1
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Zhang Q, Yao X, He M, Chen B, Zhu N, Hu B. Porous aromatic framework/polydimethylsiloxane coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection of trace polychlorinated biphenyls analysis in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1688:463709. [PMID: 36528902 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A porous aromatic framework (PAF-47) synthesized through Suzuki coupling reaction was introduced to prepare PAF-47/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated stir bar by sol-gel technique. PAF-47/PDMS coating provided high extraction recovery (77.6-90.6%, the ratio of actual enrichment factor (EF) to theoretical EF) for five polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a relatively short time (60 min), exhibiting a faster extraction kinetics over commercial PDMS coating (12/24 h). Based on this, a new method based on PAF-47/PDMS coated stir bar sorptive extraction and high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection was proposed for trace analysis of target PCBs in environmental water. Under the optimized conditions, the limits of detection for five PCBs were within 44-70 ng/L, with actual EF of 64.0-71.5-fold (maximal EF of 83.3-fold). This method was successfully used to detect trace PCBs in Yangtze River water and East Lake water, with recoveries of 81.0-113% and 86.1-111%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiulin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xuezi Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Man He
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Beibei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ning Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
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2
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Wang Q, Wu H, Lv F, Cao Y, Zhou Y, Gan N. A headspace sorptive extraction method with magnetic mesoporous titanium dioxide@covalent organic frameworks composite coating for selective determination of trace polychlorinated biphenyls in soils. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1572:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Revised: 08/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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3
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Jachero L, Leiva C, Ahumada I, Richter P. Released fraction of polychlorinated biphenyls from soil-biosolid system using a leaching procedure and its comparison with bioavailable fraction determined by wheat plant uptake. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25092-25102. [PMID: 28921373 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The bioavailability of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soils amended with biosolids was estimated using an aqueous leaching process of the compounds combined with rotating disk sorptive extraction (RDSE), and compared with bioavailability determined through of PCB absorption in wheat plants growing in the same soil-biosolid matrix. The matrices consisted of soil amended with biosolids at doses of 30, 90, and 200 Mg/ha, which increase concomitantly the organic matter content of the matrix. Considering that PCBs were natively absent in both the biosolids and soil used, the compounds were spiked in the biosolids and aged for 10 days. For each biosolid dose, the aqueous leaching profile was studied and equilibrium time was calculated to be 33 h. The leaching fractions determined by RDSE, considering total PCBs studied, were 12, 7, and 6% and the bioavailable fractions absorbed by the wheat root were found to be 0.5, 0.3, and 0.2% for 30, 90, and 200 Mg/ha doses, respectively. Both fractions leachable and bioavailable decrease with both increasing hydrophobicity of the compound (Kow) and increasing in the biosolid dose. It was found that both fractions (leaching and bioavailable) correlated according to the bivariate least squares regression, represented by a coefficient of correlation of 0.86. Therefore, the application of the chemical method involving a leaching procedure is an alternative to estimate the bioavailable fraction of PCBs in wheat plants in a simpler and in a shorter time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Jachero
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Claudio Leiva
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Inés Ahumada
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Richter
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Chile, P.O. Box 233, Santiago, Chile
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4
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Gallart-Mateu D, Pastor A, de la Guardia M, Armenta S, Esteve-Turrillas FA. Hard cap espresso extraction-stir bar preconcentration of polychlorinated biphenyls in soil and sediments. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 952:41-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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5
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Feng J, Sun M, Bu Y, Luo C. Development of a carbon-nanoparticle-coated stirrer for stir bar sorptive extraction by a simple carbon deposition in flame. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:918-22. [PMID: 26663510 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201501008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2015] [Revised: 11/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction is an environmentally friendly microextraction technique based on a stir bar with various sorbents. A commercial stirrer is a good support, but it has not been used in stir bar sorptive extraction due to difficult modification. A stirrer was modified with carbon nanoparticles by a simple carbon deposition process in flame and characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometry. A three-dimensional porous coating was formed with carbon nanoparticles. In combination with high-performance liquid chromatography, the stir bar was evaluated using five polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as model analytes. Conditions including extraction time and temperature, ionic strength, and desorption solvent were investigated by a factor-by-factor optimization method. The established method exhibited good linearity (0.01-10 μg/L) and low limits of quantification (0.01 μg/L). It was applied to detect model analytes in environmental water samples. No analyte was detected in river water, and five analytes were quantified in rain water. The recoveries of five analytes in two samples with spiked at 2 μg/L were in the range of 92.2-106% and 93.4-108%, respectively. The results indicated that the carbon nanoparticle-coated stirrer was an efficient stir bar for extraction analysis of some polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Min Sun
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Yanan Bu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
| | - Chuannan Luo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Sensing & Analysis in Universities of Shandong (University of Jinan), School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, China
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6
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Simultaneous determination of polar and apolar compounds in environmental samples by a polyaniline/hydroxyl multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite-coated stir bar sorptive extraction coupled with high performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1394:36-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.03.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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Piao C, Chen L, Wang Y. A review of the extraction and chromatographic determination methods for the analysis of parabens. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 969:139-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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8
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Szultka M, Pomastowski P, Railean-Plugaru V, Buszewski B. Microextraction sample preparation techniques in biomedical analysis. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3094-105. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Szultka
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Torun Poland
| | - Pawel Pomastowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Torun Poland
| | - Viorica Railean-Plugaru
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Torun Poland
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology; Moldova State University; Chisinau Republic of Moldova
| | - Boguslaw Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics; Faculty of Chemistry; Nicolaus Copernicus University; Torun Poland
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9
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He M, Chen B, Hu B. Recent developments in stir bar sorptive extraction. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:2001-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2013] [Revised: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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10
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Hassan J, Shamsipur M. Extraction of ultra traces of polychlorinated biphenyls in aqueous samples using suspended liquid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-electron capture detection. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3637-3644. [PMID: 22892997 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2815-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the feasibility of applying directly suspended liquid-phase microextraction (DSLPME)-gas chromatography detection for the pre-concentration and determination of low levels of eight polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aqueous samples. The technique requires minimal sample preparation, analysis time and solvent consumption and represents significant advantages over conventional analytical methods. The experimental parameters such as salt content, sample temperature, stirring rate, extraction time, micro-drop volume and breakthrough volume were investigated and found to have significant influences on DSLPME. Under the optimal experimental conditions, the enrichment factor ranged from 578 to 729, and the recovery was above 93 %. Calibration curves possessed good linearity (R(2) > 0.99) over a wide concentration range of 0.1-10.0 μg L(-1) with limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 0.07 μg L(-1). The relative standard deviations for 1.0 μg L(-1) of PCBs in water by using internal standard were in the range 2-14 % (n = 3). The proposed simple, accurate and sensitive analytical method was applied successfully to the determination of trace amounts of PCBs in water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalal Hassan
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
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11
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Sun M, Dai J, Wang X, Zhao X, Bi K, Chen X. Determination of phthalate esters in polyvinyl chloride infusion bag by stir bar sorptive extraction combined with GC. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:3486-91. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2012] [Revised: 08/28/2012] [Accepted: 08/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng Sun
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Jinna Dai
- The First Hospital of China Medical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaofan Wang
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhao
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Kaishun Bi
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
| | - Xiaohui Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Shenyang Pharmaceutical University; Shenyang P. R. China
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12
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Sheng N, Wei F, Zhan W, Cai Z, Du S, Zhou X, Li F, Hu Q. Dummy molecularly imprinted polymers as the coating of stir bar for sorptive extraction of bisphenol A in tap water. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:707-12. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201100883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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13
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Prieto A, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Rodríguez I, Cela R, Möder M. Evaluation of low-cost disposable polymeric materials for sorptive extraction of organic pollutants in water samples. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 716:119-27. [PMID: 22284886 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2011] [Revised: 12/09/2011] [Accepted: 12/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The capabilities of four commercially available and low cost polymeric materials for the extraction of polar and non-polar contaminants (logK(ow)=-0.07-6.88, from caffeine to octocrylene, respectively) from water samples was compared. Tested sorbents were polyethersulphone, polypropylene and Kevlar, compared to polydimethylsiloxane as reference material. Parameters that affect the extraction process such as pH and ionic strength of the sample, extraction time and desorption conditions were thoroughly investigated. A set of experimental partition coefficients (K(pw)), at two different experimental conditions, was estimated for the best suited materials and compared with the theoretical octanol-water (K(ow)) partition coefficients of the analytes. Polyethersulphone displayed the largest extraction yields for both polar and non-polar analytes, with higher K(pw) and lower matrix effects than polydimethylsiloxane and polypropylene. Thus, a sorptive microextraction method, followed by large volume injection (LVI) gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS), was proposed using the former sorbent (2 mg) for the simultaneous determination of model compounds in water samples. Good linearity (>0.99) was obtained for most of the analytes, except in the case of 4-nonylphenol (0.9466). Precision (n=4) at 50 and 500 ng L(-1) levels was in the 2-24% and limits of detection (LODs) were in the 0.6-25 ng L(-1) range for all the analytes studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country, Bilbao, Spain.
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14
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Non-hydrolytic Sol-gel Methodology to Prepare a Molecularly Imprinted, Organic-silica Hybrid-based Stir Bar for Recognition of Sulfonylurea Herbicides. CHINESE J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201180421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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15
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Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) is an environmentally-friendly technology of sample preparation which combines extraction, cleanup and enrichment together, and it has been developed rapidly and widely applied to the trace enrichment of various target analytes in environmental, food and biological samples. Based on our research, the advance of SBSE, especially, the development of new coatings, are reviewed. At the same time, the possible development orientations of SBSE are discussed.
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16
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Pena-Abaurrea M, Ramos L. Miniaturization of Analytical Methods. CHALLENGES IN GREEN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849732963-00107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
This chapter highlights miniaturization in sample preparation as a valuable alternative for green analytical chemistry. The current state of the art is discussed on the basis of examples selected from representative application areas, including biomedical, environmental and food analysis, and involving conventional instrumental techniques for final determination of the target compounds. The emphasis is on those techniques and approaches that have already demonstrated their practicality by the analysis of real-life samples, and in particular on those dealing with the accurate determination of minor organic components. The potential of recent developments in this field for sample treatment simplification and complete hyphenation of analytical processes are discussed and the most pressing remaining limitations evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Pena-Abaurrea
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
| | - Lourdes Ramos
- Department of Instrumental Analysis and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Organic Chemistry CSIC, Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid Spain
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17
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Ferreira AMC, Möder M, Laespada MF. Stir bar sorptive extraction of parabens, triclosan and methyl triclosan from soil, sediment and sludge with in situ derivatization and determination by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:3837-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 04/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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18
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Optimisation of stir bar sorptive extraction and in-tube derivatisation–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry for the determination of several endocrine disruptor compounds in environmental water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 401:339-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2011] [Revised: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Kassem MG. Stir bar sorptive extraction for central nervous system drugs from biological fluids. ARAB J CHEM 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2010.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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20
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Kaur N, Cabral JL, Morin A, Waldron KC. Headspace stir bar sorptive extraction–gas chromatography/mass spectrometry characterization of the diluted vapor phase of cigarette smoke delivered to an in vitro cell exposure chamber. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:324-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.11.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Revised: 11/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Prieto A, Schrader S, Moeder M. Determination of organic priority pollutants and emerging compounds in wastewater and snow samples using multiresidue protocols on the basis of microextraction by packed sorbents coupled to large volume injection gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:6002-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.07.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Revised: 07/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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22
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Magi E, Di Carro M, Liscio C. Passive sampling and stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of endocrine-disrupting compounds in water by GC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:1335-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3656-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/12/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Prieto A, Basauri O, Rodil R, Usobiaga A, Fernández L, Etxebarria N, Zuloaga O. Stir-bar sorptive extraction: A view on method optimisation, novel applications, limitations and potential solutions. J Chromatogr A 2010; 1217:2642-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2009.12.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/14/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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24
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Goto Y, Araki T, Fuchigami T, Arizono K. Analysis of 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol in urine by LC-MS-MS after stir-bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption. Forensic Toxicol 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-009-0081-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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25
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Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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26
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De La Torre-Roche RJ, Lee WY, Campos-Díaz SI. Soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in El Paso, Texas: analysis of a potential problem in the United States/Mexico border region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2009; 163:946-58. [PMID: 18768257 PMCID: PMC2712665 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2008.07.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/10/2008] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasonic extraction followed by Stir Bar Sorptive Extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption inline coupled with Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (TD/GC/MS) was used to perform a comprehensive determination of soil-borne polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in El Paso, Texas. The method provided good sensitivity and faster processing time for the analysis. The total PAHs in El Paso soil ranged from 0.1 to 2225.5 microg kg(-1). Although the majority of PAH concentrations did not exceed the soil screening levels regulated by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, the existence of PAHs in this ecosystem is ubiquitous. Naphthalene were found in 100% of the soil samples; while the heavy PAHs (five- and six-ring) were not often detected and mostly remained in closer proximity to industrial areas and major traffic points. The results ruled out the possibility of petroleum refining as the significant source of local soil-borne PAH contamination, but they suggested that the PAHs found in El Paso soil were closely linked to human activities and possible other industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto J De La Torre-Roche
- Environmental Science and Engineering PhD Program, University of Texas at El Paso, 500 West University Avenue, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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27
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Llorca-Porcel J, Martínez-Soriano E, Valor I. Stir bar sorptive extraction for the analysis of short-chain chlorinated paraffins in water. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:1425-9. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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28
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Lancas FM, Queiroz MEC, Grossi P, Olivares IRB. Recent developments and applications of stir bar sorptive extraction. J Sep Sci 2009; 32:813-24. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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29
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Koning S, Janssen HG, Brinkman UAT. Modern Methods of Sample Preparation for GC Analysis. Chromatographia 2009. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-008-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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30
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Melo L, Nogueira A, Lanças F, Queiroz M. Polydimethylsiloxane/polypyrrole stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography (SBSE/LC-UV) analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 633:57-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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31
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Simultaneous preconcentration of a wide variety of organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1214:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2008] [Revised: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 10/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Grossi P, Olivares IRB, de Freitas DR, Lancas FM. A novel HS-SBSE system coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry for the analysis of organochlorine pesticides in water samples. J Sep Sci 2008; 31:3630-7. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200800338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Queiroz RHC, Bertucci C, Malfará WR, Dreossi SAC, Chaves AR, Valério DAR, Queiroz MEC. Quantification of carbamazepine, carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide, phenytoin and phenobarbital in plasma samples by stir bar-sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:428-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Ochiai N, Sasamoto K, Kanda H, Pfannkoch E. Sequential stir bar sorptive extraction for uniform enrichment of trace amounts of organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1200:72-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2008] [Revised: 05/21/2008] [Accepted: 05/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández L, Marcic C, de Diego A. Simultaneous speciation of methylmercury and butyltin species in environmental samples by headspace-stir bar sorptive extraction–thermal desorption–gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1185:130-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2007] [Revised: 01/02/2008] [Accepted: 01/10/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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37
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Use of experimental design in the optimisation of stir bar sorptive extraction followed by thermal desorption for the determination of brominated flame retardants in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:739-48. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1712-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/18/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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38
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García I, Ignacio M, Mouteira A, Cobas J, Carro N. Assisted solvent extraction and ion-trap tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in mussels. Comparison with other extraction techniques. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:729-37. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1680-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/05/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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39
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Kuwayama K, Inoue H, Kanamori T, Tsujikawa K, Miyaguchi H, Iwata Y, Kamo N, Kishi T. Contribution of thermal desorption and liquid–liquid extraction for identification and profiling of impurities in methamphetamine by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2007; 171:9-15. [PMID: 17055680 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2006.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2006] [Revised: 08/24/2006] [Accepted: 09/19/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Impurity profiling of methamphetamine (MA) using thermal desorption (TD) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was examined. Using TD/GC-MS, impurities were extracted and separated under various conditions. Optimal chromatograms were obtained when a 20 mg MA sample was extracted at 120 degrees C for 3 min using a TD instrument, followed by separation of the extracts using a non-polar capillary column coated with (5%phenyl)-methylpolysiloxane. MA samples from nine different batches were analyzed under optimized conditions. Compounds related to the structure of MA, such as benzaldehyde, benzyl alcohol, amphetamine, cis- and trans-1,2-dimethyl-3-phenylaziridine, dimethylamphetamine, and N-acetylephedrine, were detected in the chromatograms without any laborious extraction procedure. Compounds such as ethanol, diethyl ether, and acetic acid, which are considered reagents and solvents for MA synthesis, were also detected in some of the chromatograms. The numbers and intensities of the peaks detected were different among the samples. Impurity profiling of MA using TD was compared with that using liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Better reproducibility of peak areas was obtained using LLE, whereas higher intensities and numbers of peaks were detected using TD. Solvents were extracted more effectively using TD. The nine batches of MA were classified using both extraction procedures. The nine batches were divided roughly into two groups using data from LLE. Subsequently, the groups were classified in detail using data from TD. TD can be used to provide supplemental information for LLE, and the combination of these extraction methods can be helpful for impurity profiling of MA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Kuwayama
- National Research Institute of Police Science, 6-3-1, Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-0882, Japan.
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Alvarez-Avilés O, Cuadra-Rodríguez L, González-Illán F, Quiñones-González J, Rosario O. Optimization of a novel method for the organic chemical characterization of atmospheric aerosols based on microwave-assisted extraction combined with stir bar sorptive extraction. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 597:273-81. [PMID: 17683739 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2007] [Revised: 06/21/2007] [Accepted: 07/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A practical analytical methodology based on coupling microwave-assisted extraction-stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (MAE-SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was developed and validated for the characterization of several SVOC in atmospheric particulate matter (PM). The high enrichment capacity of SBSE makes it a powerful tool for improving detection limits and MAE has been useful for overcoming the long extraction times and high volumes of extraction solvent used in traditional methodologies. Relative to Soxhlet extraction followed by GC-MS analysis (EPA Methods 3540 and 8270C), the MAE-SBSE-TD-GC-MS methodology resulted with approximately 10(4) times better detection limits. Detection limits ranged from 0.3 to 8.3 pg m(-3) for pp'-DDD and decachlorobyphenyl, respectively in PM2.5, 24 m3 air sample. The performance of the optimized methodology gave good precisions, with R.S.D. less than 30% for most of the standards, and linearity within the range tested of 0.1-15 microg L(-1). Analysis of real PM samples resulted in the identification of compounds in the ng L(-1) range.
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Affiliation(s)
- O Alvarez-Avilés
- Chemistry Department, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus, P.O. Box 23346, San Juan, Puerto Rico.
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41
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Prieto A, Zuloaga O, Usobiaga A, Etxebarria N, Fernández LA. Development of a stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of several persistent organic pollutants in water samples. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1174:40-9. [PMID: 17706230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2007] [Revised: 07/12/2007] [Accepted: 07/13/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-TD-GC-MS) was applied to the simultaneous determination of ultra-traces of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), 6 phthalate esters (PEs) and 3 nonylphenols (NPs) in water samples. The parameters that could affect the sorption-desorption efficiency were studied. A Plackett-Burman design was used for the screening of the main effects of the experimental parameters related to the desorption step (desorption time, desorption temperature, desorption flow, cryo-focusing temperature and vent pressure). Afterwards, two central composite designs were used to find the optimal process settings for the extraction and desorption steps. The best analytical compromise conditions for the simultaneous determination of analytes from spiked water samples were found to be: sample volume (20 mL), sodium chloride addition (30%), methanol addition (20%), desorption time (10 min), desorption temperature (300 degrees C), desorption flow (23 mL min(-1)), cryo-focusing temperature (-50 degrees C) and vent pressure (7 psi). Remarkable recovery, repeatability and reproducibility were attained. Furthermore, excellent linearities (r(2) = 0.959-0.999) and low detection limits (0.1-10 ng L(-1)) were also achieved for the congeners studied. The proposed methodology was applied for the simultaneous determination of PAHs, PCBs, PEs and NPs in sea and estuarine waters. The influence of humic acids on the recovery was also studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Prieto
- Kimika Analitikoa Saila, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea, 644 P.K., E-48080 Bilbao, Spain.
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42
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Huang X, Yuan D. Preparation of stir bars for sorptive extraction based on monolithic material. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:152-7. [PMID: 17477931 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2007] [Revised: 03/15/2007] [Accepted: 03/15/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A stir bar for sorption extraction based on monolithic material (SBSEM) was prepared in this study. The monolithic material was obtained by in situ copolymerization of octyl methacrylate and ethylene dimethacrylate in the presence of a porogen solvent containing 1-propanol, 1,4-butanediol, and water with azobisisobutyronitrile as the initiator. The influences of polymerization parameters and the thickness of monolithic materials on the adsorption and desorption efficiencies were investigated, using naphthalene, phenanthrene and fluoranthene as detected solutes. The results show that monolithic material possessed good permeability resulting in fast adsorption and desorption for detected solutes. Spiked seawater samples containing eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and urine samples containing four anabolic steroids were preliminarily analyzed by using the sorptive bars and liquid desorption followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. The results demonstrate that prepared stir bar was suitable for preconcentration of both apolar and polar analytes. The enrichment factors for phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene were 150, 134 and 189, respectively. The SBSEM shows good batch-to-batch reproducibility and good stability, and can be reused a least 10 times for the extraction of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojia Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Environmental Science Research Center, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.
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43
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Chaves AR, Silva SM, Queiroz RHC, Lanças FM, Queiroz MEC. Stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography with UV detection for determination of antidepressants in plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 850:295-302. [PMID: 17188948 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2006] [Revised: 10/23/2006] [Accepted: 11/28/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive and reproducible stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography (SBSE/LC-UV) method is described for the determination of sertraline, mirtazapine, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, imipramine, nortriptyline, amitriptyne, and desipramine in plasma samples. Important factors in the optimization of SBSE efficiency are discussed, such as extraction time, pH, ionic strength, influence of plasma proteins, and desorption conditions: solvents, modes (magnetic stir, ultrasonic), time, and number of desorption steps. The SBSE/LC-UV method showed to be linear in a concentration ranging from the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 1000.0 ng mL(-1). The LOQ values ranged from 10.0 ng mL(-1) to 40.0 ng mL(-1). The inter-day precision of the SBSE/LC-UV method presented coefficient of the variation lower than 15%. Based on figures of the merit results, the SBSE/LC-UV methodology showed to be adequate to the antidepressants analyses from therapeutic to toxic therapeutic levels. In order to evaluate the proposed method for clinical use, the SBSE/LC-UV method was applied to the analysis of plasma samples from elderly depressed patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andréa Rodrigues Chaves
- Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Filosofia, Ciências e Letras de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14040-901, Brazil
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44
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Yang ZY, Greenstein D, Zeng EY, Maruya KA. Determination of poly(dimethyl)siloxane–water partition coefficients for selected hydrophobic organic chemicals using 14C-labeled analogs. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1148:23-30. [PMID: 17383665 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.02.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aqueous solutions of (14)C-labeled analogs of seven hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) were subject to solid-phase microextraction (SPME) under static conditions to assess their multi-compartment distribution and to compare poly(dimethyl)siloxane (PDMS)-water partition coefficients (K(f) values) with previously reported values. To accomplish this, a protocol for quantitative desorption of radiolabelled HOCs from SPME fibers using hexane was developed. Time series extractions indicated that loading of SPME fibers had reached steady-state by day 8 for PCBs 52, 77 and 153, phenanthrene, benzo[a]pyrene, p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDE. The recovery of spiked radioactivity among the (residual) aqueous phase, the PDMS coating, and all remaining wetted experimental surfaces ranged between 80 and 120%. K(f) values based on (14)C-labeled analogs were in good agreement with previously published values that were determined at (or closely approaching) equilibrium conditions and without significant chemical depletion and/or uncorrected system losses. Because it allows for the direct determination of HOCs associated with the residual aqueous and experimental surface compartments, the use of radiolabelled HOC analogs is a powerful tool in discriminating among competing sorptive compartments encountered in most SPME fiber calibration methodologies employed to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ze-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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45
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Kawaguchi M, Ito R, Sakui N, Okanouchi N, Saito K, Seto Y, Nakazawa H. Stir-bar-sorptive extraction, with in-situ deconjugation, and thermal desorption with in-tube silylation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry for measurement of urinary 4-nonylphenol and 4-tert-octylphenol glucuronides. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:391-8. [PMID: 17356815 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1225-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2006] [Revised: 01/28/2007] [Accepted: 02/19/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel method, stir-bar-sorptive extraction (SBSE), with in-situ deconjugation and thermal desorption (TD) with in-tube silylation, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), for determination of trace amounts of 4-nonylphenol glucuronide (NP-G) and 4-tert-octylphenol glucuronide (OP-G) in human urine, is described. The method involved correction by use of stable isotopically labeled internal standards 4-(1-methyl)octylphenol-d5 (NP-d) and deuterium 4-tert-octylphenol (OP-d). A human urine sample to which beta-glucuronidase had been added was extracted for 90 min at 37 degrees C using a stir bar coated with a 500-microm-thick layer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). NP-G and OP-G were deconjugated, becoming free 4-nonylphenol (NP) and 4-tert-octylphenol (OP). The analytes were then extracted with the PDMS stir bar and the stir bar was subjected to TD with in-tube silylation; this was followed by GC-MS in selected-ion-monitoring (SIM) mode. To optimize the conditions for SBSE with in-situ deconjugation and to test recovery, NP-G and OP-G were synthesized by a biochemical technique in our laboratory. Average recoveries from human urine samples spiked with NP-G and OP-G were between 91.9 and 95.6% with correction using the added surrogate standards. Limits of detection were 0.11 ng mL-1 for NP and 0.01 ng mL-1 for OP. We also measured background levels of NP-G and OP-G in six urine samples from healthy volunteers. NP and OP were detected in the samples at concentrations of 0.62-1.95 ng mL-1 and <0.04-0.18 ng mL-1, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Migaku Kawaguchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8501, Japan
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46
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Serôdio P, Cabral MS, Nogueira JMF. Use of experimental design in the optimization of stir bar sorptive extraction for the determination of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in environmental matrices. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1141:259-70. [PMID: 17196215 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2006] [Revised: 11/29/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption (LD) followed by large volume injection and capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (SBSE-LD-LVI-GC-MS), had been applied for the determination of ultra-traces of eleven polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), from tetra to nona congeners (BDE-47, BDE-100, BDE-99, BDE-85, BDE-154, BDE-153, BDE-183, BDE-197, BDE-196, BDE-207 and BDE-206), in environmental matrices. Instrumental calibration under the selected-ion monitoring (SIM) mode acquisition and parameters that could affect the SBSE-LD efficiency are fully discussed. A complete randomized factorial design was established for the first time to optimize the main experimental parameters that affecting the SBSE-LD efficiency, including decisive interactions, which provides a more realistic picture of the sampling process. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) was the statistical method used to analyze data. From the data obtained, it can be emphasized that experimental parameters such as extraction time (240 min), agitation speed (1250 rpm), methanol content (40%) and desorption conditions (acetonitrile, 15 min), were the best analytical compromise for the simultaneous determination between tetra and nona congeners in aqueous media. A remarkable recovery (65.6-116.9%) and repeatability (<12.1%) were attained, whilst the experimental data allowed very good agreement with predict theoretical equilibrium described by the octanol-water partition coefficients (K(PDMS/W) approximately = K(O/W)), with the exception of nona congeners since slightly lower yields were measured. Furthermore, excellent linear dynamic ranges from 0.01 to 14.0 microg/L (r2>0.9917) and low detection limits (0.3-203.4 ng/L) were also achieved for the eleven congeners studied. The proposed methodology was applied for the determination of ultra-trace levels of PBDEs in waste water, sediments and printed board circuit matrices by the standard addition approach, showing to be reliable, sensitive and having a low sample amount requirement in compliance with the international regulatory bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Serôdio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
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47
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David F, Sandra P. Stir bar sorptive extraction for trace analysis. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1152:54-69. [PMID: 17239895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2006] [Revised: 01/08/2007] [Accepted: 01/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) was introduced in 1999 as a solventless sample preparation method for the extraction and enrichment of organic compounds from aqueous matrices. The method is based on sorptive extraction, whereby the solutes are extracted into a polymer coating on a magnetic stirring rod. The extraction is controlled by the partitioning coefficient of the solutes between the polymer coating and the sample matrix and by the phase ratio between the polymer coating and the sample volume. For a polydimethylsiloxane coating and aqueous samples, this partitioning coefficient resembles the octanol-water partitioning coefficient. In comparison to solid phase micro-extraction, a larger amount of sorptive extraction phase is used and consequently extremely high sensitivities can be obtained as illustrated by several successful applications in trace analysis in environmental, food and biomedical fields. Initially SBSE was mostly used for the extraction of compounds from aqueous matrices. The technique has also been applied in headspace mode for liquid and solid samples and in passive air sampling mode. In this review article, the principles of stir bar sorptive extraction are described and an overview of SBSE applications is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank David
- Research Institute for Chromatography, Pres. Kennedypark 26, B-8500 Kortrijk, Belgium.
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48
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Buettner A. A selective and sensitive approach to characterize odour-active and volatile constituents in small-scale human milk samples. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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49
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Ochiai N, Sasamoto K, Kanda H, Nakamura S. Fast screening of pesticide multiresidues in aqueous samples by dual stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-low thermal mass gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1130:83-90. [PMID: 16814312 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2006] [Revised: 06/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/09/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A method for fast screening of pesticide multiresidues in aqueous samples using dual stir bar sorptive extraction-thermal desorption-low thermal mass gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (dual SBSE-TD-LTM-GC-MS) has been developed. Recovery of 82 pesticides - organochlorine, carbamate, organophosphorous, pyrethroid and others - for the SBSE was evaluated as a function of octanol-water distribution coefficients (log K(o/w): 1.7-8.35), sample volume (2-20 mL), salt addition (0-30% NaCl), and methanol addition (0-20%). The optimized method consists of a dual SBSE performed simultaneously on respectively a 20-mL sample containing 30% NaCl and a 20-mL sample without modifier (100% sample solution). One extraction with 30% NaCl is mainly targeting solutes with low K(o/w) (log K(o/w)<3.5) and another extraction with unmodified sample solution is targeting solutes with medium and high K(o/w) (log K(o/w)>3.5). After extraction, the two stir bars are placed in a single glass desorption liner and are simultaneously desorbed. The desorbed compounds are analyzed by use of LTM-GC-MS with fast temperature programming (75 degrees C min(-1)) using a 0.18 mm i.d. narrow-bore capillary column and fast scanning (10.83 scan s(-1)) using quadrupole MS. The method showed good linearity (r(2)>0.9900) and high sensitivity (limit of detection: <10 ng L(-1)) for most of the target pesticides. The method was applied to the determination of pesticides at nanograms per liter levels in river water and brewed green tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuo Ochiai
- Gerstel K.K., 2-13-18 Nakane, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0031, Japan.
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50
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Almeida C, Nogueira JMF. Determination of steroid sex hormones in water and urine matrices by stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid chromatography with diode array detection. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2006; 41:1303-11. [PMID: 16581218 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2006.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2005] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, stir bar sorptive extraction and liquid desorption followed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (SBSE-LD-HPLC/DAD) were combined for the simultaneous determination of nine steroid sex hormones (estrone, 17alpha-estradiol, 17beta-estradiol, 17alpha-ethynylestradiol, diethylstilbestrol, mestranol, progesterone, 19-norethisterone and norgestrel) in water and urine matrices. During the method development, it has been demonstrated that equilibrium time, ionic strength and back extraction solvents are the most important parameters to control, for determining the nine-hormones in water matrices, in which stir bars coated with 126 microl of polydimethylsiloxane were used. Assays performed on 30 ml water samples spiked at 10 microg/l levels under optimised experimental conditions, yielded recoveries ranging from 11.1+/-4.9% (17beta-estradiol) to 100.2+/-10.4% (mestranol), showed that the methodology is well described by the octanol-water partition coefficients (K(PDMS/W) approximately K(O/W)) for the latter, while pronounced deviations to the theoretical efficiency (K(PDMS/W) not equal K(O/W)) were observed for the remaining hormones. From calibration studies, a good analytical performance for all hormones was attained, including a suitable precision (2.1-17.1%), low limits of detection (0.3-1.0 microg/l) and an excellent linear dynamic range (1.25-50.0 microg/l). Assays on environmental water and urine matrices showed recovery yields in worthy good agreement with the spiking level (10 microg/l), and suitability for profiling low microg/l levels of natural hormones in urine samples taken from pregnant women. The present methodology is easy, reliable and sensitive at the trace level, only requiring a low sample volume, showing to be a good analytical alternative to routine quality control for environmental and biomedical laboratories.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Almeida
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande Ed. C8, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
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