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Breuer MR, Dasgupta A, Vasselli JG, Lin X, Shaw BD, Sachs MS. The Antidepressant Sertraline Induces the Formation of Supersized Lipid Droplets in the Human Pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060642. [PMID: 35736125 PMCID: PMC9224953 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence and increasing incidence of fungal infections globally is a significant worldwide health problem. Cryptococcosis, primarily caused by the pathogenic yeast Cryptococcus neoformans, is responsible for approximately 181,000 estimated deaths annually. The scarcity of treatments and the increasing resistance to current therapeutics highlight the need for the development of antifungal agents which have novel mechanisms of action and are suitable for clinical use. Repurposing existing FDA-approved compounds as antimycotic therapeutics is a promising strategy for the rapid development of such new treatments. Sertraline (SRT), a commonly prescribed antidepressant, is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent with particular efficacy against C. neoformans. However, the effect of SRT on fungal physiology is not understood. Here, we report that SRT induces the formation of supersized lipid droplets (SLDs) in C. neoformans, and in Candida albicans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Aspergillus fumigatus. SLDs were not induced in C. neoformans by treatment with the antifungal fluconazole (FLC), consistent with SRT and FLC acting differently to perturb C. neoformans physiology. The formation of SLDs in response to SRT indicates that this compound alters the lipid metabolism of C. neoformans. Moreover, the SRT-induced enlargement of LDs in other fungal species may indicate a common fungal response to SRT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew R. Breuer
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Ananya Dasgupta
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.B.); (A.D.)
| | - Joseph G. Vasselli
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.G.V.); (B.D.S.)
| | - Xiaorong Lin
- Department of Microbiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA;
| | - Brian D. Shaw
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (J.G.V.); (B.D.S.)
| | - Matthew S. Sachs
- Department of Biology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.R.B.); (A.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(979)-845-5930
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Hardt JI, Perlmutter JS, Smith CJ, Quick KL, Wei L, Chakraborty SK, Dugan LL. Pharmacokinetics and Toxicology of the Neuroprotective e,e,e-Methanofullerene(60)-63-tris Malonic Acid [C 3] in Mice and Primates. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2018; 43:543-554. [PMID: 29520718 PMCID: PMC6128740 DOI: 10.1007/s13318-018-0464-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Fullerene-based compounds are a novel class of molecules being developed for a variety of biomedical applications, with nearly 1000 publications in this area in the last 4 years alone. One such compound, the e,e,e-methanofullerene(60)-63-tris malonic acid (designated C3), is a potent catalytic superoxide dismutase mimetic which has shown neuroprotective efficacy in a number of animal models of neurologic disease, including Parkinsonian Macaca fascicularis monkeys. The aim of this study was to characterize its toxicity and pharmacokinetics in mice and monkeys. METHODS To assess pharmacokinetics in mice, we synthesized and administered 14C-C3 to mice using various routes of delivery, including orally. To assess potential toxicity in primates, serial blood studies and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained from monkeys treated with C3 (3 or 7 mg/kg/day) for 2 months. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The plasma half-life of C3 was 8.2 ± 0.2 h, and there was wide tissue distribution, including uptake into brain. The compound was cleared by both hepatic and renal excretion. C3 was quite stable, with minimal metabolism of the compound even after 7 days of treatment. The LD50 in mice was 80 mg/kg for a single intraperitoneal injection, and was > 30 mg/kg/day for sustained administration; therapeutic doses are 1-5 mg/kg/day. For primates, no evidence of renal, hepatic, electrolyte, or hematologic abnormalities were noted, and serial ECGs demonstrated no alteration in cardiac electrical activity. Thus, doses of C3 that have therapeutic efficacy appear to be well tolerated after 2 years (mice) or 2 months (non-human primates) of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I Hardt
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Joel S Perlmutter
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Radiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8225, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Christopher J Smith
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Kevin L Quick
- Department of Neurology, Washington University School of Medicine, Campus Box 8111, 660 S. Euclid Ave, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, San Diego, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Ling Wei
- Department of Anesthesiology, Emory University, 101 Woodruff Circle, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Subhasish K Chakraborty
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Av., 529 LH, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Laura L Dugan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Geriatric Medicine, Vanderbilt University, 2215 Garland Av., 529 LH, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.
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Walash MI, Belal FF, El-Enany NM, Elmansi H. Development and validation of stability indicating method for determination of sertraline following ICH guidlines and its determination in pharmaceuticals and biological fluids. Chem Cent J 2011; 5:61. [PMID: 21996025 PMCID: PMC3236309 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-5-61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sertraline is a well known antidepressant drug which belongs to a class called selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor. Most published methods do not enable studying the stability of this drug in different stress conditions. RESULTS Two new methods were developed for the determination of sertraline (SER). Both methods are based on coupling with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl) in borate buffer of pH 7.8 and measuring the reaction product spectrophotometrically at 395 nm (Method I) or spectrofluorimetrically at 530 nm upon excitation at 480 nm (Method II). The response-concentration plots were rectilinear over the range 2-24 μg/mL and 0.25-5 μg/mL for methods I and II respectively with LOD of 0.18 μg/mL and 0.07 μg/mL, and LOQ of 0.56 μg/mL and 0.21 μg/mL for methods I and II, respectively. CONCLUSION Both methods were applied to the analysis of commercial tablets and the results were in good agreement with those obtained using a reference method. The fluorimetric method was further applied to the in vivo determination of SER in human plasma. A proposal of the reaction pathway was presented. The spectrophotometric method was extended to stability study of SER. The drug was exposed to alkaline, acidic, oxidative and photolytic degradation according to ICH guidelines. Moreover, the method was utilized to investigate the kinetics of oxidative degradation of the drug. The apparent first order rate constant and t1/2 of the degradation reaction were determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Walash
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Mansoura, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
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4
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Ferrarini A, Huidobro AL, Pellati F, Barbas C. Development and validation of a HPLC method for the determination of sertraline and three non-chiral related impurities. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 53:122-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2009] [Revised: 01/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/20/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Gupta K, Tajne M, Wadodkar S. A validated high-performance thin-layer chromatographic method for quantification of sertraline in tablets. JPC-J PLANAR CHROMAT 2010. [DOI: 10.1556/jpc.23.2010.2.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Analysis of second-generation antidepressant drug, sertraline and its active metabolite, N-desmethyl sertraline in human plasma by a sensitive and selective liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:221-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 12/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Bosch ME, Sánchez AR, Rojas FS, Ojeda CB. Analytical methodologies for the determination of sertraline. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:1290-302. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 09/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Esrafili A, Yamini Y, Shariati S. Hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography for extraction and determination of some antidepressant drugs in biological fluids. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 604:127-33. [PMID: 17996533 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2007] [Revised: 10/11/2007] [Accepted: 10/11/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The applicability of hollow fiber-based liquid phase microextraction (HF-LPME) was evaluated for the extraction and preconcentration of three antidepressant drugs (amitriptyline, imipramine and sertraline) prior to their determination by HPLC-UV. The target drugs were extracted from 11.0 mL of aqueous solution with pH 12.0 (source phase) into an organic extracting solvent (n-dodecane) impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber and finally back extracted into 24 microL of aqueous solution located inside the lumen of the hollow fiber and adjusted to pH 2.1 using 0.1M of H3PO4 (receiving phase). The extraction was performed due to pH gradient between the inside and outside of the hollow fiber membrane. In order to obtain high extraction efficiency, the parameters affecting the HF-LPME including pH of the source and receiving phases, the type of organic phase, ionic strength and volume of the source phase, stirring rate and extraction time were studied and optimized. Under the optimized conditions, enrichment factors up to 300 were achieved and the relative standard deviation (R.S.D.%) of the method was in the range of 2-12%. The calibration curves were obtained in the range of 5-500 microg L(-1) with reasonable linearity (R2>0.998) and the limits of detection (LODs) ranged between 0.5 and 0.7 microg L(-1) (based on S/N=3). Finally, the applicability of the proposed method was evaluated by extraction and determination of the drugs in urine, plasma and tap water samples. The results indicated that hollow fiber microextraction method has excellent clean-up and high-preconcentration factor and can be served as a simple and sensitive method for monitoring of antidepressant drugs in the biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esrafili
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, P.O. Box 14115-175, Tehran, Iran
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Mandrioli R, Saracino MA, Ferrari S, Berardi D, Kenndler E, Raggi MA. HPLC analysis of the second-generation antidepressant sertraline and its main metabolite N-desmethylsertraline in human plasma. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 836:116-9. [PMID: 16581317 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2006] [Revised: 02/28/2006] [Accepted: 03/10/2006] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic method with ultraviolet detection was developed for the analysis of the recent antidepressant sertraline and its main metabolite N-desmethylsertraline in human plasma. The analytes were separated on a C8 reversed phase column, using a mobile phase composed of acetonitrile and a 12.3 mM, pH 3.0 phosphate buffer containing 0.1% triethylamine (35:65, v/v). Clomipramine was used as the Internal Standard. Using a solid phase extraction procedure with C2 cartridges high extraction yields (>94%) and good purification from matrix interference were obtained. Good linearity was obtained in the 7.5-250.0 ng mL(-1) range for sertraline and in the 10-500 ng mL(-1) range for N-desmethylsertraline. The analytical method was validated in terms of precision, extraction yield and accuracy. These assays gave R.S.D.% values for precision always lower than 3.9% and mean accuracy higher than 90%. Thanks to its good selectivity, the method proved to be suitable for the analysis of plasma samples from patients treated with sertraline as either monotherapy or polypharmacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Mandrioli
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bologna, I-40126 Bologna, Italy
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Jain DS, Sanyal M, Subbaiah G, Pande UC, Shrivastav P. Rapid and sensitive method for the determination of sertraline in human plasma using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2005; 829:69-74. [PMID: 16233994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2005.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2005] [Accepted: 09/23/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A method for the determination of sertraline, a new antidepressant drug and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), in human plasma is described. Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) necessitates efficient, fast and reliable analytical methods validated by external quality control. We therefore devised a simple, rapid and sensitive isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method equipped with Turbo Ion spray (TIS) source, operating in the positive ion and selective reaction monitoring (SRM) acquisition mode to quantify sertraline in human plasma. A new and superior procedure of solid-phase extraction (SPE) (compared to liquid-liquid extraction) was followed to extract sertraline and imipramine as internal standard (IS) from the human plasma. Sample preparation was performed using waters hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge and this method yielded extremely clean extracts with very good recovery, 81.47 and 85.79% for sertraline and IS, respectively. Both were analyzed by combined reverse phase liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) with positive ion TIS ionization using SRM acquisition mode. The response of the LC-MS/MS method for sertraline was linear over the dynamic range of 0.5-60.0 ng/ml with correlation coefficient r>or=0.9996. The coefficient of variance (%CV) was 8.53% at 0.5 ng/ml and the accuracy was well within the accepted limit of +/-20% at lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) and +/-15% at all the other concentrations in the linear range. This method was fully validated for the accuracy, precision and stability studies. The above findings indicate that the method is very much accurate and precise and can be successfully applied for bioequivalence studies in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak S Jain
- Department of Chemistry, School of Sciences, Gujarat University, Navrangpura, Ahmedabad 380 009, India
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11
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Abstract
Sertraline is a naphthalenamine derivative with the predominant pharmacological action of inhibiting presynaptic reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft. It was initially marketed for the treatment of major depressive disorder and is now approved for the management of panic disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder. Sertraline is slowly absorbed following oral administration and undergoes extensive first-pass oxidation to form N-desmethyl-sertraline, a weakly active metabolite that accumulates to a greater concentration in plasma than the parent drug at steady state. Sertraline is eliminated from the body by other metabolic pathways to form a ketone and an alcohol, which are largely excreted renally as conjugates. The elimination half-life of sertraline ranges from 22-36 hours, and once-daily administration is therapeutically effective. Steady-state plasma concentrations vary widely, up to 15-fold, in patients receiving usual antidepressant dosages between 50 and 150 mg/day. However, only sparse data have been published that support useful correlations between sertraline plasma concentrations and therapeutic or adverse effects to justify therapeutic drug monitoring. Sertraline has minimal inhibitory effects on the major cytochrome P450 enzymes, and few drug-drug interactions of clinical significance have been documented. Like other selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, sertraline is well tolerated in therapeutic dosages and relatively safe in overdosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Lindsay DeVane
- Laboratory of Drug Disposition and Pharmacogenetics, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, 67 President Street, Charleston, SC 29425-0742, USA.
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Lucangioli SE, Hermida LG, Tripodi VP, Rodríguez VP, López EE, Rouge PD, Carducci CN. Analysis of cis-trans isomers and enantiomers of sertraline by cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2000; 871:207-15. [PMID: 10735301 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00881-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
In this work development, optimization and validation of a cyclodextrin-modified micellar electrokinetic chromatography (CD-modified MEKC) method is proposed to resolve separation of the sertraline hydrochloride and synthesis-related substances. Sertraline hydrochloride, the cis-(1S,4S) enantiomer form, is used as an antidepressant therapeutic agent. A buffer concentration composed of 20 mM sodium borate, pH 9.0 with 50 mM sodium cholate, 15 mM sulfated beta-cyclodextrin and 5 mM hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin was found to be the most suitable background electrolyte. Quantitation of the impurities at levels of 0.1% in different samples of the bulk drug was determined. A comparison of the results with those obtained by HPLC methodology was also accomplished. The method proved appropriate for testing the purity of sertraline hydrochloride in bulk drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Lucangioli
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physicochemistry, University of Buenos Aires, Junín, Argentina
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13
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Bebawy LI, El-Kousy N, Suddik JK, Shokry M. Spectrophotometric determination of fluoxetine and sertraline using chloranil, 2, 3 dichloro-5, 6 dicyano benzoquinone and iodine. J Pharm Biomed Anal 1999; 21:133-42. [PMID: 10701920 DOI: 10.1016/s0731-7085(99)00101-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Spectrophotometric procedures are presented for the determination of two commonly used antidepressant drugs, fluoxetine (I) and sertraline hydrochloride (II). The methods are based mainly on charge transfer complexation reaction of these drugs with either pi acceptors chloranil and 2, 3 dichloro-5, 6-dicyanoquinone (DDQ) or sigma acceptor iodine. The colored products are quantified spectrophotometrically at 550, 450 and 263 nm for fluoxetine and at 450, 455 and 290 nm for sertraline in chloranil, DDQ and iodine methods, respectively. The molar combining ratio and the optimum assay conditions were studied. The methods determine the cited drugs in concentration ranges of 8-640, 16-112 and 7.5-60 microg/ml with mean percentage recoveries of 99.83, 99.76 and 100.00% and R.S.D. of 1.24, 0.95 and 1.13% in fluoxetine and ranges of 16-160, 15-105 and 6-48 microg/ml with mean percentage recoveries of 100.39, 99.78 and 99.69% and R.S.D. of 1.02, 0.81 and 0.57% in sertraline for chloranil, DDQ and iodine methods, respectively. A more detailed investigation of the complex formed was made with respect to its composition, association constant K(AD)c, molar absorptivity xiAD(A) and free energy change deltaG. The proposed methods were applied successfully to the determination of the cited drugs either in pure or dosage forms with good accuracy and precision. The results were compared statistically with those given by the reported methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- L I Bebawy
- National Organization for Drug Control and Research, Egypt
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Abstract
1. Five drugs with the predominant pharmacologic effect of inhibiting the neuronal reuptake of serotonin are available worldwide for clinical use. This class of psychoactive drugs, known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), is comprised of fluoxetine, sertraline, paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and citalopram. 2. The SSRIs appear to share similar pharmacodynamic properties which translate to efficacy in the treatment of depression and anxiety syndromes. The drugs are differentiated by their pharmacokinetic properties with regard to stereochemistry, metabolism, inhibition of cytochrome enzymes, and participation in drug-drug interactions. Studies focusing on the relationship of plasma drug concentration to therapeutic and adverse effects have not confirmed the value of plasma concentration monitoring. 3. This review summarizes the metabolism and relevant pharmacokinetic properties of the SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L DeVane
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston 29425, USA
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Vatassery GT, Holden LA, Hazel DK, Dysken MW. Analysis of sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human plasma and red blood cells. Clin Biochem 1997; 30:565-8. [PMID: 9399026 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-9120(97)00101-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- G T Vatassery
- GRECC Program, VA Medical Center, Minneapolis, MN 55417, USA.
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16
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Abstract
A simple method for the measurement of sertraline and norsertraline in plasma or serum suitable for use in single-dose pharmacokinetic studies has been developed. Internal standard solution, aqueous fenethazine (10 mg/L) (20 microL), and Tris buffer (2 mol/L), pH 10.6) (100 microL) were added to plasma (200 microL). Sertraline, norsertraline and the internal standard were extracted into methyl tert-butyl ether (200 microL) by mixing (30 s) and centrifugation (11,000 r.p.m., 4 min). A portion (100 microL) of the extract was injected onto a Spherisorb S5SCX HPLC column (150 x 4.6 mm i.d.) which was eluted with methanol:water (19 + 1) containing ammonium perchlorate (40 mmol/L), final pH 7.0. Detection was by UV monitoring (215 nm). The concentration of each analyte in each sample was calculated from the calibration graph (peak-height ratio of analyte to that of the internal standard against concentration) obtained after analysis of plasma samples containing known amounts of sertraline and norsertraline. The limit of accurate measurement of the assay was 10 micrograms/L) sertraline and 20 micrograms/L) norsertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Patel
- Poisons Unit, Guy's and St Thomas' Hospital Trust, London, UK
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17
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Johnson BM, Chang PTL. Sertraline Hydrochloride. ANALYTICAL PROFILES OF DRUG SUBSTANCES AND EXCIPIENTS 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/s0099-5428(08)60700-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Fuller RW, Hemrick-Luecke SK, Littlefield ES, Audia JE. Comparison of desmethylsertraline with sertraline as a monoamine uptake inhibitor in vivo. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19:135-49. [PMID: 7535937 DOI: 10.1016/0278-5846(94)00110-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
1. Desmethylsertraline, a metabolite of the antidepressant drug sertraline, was compared with sertraline for its ability to produce effects characteristic of inhibitors of the serotonin transporter in vivo. Desmethylsertraline antagonized brain serotonin depletion by p-chloroamphetamine, a depletion dependent upon the serotonin transporter, being less potent than sertraline in rats but almost as potent as sertraline in mice. Desmethylsertraline was a weak antagonist of 6-hydroxydopamine-induced depletion of heart norepinephrine in mice; sertraline had no effect at the doses studied. 2. Desmethylsertraline decreased brain concentrations of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) in rats as did sertraline, the duration of the effect after both drugs being at least 24 hrs but less than 48 hrs. 3. After sertraline injection, desmethylsertraline was present in rat brain at higher concentrations than the parent drug at 8 hrs and thereafter. 4. In rats, repeated injections of sertraline, at doses previously shown to diminish beta-adrenergic receptor-mediated responses, led to marked accumulation of desmethylsertraline in brain and to inhibition of the catecholamine transporters. 5. In mice, brain concentrations of desmethylsertraline were higher than those of parent drug within 7 hrs after sertraline injection and probably contributed importantly to the antagonism of p-chloroamphetamine effects. 6. These data show that desmethylsertraline is less potent than sertraline as a serotonin uptake inhibitor in vivo, as the in vitro data would have predicted, but that desmethylsertraline may nonetheless contribute to the prolonged inhibition of the serotonin transporter after sertraline administration, perhaps more in mice than in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- R W Fuller
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Company, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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19
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Rogowsky D, Marr M, Long G, Moore C. Determination of sertraline and desmethylsertraline in human serum using copolymeric bonded-phase extraction, liquid chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1994; 655:138-41. [PMID: 8061822 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(94)00112-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The determination of the new antidepressant drug sertraline and its main metabolite, desmethylsertraline, in human serum is described. A new solid-phase extraction method employing the dual functionality Clean Screen cartridge is presented followed by reversed-phase liquid chromatographic (LC) analysis. The sample preparation yielded extremely clean extracts and absolute recoveries in excess of 90% for both drugs from human serum. The response of the LC system was linear over the concentration range 0.01-2.5 mg/l for both sertraline and desmethylsertraline with a limit of detection of 0.01 mg/l. A gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric (GC-MS) system is also described should confirmation of the drugs be necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Rogowsky
- United Chemical Technologies, Bristol, PA 19007
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Lipovac MN, Debler EA, Zlokovic BV, Jacobson AE, Rice KC, de Costa B, Selmeci G, Chi L, Reith ME. Metaphit-induced audiogenic seizures in mice: II. Studies on N-methyl-D-aspartic acid, GABA, and sodium channel receptors and on the disposition of metaphit in the brain. Epilepsia 1993; 34:211-9. [PMID: 8384107 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1157.1993.tb02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that metaphit (a phencyclidine analogue with an acylating isothiocyanate group) induces occurrence of audiogenic seizures in mice exposed to audio stimulation 24 h after metaphit administration. We have studied various receptor systems associated with excitatory and inhibitory networks: sites for competitive and noncompetitive antagonists of the N-methyl D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor complex, for [3H]muscimol on the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor complex, and for [3H]batrachotoxinin A20-alpha-benzoate on the voltage-dependent sodium channel. Mice were examined for neurochemical changes at 24 h after pretreatment with metaphit, when susceptibility to audiogenic seizures is greatest. Ex vivo receptor binding studies detected no changes; in vivo labeling of the phencyclidine site in the NMDA receptor complex was reduced by 20% in cortical and midbrain regions. A separate group of experiments was aimed at measuring brain levels of metaphit. One minute after retroorbital administration of [3H]metaphit at a dose sufficient to produce susceptibility to audiogenic seizures 24 h later, the brain level of [3H]metaphit (determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, HPLC) was 49 pmol/mg tissue; at 1, 4, and 24 h, the level was 12, 6, and 1.4 pmol/mg tissue or microM if metaphit was evenly distributed throughout the brain. Although the observed metaphit concentrations during the first 4 h are high enough to acylate receptors, no firm evidence for acylation was found for most of the examined receptors. Finally, the time course of the brain level of metaphit showing a continuous decrease is entirely different from that of development of the seizure susceptibility, which peaks at 18-24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Lipovac
- Division of Neurochemistry, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York
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Reith ME, Fischette CT. Sertraline and cocaine-induced locomotion in mice. II. Chronic studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 103:306-13. [PMID: 2057536 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The effects of repeated treatment with the serotonin uptake blocker sertraline on cocaine-induced locomotion in female C57BL/6ByJ mice were examined in three paradigms. First, when animals were treated for 2 weeks with a daily injection of 8 mg/kg IP of sertraline (or placebo) and challenged with cocaine (25 mg/kg IP) 1 h after the final sertraline injection, their cocaine-induced locomotion was the same as that of placebo-pretreated controls. Second, animals were treated for 2 weeks with cocaine (25 mg/kg IP once a day) (or saline) and then for 2 weeks with sertraline (8 mg/kg IP once a day) (or placebo). Locomotion induced by cocaine (25 mg/kg IP) administered 1 h after the final sertraline (placebo) injection was higher in cocaine- than saline-pretreated mice (sensitization), but there was no difference between sertraline- and placebo-pretreated animals. Third, daily treatment with sertraline (8 mg/kg IP) did not change the locomotor stimulatory effect of cocaine (25 mg/kg IP) administered after a 3-week continuous infusion of cocaine (22 mg/kg/day SC) by osmotic minipumps or after three, four, or seven injections of cocaine (15 or 25 mg/kg IP). After cocaine administration (25 mg/kg IP), animals pretreated repeatedly with sertraline (8 mg/kg IP once a day for 2 weeks) had the same plasma or brain levels of cocaine as those pretreated with placebo; there was no difference between cocaine- and saline-treated mice in brain levels of sertraline or desmethylsertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Reith
- Center for Neurochemistry, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY 10035
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Reith ME, Wiener HL, Fischette CT. Sertraline and cocaine-induced locomotion in mice. I. Acute studies. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 1991; 103:297-305. [PMID: 2057535 DOI: 10.1007/bf02244282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study assessed the behavioral and pharmacokinetic interaction between the serotonin uptake blocker sertraline and cocaine in C57BL/6ByJ mice. Pretreatment with sertraline (1-32 mg/kg IP) did not affect the total amount of spontaneous locomotor activity during 50 min following administration of cocaine (15-40 mg/kg IP). At doses of sertraline (16 and 32 mg/kg) much higher than those found to inhibit ex vivo neuronal uptake of serotonin by 50% (1-2 mg/kg), the peak of cocaine-induced locomotor activity was shifted towards a later time. A similar effect was seen after pretreatment with serotonin uptake blockers other than sertraline, and also after desipramine. Sertraline (16 and 32 mg/kg), given 60 min prior to cocaine, did not affect levels of cocaine in brain and plasma, and cocaine administration did not alter the brain level of sertraline. Although female mice were more responsive to cocaine than male mice, they were not different in their response to sertraline.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Reith
- Center for Neurochemistry, N.S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York, NY 10035
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