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Razazi A, Kakanezhadi A, Raisi A, Pedram B, Dezfoulian O, Davoodi F. D-limonene inhibits peritoneal adhesion formation in rats via anti-inflammatory, anti-angiogenic, and antioxidative effects. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:1077-1089. [PMID: 38308792 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01417-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of D-limonene on decreasing post-operative adhesion in rats and to understand the mechanisms involved. Peritoneal adhesions were induced by creating different incisions and excising a 1 × 1 cm section of the peritoneum. The experimental groups included a sham group, a control group in which peritoneal adhesions were induced without any treatment, and two treatment groups in which animals received D-limonene with dosages of 25 and 50 mg/kg after inducing peritoneal adhesions. Macroscopic examination of adhesions showed that both treatment groups had reduced adhesion bands in comparison to the control group. Immunohistochemical assessment of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF on day 14 revealed a significant increment in the level of immunopositive cells for the mentioned markers in the control group, whereas administration of limonene in both doses significantly reduced levels of TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF (P < 0.05). Induction of peritoneal adhesions in the control group significantly increased TGF-β1, TNF-α, and VEGF on days 3 and 14 in western blot evaluation, while treatment with limonene significantly reduced TNF-α level on day 14 (P < 0.05). Moreover, VEGF levels in both treatment groups significantly reduced on days 3 and 14. In the control group, a significant increment in the levels of MDA and NO and a notable decline in the levels of GPX, CAT was observed (P < 0.05). Limonene 50 group significantly reduced MDA level and increased GPx and CAT levels on day 14 (P < 0.05). In summary, D-limonene reduced adhesion bands, inflammatory cytokines, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Razazi
- Department of Veterinary, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Ali Kakanezhadi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Abbas Raisi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Behnam Pedram
- Department of Veterinary, Shoushtar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shoushtar, Iran
| | - Omid Dezfoulian
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Lorestan University, Khorramabad, Iran.
| | - Farshid Davoodi
- Department of Surgery and Diagnostic Imaging, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
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Ferrandino G, Ricciardi F, Murgia A, Banda I, Manhota M, Ahmed Y, Sweeney K, Nicholson-Scott L, McConville L, Gandelman O, Allsworth M, Boyle B, Smolinska A, Ginesta Frings CA, Contreras J, Asenjo-Lobos C, Barrientos V, Clavo N, Novoa A, Riviotta A, Jerez M, Méndez L. Exogenous Volatile Organic Compound (EVOC ®) Breath Testing Maximizes Classification Performance for Subjects with Cirrhosis and Reveals Signs of Portal Hypertension. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2957. [PMID: 38001958 PMCID: PMC10669625 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11112957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Cirrhosis detection in primary care relies on low-performing biomarkers. Consequently, up to 75% of subjects with cirrhosis receive their first diagnosis with decompensation when causal treatments are less effective at preserving liver function. We investigated an unprecedented approach to cirrhosis detection based on dynamic breath testing. Methods: We enrolled 29 subjects with cirrhosis (Child-Pugh A and B), and 29 controls. All subjects fasted overnight. Breath samples were taken using Breath Biopsy® before and at different time points after the administration of 100 mg limonene. Absolute limonene breath levels were measured using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: All subjects showed a >100-fold limonene spike in breath after administration compared to baseline. Limonene breath kinetics showed first-order decay in >90% of the participants, with higher bioavailability in the cirrhosis group. At the Youden index, baseline limonene levels showed classification performance with an area under the roc curve (AUROC) of 0.83 ± 0.012, sensitivity of 0.66 ± 0.09, and specificity of 0.83 ± 0.07. The best performing timepoint post-administration was 60 min, with an AUROC of 0.91, sensitivity of 0.83 ± 0.07, and specificity of 0.9 ± 0.06. In the cirrhosis group, limonene bioavailability showed a correlation with MELD and fibrosis indicators, and was associated with signs of portal hypertension. Conclusions: Dynamic limonene breath testing enhances diagnostic performance for cirrhosis compared to static testing. The correlation with disease severity suggests potential for monitoring therapeutic interventions. Given the non-invasive nature of breath collection, a dynamic limonene breath test could be implemented in primary care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Ferrandino
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Federico Ricciardi
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Antonio Murgia
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Iris Banda
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Menisha Manhota
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Yusuf Ahmed
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Kelly Sweeney
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | | | - Lucinda McConville
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Olga Gandelman
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Max Allsworth
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Billy Boyle
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
| | - Agnieszka Smolinska
- Owlstone Medical, 183 Cambridge Science Park, Milton Road, Cambridge CB4 0GJ, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism (NUTRIM), Maastricht University Medical Center, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Carmen A. Ginesta Frings
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
| | - Jorge Contreras
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - Claudia Asenjo-Lobos
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610315, Chile
| | | | - Nataly Clavo
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
| | - Angela Novoa
- Laboratorio de Fisiología Digestiva, Clínica Alemana, Santiago 7650568, Chile
| | - Amy Riviotta
- Centro de Estudios Clínicos, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina (ICIM), Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago 7610315, Chile
| | - Melissa Jerez
- Nursing School, Universidad de Las Américas, Santiago 8242125, Chile
| | - Luis Méndez
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopía, Clínica Alemana, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana, Universidad de Desarrollo, Santiago 7650568, Chile
- Unidad de Endoscopia, Hospital Padre Hurtado, Santiago 8880465, Chile
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Eddin LB, Azimullah S, Jha NK, Nagoor Meeran MF, Beiram R, Ojha S. Limonene, a Monoterpene, Mitigates Rotenone-Induced Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration by Modulating Neuroinflammation, Hippo Signaling and Apoptosis in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065222. [PMID: 36982297 PMCID: PMC10049348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Rotenone (ROT) is a naturally derived pesticide and a well-known environmental neurotoxin associated with induction of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Limonene (LMN), a naturally occurring monoterpene, is found ubiquitously in citrus fruits and peels. There is enormous interest in finding novel therapeutic agents that can cure or halt the progressive degeneration in PD; therefore, the main aim of this study is to investigate the potential neuroprotective effects of LMN employing a rodent model of PD measuring parameters of oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and apoptosis to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. PD in experimental rats was induced by intraperitoneal injection of ROT (2.5 mg/kg) five days a week for a total of 28 days. The rats were treated with LMN (50 mg/kg, orally) along with intraperitoneal injection of ROT (2.5 mg/kg) for the same duration as in ROT-administered rats. ROT injections induced a significant loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and DA striatal fibers following activation of glial cells (astrocytes and microglia). ROT treatment enhanced oxidative stress, altered NF-κB/MAPK signaling and motor dysfunction, and enhanced the levels/expressions of inflammatory mediators and proinflammatory cytokines in the brain. There was a concomitant mitochondrial dysfunction followed by the activation of the Hippo signaling and intrinsic pathway of apoptosis as well as altered mTOR signaling in the brain of ROT-injected rats. Oral treatment with LMN corrected the majority of the biochemical, pathological, and molecular parameters altered following ROT injections. Our study findings demonstrate the efficacy of LMN in providing protection against ROT-induced neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lujain Bader Eddin
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sheikh Azimullah
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Mohamed Fizur Nagoor Meeran
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rami Beiram
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Zayed Bin Sultan Center for Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Al Ain P.O. Box 15551, United Arab Emirates
- Correspondence:
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Pharmacokinetic and Permeation Studies in Rat Brain of Natural Compounds Led to Investigate Eugenol as Direct Activator of Dopamine Release in PC12 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021800. [PMID: 36675321 PMCID: PMC9862186 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Eugenol, cinnamaldehyde and D-limonene, the main components of natural essential oils, are endowed with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which allow them to induce beneficial effects on intestinal, cardiac and neuronal levels. In order to characterize their pharmacokinetic profiles and aptitude to permeate in the central nervous system after intravenous and oral administration to rats, new analytical procedures, easily achievable with HPLC-UV techniques, were developed. The terminal half-lives of these compounds range from 12.4 ± 0.9 (D-limonene) and 23.1 ± 1.6 min (cinnamaldehyde); their oral bioavailability appears relatively poor, ranging from 4.25 ± 0.11% (eugenol) to 7.33 ± 0.37% (cinnamaldehyde). Eugenol evidences a marked aptitude to permeate in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of rats following both intravenous and oral administrations, whereas cinnamaldehyde appears able to reach the CSF only after intravenous administration; limonene is totally unable to permeate in the CSF. Eugenol was therefore recruited for in vitro studies of viability and time-/dose-dependent dopamine release in neuronal differentiated PC12 cells (a recognized cellular model mimicking dopaminergic neurons), evidencing its ability to increase cell viability and to induce dopamine release according to a U-shaped time-course curve. Moreover, concentration-response data suggest that eugenol may induce beneficial effects against Parkinson's disease after oral administration.
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5
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Development and validation of a method for determining d-limonene and its oxidation products in vegetables and soil using GC–MS. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.107470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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6
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Wiśniewski O, Rajczewski A, Szumigała A, Gibas-Dorna M. Diet-Induced Adipocyte Browning. POL J FOOD NUTR SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.31883/pjfns/143164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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7
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Liktor-Busa E, Keresztes A, LaVigne J, Streicher JM, Largent-Milnes TM. Analgesic Potential of Terpenes Derived from Cannabis sativa. Pharmacol Rev 2021; 73:98-126. [PMID: 34663685 PMCID: PMC11060501 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.120.000046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pain prevalence among adults in the United States has increased 25% over the past two decades, resulting in high health-care costs and impacts to patient quality of life. In the last 30 years, our understanding of pain circuits and (intra)cellular mechanisms has grown exponentially, but this understanding has not yet resulted in improved therapies. Options for pain management are limited. Many analgesics have poor efficacy and are accompanied by severe side effects such as addiction, resulting in a devastating opioid abuse and overdose epidemic. These problems have encouraged scientists to identify novel molecular targets and develop alternative pain therapeutics. Increasing preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that cannabis has several beneficial pharmacological activities, including pain relief. Cannabis sativa contains more than 500 chemical compounds, with two principle phytocannabinoids, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Beyond phytocannabinoids, more than 150 terpenes have been identified in different cannabis chemovars. Although the predominant cannabinoids, Δ9-THC and CBD, are thought to be the primary medicinal compounds, terpenes including the monoterpenes β-myrcene, α-pinene, limonene, and linalool, as well as the sesquiterpenes β-caryophyllene and α-humulene may contribute to many pharmacological properties of cannabis, including anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. The aim of this review is to summarize our current knowledge about terpene compounds in cannabis and to analyze the available scientific evidence for a role of cannabis-derived terpenes in modern pain management. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Decades of research have improved our knowledge of cannabis polypharmacy and contributing phytochemicals, including terpenes. Reform of the legal status for cannabis possession and increased availability (medicinal and recreational) have resulted in cannabis use to combat the increasing prevalence of pain and may help to address the opioid crisis. Better understanding of the pharmacological effects of cannabis and its active components, including terpenes, may assist in identifying new therapeutic approaches and optimizing the use of cannabis and/or terpenes as analgesic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Attila Keresztes
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Justin LaVigne
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John M Streicher
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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8
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de Alvarenga JFR, Genaro B, Costa BL, Purgatto E, Manach C, Fiamoncini J. Monoterpenes: current knowledge on food source, metabolism, and health effects. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:1352-1389. [PMID: 34387521 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1963945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Monoterpenes, volatile metabolites produced by plants, are involved in the taste and aroma perception of fruits and vegetables and have been used for centuries in gastronomy, as food preservatives and for therapeutic purposes. Biological activities such as antimicrobial, analgesic and anti-inflammatory are well-established for some of these molecules. More recently, the ability of monoterpenes to regulate energy metabolism, and exert antidiabetic, anti-obesity and gut microbiota modulation activities have been described. Despite their promising health effects, the lack of reliable quantification of monoterpenes in food, hindered the investigation of their role as dietary bioactive compounds in epidemiological studies. Moreover, only few studies have documented the biotransformation of these compounds and identified the monoterpene metabolites with biological activity. This review presents up-to-date knowledge about the occurrence of monoterpenes in food, their bioavailability and potential role in the modulation of intermediate metabolism and inflammation, focusing on novel findings of molecular mechanisms, underlining research gaps and new avenues to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Fernando Rinaldi de Alvarenga
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Brunna Genaro
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lamesa Costa
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Purgatto
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudine Manach
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRAE, UNH, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Jarlei Fiamoncini
- Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition. Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Food Research Center (FoRC), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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9
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Chemical characterization and in vitro anthelmintic activity of Citrus bergamia Risso and Citrus X paradisii Macfad essential oil against Haemonchus contortus Kirby isolate. Acta Trop 2021; 217:105869. [PMID: 33631121 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Haemonchus contortus, a blood-sucking parasite of small ruminants, produces very important economic losses in the productive sector. This abomasum parasite has become resistant to most commercial drugs worldwide, and alternatives to fight this problem are urgently needed. Essential oils (EO) are a complex mixture of volatile secondary metabolites, composed mainly by terpenoids and phenolic compounds, from plants that have several pharmacological properties, including anthelmintic activity. Particularly, citrus peel is a source of cold-pressed EO, where limonene is its major component, and can be used as an additional food component for ruminants. The aim of the present work was to determine the in vitro anthelmintic activity of EO from Citrus bergamia (EOB), C. x paradisii (EOG) and limonene against the benzimidazole-susceptible Kirby isolate of H. contortus, using the egg hatch test (EHT) and the exsheathed third stage larval motility test (XLMT) using a WMicroTracker equipment. Albendazole (ABZ) and monepantel (MON) were used as positive controls. The 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50) in XLMT were 8.77 and 13.88 µg/ml for EOB and EOG respectively, after an incubation of 72 h. An interesting observation on XLMT resulted when the positive controls were tested on the same plate, but in different well of the EOB. The volatile components of the EO significantly influenced (P < 0.05) the percentage of larval motility, reducing values from 66.9 to 19.6% for ABZ, and from 72.8 to 33.7% for MON, when comparing the activity of positive controls in a control plate without EO. The in vitro anthelmintic activity of EOB and EOG shows that they could be interesting candidates for nematode control. It is still necessary additional studies against the adult stage of H. contortus in efficacy trials in infected animals to validate their anthelmintic activity.
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10
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Chen C, Sheng Y, Hu Y, Sun J, Li W, Feng H, Tang L. Determination of d-limonene in mice plasma and tissues by a new GC-MS/MS method: Comparison of the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution by oral and inhalation administration in mice. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4530. [PMID: 30845345 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to develop a method based on gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) to determine and quantify the d-limonene in mouse plasma and tissue samples. This new method was validated for the quantification of d-limonene with the linearity ranges 1.0-1000.0 ng/mL (r2 > 0.9952) for plasma samples and 5.0-5000.0 ng/g (r2 > 0.9940) for tissue samples. The intra- and inter-day assay of precisions in plasma and tissues were <13.4% and the accuracies were within 91.1-105.8%. In the oral/inhalation administration pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution studies, the main pharmacokinetic parameters were the peak concentration = (97.150 ± 34.450)/(4336.415 ± 1142.418) ng/mL, the area under the curve = (162.828± 27.447)/(2085.721 ± 547.787) h ng/mL and the half-life = (3.196 ± 0.825)/(0.989 ± 0.095) h. The tissue distribution of d-limonene in mice after oral/inhalation administration demonstrated a decreasing tendency in different tissues (liver > kidney > heart > lung > spleen).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunhua Sheng
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Li
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongmin Feng
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liming Tang
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
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11
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Zhu Y, Xu W, Zhang J, Liao Y, Firempong CK, Adu-Frimpong M, Deng W, Zhang H, Yu J, Xu X. Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Improved Oral Delivery of Limonene: Preparation, Characterization, in vitro and in vivo Evaluation. AAPS PharmSciTech 2019; 20:153. [PMID: 30915610 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-019-1361-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current investigation aimed at formulating self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) to ameliorate oral bioavailability of a hydrophobic functional ingredient, limonene. Solubility test, compatibility test, and pseudo-ternary phase diagrams (PTPD) were adopted to screen the optimal compositions of limonene-SMEDDS (L-SMEDDS). The characteristics of this system assessed in vitro, mainly included determination of particle size distribution, observation of morphology via transmission electron microscopy (TEM), testing of drug release in different dissolution media, and evaluation of stability. The oral bioavailability study in vivo of the formulated limonene was performed in rats with the free limonene as the reference. Compared with the free limonene, the distribution study of L-SMEDDS was conducted in Kunming mice after oral administration. The optimized SMEDDS (ethyl oleate, 14.2%; Cremophor EL, 28.6%; isopropanol, 28.6%; and loaded limonene, 28.6%) under the TEM (about 100 nm) was spherical with no significant variations in size/appearance for 30 days at 4, 25, and 60°C. In comparison with free limonene, higher than 89.0% of limonene was released from SMEDDS within 10 min in different dissolution media. An in vivo study showed a 3.71-fold improved oral bioavailability of the formulated limonene compared to the free limonene. The tissue distribution results showed that limonene predominantly accumulated in the various tissues for the L-SMEDDS compared with the free limonene. Hence, L-SMEDDS could remarkably improve the concentration of limonene in the various organs. These findings hinted that the oral bioavailability of limonene could be improved via an effectual delivery system like SMEDDS.
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12
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Review of toxicological assessment of d-limonene, a food and cosmetics additive. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 120:668-680. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.07.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Lorjaroenphon Y, Cadwallader KR. Identification of character-impact odorants in a cola-flavored carbonated beverage by quantitative analysis and omission studies of aroma reconstitution models. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:776-786. [PMID: 25529113 DOI: 10.1021/jf504954p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Thirty aroma-active components of a cola-flavored carbonated beverage were quantitated by stable isotope dilution assays, and their odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. The OAV results revealed that 1,8-cineole, (R)-(-)-linalool, and octanal made the greatest contribution to the overall aroma of the cola. A cola aroma reconstitution model was constructed by adding 20 high-purity standards to an aqueous sucrose-phosphoric acid solution. The results of headspace solid-phase microextraction and sensory analyses were used to adjust the model to better match authentic cola. The rebalanced model was used as a complete model for the omission study. Sensory results indicated that omission of a group consisting of methyleugenol, (E)-cinnamaldehyde, eugenol, and (Z)- and (E)-isoeugenols differed from the complete model, while omission of the individual components of this group did not differ from the complete model. These results indicate that a balance of numerous odorants is responsible for the characteristic aroma of cola-flavored carbonated beverages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowapa Lorjaroenphon
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agro-Industry, Kasetsart University , 50 Ngamwongwan Road, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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Hausch BJ, Lorjaroenphon Y, Cadwallader KR. Flavor chemistry of lemon-lime carbonated beverages. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:112-119. [PMID: 25494537 DOI: 10.1021/jf504852z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The most potent aroma-active components of Sprite (SP), Sierra Mist (SM), and 7UP (7UP) were identified. Aroma extracts were prepared by liquid–liquid continuous extraction/solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (LLCE/SAFE). Twenty-eight compounds were detected by gas chromatography–olfactometry (GC-O) with linalool (floral, lavender), octanal (pungent orange), and 2,3-dehydro-1,8-cineole (minty) determined to be predominant aroma compounds based on their high flavor dilution (FD) factors by aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). The data indicate that lemon-lime flavor is composed of a small number of compounds (22 at the most in SM), and only a subset of these may be important because many compounds were detected only at low FD factors. Predominant aroma compounds (23) were quantified using static headspace solid phase microextraction (SPME) combined with stable isotope dilution assays (SIDA). In contrast to FD factors, the calculated odor-activity values (OAVs) indicate that octanal and limonene make the greatest contribution to the overall aroma of lemon-lime carbonated beverages, followed by nonanal, decanal, linalool, 1,8-cineole, and geranyl acetate. The results demonstrate that lemon-lime carbonated beverages share many of the same compounds but the relative abundance of these compounds varies by brand.
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Kim YW, Kim MJ, Chung BY, Bang DY, Lim SK, Choi SM, Lim DS, Cho MC, Yoon K, Kim HS, Kim KB, Kim YS, Kwack SJ, Lee BM. Safety evaluation and risk assessment of d-Limonene. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2013; 16:17-38. [PMID: 23573938 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2013.769418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
d-Limonene, a major constituent of citrus oils, is a monoterpene widely used as a flavor/fragrance additive in cosmetics, foods, and industrial solvents as it possesses a pleasant lemon-like odor. d-Limonene has been designated as a chemical with low toxicity based upon lethal dose (LD50) and repeated-dose toxicity studies when administered orally to animals. However, skin irritation or sensitizing potential was reported following widespread use of this agent in various consumer products. In experimental animals and humans, oxidation products or metabolites of d-limonene were shown to act as skin irritants. Carcinogenic effects have also been observed in male rats, but the mode of action (MOA) is considered irrelevant for humans as the protein α(2u)-globulin responsible for this effect in rodents is absent in humans. Thus, the liver was identified as a critical target organ following oral administration of d-limonene. Other than the adverse dermal effects noted in humans, other notable toxic effects of d-limonene have not been reported. The reference dose (RfD), the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), and the systemic exposure dose (SED) were determined and found to be 2.5 mg/kg/d, 250 mg/kg//d, and 1.48 mg/kg/d, respectively. Consequently, the margin of exposure (MOE = NOAEL/SED) of 169 was derived based upon the data, and the hazard index (HI = SED/RfD) for d-limonene is 0.592. Taking into consideration conservative estimation, d-limonene appears to exert no serious risk for human exposure. Based on adverse effects and risk assessments, d-limonene may be regarded as a safe ingredient. However, the potential occurrence of skin irritation necessitates regulation of this chemical as an ingredient in cosmetics. In conclusion, the use of d-limonene in cosmetics is safe under the current regulatory guidelines for cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Woo Kim
- Division of Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, South Korea
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Miller JA, Thompson PA, Hakim IA, Chow HHS, Thomson CA. d-Limonene: a bioactive food component from citrus and evidence for a potential role in breast cancer prevention and treatment. Oncol Rev 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s12156-010-0066-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Miller JA, Hakim IA, Thomson C, Thompson P, Chow HHS. Determination of d-limonene in adipose tissue by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 870:68-73. [PMID: 18571481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 06/02/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
We developed a novel method for analyzing d-limonene levels in adipose tissue. Fat samples were subjected to saponification followed by solvent extraction. d-Limonene in the sample extract was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring. Linear calibration curves were established over the mass range of 79.0-2529 ng d-limonene per 0.1g of adipose tissue. Satisfactory within-day precision (R.S.D. 6.7-9.6%) and accuracy (%difference of -2.7 to 3.8%) and between-day precision (R.S.D. 6.0-10.7%) and accuracy (%difference of 1.8-2.6%) were achieved. The assay was successfully applied to human fat biopsy samples from a d-limonene feeding trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Miller
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Bisson JF, Menut C, d'Alessio P. Anti-Inflammatory Senescence Actives 5203-L Molecule to Promote Healthy Aging and Prolongation of Lifespan. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:399-407. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bisson
- Department of Cancerology and Human Pathologies, ETAP-Applied Ethology, Technopôle de Nancy-Brabois, Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy, France
| | - Chantal Menut
- Equipe Glycochimie Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS UM1-UM2 ENSCM, CC 453, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Wang S, Chen Y, Gao Z, Xiong M, Zhong Z, Ye L. Gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric analysis of d-limonene in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2007; 44:1095-9. [PMID: 17540528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2007.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 03/18/2007] [Accepted: 04/17/2007] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
d-Limonene shows carminative and cholagogue effects and is used in treatment of gallstone, cholecystitis and angiocholitis. A simple method was developed to determine the concentration of d-limonene in human plasma. d-Limonene and internal standard (naphthalane, C(10)H(18)) were extracted with n-hexane and then injected to GC-MS. Calibration curves were linear (r=0.9990, n=6) in the range of 2-500 ng/ml for d-limonene in human plasma. Limit of detection and quantification were 0.5 and 2 ng/ml, respectively. This rapid and specific method was applied to the clinical pharmacokinetic investigation of d-limonene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shurong Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Luzhou Medical College, Luzhou 646000, PR China
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Kamaleeswari M, Deeptha K, Sengottuvelan M, Nalini N. Effect of dietary caraway (Carum carvi L.) on aberrant crypt foci development, fecal steroids, and intestinal alkaline phosphatase activities in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colon carcinogenesis. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2006; 214:290-6. [PMID: 16483625 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2006.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2005] [Revised: 12/03/2005] [Accepted: 01/03/2006] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common malignancies in many regions of the world and is thought to arise from the accumulation of mutations in a single epithelial cell of the colon and rectum. Caraway (Carum carvi L. Umbelliferae) is a shrub with a long history as a medicinal plant since ancient times. The effect of different doses of caraway (CC) on the formation of aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and the levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities were studied in 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon cancer in rats. Animals were randomized into 6 groups. Group 1 served as control, and group 2 received 90 mg/kg body weight caraway orally everyday. Groups 3-6 rats were given subcutaneous injections of DMH (20 mg/kg body weight) once a week for the first 4 weeks to induce ACF. Rats in groups 4-6, in addition to DMH injections, received caraway at 30, 60, and 90 mg/kg body weight respectively p.o. everyday until the end of whole experimental period of 15 weeks. Caraway supplementation significantly reduced ACF development and also decreased the levels of fecal bile acids, neutral sterols, and tissue ALP activities. The histological alterations induced by DMH were also significantly improved. Overall, our results showed that all 3 doses of caraway inhibited tumorigenesis though the effect of the intermediary dose of 60 mg/kg body weight was more pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muthaiyan Kamaleeswari
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar-608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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Kemper RA, Nabb DL, Gannon SA, Snow TA, Api AM. COMPARATIVE METABOLISM OF GERANYL NITRILE AND CITRONELLYL NITRILE IN MOUSE, RAT, AND HUMAN HEPATOCYTES. Drug Metab Dispos 2006; 34:1019-29. [PMID: 16540590 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.105.005496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Geranyl nitrile (GN) and citronellyl nitrile (CN) are fragrance components used in consumer and personal care products. Differences in the clastogenicity of these two terpenes are postulated to result from differential biotransformation, presumably involving the conjugated nitrile moiety. The metabolic clearance and biotransformation of GN and CN were compared in primary hepatocytes from mice, rats, and humans. For determination of intrinsic clearance, GN and CN were incubated with hepatocytes in sealed vials, and the headspace was sampled periodically by solid-phase microextraction and analyzed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. For metabolite identification, GN and CN were incubated with hepatocytes from each species for 60 min, and reaction mixtures were extracted and analyzed by mass spectroscopy. Both GN and CN were rapidly metabolized in hepatocytes from all species (T1/2, 0.7-11.6 min). Within a species, intrinsic clearance was similar for both compounds and increased in the order human < rat << mouse. Major common pathways for biotransformation of GN and CN involved 1) epoxidation of the 6-alkenyl moiety followed by conjugation with glutathione, 2) hydroxylation of the terminal methyl group(s) followed by direct conjugation with glucuronic acid in rodents or further oxidation to the corresponding acid in human cells, and 3) hydroxylation of the allylic C5 position. No evidence for either phase I or phase II metabolism of the conjugated nitrile moiety was obtained. Thus, the presumed metabolic basis for differences in genotoxicity remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond A Kemper
- DuPont Haskell Laboratory for Health and Environmental Sciences, Newark, Delaware, USA.
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Bouchonnet S, Libong D, Sablier M. Low pressure chemical ionization in ion trap mass spectrometry. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY (CHICHESTER, ENGLAND) 2004; 10:509-521. [PMID: 15302976 DOI: 10.1255/ejms.649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This article presents the specificities of low pressure chemical ionization in ion trap mass spectrometry. One main feature is the ability to perform chemical ionization with liquid reagents as readily as with "conventional" gases (methane, isobutane and ammonia). The reactivities and analytical applications of gas and liquid reagents are summarized from literature data and are compared when possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphane Bouchonnet
- Département de Chimie des Mécanismes Réactionnels, Ecole Polytechnique, route de Saclay, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.
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Abstract
Alicyclic monoterpenes are not only used as flavoring substances, but many have also been used in herbal products and as home remedies. Their formal use as potential drugs has recently been recognized. Consequently, the previous emphasis of the analytical methods on separation and identification of components has now evolved to the development of highly sensitive and specific quantitation methods capable of measuring the parent compounds and metabolites in biological fluids in order to meet the demand in drug development. This review aims to survey and describe major quantitative methods for some of the monoterpenes that possess medicinal applications. This review also comments on the favorable aspects of some of these assay methods as well as future trends.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Chan
- Colleges of Pharmacy and Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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