1
|
Yun KL, Wang ZY. Target/signalling pathways of natural plant-derived radioprotective agents from treatment to potential candidates: A reverse thought on anti-tumour drugs. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 91:1122-1151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
|
2
|
Kalaiselvan S, Rasool MK. The anti-inflammatory effect of triphala in arthritic-induced rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2015; 53:51-60. [PMID: 25289531 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2014.910237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Triphala, an Indian Ayurvedic herbal formulation which contains Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), Terminalia bellerica (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Combretaceae) and Emblica officinalis L. (Phyllanthaceae), is used for treating bowel-related complications, inflammatory disorders, and gastritis. OBJECTIVE To determine the anti-arthritic effect of triphala in arthritis-induced rats. For comparison purpose, the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin was used. MATERIALS AND METHODS Arthritis was induced in Wistar albino rats by intradermal injection of complete Freund's adjuvant (0.1 ml) into the foot pad of right hind paw. Triphala (100 mg/kg b wt, i.p.) was administered from day 11 to 18 after the administration of complete Freund's adjuvant. The activities/levels of lysosomal enzymes, glycoproteins, antioxidant status, and lipid peroxidation were determined in the paw tissues of arthritic rats. In addition, the inflammatory mediators were also measured in both the serum and the paw tissue of arthritic rats. RESULTS The levels/activities of lipid peroxidation (∼41.5%), glycoproteins (hexose ∼43.3%, hexosamine ∼36.5%, and sialic acid ∼33.7%), lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase ∼52.4%, β-galactosidase ∼22.9%, N-acetyl β-glucosaminidase ∼22.1%, and cathepsin-D ∼27.7%) were found to be decreased and the antioxidant status (SOD ∼75.6%, CAT ∼62.7%, GPx ∼55.8%, GST ∼82.1%, and GSH ∼72.7%) was increased in the paw tissues of triphala-treated arthritic rats. In addition, the inflammatory mediator levels in serum (TNF-α ∼75.5%, IL-1β ∼99%, VEGF ∼75.2%, MCP-1 ∼76.4%, and PGE2 ∼69.9%) and in paw tissues (TNF-α ∼71.6%, IL-1β ∼75.5%, VEGF ∼55.1%, MCP-1 ∼69.1%, and PGE2 ∼66.8%) were found to be suppressed. CONCLUSION Triphala has a promising anti-inflammatory effect in the inflamed paw of arthritis-induced rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sowmiya Kalaiselvan
- Immunopathology Lab, School of Bio-Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore, Tamil Nadu , India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lingaraju GM, Krishna V, Joy Hoskeri H, Pradeepa K, Venkatesh, Babu PS. Wound healing promoting activity of stem bark extract of Semecarpus anacardium using rats. Nat Prod Res 2012; 26:2344-7. [PMID: 22324385 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.656108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Abstract
The wound healing promoting property of stem bark methanol extract of Semecarpus anacardium was evaluated at three different dosages by excision, incision and dead space wound models using Wistar albino rats. Framycetin skin ointment was used as standard. LD(50) of methanol extract was determined to be 500 mg kg(-1). In methanol extract (20% ointment) treated group, epithelialisation of the incision wound was faster with a high rate of wound contraction. The tensile strength of the incision wound was significantly increased when compared to other treated groups. The histological examination of the dead space wound model granulation tissue of the methanol extract (100 mg kg(-1)) treated group showed increased cross-linking of collagen fibres and absence of monocytes as compared to control. Methanol extract at 100 mg kg(-1) exhibited significant wound healing activity but was lesser than standard; whereas, in animals treated with 50 and 75 mg kg(-1) showed moderate activity. This investigation supported the ethnomedicinal claims of S. anacardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Lingaraju
- P.G. Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta 577 451, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lingaraju GM, Hoskeri HJ, Krishna V, Babu PS. Analgesic activity and acute toxicity study of Semecarpus anacardium stem bark extracts using mice. Pharmacognosy Res 2011; 3:57-61. [PMID: 21731397 PMCID: PMC3119273 DOI: 10.4103/0974-8490.79117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Revised: 09/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The analgesic activity of petroleum ether, chloroform and methanol extracts of Semecarpus anacardium was investigated by tail flicking and writhing method using acetyl salicylic acid as the standard reference. Materials and Methods: The staircase method was adopted for the determination of the acute toxicity. LD50 of the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract was 700 mg/kg; however, the LD50 for the methanol extract was 500 mg/kg. After 1 h of oral administration of the extracts, 0.6% acetic acid was administered intraperitoneally and the analgesic activity was evaluated. Results: The number of writhing observed in the control group was 73.33 writhes. The methanol extract showed a significant analgesic activity, with 28.33 writhes, than the petroleum ether extract and the chloroform extract. But, all the extracts showed proved to be less potent than the standard drug which showed 2.33 writhes. Animals pretreated with saline did not show a signify cant effect on the latent period of tail-flick response. The analgesic effect of the petroleum ether extract was comparatively less evident. The maximum possible analgesia (MPA) increased up to 9.1% which remained elevated above the basal levels throughout the observation period. The MPA calculated for the chloroform extract increased to 14.03%. However, the analgesic effect of the methanol extract was also observed at 0.5 h following oral administration and the effect remained significant throughout the 3 h observation period, and was increased to 20.43%. Conclusion: Consistent analgesic activity of all the three S. anacardium extracts was observed by both the methods. The methanol extract was more potent than the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts but was less effective than the standard drug. This investigation supported the ethnomedicinal claims of S. anacardium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G M Lingaraju
- P.G. Department of Studies and Research in Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, School of Biological Sciences, Kuvempu University, Shankaraghatta - 577 451, Karnataka, India
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Jaya A, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Modulation of oxidative/nitrosative stress and mitochondrial protective effect of Semecarpus anacardium in diabetic rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 62:507-13. [PMID: 20604841 DOI: 10.1211/jpp.62.04.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Oxidative and nitrosative stress play an important role in the complications of diabetes mellitus. Free radicals are produced when there is an electron leak in the mito-chondria and a change in the mitochondrial membrane potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate the role of Semecarpus anacardium in protecting the mito-chondria by modulating the production of reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species in diabetic rats. METHODS Diabetes was induced using streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and, starting 3 days after the induction, Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract was administered for 21 days. The same duration of study was used for control, diabetes-induced and drug control groups, together with a group treated with metformin. After the experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and the levels of superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, nitrate and nitrite were estimated. Changes in mitochondrial membrane potential, intracellular reactive oxygen species and intracellular calcium were also determined. Confocal laser microscopic images were taken for mitochondria isolated from the liver and kidneys. KEY FINDINGS The results of the study revealed that Semecarpus anacardium was able to decrease the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, and reverse the changes in mitochondrial membrane potential and the influx of calcium into the mitochondria. CONCLUSIONS The mitochondrial protective effect may be mediated by scavenging of free radicals and complexing of metal ions by virtue of the antioxidative effect of Semecarpus anacardium.
Collapse
|
6
|
Efficacy of Bacopa monniera (L.) Wettst in Alleviating Lysosomal Instability in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis in Rats. Inflammation 2010; 34:630-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s10753-010-9272-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
7
|
Lactobacillus casei reduces the Inflammatory Joint Damage Associated with Collagen-Induced Arthritis (CIA) by Reducing the Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines. J Clin Immunol 2010; 31:147-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s10875-010-9457-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
8
|
Semecarpus anacardium (Bhallataka) Alters the Glucose Metabolism and Energy Production in Diabetic Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2010; 2011. [PMID: 20924498 PMCID: PMC2949585 DOI: 10.1155/2011/142978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2010] [Revised: 05/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/27/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Glucose produced by gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis plays an important role in aggravating hyperglycemia in diabetes, and altered mitochondrial function is associated with impaired energy production. The present study focuses on the effect of Semecarpus anacardium on carbohydrate metabolism and energy production in diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced by the administration of Streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg.b.wt. Three days after the induction, Semecarpus anacardium at a dose of 300 mg/kg.b.wt was administered for 21 days. After the experimental duration, the activities of the enzymes involved in Glycolysis, TCA cycle, gluconeogenesis, and glycogen were assayed in the liver and kidney of the experimental animals. In addition, to the complexes the protein expression of AKT and PI3K were assayed. The levels of the enzymes involved in Glycolysis and TCA cycle increased, while that of gluconeogensis decreased. The activities of the mitochondrial complexes were also favorably modulated. The expressions of PI3K and AKT also increased in the skeletal muscle. These effects may be attributed to the hypoglycemic and the antioxidative activity of Semecarpus anacardium. The results of the study revealed that Semecarpus anacardium was able to restore the altered activities of the enzymes involved in carbohydrate metabolism and energy production.
Collapse
|
9
|
Jaya A, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Hypolipidemic activity of Semecarpus anacardium in Streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. Endocrine 2010; 38:11-7. [PMID: 20960096 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-010-9360-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 06/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in lipid metabolism and lipoprotein disturbances have played an important role in increasing the risk of cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetes. A drug that has hypoglycemic activity can be used for the treatment of hyperlipidemia also. The present study was carried out to evaluate the hypolipidemic activity of Semecarpus anacardium. Male Wister rats weighing 250-270 g were injected with Streptozotocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg body weight and administered with S. anacardium (300 mg/kg body weight) and Metformin (500 mg/kg body weight) for 21 days. Control and drug control groups were also included in the study. After the experimental duration, serum was collected, liver and kidney were excised and used for the analysis of lipid and lipid metabolizing enzymes. The results of the study revealed that S. anacardium administration was able to decrease the levels of LDL, cholesterol, VLDL, TG, phospholipid and free fatty acid and increase the HDL levels and favorably modulate the lipid metabolizing enzymes in the liver and kidney. These results show that S. anacardium exerts hypolipidemic activity in diabetic rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aseervatham Jaya
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr ALM Post Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Chennai, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Meera S, Kumar N, Guptatyam V. Screening of Anti-Arthritic, Anti-Inflammatory and Analgesic Activity of a Polyherbal Formulation. INT J PHARMACOL 2008. [DOI: 10.3923/ijp.2008.398.402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
11
|
Salubrious effect of Kalpaamruthaa, a modified indigenous preparation in adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats--a biochemical approach. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 173:148-58. [PMID: 18396268 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Revised: 02/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Interactions between the phytochemicals and drugs and their combinations are capable of providing longer remissions and perhaps a complete cure for many diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In addition to articular manifestations in RA, extra-articular signs involving reticuloendothelial and hepatic systems are an indication of more severe disease and thus, have prognostic value. OBJECTIVES The present study was designed to illustrate the beneficial outcome of the drug Kalpaamruthaa (constituting Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract, fresh dried powder of Emblica officinalis fruit and honey) in adjuvant-induced arthritic rat model with respect to the changes in extra-articular manifestation involving hematological and cellular constituents. MATERIAL AND METHODS Levels of hematological parameters, cellular constituents, activities of marker enzymes and the level of DNA damage were assessed in control, arthritis-induced, SA, KA and drug control treated rats. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Significant decrease (p<0.005) in the levels of Hb, RBC, PCV, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, plasma uric acid, urinary urea, uric acid, creatinine, FFA, HDL and significant increase (p<0.05) in the levels of WBC, platelet count, ESR, globulin, plasma creatinine, blood glucose, urea, AST, ALT, ALP, TC, FC, TG, PL, LDL and VLDL were observed in arthritic rats. No other significant change was observed in tissue DNA and RNA levels of control and experimental animals. On the contrary an increase in DNA damage was observed in arthritic rats when compared to control animals. The above said derangements were brought back to near normal levels upon SA and KA treatments and KA revealed a profound beneficial effect than SA. The enhanced effect of KA might be attributed to the combined effects of phytoconstituents such as flavonoids, tannins and other compounds such as vitamin C present in KA. Thus KA via this preliminary protective effect might contribute to the amelioration of the disease process.
Collapse
|
12
|
Rasool M, Sabina EP, Lavanya B. Anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Biol Pharm Bull 2007; 29:2483-7. [PMID: 17142986 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.29.2483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Spirulina fusiformis on adjuvant-induced arthritis in mice. Arthritis was induced by intra dermal injection of complete freund's adjuvant (0.1 ml) into the right hind paw of Swiss albino mice. Spirulina fusiformis (800 mg/kg/b.wt) was orally administered for 8 d (from 11th to 18th day) to arthritic animals after adjuvant injection. The anti-inflammatory activity of Spirulina fusiformis was assessed by measuring paw volume, body weight, levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes and glycoproteins in control and experimental animals. In adjuvant-induced arthritic animals, the levels of lysosomal enzymes, tissue marker enzymes, glycoproteins and the paw volume were increased significantly. However the body weight was found to be reduced when compared to control animals. Oral administration of Spirulina fusiformis (800 mg/kg/b.wt) significantly altered these above physical and biochemical changes observed in arthritic animals to near normal conditions. Hence results of this study clearly indicate that Spirulina fusiformis has promising anti-inflammatory activity against adjuvant-induced arthritic animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahaboobkhan Rasool
- School of Bio-engineering and Biosciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Deemed University, Tamilnadu, India.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Narendhira R, Subramania S, Kandaswamy M. Evaluation of Anti-inflammatory Activity of Cleome gynandra L. Leaf Extract on Acute and Chronic Inflammatory Arthritis Studied in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.3923/jpt.2007.44.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
14
|
Ramprasath VR, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Therapeutic effects of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on the changes associated with collagen and glycosaminoglycan metabolism in adjuvant arthritic Wistar rats. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 162:43-52. [PMID: 16797506 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2006.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2006] [Revised: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The effect of milk extract of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) was studied to gain some insight into this intriguing disease with reference to collagen metabolism. Arthritis was induced in rats by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant containing 10mg of heat killed mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 ml paraffin oil (0.1 ml) into the left hind paw of the rat intradermally. After 14 days of induction, SA (150 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered orally by gastric intubations for 14 days. Decreased levels of collagen and glycosaminoglycans (GAGS) components (chondroitin sulphate, heparan sulphate, hyaluronic acid) and increase in the levels of connective tissue degrading lysosomal glycohydrolases such as acid phosphatase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-N-acetyl glucosaminidase and cathepsin-D observed in arthritic animals were reverted back to near normal levels upon treatment with SA. The drug effectively regulated the uriniray markers of collagen metabolism namely hexosamine, hexuronic acid, hydroxyproline and total GAGS. Electron microscopic studies also revealed the protective effect of SA. Hence, it can be suggested that SA very effectively regulate the collagen metabolism that derange during arthritic condition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanu Ramkumar Ramprasath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Palanivelu Shanthi
- Department of Pathology, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
| | - Panchanatham Sachdanandam
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ramprasath VR, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Curative effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract against adjuvant arthritis—With special reference to bone metabolism. Chem Biol Interact 2006; 160:183-92. [PMID: 16513099 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2005.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 11/16/2005] [Accepted: 11/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Localised bone loss in the form of bone erosions and peri-articular osteopenia constitutes an important criteria for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. In the present study, the effect of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract (SA) on the metabolism of bone turn over has been studied by analyzing various markers of bone turnover and by histological and radiological analysis of the joints in adjuvant arthritis in rats. Arthritis was induced in rats by injecting Freund's complete adjuvant containing 10mg of heat killed mycobacterium tuberculosis in 1 ml paraffin oil (0.1 ml) into the left hind paw of the rat intradermally. After 14 days of induction, SA (150 mg/kg body weight/day) was administered orally by gastric intubations for 14 days. SA significantly reverted the alterations in the bone turnover observed in arthritic animals by modulating the levels of calcium, phosphorus and the activities of the enzymes names tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase. The drug increased the bone weights that were found to be decreased during arthritis. Protective effect of SA was also observed by the decrease in the levels and expression of tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) as well as the histopathological and radiological observations. From all these observations it can be concluded that SA possesses strong anti-arthritic property by regulating bone turnover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vanu Ramkumar Ramprasath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, DR. A.L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai 600113, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ramprasath VR, Shanthi P, Sachdanandam P. Effect ofSemecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract on rat neutrophil functions in adjuvant arthritis. Cell Biochem Funct 2006; 24:333-40. [PMID: 15912568 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils play an important role in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and various inflammatory conditions, by accumulation and liberation of active proteolytic enzymes. The effect of milk extract of Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nuts (SA) at a dosage of 150 mg kg(-1) body weight day(-1) for 14 days on adjuvant arthritis was studied to gain some insight into this intriguing disease in relation to neutrophil functions. The decreased phagocytic function of neutrophils (phagocytic index and avidity index) found in adjuvant arthritis was significantly increased by the administration of the drug SA. Increased levels of reactive oxygen species (superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, H2O2 and myeloperoxidase), lysosomal enzymes (acid phosphatase and cathepsin D) and increased accumulation of neutrophils in the joints observed in adjuvant arthritic animals were reverted back to near normal levels by treatment with SA. The results of this study indicate that SA can be considered to be a good therapeutic agent for inflammation and arthritis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V R Ramprasath
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr A. L. Mudaliar Post-Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Madras, Taramani Campus, Chennai, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Silva MARCP, Ishii-Iwamoto EL, Bracht A, Caparroz-Assef SM, Kimura E, Cuman RKN, Bersani-Amado CA. Efficiency of combined methotrexate/chloroquine therapy in adjuvant-induced arthritis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2005; 19:479-89. [PMID: 16011736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-8206.2005.00346.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the effects of methotrexate (MTX) and chloroquine (CQ), and of combined MTX + CQ treatment, on the inflammatory response and on plasma and liver phosphatase and transaminase activities, employing an adjuvant-induced arthritis model in rats. Arthritis was induced by the intradermal injection of a suspension of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in mineral oil into the plantar surface of the hind paws. Development of the inflammatory response was assessed over a 21-day period. Animal groups received either: (i) MTX, administered i.p., weekly, in 0.15, 1.5, 3, 6 or 12 mg/kg doses; (ii) CQ, given intragastrically, in daily 25 or 50 mg/kg doses; or (iii) MTX + CQ, administered in two combinations (MTX1.5 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg, or MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg). At the end of the experimental period, the animals were anesthetized and killed, blood and liver samples were collected and prepared for measurement of acid and alkaline phosphatase (AP, ALP), and aspartate (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activities. MTX at 6 and 12 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response while CQ had no effect. MTX6 mg/kg + CQ50 mg/kg reduced the inflammatory response similar to MTX12 mg/kg, without affecting the bone marrow. Plasma AP and liver ALP activities were very elevated in the arthritic rats. While MTX treatment partially reduced both plasma AP and liver ALP activities at all doses used in the arthritic rats, CQ treatment reduced plasma AP, but increased liver AP activity. MTX + CQ treatment decreased plasma AP and liver ALP activities in the arthritic rats to control values. Plasma and liver AST activities were unaltered in the arthritic rats, and were unaffected by treatment. However, plasma and liver ALT activities were significantly reduced in the arthritic rats. While MTX or CQ treatment did not alter plasma transaminase activity in the arthritic rats, after MTX + CQ treatment, plasma ALT activity returned to normal values. In conclusion, the present data suggest that MTX + CQ treatment provides more effective anti-inflammatory protection against adjuvant-induced arthritis than does MTX alone, reverting the alterations in enzyme activities induced by this inflammatory disease in rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A R C P Silva
- Laboratory of Inflammation, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Maringá, Bloco K80-sala 8, Avenida Colombo, 5790, 87020-900 Maringá- PR, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Sujatha V, Sachdanandam P. Recuperative effect of Semecarpus anacardium linn. nut milk extract on carbohydrate metabolizing enzymes in experimental mammary carcinoma-bearing rats. Phytother Res 2002; 16 Suppl 1:S14-8. [PMID: 11933133 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. of the family Anacardiaceae has many applications in the Ayurvedic and Siddha systems of medicine. We have tested the antitumour activity of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract against experimental mammary carcinoma in animals. As there is a direct relationship between the proliferation of tumour cells and the activities of the glycolytic and gluconeogenic enzymes, we studied changes in the activities of enzymes involved in this metabolic pathway in the liver and kidney. The enzymes investigated were glycolytic enzymes, namely hexokinase, phosphoglucoisomerase, aldolase and the gluconeogenic enzymes, namely glucose-6-phosphatase and fructose-1,6-biphosphatase in experimental rats. A significant rise in glycolytic enzyme activities and a simultaneous fall in gluconeogenic enzyme activities were found in mammary carcinoma bearing rats. Drug administration returned these enzyme activities to their respective control activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venugopal Sujatha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras Taramani Campus, Chennai - 600 113, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Premalatha B, Sachdanandam P. Stabilization of lysosomal membrane and cell membrane glycoprotein profile by Semecarpus anacardium linn. nut milk extract in experimental hepatocellular carcinoma. Phytother Res 2000; 14:352-5. [PMID: 10925401 DOI: 10.1002/1099-1573(200008)14:5<352::aid-ptr645>3.0.co;2-c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract administered orally at a dose of 200 mg/kg/day for 14 days exerted an in vivo stabilizing effect on lysosomal membrane and glycoprotein content in rat hepatocellular carcinoma. This was demonstrated in normal rats and in animals whose biomembranes were rendered fragile by induction of hepatocellular carcinoma with aflatoxin B(1) and subsequent treatment with Semecarpus anacardium nut extract. In this condition, the discharge of lysosomal enzymes increased significantly with a subsequent increase in glycoprotein components. The nut extract administration reversed these adverse changes to near normal in treated animals. The possible reason for this reversal is discussed. Such stabilization of biomembranes by Semecarpus anacardium nut extract may have a beneficial effect in the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma and other cancers involving abnormal fragility of lysosomes and glycoprotein content providing the extract demonstrates safety in a full toxicity study.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Premalatha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Madras, Chennai, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Premalatha B, Sachdanandam P. Semecarpus anacardium L. nut extract administration induces the in vivo antioxidant defence system in aflatoxin B1 mediated hepatocellular carcinoma. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 1999; 66:131-139. [PMID: 10433469 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-8741(99)00029-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The antioxidant defence system which plays a critical role in carcinogenesis is severely altered in aflatoxin B1 induced hepatocellular carcinoma conditions. In order to assess the antitumour activity of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract, a flavonoid containing drug, non-enzymic antioxidant levels were analysed in control and experimental animals. Plasma was analysed for uric acid, vitamin E and vitamin C. Glutathione, total thiols, non-protein thiols, vitamin E, vitamin C and cytochrome P450 were estimated in liver and kidney homogenates. Depletion of all these antioxidants were recorded in cancer conditions. These deleterious effects are controlled by the administration of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract. Following drug administration, there was a marked increase in antioxidant levels and a dramatic elevation in cytochrome P450 content. It can be concluded that the observed anticancer property of Semecarpus anacardium nut extract may also be explained by its strong antioxidant capacity and capability to induce the in vivo antioxidant system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Premalatha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Dr. A.L.M.P-G I.B.M.S., University of Madras, Chennai, India.
| | | |
Collapse
|