protein synthesis, and proton transport. Our results suggest that mosquitoes can adjust their biological program through proteome changes to counter HM pollution. Since our study was done in controlled laboratory settings, we acknowledge this may not wholly represent the conditions HM polluted environments. Nevertheless, mosquitoes deploying this strategy have the potential of creating an urban enclave for breeding and thrive and become agents of sporadic malaria epidemics.
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14
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Teng X, Zhang W, Song Y, Wang H, Ge M, Zhang R. Protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens induced by cadmium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:23967-23980. [PMID: 31222655 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05638-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal that poses a huge potential threat to human and animal health. Therefore, it is necessary to study its damage mechanism. In the present study, we have examined the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids on oxidative stress and apoptosis in the spleen of chickens induced by Cd. One hundred and twenty healthy Hailan white chickens (7-day-old) were randomly divided into the following four groups: control group, Cd group, triterpenoid group, and Cd-triterpenoid group. The chickens were euthanized on the 20th, 40th, and 60th days, and the spleens were removed. Cd and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, antioxidant enzyme (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)) activities, and inflammatory factor (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6)) and apoptotic factor (caspase-3, BAX, and Bcl-2) expressions were detected. The results showed that Ganoderma lucidum triterpenoids could reduce the content of Cd and MDA; increase the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and GSH-Px); decrease the expression of inflammatory factors (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-1β and IL-6); increase the expression of apoptotic factor (Bcl-2); and decrease the expression of apoptotic factors (caspase-3 and Bax). It showed that the triterpenoids of Ganoderma lucidum had significant protective effects on oxidative stress and apoptosis of chicken spleen, which provided a theoretical basis for further prevention and treatment of cadmium poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Teng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Weiqian Zhang
- Quality and Standard Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing, 100141, China
| | - Yangyang Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Haibin Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Ming Ge
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
| | - Ruili Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Provincial Education, Department of Heilongjiang for Common Animal Disease Prevention and Treatment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China.
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15
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Manzhulo IV, Tyrtyshnaia AA, Mischenko PV, Egoraeva AA, Belova AS, Kasyanov SP, Sultanov RM, Pislyagin EA. Alkyl Glycerols Activate RAW264.7 Macrophage Cell Line. Nat Prod Commun 2019. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x19858516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Igor V. Manzhulo
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Anna A. Tyrtyshnaia
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
- Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Polina V. Mischenko
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | | | | | - Sergey P. Kasyanov
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Ruslan M. Sultanov
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, A.V. Zhirmunsky National Scientific Center of Marine Biology, Vladivostok, Russia
| | - Evgeny A. Pislyagin
- Far Eastern Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, G.B. Elyakov Pacific Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Vladivostok, Russia
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16
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García-Mendoza D, Han B, van den Berg HJHJ, van den Brink NW. Cell-specific immune-modulation of cadmium on murine macrophages and mast cell lines in vitro. J Appl Toxicol 2019; 39:992-1001. [PMID: 30828855 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Toxic trace metals are widespread contaminants that are potentially immunotoxic even at environmentally low exposure levels. They can modulate the immunity to infections, e.g., in wildlife species living in contaminated areas. The diverse immune cell types can be differentially affected by the exposure leading to the modulation of specific protective mechanisms. Macrophages and mast cells, part of the innate immune system, trigger immune responses and perform particular effector functions. The present study compared toxicological and functional effects of cadmium in two models of murine macrophages (RAW264.7 and NR8383 cell lines) and two models of murine mast cells (MC/9 and RBL-2H3 cell lines). Cadmium was selected as a model compound because its known potential to induce reactive oxygen species and its relevance as an environmental contaminant. Mechanisms of toxicity, such as redox imbalance and apoptosis induction were measured in stationary cells, while functional outcome effects were measured in activated cells. Cadmium-depleted glutathione antioxidant in all four cell lines tested although reactive oxygen species was not significantly increased. Mast cells had full dose-response depletion of glutathione below cytotoxic levels while in macrophages the depletion was not complete. Functional endpoints tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitrite production in lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages were increased by cadmium exposure. In contrast, mast cell lipopolysaccharide-induced tumour necrosis factor-alpha and IgE-mediated histamine release were reduced by cadmium. These data indicate potentially differential effects of cadmium among murine innate immune cell types, where mast cells would be more susceptible to oxidative stress and their function might be at a higher risk to be modulated compared to macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego García-Mendoza
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Biyao Han
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J H J van den Berg
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nico W van den Brink
- Division of Toxicology, Wageningen University and Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Pérez Díaz MFF, Plateo Pignatari MG, Filippa VP, Mohamed FH, Marchevsky EJ, Gimenez MS, Ramirez DC. A soybean-based diet modulates cadmium-induced vascular apoptosis. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2019; 52:239-246. [PMID: 30732889 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) exposure has been associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. The diet is a modifiable source of protecting or damaging factors that may affect this risk. Herein we tested the hypothesis that a soybean-based diet (SBD) protects the vascular wall of the aorta against Cd-induced pro-inflammatory and pro-apoptotic effects. To test this hypothesis, we fed male Wistar rats for 60 days with a casein-based diet (CBD) or an SBD. These animals were also exposed to tap-water without (CBD-Co/SBD-Co) or with 15(CBD-15Cd/SBD-15Cd) or 100 (CBD-100Cd/SBD-100Cd) ppm of Cd. Inflammatory parameters (mRNAs and/or proteins) were measured in thoracic aorta tissue. These included inducible and endothelial nitric oxide synthases, cyclooxygenase-2, intracellular-adhesion molecule-1, and vascular cell-adhesion molecule-1. As pro-apoptotic parameters, we measured Bax and Bcl-2 mRNA/protein, as well as TUNEL positive cells in the aorta tissue. Compared to CBD-Co, inflammatory and apoptosis markers increased in the aorta with the concentration of Cd in the drinking water. These effects were not observed in either SBD-15Cd or SBD-100Cd, which were similar to CBD-Co. Cd content in serum and in aortas from animals fed CBD-Co/SBD-15Cd or CBD-Co/SBD-100Cd were similar suggesting that, if any, the effect of SBD is not due to changes in Cd bioaccumulation, but due to secondary effects linked to the composition of the dietary soybean flour. Our findings are consistent with a protective effect of an SBD against Cd-induced inflammation and apoptosis in the thoracic aorta in a rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías F F Pérez Díaz
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Environment, and Metabolism, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Maria G Plateo Pignatari
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Environment, and Metabolism, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina; Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Verónica P Filippa
- Laboratory of Histology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Fabián H Mohamed
- Laboratory of Histology, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - Eduardo J Marchevsky
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacy, National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina
| | - María S Gimenez
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Environment, and Metabolism, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
| | - Dario C Ramirez
- Laboratory of Experimental and Translational Medicine, Multidisciplinary Institute of Biological Research-San Luis, CCT-San Luis, CONICET-National University of San Luis, San Luis, 5700 San Luis, Argentina.
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18
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Wang H, Zhang L, Abel GM, Storm DR, Xia Z. Cadmium Exposure Impairs Cognition and Olfactory Memory in Male C57BL/6 Mice. Toxicol Sci 2019; 161:87-102. [PMID: 29029324 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal of high interest to the superfund initiative. Recent epidemiology studies have suggested a possible association between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in humans. However, studies in animal models are needed to establish a direct causal relationship between Cd exposure and impairments in cognition and olfaction. This study aims to investigate the toxic effect of Cd on cognition and olfactory function in mice. One group of 8-week-old C57BL/6 male mice was exposed to 3 mg/l Cd (in the form of CdCl2) through drinking water for 20 weeks for behavior tests and final blood Cd concentration analysis. The behavior tests were conducted before, during, and after Cd exposure to analyze the effects of Cd on cognition and olfactory function. Upon completion of behavior tests, blood was collected to measure final blood Cd concentration. Two additional groups of mice were similarly exposed to Cd for 5 or 13 weeks for peak blood Cd concentration measurement. The peak blood Cd concentration was 2.125-2.25 μg/l whereas the final blood Cd concentration was 0.18 μg/l. At this exposure level, Cd impaired hippocampus-dependent learning and memory in novel object location test, T-maze test, and contextual fear memory test. It also caused deficits in short-term olfactory memory and odor-cued olfactory learning and memory. Results in this study demonstrate a direct relationship between Cd exposure and cognitive as well as olfactory impairments in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Liang Zhang
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Glen M Abel
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
| | - Daniel R Storm
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Zhengui Xia
- Toxicology Program, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences
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Exposure of Macrophages to Low-Dose Gadolinium-Based Contrast Medium: Impact on Oxidative Stress and Cytokines Production. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2018; 2018:3535769. [PMID: 30627059 PMCID: PMC6305030 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3535769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) has drawn a lot of attention. Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF), a lethal disease related to the use of GBCAs, is still not understood. Recently, gadolinium retention is found in brain tissues after repeated use of GBCAs in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, most of the works investigating the toxicity of GBCAs are focusing on its high-concentration (0.5–10 mM) part, which is not reflective of the physiological conditions in human beings. Macrophages play a regulatory role in immune responses and are responsible for the fibrosis process. Their role in gadolinium retention and the pathogenesis of NSF, however, has seldom been investigated. This study aimed to evaluate the immune response generated by macrophages (RAW 264.7) exposing to low levels of GBCAs. The incubation concentration of GBCAs, including Omniscan®, Primovist®, Magnevist®, and Gadovist®, is proportional to the level of gadolinium uptake when detected via inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and imaged by MRI, whereas Primovist® treatment groups have highest gadolinium uptake among all of the tested concentrations. Low-concentration (2.5 μmol/L) Gd chloride or GBCAs exposure promoted the reactive production of oxygen species (ROS), nitrate/nitrite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and suppressed the potential of mitochondrial membrane. There was higher ROS, nitrate/nitrite, and PGE2 production in the Primovist®, Omniscan®, and Magnevist® groups compared to the Gadovist® group. In face of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation, Primovist®, Omniscan®, and Magnevist® groups exhibited elevated nitrite/nitrate and suppressed IL-1β secretion and IL-6 and IL-10 secretion. Moreover, upon LPS stimulation, there is decreased TNF-α secretion 4 hours after Primovist® or Omiscan® exposure but the TNF-α secretion increased at 24 hours. Our data suggest that there is upregulated inflammation even in the presence of low levels of GBCAs, even similar to the physiological condition in murine macrophage. Further investigation of GBCAs on the human macrophage or in vivo animal study may clarify the role of macrophage on the pathogenesis of NSF and other GBCAs-related disease.
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20
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Kumar N, Kumari V, Ram C, Bharath Kumar BS, Verma S. Impact of oral cadmium intoxication on levels of different essential trace elements and oxidative stress measures in mice: a response to dose. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5401-5411. [PMID: 29209977 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0868-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the effect of oral intoxication of cadmium and the possible causes of oxidative stress and its preferential accumulation in different organs as well as sub-sequential effects in mice. Twenty-four Swiss albino male mice were divided into three groups viz., normal control group without cadmium chloride (CdCl2), whereas a daily dose of 0.5 and 1.2 mg of CdCl2 was orally administered for a period of a week to dose group 1 (DG-1) and dose group 2 (DG-2), respectively. A significant increase in the severity of cadmium toxicity was observed in animals as evidenced by aggravation in liver enzymes viz., serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate transaminase, whereas lower levels of antioxidative stress markers in liver and kidney tissues of treated mice were observed as compared to normal control group. A significant depletion of calcium levels in liver tissues of DG-1 (217.36 ± 1.73 μg/g of wet tissues) and DG-2 (186.41 ± 1.56 μg/g of wet tissues) groups, along with Cd accumulation, was observed. To summarize, the current study would increase our understanding with respect to dose-dependent absorption of Cd and its toxicity led to mortality as well as adverse health effects in the body of mice. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narendra Kumar
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Vandna Kumari
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chand Ram
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
| | | | - Sunita Verma
- Dairy Microbiology Division, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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21
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Cerkezkayabekir A, Sanal F, Bakar E, Ulucam E, Inan M. Naringin protects viscera from ischemia/reperfusion injury by regulating the nitric oxide level in a rat model. Biotech Histochem 2017; 92:252-263. [PMID: 28426254 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2017.1305499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the effects of naringin on small intestine, liver, kidney and lung recovery after ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury of the gut. Rats were divided randomly into four groups of eight. Group A was the sham control; group B was ischemic for 2 h; group C was ischemic for 2 h and re-perfused for 2 h (I/R); group D was treated with 50 mg/kg naringin after ischemia, then re-perfused for 2 h. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expressions were detected by immunolabeling. We also measured arginase activity, amounts of nitric oxide (NO) and total protein. iNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and kidney in group C. iNOS was decreased significantly only in small intestine and lung in group D. eNOS was increased significantly in the small intestine, liver and lung in group C. eNOS was decreased in small intestine, liver and lung in group D; however, eNOS was decreased in the kidney in group C and increased in the kidney in group D. The amount of NO was decreased significantly in all tissues in group D, but arginase activity was decreased in the small intestine and lung, increased in the kidney and remained unchanged in the liver in group D. The total protein increased in the small intestine and liver in group D, but decreased significantly in the kidney and lung in group D. Naringin had significant, salutary effects on the biochemical parameters of I/R by decreasing the NO level, equilibrating iNOS and eNOS expressions, and decreasing arginase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - F Sanal
- a Faculty of Science, Department of Biology
| | - E Bakar
- b Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology
| | - E Ulucam
- c School of Medicine, Department of Anatomy
| | - M Inan
- d School of Medicine, Department of Pediatric Surgery , Trakya University , Edirne , Turkey
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22
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Zheng JL, Yuan SS, Wu CW, Lv ZM. Acute exposure to waterborne cadmium induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in the brain, ovary and liver of zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 180:36-44. [PMID: 27642707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that poses serious risks to aquatic organisms and their associated ecosystem. The mechanisms underlying Cd-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in fish remain largely unknown. In this study, adult female zebrafish were exposed to 0 (control), 1mgL-1 Cd for 24h and 96h, and the oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by Cd were evaluated in the brain, liver and ovary. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), nitric oxide (NO), and malondialdehyde (MDA) increased in a time-dependent manner after treatment with Cd in the brain and liver. The increase may result from the disturbance of genes including copper and zinc superoxide dismutase (Cu/Zn-SOD), catalase (CAT), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and ciclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) at mRNA, protein and activity levels. Although ROS, NO and MDA were not significantly affected by Cd in the ovary, the up-regulation of Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, iNOS, and COX-2 was observed. Exposure to Cd induced a sharp increase in the protein levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the brain, liver and ovary, possibly contributing to activate inflammatory responses. Furthermore, we also found a dramatic increase in mRNA levels of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and nuclear transcription factor κB (NF-κB) at 24h in the liver and ovary. The corresponding changes in the mRNA levels of Kelch-like-ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1a and Keap1b) and the inhibitor of κBα (IκBαa and IκBαb) may contribute to regulate the transcriptional activity of Nrf2 and NF-κB, respectively. Contrarily, mRNA levels of Nrf2, NF-κB, Keap1, Keap1b, IκBαa and IκBαb remained stable at 24 and 96h in the brain. Taken together, we demonstrated Cd-induced oxidative stress and immunotoxicity in fish, possibly through transcriptional regulation of Nrf2 and NF-κB and gene modifications at transcriptional, translational, post-translational levels, which would greatly extend our understanding on the Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
| | - Shuang-Shuang Yuan
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Zhen-Ming Lv
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
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Skoczynska A, Martynowicz H. The impact of subchronic cadmium poisoning on the vascular effect of nitric oxide in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2016; 24:353-61. [PMID: 16119249 DOI: 10.1191/0960327105ht536oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of poisoning with cadmium in hypertensive doses (50 or 200 ppm in drinking water for three months) on the basal and stimulated release NO effect in the isolated and perfused rat mesenteric bed. Mesenteric artery preparation preconstricted by norepinephrine (0.5 μg/mL) was used to determine changes in its vascular resistance induced by e-NOS synthase blocker, N-ω-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG) injected in increasing doses from 1.0 to 200.0 μg or acetylcholine (ACh) administered in doses from 0.05 × 10-10 to 5.0 × 10-10 mol before and during L-NOARG infusion (1.0 μg/mL). Vascular reactivity was measured as an increase or decrease in perfusion pressure in the constant flow system. Rats poisoned with 50 or 200 ppm of cadmium demonstrated a significant decrease (P < 0.05) in vascular response to L-NOARG used in doses of 50 or 100 μg. The dose-response curve obtained for L-NOARG was shifted to the right and ED50 value was greater in the group of rats given cadmium in a dose of 200 ppm than in the controls (70.39 ± 10.7 versus 25.79 ± 4.8 μg, P < 0.01). These rats reacted with lower expressed vasodilatation to ACh in doses to 0.2 ± 10-10 mol. In all poisoned rats, L-NOARG enhanced the effect of ACh used in doses from 0.05 to 0.5 ± 10-10 mol, whereas in the control group this effect was only achieved at 0.1 ± 10-10 mol. The serum nitric oxide concentration was decreased (P B < 0.05) in both groups of cadmium-treated rats. These results suggest that cadmium in hypertensive doses modifies the vascular effect of NO in basal conditions and after stimulation by ACh.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Skoczynska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Occupational Diseases and Hypertension, Wroclaw Medical University, L Pasteur 4, Wroclaw, Poland.
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Tastekin E, Palabiyik O, Ulucam E, Uzgur S, Karaca A, Vardar SA, Yilmaz A, Aydogdu N. The effect of high protein diet and exercise on irisin, eNOS, and iNOS expressions in kidney. Ren Fail 2016; 38:1107-14. [DOI: 10.1080/0886022x.2016.1194163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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Song S, Oh S, Lim KT. Lactobacillus plantarum L67 glycoprotein protects against cadmium chloride toxicity in RAW 264.7 cells. J Dairy Sci 2016; 99:1812-1821. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2015-10121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Jin Y, Liu L, Zhang S, He R, Wu Y, Chen G, Fu Z. Cadmium exposure to murine macrophages decreases their inflammatory responses and increases their oxidative stress. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 144:168-175. [PMID: 26363317 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that poses serious risks to human and wildlife health. The oxidative stress and inflammatory responses induced by Cd were evaluated in RAW264.7 cells. A significant decrease in the cell viability was observed in the group treated with 3 µM Cd for 24 h. The mRNA levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL6), interleukin-1α (IL1α) and Interleukin-1β (IL1β) were generally increased or decreased by Cd exposure for 6 and 24 h, respectively. Moreover, pretreatment of the RAW264.7 cells with Cd for 24 h inhibited the transcriptional status of TNFα, IL6, IL1α and IL1β and the release of these cytokines in response to a 6-h lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, the Cd exposure elicited oxidative stress not only by disturbing the transcriptional status of genes including superoxide dismutase (Sod), catalase (Cat), glutathione peroxidase(Gpx), glutathione S-transferase 1 a (Gst1a), NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1(Nqo1), heme oxygenase 1(Ho-1) but also the enzyme activities of SOD, CAT and glutathione S-transferase (GST). The effects of Cd on the mRNA levels and activities of anti-oxidative enzymes were dependent on the exposure period and dose. These results suggested that Cd exposure generated oxidative stress and decreased the inflammatory responses in a murine macrophage cell line. Furthermore, oxidative stress may be a possible mechanism to explain the dysregulation of the immune function caused by heavy metals in this in vitro system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxiang Jin
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Ling Liu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Songbin Zhang
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Rongjun He
- College of Ocean, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yan Wu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Guanliang Chen
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zhengwei Fu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Liu S, Xu F, Fu J, Li S. Protective Roles of Selenium on Nitric Oxide and the Gene Expression of Inflammatory Cytokines Induced by Cadmium in Chicken Splenic Lymphocytes. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 168:252-60. [PMID: 25937150 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental toxicant and an inflammation-related xenobiotic. Selenium (Se) is a well-known nutritional trace element and a potent chemopreventive agent. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of Se on the cytotoxicity of Cd in bird immunocytes in vitro. Chicken splenic lymphocytes exposed to CdCl2 (10(-6) mol/L), Na2SeO3 (10(-7) mol/L), or a mixture of the two (10(-7) mol/L Na2SeO3 and 10(-6) mol/L CdCI2) were incubated for 12, 24, 36, 48, or 60 h. Cd significantly increased (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression levels of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and similar results were observed in the protein expression levels of NF-κB and COX-2. In addition, the nitric oxide (NO) content and the inducible iNOS activity were increased in the Cd-treated group compared to the control group. Furthermore, the protective effects of Se against Cd toxicity in chicken splenic lymphocytes were illustrated by the increase in select cytokines (NF-κB, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and PGE2), NO content and iNOS activity. The biochemical parameters exhibited sensitivity to Se and Cd, suggesting that they may act as potential biomarkers for assessing the effects of Se and Cd risk on chicken splenic lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengping Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Fu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China
| | - Shu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, People's Republic of China.
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Olszowski T, Gutowska I, Baranowska-Bosiacka I, Piotrowska K, Korbecki J, Kurzawski M, Chlubek D. The Effect of Cadmium on COX-1 and COX-2 Gene, Protein Expression, and Enzymatic Activity in THP-1 Macrophages. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 165:135-44. [PMID: 25645360 PMCID: PMC4424267 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-015-0234-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine the effects of cadmium in concentrations relevant to those detected in human serum on cyclooxygenase-1 (COX-1) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity levels in THP-1 macrophages. Macrophages were incubated with various cadmium chloride (CdCl2) solutions for 48 h at final concentrations of 5 nM, 20 nM, 200 nM, and 2 μM CdCl2. The mRNA expression and protein levels of COXs were analyzed with RT-PCR and Western blotting, respectively. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and stable metabolite of thromboxane B2 (TXB2) concentrations in culture media were determined using ELISA method. Our study demonstrates that cadmium at the highest tested concentrations modulates COX-1 and COX-2 at mRNA level in THP-1 macrophages; however, the lower tested cadmium concentrations appear to inhibit COX-1 protein expression. PGE2 and TXB2 production is not altered by all tested Cd concentrations; however, the significant stimulation of PGE2 and TXB2 production is observed when macrophages are exposed to both cadmium and COX-2 selective inhibitor, NS-398. The stimulatory effect of cadmium on COXs at mRNA level is not reflected at protein and enzymatic activity levels, suggesting the existence of some posttranscriptional, translational, and posttranslational events that result in silencing of those genes' expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Olszowski
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Izabela Gutowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Human Nutrition, Pomeranian Medical University, Broniewskiego 24 Str, 71-460 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Irena Baranowska-Bosiacka
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Piotrowska
- Department of Physiology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jan Korbecki
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Mateusz Kurzawski
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
| | - Dariusz Chlubek
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Powstańców Wlkp. 72 Av, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland
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Zhong L, Wang L, Xu L, Liu Q, Jiang L, Zhi Y, Lu W, Zhou P. The role of nitric oxide synthase in an early phase Cd-induced acute cytotoxicity in MCF-7 cells. Biol Trace Elem Res 2015; 164:130-8. [PMID: 25510362 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Literature to date has confirmed that cadmium (Cd) can accomplish its toxic effects via the free radical-induced damage, but Cd itself cannot generate free radicals directly. Nitric oxide (NO) is a fundamental molecule that interplays with reactive oxygen species (ROS), which may be associated with the Cd-induced cytotoxicity. However, the role of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) in an early phase Cd-induced acute cytotoxicity and its interaction has not been studied. In this report, we provide data showing that CdCl2 (10 μM, 100 μM, 1 mM) could modulate NOS activity in terms of NO production which was first suppressed with the release of Ca(2+) and Zn(2+), then induced with the transcriptional and translational activation of the three NOS isoforms in a possible feedback manner. The ROS level in cells was increased after CdCl2 exposure. By using the free radical scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (LNAC) or the NOS activity inhibitor N(G)-methyl-L-arginine (LNMMA), it was demonstrated that NOS played a critical role on the Cd-induced ROS generation. The Cd-induced cytotoxicity was associated with the NOS-mediated oxidative stress in MCF-7 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingying Zhong
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
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Milnerowicz H, Ściskalska M, Dul M. Pro-inflammatory effects of metals in persons and animals exposed to tobacco smoke. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2015; 29:1-10. [PMID: 24916792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Metals present in tobacco smoke have the ability to cause a pro-oxidant/antioxidant imbalance through the direct generation of free radicals in accordance with the Fenton or Haber-Weiss reaction and redox properties. Metals can also interact with antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase) and small molecular antioxidants (glutathione) through binding to SH groups or by replacement of metals ions in the catalytic center of enzymes. Excessive free radicals production can induce an inflammatory response. The aim of this study was to review the information on the induction of inflammation by metals present in tobacco smoke such as lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), aluminum (Al), nickel (Ni) and mercury (Hg). In cellular immune response, it was demonstrated that radicals induced by metals can disrupt the transcription signaling pathway mediated by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (induced by Pb), NLRP3-ASC-caspase 1 (induced by Ni), tyrosine kinase Src (induced by As) and the nuclear factor κB (induced by Pb, Ni, Hg). The result of this is a gene transcription for early inflammatory cytokines, such as Interleukine 1β, Interleukine 6, and Tumor necrosis factor α). These cytokines can cause leukocytes recruitment and secretions of other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, which intensifies the inflammatory response. Some metals, such as cadmium (Cd), can activate an inflammatory response through tissue damage induction mediated by free radicals, which also results in leukocytes recruitment and cytokines secretions. Inflammation generated by metals can be reduced by metallothionein, which has the ability to scavenge free radicals and bind toxic metals through the release of Zn and oxidation of SH groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Milnerowicz
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Milena Ściskalska
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Dul
- Department of Biomedical and Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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Demenesku J, Mirkov I, Ninkov M, Popov Aleksandrov A, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Acute cadmium administration to rats exerts both immunosuppressive and proinflammatory effects in spleen. Toxicology 2014; 326:96-108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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32
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Liu LL, Zhang JL, Zhang ZW, Yao HD, Sun G, Xu SW. Protective roles of selenium on nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis of immune organs induced by cadmium in chickens. Biol Trace Elem Res 2014; 159:199-209. [PMID: 24839000 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-014-0007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the influence of subchronic cadmium exposure on apoptosis in the immune organs of birds and the protective effects on apoptosis by selenium against cadmium. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of subchronic cadmium exposure on nitric oxide and apoptosis in the immune organs of chicken and the protective roles of selenium against cadmium-induced apoptosis. Two hundred ten 30-day-old chickens were randomly assigned to three groups and were fed a basal diet, cadmium+selenium (as 150 mg of CdCl2 per kg of diet+10 mg of Na2SeO3 per kg of diet ) or cadmium (as 150 mg of CdCl2 per kg of diet) in basic diets for 15, 30, 45, and 60 days. Then, the production of nitric oxide, messenger RNA (mRNA level), and the activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ultrastructural changes, TUNEL assay, and flow cytometric analysis of apoptosis and Bcl-2 and p53 mRNA levels in the immune organs were examined. The results showed that cadmium exposure caused ultrastructural damage and increased production of nitric oxide, mRNA level, and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, the degree, and the number of apoptotic cells in a time-dependent manner. Cadmium exposure decreased Bcl-2 mRNA level and increased p53 mRNA level in a time-dependent manner. Selenium supplementation during dietary cadmium reduced the production of nitric oxide, the mRNA level, and activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase, ultrastructural damage, and apoptosis in the immune organs of chicken. It indicated that cadmium induced nitric oxide-mediated apoptosis of immune organs, and selenium played protective effects against cadmium-induced apoptosis in the immune organs of chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-li Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine, Harbin, 150040, People's Republic of China
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Djokic J, Popov Aleksandrov A, Ninkov M, Mirkov I, Zolotarevski L, Kataranovski D, Kataranovski M. Cadmium administration affects circulatory mononuclear cells in rats. J Immunotoxicol 2014; 12:115-23. [DOI: 10.3109/1547691x.2014.904955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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Chmielowska-Bąk J, Deckert J. A common response to common danger? Comparison of animal and plant signaling pathways involved in cadmium sensing. J Cell Commun Signal 2012; 6:191-204. [PMID: 22865263 PMCID: PMC3497896 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-012-0173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cadmium results in disturbances in cell homeostasis in all living organisms. The first response to stress factors, including cadmium, is activation of signal transduction pathways that mobilize cell defense mechanisms. The aim of this review is a comparison between the signaling network triggered by Cd in plants and animals. Despite differences in the structure and physiology of plant and animal cells, their cadmium signal transduction pathways share many common elements. These elements include signaling molecules such as ROS, Ca(2+) and NO, the involvement of phospholipase C, mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades, and activation of transcription factors. Undoubtedly, both animals and plants also possess specific signaling pathways. In case of animals, Wnt/β-catenin, sonic hedgehog and oestorgen signaling are engaged in the transduction of cadmium signal. Plant specific signal transduction pathways include signaling mediated by plant hormones. The role of ethylene and jasmonic, salicylic and abscisic acid in plant response to cadmium is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagna Chmielowska-Bąk
- Department of Plant Ecophysiology, Institute of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, ul.Umultowska 89, 61-614, Poznań, Poland,
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Nemmiche S, Chabane-Sari D, Kadri M, Guiraud P. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in the BJAB human B cell line: Involvement of PKC/ERK1/2/JNK signaling pathways in HO-1 expression. Toxicology 2012; 300:103-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2012] [Revised: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Cadmium Toxicity Revisited: Focus on Oxidative Stress Induction and Interactions with Zinc and Magnesium. Arh Hig Rada Toksikol 2011; 62:65-76. [DOI: 10.2478/10004-1254-62-2011-2075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium Toxicity Revisited: Focus on Oxidative Stress Induction and Interactions with Zinc and MagnesiumDiscovered in late 1817, cadmium is currently one of the most important occupational and environmental pollutants. It is associated with renal, neurological, skeletal and other toxic effects, including reproductive toxicity, genotoxicity, and carcinogenicity. There is still much to find out about its mechanisms of action, biomarkers of critical effects, and ways to reduce health risks. At present, there is no clinically efficient agent to treat cadmium poisoning due to predominantly intracellular location of cadmium ions. This article gives a brief review of cadmium-induced oxidative stress and its interactions with essential elements zinc and magnesium as relevant mechanisms of cadmium toxicity. It draws on available literature data and our own results, which indicate that dietary supplementation of either essential element has beneficial effect under condition of cadmium exposure. We have also tackled the reasons why magnesium addition prevails over zinc and discussed the protective role of magnesium during cadmium exposure. These findings could help to solve the problem of prophylaxis and therapy of increased cadmium body burden.
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Protective effect of ascorbic acid on cadmium-induced hypertension and vascular dysfunction in mice. Biometals 2010; 24:105-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s10534-010-9379-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Reversal of cadmium-induced vascular dysfunction and oxidative stress by meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid in mice. Toxicol Lett 2010; 198:77-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2010] [Revised: 04/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Flora SJ, Pachauri V. Chelation in metal intoxication. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2010; 7:2745-88. [PMID: 20717537 PMCID: PMC2922724 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph7072745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 525] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/22/2010] [Accepted: 05/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chelation therapy is the preferred medical treatment for reducing the toxic effects of metals. Chelating agents are capable of binding to toxic metal ions to form complex structures which are easily excreted from the body removing them from intracellular or extracellular spaces. 2,3-Dimercaprol has long been the mainstay of chelation therapy for lead or arsenic poisoning, however its serious side effects have led researchers to develop less toxic analogues. Hydrophilic chelators like meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid effectively promote renal metal excretion, but their ability to access intracellular metals is weak. Newer strategies to address these drawbacks like combination therapy (use of structurally different chelating agents) or co-administration of antioxidants have been reported recently. In this review we provide an update of the existing chelating agents and the various strategies available for the treatment of heavy metals and metalloid intoxications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swaran J.S. Flora
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior474 002, India; E-Mail:
| | - Vidhu Pachauri
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Defence Research and Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior474 002, India; E-Mail:
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Park BY, Chung J. Cadmium increases ferroportin-1 gene expression in J774 macrophage cells via the production of reactive oxygen species. Nutr Res Pract 2009; 3:192-9. [PMID: 20090884 PMCID: PMC2808718 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2009.3.3.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 08/25/2009] [Accepted: 08/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadmium intoxication has been associated with the dysregulation of iron homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of cadmium on the expression of ferroportin 1 (FPN1), an important iron transporter protein that is involved in iron release from macrophages. When we incubated cadmium with J774 mouse macrophage cells, FPN1 mRNA levels were significantly increased in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, the cadmium-induced FPN1 mRNA expression was associated with increased levels of FPN1 protein. On the other hand, cadmium-mediated FPN1 mRNA induction in J774 cells was completely blocked when cells were co-treated with a transcription inhibitor, acitomycin D. Also, cadmium directly stimulated the activity of the FPN1-promoter driven luciferase reporter, suggesting that the cadmium up-regulates FPN1 gene expression in a transcription-dependent manner. Finally, cadmium exposure to J774 macrophages increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels by ~ 2-fold, compared to untreated controls. When J774 cells were co-treated with antioxidant N-acetylcystein, the cadmium-induced FPN1 mRNA induction was significantly attenuated. In summary, the results of this study clearly demonstrated that cadmium increased FPN1 expression in macrophages through a mechanism that involves ROS production, and suggests another important interaction between iron and cadmium metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Yeon Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition and Research Institute of Science for Human Life, Kyung Hee University, 1 Hoegi-dong, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-701, Korea
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Shen L, Xiao J, Ye H, Wang D. Toxicity evaluation in nematode Caenorhabditis elegans after chronic metal exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:125-132. [PMID: 21783992 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 03/08/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, specific developmental stage for adults from day 1 to day 10 was selected to evaluate the chronic metal toxicity, because the population of dead nematodes and the accumulation of intestinal autofluorescence increased sharply after day 10. Chronic exposure to Cr, Pb, Cu, and Hg caused a significant elevation in fractions of dead animals after day 4, and resulted in a significant induction of hsp-16.2::gfp expression at all assayed metal concentrations. Moreover, chronic exposure to Ag, Cr, Pb, Cu, Hg, and Cd would induce a more severe stress response than exposure to Zn and Mn in intestine, and chronic exposure to Pb, Hg, Cr, Zn, and Mn would induce a more severe stress response than exposure to Ag, Cu and Cd in head neurons. Therefore, in determining the usefulness of animals in metal toxicity assessment, this study established a method using nematodes in testing the chronic metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Shen
- Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease in Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Southeast University Medical School, Nanjing 210009, China
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Role of oxidative stress in cadmium toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2009; 238:209-14. [PMID: 19236887 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2009.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2008] [Revised: 01/23/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic metal, targeting the lung, liver, kidney, and testes following acute intoxication, and causing nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, osteotoxicity and tumors after prolonged exposures. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are often implicated in Cd toxicology. This minireview focused on direct evidence for the generation of free radicals in intact animals following acute Cd overload and discussed the association of ROS in chronic Cd toxicity and carcinogenesis. Cd-generated superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl radicals in vivo have been detected by the electron spin resonance spectra, which are often accompanied by activation of redox sensitive transcription factors (e.g., NF-kappaB, AP-1 and Nrf2) and alteration of ROS-related gene expression. It is generally agreed upon that oxidative stress plays important roles in acute Cd poisoning. However, following long-term Cd exposure at environmentally-relevant low levels, direct evidence for oxidative stress is often obscure. Alterations in ROS-related gene expression during chronic exposures are also less significant compared to acute Cd poisoning. This is probably due to induced adaptation mechanisms (e.g., metallothionein and glutathione) following chronic Cd exposures, which in turn diminish Cd-induced oxidative stress. In chronic Cd-transformed cells, less ROS signals are detected with fluorescence probes. Acquired apoptotic tolerance renders damaged cells to proliferate with inherent oxidative DNA lesions, potentially leading to tumorigenesis. Thus, ROS are generated following acute Cd overload and play important roles in tissue damage. Adaptation to chronic Cd exposure reduces ROS production, but acquired Cd tolerance with aberrant gene expression plays important roles in chronic Cd toxicity and carcinogenesis.
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Yazihan N, Ataoglu H, Akcil E, Yener B, Salman B, Aydin C. Midkine secretion protects Hep3B cells from cadmium induced cellular damage. World J Gastroenterol 2008; 14:76-80. [PMID: 18176965 PMCID: PMC2673395 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.14.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To evaluate role of midkine secretion during Cadmium (Cd) exposure in the human hepatocyte cell line Hep3B cells.
METHODS: Different dosages of Cd (0.5-1-5-10 &mgr;g/mL) were applied to Hep3B cells and their effects to apoptosis, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) leakage and midkine secretion were evaluated as time dependent manner. Same experiments were repeated with exogenously applied midkine (250-5000 pg/mL) and/or 5 &mgr;g/mL Cd.
RESULTS: Cd exposure induced prominent apoptosis and LDH leakage beginning from lower dosages at the 48th h. Cd induced midkine secretion with higher dosages (P < 0.001), (control, Cd 0.5-1-5-10 &mgr;g/mL respectively: 1123 ± 73, 1157 ± 63, 1242 ± 90, 1886 ± 175, 1712 ± 166 pg/mL). Exogenous 500-5000 pg/mL midkine application during 5 &mgr;g/mL Cd toxicity prevented caspase-3 activation (control, Cd toxicity, 250, 500, 1000, 2500, 5000 pg/mL midkine+ Cd toxicity, respectively: 374 ± 64, 1786 ± 156, 1545 ± 179, 1203 ± 113, 974 ± 116, 646 ± 56, 556 ± 63 cfu) LDH leakage and cell death in Hep3B cells (P < 0.001).
CONCLUSION: Our results showed that midkine secretion from Hep3B cells during Cd exposure protects liver cells from Cd induced cellular damage. Midkine has anti-apoptotic and cytoprotective role during Cd toxicity. Further studies are needed to explain the mechanism of midkine secretion and cytoprotective role of midkine during Cd exposure. Midkine may be a promising therapeutic agent in different toxic hepatic diseases.
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Tang H, Sun Y, Xiu Q, Lu H, Han H. Cyclooxygenase-2 induction requires activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells in Beas-2B cells after vanadium exposure and plays an anti-apoptotic role. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 468:92-9. [PMID: 17961495 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.09.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2007] [Revised: 09/18/2007] [Accepted: 09/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Vanadium, a potent toxic agent and carcinogen, is widely used in industry. Evidences show that exposure to vanadium is associated with an increased risk of lung cancer. But the mechanisms involved are far from fully understood. In this present study, we investigated that exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B) to vanadium pentoxide resulted in an obvious induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and this induction was both dose- and time-dependent. Exposure of Beas-2B cells to vanadium pentoxide also led to significant activation of nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) on a time- and dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, we found that inhibition of NFAT by dominant negative mutant of NFAT (DN-NFAT) resulted in a dramatic inhibition of COX-2 expression induced by vanadium pentoxide, showing that NFAT activation was required for COX-2 induction by vanadium pentoxide in Beas-2B cells. Moreover, knockdown of COX-2 expression by COX-2-specific small interference RNA and blockage of NFAT pathway by DN-NFAT and NFAT3 small interference RNA showed an increased cell apoptosis in Beas-2B on vanadium exposure. Together, our results demonstrated that COX-2 expression could be induced by vanadium pentoxide in NFAT-dependent way and played an anti-apoptotic role in Beas-2B cells. From the results, we anticipate that the carcinogenesis of vanadium to human bronchial cells may result from anti-apoptosis mediated by the NFAT-dependent induction of COX-2, and we also assume that either pro-apoptotic or anti-apoptotic effect in certain type of cells after vanadium exposure may depend on the level of COX-2 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Tang
- Department of Respiratory Disease, Changzheng Hospital, Second Military Medical University, 415 Fengyang Road, Shanghai 200003, China.
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Lee HS, Lee DH. Relationship Among Body Mass Index, Nutrient Intake and Antioxidant Enzyme Activity of Postmenopausal Women. Prev Nutr Food Sci 2007. [DOI: 10.3746/jfn.2007.12.2.095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Cox LAT. Quantifying potential health impacts of cadmium in cigarettes on smoker risk of lung cancer: a portfolio-of-mechanisms approach. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 2006; 26:1581-99. [PMID: 17184399 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This article introduces an approach to estimating the uncertain potential effects on lung cancer risk of removing a particular constituent, cadmium (Cd), from cigarette smoke, given the useful but incomplete scientific information available about its modes of action. The approach considers normal cell proliferation; DNA repair inhibition in normal cells affected by initiating events; proliferation, promotion, and progression of initiated cells; and death or sparing of initiated and malignant cells as they are further transformed to become fully tumorigenic. Rather than estimating unmeasured model parameters by curve fitting to epidemiological or animal experimental tumor data, we attempt rough estimates of parameters based on their biological interpretations and comparison to corresponding genetic polymorphism data. The resulting parameter estimates are admittedly uncertain and approximate, but they suggest a portfolio approach to estimating impacts of removing Cd that gives usefully robust conclusions. This approach views Cd as creating a portfolio of uncertain health impacts that can be expressed as biologically independent relative risk factors having clear mechanistic interpretations. Because Cd can act through many distinct biological mechanisms, it appears likely (subjective probability greater than 40%) that removing Cd from cigarette smoke would reduce smoker risks of lung cancer by at least 10%, although it is possible (consistent with what is known) that the true effect could be much larger or smaller. Conservative estimates and assumptions made in this calculation suggest that the true impact could be greater for some smokers. This conclusion appears to be robust to many scientific uncertainties about Cd and smoking effects.
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Kim J, Sharma RP. Cadmium-induced apoptosis in murine macrophages is antagonized by antioxidants and caspase inhibitors. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2006; 69:1181-201. [PMID: 16728380 DOI: 10.1080/15287390600631144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium is a toxic heavy metal that accumulates in the environment and is commonly found in cigarette smoke and industrial effluents. This study was designed to determine the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and its antagonism by antioxidants, in cadmium-mediated cell signaling and apoptosis in murine macrophage cultures. Cadmium-generated ROS production was observed in J774A.1 cells at 6 h, reverting to control levels at 16 and 24 h. The ROS production was concentration related between 20 and 500 microM cadmium. Activation of caspase-3 was observed at 8 h and DNA fragmentation at 16 h in the presence of 20 microM cadmium, suggesting that caspase-3 activation is a prior step to DNA fragmentation in cadmium-induced apoptosis. Inhibitors of caspase-3, -8, -9, and a general caspase inhibitor suppressed cadmium-induced caspase-3 activation and apoptosis indicating the importance of caspase-3 in cadmium-induced toxicity in these cells. Protection against the oxidative stress with N-acetylcysteine (NAC) and silymarin (an antioxidant flavonoid) blocked cadmium-induced apoptosis. Pretreatment of cells with NAC and silymarin prevented cadmium-induced cell injury, including growth arrest, mitochondrial impairment, and necrosis, and reduced the cadmium-elevated intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i), suggesting that the oxidative stress is a source of increased [Ca2+]i. NAC inhibited cadmium-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases, the c-Jun NH2-terminal protein kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). However, silymarin provided only a partial protection for JNK activation, and only at the low concentration did it inhibit cadmium-induced ERK activation. Inhibition of caspase-3 protected oxidative stress produced by cadmium, suggesting that the activation of caspase-3 also contributes to generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results emphasized the role of ROS, Ca2+ and mitogen-activated protein kinases in cadmium-induced cytotoxicity in murine macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyoung Kim
- Program in Toxicology, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-7389, USA
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Morales AI, Vicente-Sánchez C, Jerkic M, Santiago JM, Sánchez-González PD, Pérez-Barriocanal F, López-Novoa JM. Effect of quercetin on metallothionein, nitric oxide synthases and cyclooxygenase-2 expression on experimental chronic cadmium nephrotoxicity in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 210:128-35. [PMID: 16226777 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2005.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 09/06/2005] [Accepted: 09/07/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation can play a key role in Cd-induced dysfunctions. Quercetin is a potent oxygen free radical scavenger and a metal chelator. Our aim was to study the effect of quercetin on Cd-induced kidney damage and metallothionein expression. The study was performed in Wistar rats that were administered during 9 weeks with either cadmium (1.2 mg Cd/kg/day, s.c.), quercetin (50 mg/kg/day, i.p.) or cadmium + quercetin. Renal toxicity was evaluated by measuring blood urea nitrogen concentration and urinary excretion of enzymes marker of tubular damage. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) renal expression were assessed by Western blot. Renal expression of metallothionein 1 and 2 (MT-1, MT-2) and eNOS mRNA was assessed by Northern blot. Our data demonstrated that Cd-induced renal toxicity was markedly reduced in rats that also received quercetin. MT-1 and MT-2 mRNA levels in kidney were substantially increased during treatment with Cd, being even higher when the animals received Cd and quercetin. Renal eNOS expression was significantly higher in rats receiving Cd and quercetin than in animals receiving Cd alone or in control rats. In the group that received Cd, COX-2 and iNOS expression was markedly higher than in control rats. In the group Cd+quercetin, no changes in COX-2 and iNOS expression were observed compared with the control group. Our results demonstrate that quercetin treatment prevents Cd-induced overexpression of iNOS and COX-2, and increases MT expression. These effects can explain the protection by quercetin of Cd-induced nephrotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana I Morales
- Instituto Reina Sofía de Investigación Nefrológica, Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Edificio Departamental, Campus Miguel de Unamuno, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Chien PS, Mak OT, Huang HJ. Induction of COX-2 protein expression by vanadate in A549 human lung carcinoma cell line through EGF receptor and p38 MAPK-mediated pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 339:562-8. [PMID: 16300728 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Accepted: 11/03/2005] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Vanadate is a transition metal widely distributed in the environment. It has been reported that vanadate associated with air pollution particles can modify DNA synthesis, causing cell growth arrest, and apoptosis. Moreover, vanadium exposure was also found to cause the synthesis of inflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and prostaglandin E(2). Here, we found that exposure of A549 human lung carcinoma cells to vanadate led to extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun NH(2)-terminal protein kinases (JNKs), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) activation, and COX-2 protein expression in a dose-dependent manner. SB203580, a p38 MAPK inhibitor, but not PD098059 and SP600125, specific inhibitor of MKK1 and selective inhibitor of JNK, respectively, suppressed COX-2 expression. Furthermore, the epithelial growth factor (EGF) receptor specific inhibitor (PD153035) reduced vanadate-induced COX-2 expression. However, scavenging of vanadate-induced reactive oxygen species by catalase, a specific H(2)O(2) inhibitor, or DPI, an NADPH oxidase inhibitor, resulted in no inhibition on COX-2 expression. Together, we suggested that EGF receptor and p38 MAPK signaling pathway may be involved in vanadate-induced COX-2 protein expression in A549 human lung carcinoma cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Shan Chien
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, No. 1 University Rd. 701, Tainan, Taiwan
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