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Wang X, Yang M, Xiao H, Liu D, Pan L, Zhang L, Yang Y, Lu Q, Liu Y, Yang X, Yang B. Determination of nicotine in newborn meconium by high-Resolution ambient mass spectrometry using wooden-Tip spray. Front Chem 2023; 11:1122137. [PMID: 36742034 PMCID: PMC9892440 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1122137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to nicotine that are mainly produced from tobacco smoke has been reported to affect infants. Therefore, nicotine exposure is one of important health concerns for newborn screening. Detecting nicotine and its metabolites such as cotinine in meconium were widely used to evaluate the tobacco exposure of pregnancy. In this study, disposable wooden tips were applied for touch sampling of meconium from newborn infants, and then were directly mounted on mass spectrometer (MS) to perform rapid screening of nicotine and cotinine. Choice of extraction/spray solvents was optimized. The limits of detection, reproducibility, linear response for direct analysis of meconium were also investigated. It is found the limits of detection (S/N = 3) to be as low as 0.36 ng/mg and 1.18 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively, while the limits of quantitation (S/N = 10) to be 1.19 ng/mg and 3.94 ng/mg for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The relative standard deviations (RSD) were found to be at 8.4%-19.8% (n = 6) for nicotine and cotinine, a good linear range from 5-500 ng/mL (R 2 > 0.99). These analytical performances are well-accepted levels for ambient mass spectrometer analysis. In this study, evaluation of nicotine and cotinine in 22 puerpera volunteers were conducted by the established wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry (WTS-MS). These results showed that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry would be useful for newborn screening of nicotine and cotinine in meconium with high reproducibility, speed, sensitivity, and specificity. Owing to the use of disposable wooden tips that involves no sample preparation and no chromatographic separation, our results show that wooden-tip spray mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for determination of nicotine in newborn meconium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Mingyu Yang
- The First Clinical Medical School, Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Danping Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Lu Pan
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Liuyang Zhang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Qing Lu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China
| | - Yanqiu Liu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
| | - Xiao Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
| | - Bicheng Yang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Birth Defect Prevention and Control, Jiangxi Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Nanchang, China,Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Nanchang Medical College, Nanchang, China,*Correspondence: Bicheng Yang, ; Xiao Yang, ; Yanqiu Liu,
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Hofstetter RK, Schulig L, Bethmann J, Grimm M, Sager M, Aude P, Keßler R, Kim S, Weitschies W, Link A. Supercritical fluid extraction-supercritical fluid chromatography of saliva: Single-quadrupole mass spectrometry monitoring of caffeine for gastric emptying studies †. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3700-3716. [PMID: 34355502 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Saliva is an attractive sampling matrix for measuring various endogenous and exogeneous substances but requires sample treatment prior to chromatographic analysis. Exploiting supercritical CO2 for both extraction and chromatography simplifies sample preparation, reduces organic solvent consumption, and minimizes exposure to potentially infectious samples, but has not yet been applied to oral fluid. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility and benefits of online supercritical fluid extraction coupled to supercritical fluid chromatography and single-quadrupole mass spectrometry for monitoring the model salivary tracer caffeine. A comparison of 13 C- and 32 S-labeled internal standards with external standard calibration confirmed the superiority of stable isotope-labeled caffeine over nonanalogous internal standards. As proof of concept, the validated method was applied to saliva from a magnetic resonance imaging study of gastric emptying. After administration of 35 mg caffeine via ice capsule, salivary levels correlated with magnetic resonance imaging data, corroborating caffeine's usefulness as tracer of gastric emptying (R2 = 0.945). In contrast to off-line methods, online quantification required only minute amounts of organic solvents and a single manual operation prior to online bioanalysis of saliva, thus demonstrating the usefulness of CO2 -based extraction and separation techniques for potentially infective biomatrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert K Hofstetter
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Lukas Schulig
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Jonas Bethmann
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Michael Grimm
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Maximilian Sager
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Philipp Aude
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Rebecca Keßler
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Hospital Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Simon Kim
- Department of Trauma, Reconstructive Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany.,Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP Greifswald), Greifswald, Germany
| | - Werner Weitschies
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Andreas Link
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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López-Rabuñal Á, Lendoiro E, González-Colmenero E, Concheiro-Guisán A, Concheiro-Guisán M, Peñas-Silva P, Macias-Cortiña M, López-Rivadulla M, Cruz A, de-Castro-Ríos A. Assessment of Tobacco Exposure During Pregnancy by Meconium Analysis and Maternal Interview. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:797-802. [PMID: 32227079 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Smoking during pregnancy can have serious obstetric and fetal complications. Therefore, it is essential to identify in utero exposure to tobacco, being meconium the matrix of choice for this purpose. Meconium (n = 565) was analyzed for nicotine, cotinine and hydroxycotinine by LC-MS-MS. Then, tobacco meconium results were compared with smoking habits during pregnancy and neonatal outcomes measures (birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age and Apgar scores). Although meconium analysis increased identification of in-utero exposure to tobacco (17.7% meconium positive specimens vs 13.5% mothers admitting tobacco use during pregnancy), there was a statistically significant relationship between meconium results and interview answers (P < 0.001). Birth weight was significantly lower for newborns with meconium positive results in males (P = 0.023) and females (P = 0.001), while for length significance was only observed in females (P = 0.001); however, when excluding meconium specimens positive for other drugs, a statistically significant difference was only found for female weight (P = 0.045). Meconium analysis proved to be more reliable for tobacco prenatal exposure detection than maternal interview. In addition, positive meconium results increased the probability for low birth weight, especially in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ángela López-Rabuñal
- Servizo de Toxicoloxía, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Elena Lendoiro
- Servizo de Toxicoloxía, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | | | - Ana Concheiro-Guisán
- Sección de Neonatoloxía, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Vigo, Vigo, Spain
| | | | - Patricia Peñas-Silva
- Sección de Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel Macias-Cortiña
- Sección de Xinecoloxía e Obstetricia, Complexo Hospitalario Universitario de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Manuel López-Rivadulla
- Servizo de Toxicoloxía, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Angelines Cruz
- Servizo de Toxicoloxía, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ana de-Castro-Ríos
- Servizo de Toxicoloxía, Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Cassoulet R, Haroune L, Abdelouahab N, Gillet V, Baccarelli AA, Cabana H, Takser L, Bellenger JP. Monitoring of prenatal exposure to organic and inorganic contaminants using meconium from an Eastern Canada cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 171:44-51. [PMID: 30654248 PMCID: PMC6615730 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Evaluating in utero exposure to inorganic and multiclass organic contaminants is critical to better evaluate potential harmful effects on prenatal and postnatal development. The analysis of meconium, the first bowel discharge of the newborn, has been proposed as a non-invasive way to assess cumulative prenatal exposure. The aim of this study was to implement an analytical method for quantifying 72 targeted organic compounds, including pesticides, pharmaceutical compounds and daily life xenobiotics, in meconium in addition to selected elements (17 elements). We report initial monitoring results based on the analysis of 396 meconium samples from an Eastern Canada cohort (Quebec, Canada). Element contents in meconium were analysed by mass spectrometry after digestion in nitric acid and peroxide. Targeted organic compounds were extracted and purified from meconium samples by a solid-liquid extraction followed by a dispersive-SPE purification before tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Concentrations of targeted elements were within the range of concentration reported in European and US studies but were lower than concentrations found in a developing country cohort (i.e., Pb, Cd). Out of the 72 targeted organic compounds, 31 were detected at least once and 30 were quantified. Compounds with the highest frequency of detection were caffeine, detected in all samples (from 2.80 to 6186 ng g-1), followed by acetaminophen detected in 53% of the samples (up to ~402 µg g-1) and methyl paraben detected in 20% of the samples (up to ~10 µg g-1). Pesticides were detected in low frequencies (< 2%) and low concentration (< 35 ng g-1). Results show that meconium can be used to monitor prenatal exposure of foetus to a wide array of inorganic and organic contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Cassoulet
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Lounes Haroune
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nadia Abdelouahab
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Gillet
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andrea A Baccarelli
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, United States
| | - Hubert Cabana
- Department of Civil Engineering, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Engineering, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Larissa Takser
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculté de Médecine et Sciences de la Santé, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Sciences, Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada.
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5
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Meconium analysis as a promising diagnostic tool for monitoring fetal exposure to toxic substances: Recent trends and perspectives. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Lisko JG, Lee GE, Kimbrell JB, Rybak ME, Valentin-Blasini L, Watson CH. Caffeine Concentrations in Coffee, Tea, Chocolate, and Energy Drink Flavored E-liquids. Nicotine Tob Res 2017; 19:484-492. [PMID: 27613945 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Most electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) contain a solution of propylene glycol/glycerin and nicotine, as well as flavors. E-cigarettes and their associated e-liquids are available in numerous flavor varieties. A subset of the flavor varieties include coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink, which, in beverage form, are commonly recognized sources of caffeine. Recently, some manufacturers have begun marketing e-liquid products as energy enhancers that contain caffeine as an additive. Methods A Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method for the quantitation of caffeine in e-liquids was developed, optimized and validated. The method was then applied to assess caffeine concentrations in 44 flavored e-liquids from cartridges, disposables, and refill solutions. Products chosen were flavors traditionally associated with caffeine (ie, coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink), marketed as energy boosters, or labeled as caffeine-containing by the manufacturer. Results Caffeine was detected in 42% of coffee-flavored products, 66% of tea-flavored products, and 50% of chocolate-flavored e-liquids (limit of detection [LOD] - 0.04 µg/g). Detectable caffeine concentrations ranged from 3.3 µg/g to 703 µg/g. Energy drink-flavored products did not contain detectable concentrations of caffeine. Eleven of 12 products marketed as energy enhancers contained caffeine, though in widely varying concentrations (31.7 µg/g to 9290 µg/g). Conclusions E-liquid flavors commonly associated with caffeine content like coffee, tea, chocolate, and energy drink often contained caffeine, but at concentrations significantly lower than their dietary counterparts. Estimated daily exposures from all e-cigarette products containing caffeine were much less than ingestion of traditional caffeinated beverages like coffee. Implications This study presents an optimized and validated method for the measurement of caffeine in e-liquids. The method is applicable to all e-liquid matrices and could potentially be used to ensure regulatory compliance for those geographic regions that forbid caffeine in e-cigarette products. The application of the method shows that caffeine concentrations and estimated total caffeine exposure from e-cigarette products is significantly lower than oral intake from beverages. However, because very little is known about the effects of caffeine inhalation, e-cigarette users should proceed with caution when using caffeine containing e-cigarette products. Further research is necessary to determine associated effects from inhaling caffeine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph G Lisko
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Grace E Lee
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH
| | - J Brett Kimbrell
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE), Oak Ridge, TN
| | - Michael E Rybak
- Nutritional Biomarkers Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Liza Valentin-Blasini
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Clifford H Watson
- Tobacco and Volatiles Branch, Division of Laboratory Sciences, National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Magri R, Hutson J, Míguez H, Suarez H, Menendez A, Parodi V, Koren G, Bustos R. Advances in the Determination of Alcohol and Other Drug Consumption during Pregnancy: A Study of 900 Births in Montevideo, Uruguay. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/009145090703400306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A study was performed in Uruguay to estimate the prevalence of drug consumption during pregnancy. The study consisted of a survey and biological samples to validate the responses and investigate information concerning risks involved in drug consumption during pregnancy. The survey consisted of 900 face-to-face interviews performed within 48 hours after birth. Perinatal registries were taken from hospital archives. Nine hundred meconium samples were tested for alcohol, tobacco, illegal drugs, and tranquilizers. The results of the survey indicated consumption during pregnancy of the following: 41.3% tobacco, 36.8% alcohol, 16.3% tranquilizers, 68% caffeine (more than 400 mg/day), and 1.4% illegal drugs. In addition, 8.9% of the pregnancies were unplanned. Among the planned pregnancies, some physicians warned their patients about risks associated with tobacco (34%), alcohol (27%) and illegal drugs (7%). Meconium analysis revealed tobacco (cotinine), 51.8%; alcohol (fatty acid ethyl esters, or FAEES), 43.5%; and cocaine (base paste), 2.5%. Newborns whose mothers smoked tobacco presented statistically lower birth weights: 11% of all newborns at low birth weight, with health problems reported for 14.8%.
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Timofeeva I, Medinskaia K, Nikolaeva L, Kirsanov D, Bulatov A. Stepwise injection potentiometric determination of caffeine in saliva using single-drop microextraction combined with solvent exchange. Talanta 2016; 150:655-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 12/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Tsinisizeli N, Sotiroudis G, Xenakis A, Lykeridou KE. Determination of nicotine and cotinine in meconium from Greek neonates and correlation with birth weight and gestational age at birth. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1200-1207. [PMID: 25460762 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Tobacco exposure during pregnancy is a major factor of morbidity and mortality for both the pregnant woman and the fetus. Several studies in the past have detected and quantified tobacco smoke biomarkers in infant meconium samples. Aim of this study was to measure prenatal exposure to tobacco smoke by detecting nicotine and cotinine in meconium and to try to evaluate the extent of exposure to smoke through passive smoking as well as the relationship between tobacco biomarker meconium concentrations and neonatal outcomes. Tobacco smoke biomarkers nicotine and cotinine were detected and quantitated in meconium from tobacco exposed and non-exposed Greek neonates using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The study included 45 neonates from active, passive and non-smoking women during pregnancy. The results showed significant values of nicotine and cotinine concentration in neonates from both active and passive smokers which reached 125 ng g(-1) for nicotine and 98.5 ng g(-1) for cotinine and varied according to the type and level of exposure. In general nicotine and cotinine concentrations correlated with the degree of active smoking by the mother. Similarly, nicotine and cotinine were measured in the meconium of infants of passive smokers at concentrations comparable to those of infants whose mothers were moderate smokers. Our findings show that exposure of the fetus to tobacco biomarkers can be substantial even in passive maternal smoking and there is a statistically significant negative correlation between nicotine or cotinine concentrations in meconium and birth weight or gestational age at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikoleta Tsinisizeli
- Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Midwifery Department, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Agiou Spyridonos Str., 12210 Egaleo, Greece; Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Georgios Sotiroudis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Aristotelis Xenakis
- Institute of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Ave., 11635 Athens, Greece.
| | - Katerina E Lykeridou
- Faculty of Health and Caring Professions, Midwifery Department, Technological Educational Institute of Athens, Agiou Spyridonos Str., 12210 Egaleo, Greece.
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Berton T, Mayhoub F, Chardon K, Duca RC, Lestremau F, Bach V, Tack K. Development of an analytical strategy based on LC-MS/MS for the measurement of different classes of pesticides and theirs metabolites in meconium: application and characterisation of foetal exposure in France. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2014; 132:311-320. [PMID: 24834827 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
It is important to evaluate the impact of pesticides on human health because exposure to these compounds has been linked to harmful effects in many research studies. This exposure may be particularly harmful during the early stages of development (e.g. the prenatal period). The aim of the present study was to develop an analytical strategy for quantifying a number of pesticides and their metabolites in meconium (the neonate's first faeces), in order to characterize the extent of foetal exposure. The meconium sample was dried and grinded in order to homogenize the sample, prior to solid-liquid extraction and a purification by solid-phase extraction using a weak anion mixed-mode polymeric sorbent. Analyte separation and quantification was performed by liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. Five pesticide families (carbamates, organophosphates, pyrethroids, phenylureas and phenoxy herbicides) and their metabolites could be quantified in meconium with limits of quantification ranging between 0.2 ng/g and 200 ng/g. This method was applied to a set of 171 meconium samples collected in the Picardie region of northern France. The highest prevalence was observed for metabolites of organophosphates and carbamates (57.9% and 22.8%, respectively). The parent pesticides were rarely present and were only found at very low concentrations, except for the pyrethroids cyfluthrin and cypermethrin, which were found in 7.6% of meconium samples at concentrations of between 43.8 and 480 ng/g. The most frequently detected contaminant was the organophosphate metabolite dimethyl thiophosphate detected in 49.1% of the samples and quantified with a median concentration of 344 ng/g. These data evidence significant foetal exposure to organophosphate pesticides, pyrethroids and carbamates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Berton
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France; INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Flora Mayhoub
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Karen Chardon
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Radu-Corneliu Duca
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France; INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Francois Lestremau
- INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France.
| | - Véronique Bach
- Péritox UMI INERIS 01EA 4285, UFR de Médecine, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 3 rue des Louvels, F-80036 Amiens, France
| | - Karine Tack
- INERIS, Direction des Risques Chroniques, Parc Technologique Alata, F-60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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Płotka J, Narkowicz S, Polkowska Z, Biziuk M, Namieśnik J. Effects of addictive substances during pregnancy and infancy and their analysis in biological materials. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2014; 227:55-77. [PMID: 24158579 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-01327-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of addictive substances during pregnancy is a serious social problem, not only because of effects on the health of the woman and child, but also because drug or alcohol dependency detracts from child care and enhances the prospect of child neglect and family breakdown. Developing additive substance abuse treatment programs for pregnant women is socially important and can help ensure the health of babies, prevent subsequent developmental and behavioral problems (i.e., from intake of alcohol or other additive substances such as methamphetamine, cocaine,or heroine) and can reduce addiction costs to society. Because women of childbearing age often abuse controlled substances during their pregnancy, it is important to undertake biomonitoring of these substances in biological samples taken from the pregnant or nursing mother (e.g., blood, urine,hair, breast milk, sweat, oral fluids, etc.), from the fetus and newborn (e.g., meconium,cord blood, neonatal hair and urine) and from both the mother and fetus (i.e.,amniotic fluids and placenta). The choice of specimens to be analyzed is determined by many factors; however, the most important is knowledge of the chemical and physical characteristics of a substance and the route of it administration. Maternal and neonatal biological materials reflect exposures that occur over a specific time period, and each of these biological specimens has different advantages and disadvantages,in terms of accuracy, time window of exposure and cost/benefit ratio.Sampling the placenta may be the most important biomonitoring choice for assessing in utero exposure to addictive substances. The use of the placenta in scientific research causes a minimum of ethical problems, partly because its sampling is noninvasive, causes no harm to mother or child, and partly because, in any case,placentas are discarded and incinerated after birth. Such samples, when properly analyzed, may provide key essential information about fetal exposure to toxic substances, and may provide the groundwork for protecting the fetus or newborn and the mother from further damage.Several sensitive and specific bioanalytical methods are commonly utilized to accurately measure for drug biomarkers of in utero drug exposure. Moreover, several immunoassay methods are used to rapidly screen for drugs in many biological specimen types. However, results from immunoassays should be carefully interpreted,and should be confirmed by more specific and sensitive chromatographic methods, such as GC-MS or LC-MS. Although techniques for analysis of addictive substances are still being developed or are being refined, current methods are efficient and sensitive and provide valuable information on human exposures to addictive substances and their metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Płotka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdansk University of Technology (GUT), 11/12 Narutowicza Street, 80-233, Gdańsk, Poland,
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Mozaner Bordin DC, Alves MNR, Cabrices OG, de Campos EG, De Martinis BS. A rapid assay for the simultaneous determination of nicotine, cocaine and metabolites in meconium using disposable pipette extraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). J Anal Toxicol 2013; 38:31-8. [PMID: 24272386 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkt092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug abuse by pregnant women is considered a serious public health problem worldwide. Meconium is the first excretion in newborns and has been used as an alternative matrix to evaluate in utero drug exposure. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is widely employed to prepare and clean up samples in the field of forensic analysis. Most SPE products require large volumes of solvent, which culminates in longer sample processing times and increased cost per sample. Disposable pipette extraction (DPX) tips have been used as an alternative to traditional SPE cartridges. They combine efficient and rapid extraction with reduced solvent consumption. The purpose of this study was to develop and validate a method to determine nicotine, cotinine, cocaine, benzoylecgonine, cocaethylene and methyl ester anhydroecgonine in meconium using DPX and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Validation results indicated that extraction efficiency ranged 50-98%, accuracy 92-106%, intra-assay precision 4-12% and inter-assay precision 6-12%. Linear calibration curves resulted in R(2) values >0.99, limits of detection ranged from 2.5 to 15 ng/g and the limit of quantitation from 10 to 20 ng/g. The DPX-GC-MS method was shown to selectively analyze trace concentrations of drugs in meconium samples. Finally, the developed and validated method was applied to 50 meconium samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanne C Mozaner Bordin
- 1Departamento de Análises Clínicas, Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14050-140, Brazil
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Daria Pereg Jean Lagueux Éric Dewailly Guy G Poirier Pierre Ayotte. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy: comparison of biomarkers for inclusion in epidemiological studies. Biomarkers 2013; 6:161-73. [PMID: 23886111 DOI: 10.1080/13547500014750001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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Sant'Anna SG, Oliveira CDR, Diniz EMDA, Yonamine M. Accelerated Solvent Extraction for Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Nicotine and Cotinine in Meconium Samples. J Anal Toxicol 2012; 36:19-24. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkr011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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Wang H, Chen L, Xu Y, Zeng Q, Zhang X, Zhao Q, Ding L. Dynamic microwave-assisted extraction coupled on-line with clean-up for determination of caffeine in tea. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2011.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fast and selective extraction of nicotine from human plasma based on magnetic strong cation exchange resin followed by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 400:517-26. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-4799-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Revised: 02/09/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Dawson R, Messina SM, Stokes C, Salyani S, Alcalay N, De Fiebre NC, De Fiebre CM. Solid-Phase Extraction and HPLC Assay of Nicotine and Cotinine in Plasma and Brain. Toxicol Mech Methods 2010; 12:45-58. [DOI: 10.1080/15376510209167935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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18
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Gray TR, Eiden RD, Leonard KE, Connors G, Shisler S, Huestis MA. Nicotine and metabolites in meconium as evidence of maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and predictors of neonatal growth deficits. Nicotine Tob Res 2010; 12:658-64. [PMID: 20427459 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntq068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many women continue tobacco use during pregnancy despite known adverse consequences on neonatal growth and development. Testing meconium, the first neonatal feces, for tobacco biomarkers offers objective evidence of prenatal tobacco exposure. However, relationships between the amount, frequency, and timing of cigarette smoking during gestation and tobacco biomarker meconium concentrations and neonatal outcomes are unclear. METHODS Eighty-seven pregnant women provided detailed self-reports of daily tobacco consumption throughout pregnancy. Nicotine, cotinine, and trans-3'-hydroxycotinine were quantified in neonatal meconium by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. RESULTS Among nonsmokers, all meconium specimens were negative, whereas nearly all meconium specimens were positive if the mother self-reported tobacco use into the third trimester. Tobacco biomarker concentrations were significantly albeit weakly correlated with mean cigarettes per day in the third trimester. Reduced birth weight, gestational age, or head circumference were observed if meconium contained one or more tobacco biomarkers, but deficits did not correlate with biomarker concentrations. CONCLUSION While previously thought to reflect second and third trimester drug exposure, meconium appears to reliably identify only third trimester drug use. While a 10 ng/g nicotine, cotinine, or trans-3'-hydroxycotinine cutoff in meconium was previously proposed to differentiate tobacco-exposed from nonexposed or passively exposed neonates, improved maternal self-reporting techniques in this cohort suggest that a lower cutoff, equivalent to the analytic limits of quantification, is more appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Gray
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Madej KA. Analysis of meconium, nails and tears for determination of medicines and drugs of abuse. Trends Analyt Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Biological matrices for the evaluation of exposure to environmental tobacco smoke during prenatal life and childhood. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:379-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2009] [Revised: 04/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/30/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Ostrea EM, Villanueva-Uy E, Ngerncham S, Punnakanta L, Batilando MJP, Agarwal P, Pensler E, Corrion M, Ramos EF, Romero J, Thomas RL. An epidemiologic study comparing fetal exposure to tobacco smoke in three Southeast Asian countries. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2009; 14:257-62. [PMID: 19043912 DOI: 10.1179/oeh.2008.14.4.257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
The high prevalence of smoking in Southeast Asia (SEA) means pregnant women face exposure to tobacco smoke that may affect the health of their fetus. This study determined fetal exposure to tobacco smoke by meconium analysis for cotinine in 3 locations in SEA: Bulacan Province, Philippines (N=316), Bangkok, Thailand (N=106) and Singapore City (N=61). Maternal exposure to tobacco smoke was 71.1% (1.3% active; 69.8% passive) in Bulacan, 57.5% (0.9% active; 58.6% passive) in Bangkok and 54.1% (11.5% active; 42.0% passive) in Singapore. Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke (by meconium analysis) was 1.3% (Bulacan), 4.7% (Bangkok) and 13.1% (Singapore); however, a large proportion of infants who tested positive for cotinine (65%) were born to mothers who gave no history of either active or passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. Fetal exposure to tobacco smoke is a major health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique M Ostrea
- Department of Pediatrics, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States.
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Gray TR, Magri R, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Meconium nicotine and metabolites by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: differentiation of passive and nonexposure and correlation with neonatal outcome measures. Clin Chem 2008; 54:2018-27. [PMID: 18845770 PMCID: PMC3163082 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.109173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Meconium analysis is a diagnostically sensitive and objective alternative to maternal self-report for detecting prenatal tobacco exposure. Nicotine and metabolite disposition in meconium is poorly characterized, and correlation of analytes' concentrations with neonatal outcomes is unexplored. Our objectives were to quantify nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine), nornicotine, norcotinine, and glucuronide concentrations in meconium, identify the best biomarkers of in utero tobacco exposure, compare meconium concentrations of tobacco-exposed and nonexposed neonates, and investigate concentration-outcome relationships. METHODS We quantified concentrations of nicotine and 4 metabolites with and without hydrolysis simultaneously in meconium from tobacco-exposed and nonexposed neonates by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. We compared meconium concentrations to birth weight, length, head circumference, gestational age, and 1- and 5-min Apgar scores. RESULTS Nicotine, cotinine, and OH-cotinine were the most prevalent and abundant meconium tobacco biomarkers and were found in higher concentrations in tobacco-exposed neonates. Whereas cotinine and OH-cotinine are glucuronide bound, performing the lengthy and costly enzymatic hydrolysis identified only 1 additional positive specimen. Unconjugated nicotine, cotinine, or OH-cotinine meconium concentration >10 ng/g most accurately discriminated active from passive and nonexposed neonates. There was no significant correlation between quantitative nicotine and metabolite meconium results and neonatal outcomes, although presence of a nicotine biomarker predicted decreased head circumference. CONCLUSIONS Unconjugated nicotine, cotinine, and OH-cotinine should be analyzed in meconium to detect in utero tobacco exposure, as approximately 25% of positive specimens did not contain cotinine. Immunoassay testing monitoring cotinine only would underestimate the prevalence of prenatal tobacco exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R. Gray
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD
| | - Raquel Magri
- Colegio Iberoamericano de Adicciones at Hospital Pereira Rossell, Rbla O’Higgins 4707, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Diaa M. Shakleya
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD
| | - Marilyn A. Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Blvd., Baltimore, MD
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Gray TR, Shakleya DM, Huestis MA. Quantification of nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine in human meconium by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 863:107-14. [PMID: 18243821 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Revised: 01/07/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
There are no analytical methods that simultaneously quantify nicotine, cotinine, trans-3'-hydroxycotinine, nornicotine and norcotinine in human meconium. Such a method could improve identification of in utero tobacco exposure, determine if maternal dose-meconium concentration relationships exist, and whether nicotine meconium concentrations predict neonatal outcomes. The first liquid chromatography/atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry method for simultaneous quantification of these analytes in meconium was developed and validated. Specimen preparation included homogenization, enzyme hydrolysis and solid phase extraction. The linear range was 1.25 or 5-500ng/g. Method applicability was evaluated with meconium collected from an in utero tobacco exposed infant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa R Gray
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Köhler E, Avenarius S, Rabsilber A, Gerloff C, Jorch G. Assessment of prenatal tobacco smoke exposure by determining nicotine and its metabolites in meconium. Hum Exp Toxicol 2007; 26:535-44. [PMID: 17698949 DOI: 10.1177/0960327107072391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Meconium samples collected from 115 neonates were analysed for nicotine, cotinine and trans -3-hydroxycotinine (OH-cotinine) by means of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to identify prenatal smoke exposure. The self-reported maternal smoking status during pregnancy was determined by means of a questionnaire and verified by measurements in urine prior to childbirth. The total sum of nicotine and its metabolites (Sum(tot)) of the first passed meconium samples was 1560 +/- 1024 pmol/g in newborns of smoking mothers. Smoking of less than five cigarettes was clearly detected. Sum(tot) remained constant in all meconium samples passed by a neonate in succession. However, the proportion of nicotine decreased with the time of passage after birth and the OH-cotinine proportion increased, whereas cotinine hardly changed. Nicotine or its metabolites were not detectable in meconium (detection limit < 20 pmol/g), when the mothers were only exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) using the HPLC method. The hypothesis that the content of nicotine metabolites in meconium reflects long-term smoke exposure could not be confirmed in newborns whose mothers had quit smoking during the latter half of pregnancy. Determining Sum(tot) enables the intensity of continuous smoking during pregnancy to be estimated in all meconium samples passed by a newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Köhler
- Department of General Paediatrics and Neonatology, Otto von Guericke University Magdeburg, Germany.
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Gray T, Huestis M. Bioanalytical procedures for monitoring in utero drug exposure. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1455-65. [PMID: 17370066 PMCID: PMC2714867 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1228-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2007] [Revised: 02/14/2007] [Accepted: 02/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug use by pregnant women has been extensively associated with adverse mental, physical, and psychological outcomes in their exposed children. This manuscript reviews bioanalytical methods for in utero drug exposure monitoring for common drugs of abuse in urine, hair, oral fluid, blood, sweat, meconium, amniotic fluid, umbilical cord tissue, nails, and vernix caseosa; neonatal matrices are particularly emphasized. Advantages and limitations of testing different maternal and neonatal biological specimens including ease and invasiveness of collection, and detection time frames, sensitivities, and specificities are described, and specific references for available analytical methods included. Future research involves identifying metabolites unique to fetal drug metabolism to improve detection rates of in utero drug exposure and determining relationships between the amount, frequency, and timing of drug exposure and drug concentrations in infant biological fluids and tissues. Accurate bioanalytical procedures are vital to defining the scope of and resolving this important public health problem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Gray
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Marilyn Huestis
- Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Martín I, López-Vílchez MA, Mur A, García-Algar O, Rossi S, Marchei E, Pichini S. Neonatal withdrawal syndrome after chronic maternal drinking of mate. Ther Drug Monit 2007; 29:127-9. [PMID: 17304161 DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e31803257ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The premature newborn of a mother who reported drinking mate during pregnancy presented with increased jitteriness and irritability, high-pitched cry, hypertonia in the limbs, and brisk tendon reflexes consistent with neonatal withdrawal syndrome. High concentrations of caffeine and theobromine were detected in various maternal and neonatal biological matrices (placenta, cord serum, neonatal urine, maternal and neonatal hair, meconium, and breast milk), demonstrating both acute and chronic prenatal and postnatal exposure to these methylxanthines, contained in high amounts in homemade mate. Symptoms progressively disappeared at 84 hours of age, although intermittent irritability was still present when the infant was discharged at 24 days of age. Fluctuating caffeine (and theobromine) content in different breast milk feeds likely generated the baby's irritability, due to either the physiological stimulatory effects of the methylxanthines or postnatal withdrawal syndrome as the substances cleared from the body. The mother was strongly advised to initiate a considerable, progressive, constant reduction of mate consumption to a maximum of 2 cups a day for the duration of breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itziar Martín
- Neonatology Unit, Service of Pediatrics, Hospital Universitari del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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Gourlain H, Galliot-Guilley M. Quels sont les outils diagnostiques chez le nouveau-né de l’exposition anténatale au tabagisme ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(05)82996-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Diguet A, Sentilhes L, Marret S, Verspyck E, Marpeau L. Quelle est la prise en charge optimale à la naissance de l’enfant exposé au tabac in utero et quels en sont les biomarqueurs post-natals ? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s0368-2315(05)83013-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ziegler UE, Kauczok J, Dietz UA, Reith HB, Schmidt K. Clinical correlation between the consumption of nicotine and cotinine concentrations in urine and serum by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pharmacology 2005; 72:254-9. [PMID: 15539886 DOI: 10.1159/000080381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2004] [Accepted: 05/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Different negative effects of smoking are known (e.g. postoperative complications), which lead, especially in plastic surgery, to unsatisfactory results. The aim of this study was to examine the appropriateness of a cotinine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for routine usage in operative disciplines. By correlation of smoking habits and concentration of cotinine in serum and urine, we tried to ascertain reference values for smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers. The reliability and sensitivity of the cotinine ELISA concerning nicotine exposure need to be proven. 165 (108 men, 57 women) test persons were examined by detecting cotinine in serum and urine by ELISA. The study shows a very good sensitivity, precision and reproducibility of the cotinine ELISA according to the laboratory criteria. The test shows significance of a good differentiation between smokers, passive smokers and non-smokers in urine. In serum, cotinines are excellent to differentiate between smokers and non-smokers/passive smokers. Urine and serum tests demonstrate valid and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich E Ziegler
- Plastic and Hand Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Würzburg, Germany.
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Abstract
Nicotine is of importance as the addictive chemical in tobacco, pharmacotherapy for smoking cessation, a potential medication for several diseases, and a useful probe drug for phenotyping cytochrome P450 2A6 (CYP2A6). We review current knowledge about the metabolism and disposition kinetics of nicotine, some other naturally occurring tobacco alkaloids, and nicotine analogs that are under development as potential therapeutic agents. The focus is on studies in humans, but animal data are mentioned when relevant to the interpretation of human data. The pathways of nicotine metabolism are described in detail. Absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of nicotine and related compounds are reviewed. Enzymes involved in nicotine metabolism including cytochrome P450 enzymes, aldehyde oxidase, flavin-containing monooxygenase 3, amine N-methyltransferase, and UDP-glucuronosyltransferases are represented, as well as factors affecting metabolism, such as genetic variations in metabolic enzymes, effects of diet, age, gender, pregnancy, liver and kidney diseases, and racial and ethnic differences. Also effects of smoking and various inhibitors and inducers, including oral contraceptives, on nicotine metabolism are discussed. Due to the significance of the CYP2A6 enzyme in nicotine clearance, special emphasis is given to the effects and population distributions of CYP2A6 alleles and the regulation of CYP2A6 enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janne Hukkanen
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Medical Service, San Francisco Genreral Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, Box 1220, San Francisco, CA 94143-1220, USA
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Page-Sharp M, Hale TW, Hackett LP, Kristensen JH, Ilett KF. Measurement of nicotine and cotinine in human milk by high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorbance detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2003; 796:173-80. [PMID: 14552828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2003.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) assay for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human milk was developed using an extraction by liquid-liquid partition combined with back extraction into acid, and followed by reverse-phase chromatography with UV detection of analytes. The assay was linear up to 500 microg/l for both nicotine and cotinine. Intra- and inter-day relative standard deviations (R.S.D.) were <10% (25-500 microg/l) for both nicotine and cotinine. Limits of quantitation (LOQ) were 10 and 12 microg/l for nicotine and cotinine, respectively, while the limits of detection (LOD) were 8 and 10 microg/l for nicotine and cotinine, respectively. The mean recoveries were 79-93% (range 25-500 microg/l) for nicotine and 78-89% (range 25-500 microg/l) for cotinine. The amount of fat in the milk did not affect the recovery. We found that this method was sensitive and reliable in measuring nicotine and cotinine concentrations in milk from a nursing mother who participated in a trial of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhu Page-Sharp
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine and Pharmacology, The University of Western Australia, M510, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Australia.
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Rapid Monitoring Method of Active and Passive Smoker with Saliva Continine by Gas Chromatrography-Mass Spectrometry. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2002. [DOI: 10.5012/bkcs.2002.23.10.1496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Shin HS, Kim JG, Shin YJ, Jee SH. Sensitive and simple method for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2002; 769:177-83. [PMID: 11936690 DOI: 10.1016/s1570-0232(02)00007-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A method is proposed for the determination of nicotine and cotinine in human urine, plasma and saliva. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized sample with ethyl ether and concentrated to minimum volume with nitrogen stream. The volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of acetic acid to the organic solvent during evaporation. Peak shapes and quantitation of nicotine and cotinine are excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1-10,000 ng/ml. The detection limits of nicotine and cotinine are 0.2 ng/ml in urine and 1.0 ng/ml in plasma and saliva. The intra-day precision of nicotine and cotinine in all samples was <5% relative standard deviation (RSD). Urine, plasma and saliva samples of 303 non-smoking and 41 smoking volunteers from a girl's high school in Korea were quantified by the described procedure. As a result, the concentrations of nicotine and cotinine in plasma ranged from 6 to 498 ng/ml and 4 to 96 ng/ml. Otherwise, those of nicotine and cotinine in saliva ranged from 0 to 207 ng/ml and 0 to 42 ng/ml, and those of nicotine and cotinine in urine ranged from 0 to 1,590 ng/ml and 0 to 2,986 ng/ml, respectively. We found that the concentration of cotinine in plasma was successfully predicted from the salivary cotinine concentration by the equation y=2.31x+4.76 (x=the concentration of cotinine in saliva, y=the concentration of cotinine in plasma). The results show that through the accurate determination of cotinine in saliva, the risk of ETS-exposed human can be predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju, South Korea.
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Turbic A, Ahokas JT, Haskard CA. Selective in vitro binding of dietary mutagens, individually or in combination, by lactic acid bacteria. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:144-52. [PMID: 11820495 DOI: 10.1080/02652030110070067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Specific strains of lactic acid bacteria possessing antimutagenic properties are suggested to remove mutagenic contaminants of foods through binding and an investigation of their substrate specificity is required. The ability of Lactobacillus rhamnosus strains GG and LC-705 in viable and non-viable (heat- and acid-treated) forms to remove both dietary mutagens and other aromatic dietary substrates from solution was studied using HPLC. Overall, removal increased in the order: caffeine = vitamin B12 =folic acid < ochratoxin A < aflatoxin B1 = PhIP (2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine) < Trp-P-1 (3-amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5H-pyrido[4,3-b]indole) (p < 0.05). Aflatoxin B1, Trp-P-1 and PhIP were removed in high amounts (77-95%) and ochratoxin A was removed in moderate amounts (36-76%). By contrast, only minimal amounts of caffeine, vitamin B12 andfolic acid were removed (9-28%). The significant removal of selected mutagens, but not other substrates, suggests these strains may be useful for dietary detoxification. Since exposure to multiple mutagens is likely, the removal of aflatoxin B1 and Trp-P-1 from a mixture of these substrates was also investigated. Removal of AFB1 significantly increased (p < 0.05) in the presence of Trp-P-1, while removal of Trp-P-1 significantly decreased (p < 0.05) in the presence of AFB1. Overall, no significant differences in removal were found between bacterial strains or between viable, heat- and acid-treated bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Turbic
- Key Center for Applied and Nutritional Toxicology, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT-University, Bundoora, VIC, Australia
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Siegmund B, Leyden DE, Zikulnig E, Leitner E, Murkovic M, Pfannhauser W, Reif H. The contribution of dietary nicotine and dietary cotinine to salivary cotinine levels as a nicotine biomarker. Food Chem 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(01)00147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Palmer ME, Smith RF, Chambers K, Tetler LW. Separation of nicotine metabolites by capillary zone electrophoresis and capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2001; 15:224-231. [PMID: 11180554 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20010215)15:3<224::aid-rcm213>3.0.co;2-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The use of capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and capillary zone electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CZE/MS) has been demonstrated, in principle, for the separation of nicotine and nicotine metabolites. The buffer system developed for separation and detection by CZE/UV was modified for use in CZE/MS analysis. Several of the metabolites are isobaric and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) techniques have been used to differentiate such analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Palmer
- Division of Chemistry, Sheffield Hallam University, Howard St., Sheffield S1 1WB, UK
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Nakajima M, Yamamoto T, Kuroiwa Y, Yokoi T. Improved highly sensitive method for determination of nicotine and cotinine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 2000; 742:211-5. [PMID: 10892601 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)00149-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A highly sensitive and reliable method for the determination of nicotine and its metabolite cotinine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography was developed. Nicotine and cotinine were extracted from alkalinized plasma with dichloromethane and the volatility of nicotine was prevented by the addition of conc. HCl to the organic solvent during evaporation. The sensitivity of quantification at 260 nm absorption was improved by using a noise-base clean Uni-3 to 0.2 ng/ml nicotine and 1.0 ng/ml cotinine. The method was validated over linear ranges of 0.2-25.0 ng/ml for nicotine and 1.0-80.0 ng/ml for cotinine. The intra-day precision and accuracy were < or = 15.9% relative standard variation (RSD) and 89.9-103.5% for nicotine and < or = 8.0% RSD and 98.7-103.0% for cotinine. The inter-day precision and accuracy were < or = 17.0% RSD and 94.2-100.9% for nicotine and < or = 8.2% RSD and 98.0-105.1% for cotinine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nakajima
- Division of Drug Metabolism, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kanazawa University, Japan
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Pluth JM, Ramsey MJ, Tucker JD. Role of maternal exposures and newborn genotypes on newborn chromosome aberration frequencies. Mutat Res 2000; 465:101-11. [PMID: 10708975 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(99)00217-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Maternal exposures may induce chromosome damage and birth defects in the fetus. Polymorphic variation in genes coding for enzymes involved in metabolic activation and detoxification of environmental procarcinogens may account for some of the differences in chromosome aberration frequencies in newborns. In this study, 40 mothers completed questionnaires regarding exposures they received during their pregnancy. Umbilical cord blood samples were analyzed for chromosome aberrations. An average of 1020 metaphase cell equivalents (equal to 1020 G-banded cells) were examined from each newborn. In 26 of the newborns, genotyping analysis was performed for genes functioning in metabolic activation and detoxification (cytochrome P450 genes: CYP2D6 and CYP1A1, and phase II genes: NAT1, NAT2, GSTT1, GSTM1, GSTP1, and epoxide hydrolase). A significant association between the CYP1A1 MspI polymorphism and chromosome aberration frequencies was observed in the newborns (p=0.02), with heterozygotes showing higher aberration frequencies than the wild type homozygotes. Some large differences in chromosome aberration frequencies for other genotypes were also noted, but these were not statistically significant. Exposure to tobacco smoke in utero also appeared to increase translocation frequencies. The mean frequency of translocations per 100 cell equivalents from newborns of mothers who smoked during pregnancy was significantly higher than that of newborns whose mothers did not smoke (0.21 vs. 0.11, respectively, p=0.045).
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Pluth
- Radiation Oncology Department, Stanford University, Cancer Biology Research Laboratory, GK109, Palo Alto, CA 94305, USA
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