1
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Yang Y, Schena GJ, Wang T, Houser SR. Postsurgery echocardiography can predict the amount of ischemia-reperfusion injury and the resultant scar size. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H690-H698. [PMID: 33356964 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00672.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic heart disease (IHD), it remains the leading cause of death globally. Thus, there is a need to investigate the underlying pathophysiology and develop new therapies for the prevention and treatment of IHD. Murine models are widely used in IHD research because they are readily available, relatively inexpensive, and can be genetically modified to explore mechanistic questions. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R)-induced myocardial infarction in mice is produced by the blockage followed by reperfusion of the left anterior descending branch (LAD) to imitate human IHD disease and its treatment. This I/R model can be widely used to investigate the potential reparative effect of putative treatments in the setting of reperfusion. However, the surgical technique is demanding and can produce an inconsistent amount of damage, which can make identification of treatment effects challenging. Therefore, determining which hearts have been significantly damaged by I/R is an important consideration in studies designed to either explore the mechanisms of disrupted function or test possible therapies. Noninvasive echocardiography (ECHO) is often used to determine structural and functional changes in the mouse heart following injury. In the present study, we determined that ECHO performed 3 days post I/R surgery could predict the permanent injury produced by the ischemic insult.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We believe our work is noteworthy due to its creation of standards for early evaluation of the level of myocardial injury in mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion. This improvement to study design could reduce the sample sizes used in evaluating therapeutics and lead to increased confidence in conclusions drawn regarding the therapeutic efficacy of treatments tested in these translational mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yang
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Giana J Schena
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tao Wang
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven R Houser
- Independence Blue Cross Cardiovascular Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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2
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Ding J, Chen YX, Chen Y, Mou Y, Sun XT, Dai DP, Zhao CZ, Yang J, Hu SJ, Guo X. Overexpression of FNTB and the activation of Ras induce hypertrophy and promote apoptosis and autophagic cell death in cardiomyocytes. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:8998-9011. [PMID: 32579303 PMCID: PMC7417704 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Farnesyltransferase (FTase) is an important enzyme that catalyses the modification of protein isoprene downstream of the mevalonate pathway. Previous studies have shown that the tissue of the heart in the suprarenal abdominal aortic coarctation (AAC) group showed overexpression of FTaseβ (FNTB) and the activation of the downstream protein Ras was enhanced. FTase inhibitor (FTI) can alleviate myocardial fibrosis and partly improve cardiac remodelling in spontaneously hypertensive rats. However, the exact role and mechanism of FTase in myocardial hypertrophy and remodelling are not fully understood. Here, we used recombinant adenovirus to transfect neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes to study the effect of FNTB overexpression on myocardial remodelling and explore potential mechanisms. The results showed that overexpression of FNTB induces neonatal rat ventricular myocyte hypertrophy and reduces the survival rate of cardiomyocytes. FNTB overexpression induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and increased apoptosis in cardiomyocytes. FNTB overexpression also promotes autophagosome formation and the accumulation of autophagy substrate protein, LC3II. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and mCherry‐GFP tandem fluorescent‐tagged LC3 (tfLC3) showed that FNTB overexpression can activate autophagy flux by enhancing autophagosome conversion to autophagolysosome. Overactivated autophagy flux can be blocked by bafilomycin A1. In addition, salirasib (a Ras farnesylcysteine mimetic) can alleviate the hypertrophic phenotype of cardiomyocytes and inhibit the up‐regulation of apoptosis and autophagy flux induced by FNTB overexpression. These results suggest that FTase may have a potential role in future treatment strategies to limit the adverse consequences of cardiac hypertrophy, cardiac dysfunction and heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ding
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu X Chen
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yun Mou
- Echocardiography and Vascular Ultrasound Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao T Sun
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dong P Dai
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen Z Zhao
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shen J Hu
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaogang Guo
- Institute of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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3
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Rouatbi H, Farhat N, Heying R, Gérard A, Vazquez-Jimenez JF, Seghaye MC. Right Atrial Myocardial Remodeling in Children With Atrial Septal Defect Involves Inflammation, Growth, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:40. [PMID: 32117843 PMCID: PMC7033500 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Myocardial remodeling due to large atrial septum defect (ASD) is macroscopically characterized by dilation of the right-sided cardiac cavities secondary to volume overload, the cellular mechanisms of which are not yet understood. We postulated that inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death are actors of right atrial remodeling secondary to ASD. Patients and Methods: In 12 children with large ASD (median age: 63 months), expression of genes coding for proteins involved in the response to cell stress and -protection, inflammation, growth and angiogenesis, fibrosis, and apoptosis was assessed by RT-PCR in right atrial myocardial biopsies taken during cardiac surgery. The presence of cytokines in myocardial cells was confirmed by immunohistochemistry and effective apoptosis by TUNEL assay. Results: In all patients investigated, a cellular response to early mechanical stress with the initiation of early protective mechanisms, of inflammation (and its control), -growth, and -angiogenesis, of fibrosis and apoptosis was present. The apoptotic index assessed by TUNEL assay averaged 0.3%. Conclusions: In children with large ASD, macroscopic right atrial remodeling relates to cellular mechanisms involving the expression of numerous genes that either still act to protect cells and tissues but that also harm as they initiate and/or sustain inflammation, fibrosis, and cell death by apoptosis. This may contribute to long term morbidity in patients with ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Rouatbi
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Nesrine Farhat
- Department of Pediatrics & Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Ruth Heying
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, University Hospital Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Arlette Gérard
- Department of Pediatrics, GIGA Neurosciences, University Hospital Liège, Liège, Belgium
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4
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In vivo detection of programmed cell death during mouse heart development. Cell Death Differ 2019; 27:1398-1414. [PMID: 31570857 PMCID: PMC7205869 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0426-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the great progress on the cell biology of programmed cell death (PCD), its incidence and exact time course during embryonic and particular heart development are still unclear. This is also due to the lack of models enabling to directly identify and monitor PCD cells at different time points in vivo. Herein we report generation of transgenic murine embryonic stem cell and mouse models expressing secreted Annexin V-YFP under control of the CAG promoter. This enables to visualize and quantify PCD in vitro and in vivo during embryonic development. At early embryonic stages we found Annexin V-YFP+ fluorescent cells in known areas of PCD, such as the otic ring and at the site of neural tube closing, underscoring its specificity for detection of PCD. We have focused our detailed analysis primarily on PCD in the embryonic heart for a better understanding of its role during development. Our findings reveal that PCD peaks at early stages of cardiogenesis (E9.5-E13.5) and strongly decreases thereafter. Moreover, the PCD cells in the heart are predominantly cardiomyocytes, and an unexpected area of prominent cardiac PCD are the ventricular trabeculae (E9.5-E14.5). Thus, the sA5-YFP mouse line provides novel insight into the incidence and relevance of cardiac PCD during embryonic development ex- and in vivo.
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5
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Xue L, Borné Y, Mattisson IY, Wigren M, Melander O, Ohro-Melander M, Bengtsson E, Fredrikson GN, Nilsson J, Engström G. FADD, Caspase-3, and Caspase-8 and Incidence of Coronary Events. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017; 37:983-989. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.308995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective—
To investigate the relationship between 3 markers of apoptosis, that is, FADD (Fas-associated death domain–containing protein), caspase-3, and caspase-8, and incidence of coronary events (CEs) in a population-based cohort study.
Approach and Results—
In vitro experiments were performed to assess the response of the apoptotic biomarkers after Fas stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The experiments showed significantly increased releases of FADD, caspase-3, and caspase-8 after Fas stimulation. The relationship between FADD, caspase-3, and caspase-8, respectively, and incidence of CEs was studied in 4284 subjects from the population-based Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Cox’ proportional hazards regression was used to examine the association between the apoptotic biomarkers and incidence of CE over a mean follow-up of 19 years. A total of 381 individuals had CE during the follow-up. High FADD at baseline was significantly associated with incident CE. In the highest compared with the lowest quartile of FADD, the risk factor adjusted hazards ratio for CE was 1.82 (95% confidence interval, 1.35–2.46;
P
for trend <0.001). A significant association was also found between caspase-8 and CE; the hazards ratio (Q4 versus Q1) was 1.90 (95% confidence interval, 1.39–2.60;
P
for trend <0.001) after adjustment for risk factors. No association was found between caspase-3 and CEs.
Conclusions—
High levels of FADD and caspase-8, but not caspase-3, were associated with increased incidence of CE in subjects from the general population. The in vitro experiments support the view that these biomarkers could reflect activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xue
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Yan Borné
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Ingrid Yao Mattisson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Maria Wigren
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Olle Melander
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Marju Ohro-Melander
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Eva Bengtsson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Jan Nilsson
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
| | - Gunnar Engström
- From the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, ShiJiaZhuang, China (L.X.); and Department of Clinical Sciences, Malmö, Lund University, Sweden (Y.B., I.Y.M., M.W., O.M., M.O.-M., E.B., G.N.F., J.N., G.E.)
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6
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Novitskaya T, Chepurko E, Covarrubias R, Novitskiy S, Ryzhov SV, Feoktistov I, Gumina RJ. Extracellular nucleotide regulation and signaling in cardiac fibrosis. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 93:47-56. [PMID: 26891859 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Following myocardial infarction, purinergic nucleotides and nucleosides are released via non-specific and specific mechanisms in response to cellular activation, stress, or injury. These extracellular nucleotides are potent mediators of physiologic and pathologic responses, contributing to the inflammatory and fibrotic milieu within the injured myocardium. Via autocrine or paracrine signaling, cell-specific effects occur through differentially expressed purinergic receptors of the P2X, P2Y, and P1 families. Nucleotide activation of the ionotropic (ligand-gated) purine receptors (P2X) and several of the metabotropic (G-protein-coupled) purine receptors (P2Y) or adenosine activation of the P1 receptors can have profound effects on inflammatory cell function, fibroblast function, and cardiomyocyte function. Extracellular nucleotidases that hydrolyze released nucleotides regulate the magnitude and duration of purinergic signaling. While there are numerous studies on the role of the purinergic signaling pathway in cardiovascular disease, the extent to which the purinergic signaling pathway modulates cardiac fibrosis is incompletely understood. Here we provide an overview of the current understanding of how the purinergic signaling pathway modulates cardiac fibroblast function and myocardial fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Novitskaya
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Elena Chepurko
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Roman Covarrubias
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sergey Novitskiy
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Igor Feoktistov
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Richard J Gumina
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.
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7
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Antanavičiūtė I, Ereminienė E, Vysockas V, Račkauskas M, Skipskis V, Rysevaitė K, Treinys R, Benetis R, Jurevičius J, Skeberdis VA. Exogenous connexin43-expressing autologous skeletal myoblasts ameliorate mechanical function and electrical activity of the rabbit heart after experimental infarction. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 96:42-53. [PMID: 25529770 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction is one of the major causes of mortality worldwide. For regeneration of the rabbit heart after experimentally induced infarction we used autologous skeletal myoblasts (SMs) due to their high proliferative potential, resistance to ischaemia and absence of immunological and ethical concerns. The cells were characterized with muscle-specific and myogenic markers. Cell transplantation was performed by injection of cell suspension (0.5 ml) containing approximately 6 million myoblasts into the infarction zone. The animals were divided into four groups: (i) no injection; (ii) sham injected; (iii) injected with wild-type SMs; and (iv) injected with SMs expressing connexin43 fused with green fluorescent protein (Cx43EGFP). Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was evaluated by 2D echocardiography in vivo before infarction, when myocardium has stabilized after infarction, and 3 months after infarction. Electrical activity in the healthy and infarction zones of the heart was examined ex vivo in Langendorff-perfused hearts by optical mapping using di-4-ANEPPS, a potential sensitive fluorescent dye. We demonstrate that SMs in the coculture can couple electrically not only to abutted but also to remote acutely isolated allogenic cardiac myocytes through membranous tunnelling tubes. The beneficial effect of cellular therapy on LVEF and electrical activity was observed in the group of animals injected with Cx43EGFP-expressing SMs. L-type Ca(2+) current amplitude was approximately fivefold smaller in the isolated SMs compared to healthy myocytes suggesting that limited recovery of LVEF may be related to inadequate expression or function of L-type Ca(2+) channels in transplanted differentiating SMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ieva Antanavičiūtė
- Institute of Cardiology, Medical Academy, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
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8
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Cannavo A, Rengo G, Liccardo D, Pironti G, Scimia MC, Scudiero L, De Lucia C, Ferrone M, Leosco D, Zambrano N, Koch WJ, Trimarco B, Esposito G. Prothymosin alpha protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia-induced apoptosis via preservation of Akt activation. Apoptosis 2014; 18:1252-61. [PMID: 23857453 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-013-0876-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The human prothymosin alpha (PTα) gene encodes a 12.5 kDa highly acidic nuclear protein that is widely expressed in mammalian tissues including the heart and importantly, is detectable also in blood serum. During apoptosis or necrosis, PTα changes its nuclear localization and is able to exert an important cytoprotective effect. Since the role of PTα in the heart has never been evaluated, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of PTα on cardiomyocytes during ischemic injury. Our data show that seven after myocardial infarction (MI), PTα expression levels are significantly increased both in blood serum and in cardiac tissue, and notably we observe that PTα translocates from the nuclei to cytoplasm and plasma membrane of cardiomyocytes following MI. Furthermore, in vitro experiments in cardiomyocytes, confirm that after 6 h of simulated ischemia (SI), PTα protein levels are upregulated compared to normoxic cells. Importantly, treatment of cardiomyocytes with a recombinant PTα (rPTα), during SI results in a significant decrease in the apoptotic response and in a robust increase in cell survival. Moreover, these effects are accompanied to a significant preservation of the activated levels of the anti-apoptotic serine-threonine kinase Akt. Consistent with our in vitro observation, rPTα-treated MI mice exhibit a strong reduction in infarct size at 24 h, compared to the MI control group and at the molecular level, PTα treatment induces activation of Akt. The present study provides for the first time the demonstration that PTα offers cardioprotection against ischemic injury by an Akt-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cannavo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Via Pansini, 5, 80131, Naples, Italy,
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9
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Fan Q, Huang ZM, Boucher M, Shang X, Zuo L, Brinks H, Lau WB, Zhang J, Chuprun JK, Gao E. Inhibition of Fas-associated death domain-containing protein (FADD) protects against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in a heart failure mouse model. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73537. [PMID: 24058479 PMCID: PMC3772851 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim As technological interventions treating acute myocardial infarction (MI) improve, post-ischemic heart failure increasingly threatens patient health. The aim of the current study was to test whether FADD could be a potential target of gene therapy in the treatment of heart failure. Methods Cardiomyocyte-specific FADD knockout mice along with non-transgenic littermates (NLC) were subjected to 30 minutes myocardial ischemia followed by 7 days of reperfusion or 6 weeks of permanent myocardial ischemia via the ligation of left main descending coronary artery. Cardiac function were evaluated by echocardiography and left ventricular (LV) catheterization and cardiomyocyte death was measured by Evans blue-TTC staining, TUNEL staining, and caspase-3, -8, and -9 activities. In vitro, H9C2 cells transfected with ether scramble siRNA or FADD siRNA were stressed with chelerythrin for 30 min and cleaved caspase-3 was assessed. Results FADD expression was significantly decreased in FADD knockout mice compared to NLC. Ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) upregulated FADD expression in NLC mice, but not in FADD knockout mice at the early time. FADD deletion significantly attenuated I/R-induced cardiac dysfunction, decreased myocardial necrosis, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Furthermore, in 6 weeks long term permanent ischemia model, FADD deletion significantly reduced the infarct size (from 41.20±3.90% in NLC to 26.83±4.17% in FADD deletion), attenuated myocardial remodeling, improved cardiac function and improved survival. In vitro, FADD knockdown significantly reduced chelerythrin-induced the level of cleaved caspase-3. Conclusion Taken together, our results suggest FADD plays a critical role in post-ischemic heart failure. Inhibition of FADD retards heart failure progression. Our data supports the further investigation of FADD as a potential target for genetic manipulation in the treatment of heart failure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Benzophenanthridines/pharmacology
- Caspase 3/genetics
- Caspase 3/metabolism
- Caspase 8/genetics
- Caspase 8/metabolism
- Caspase 9/genetics
- Caspase 9/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coronary Vessels/surgery
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/antagonists & inhibitors
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/deficiency
- Fas-Associated Death Domain Protein/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation
- Heart Failure/genetics
- Heart Failure/metabolism
- Heart Failure/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/genetics
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Proteolysis
- RNA, Small Interfering/genetics
- RNA, Small Interfering/metabolism
- Severity of Illness Index
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/genetics
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/metabolism
- Ventricular Dysfunction, Left/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Fan
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Gerontology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital-Affiliate of Beijing Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng M. Huang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Matthieu Boucher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xiying Shang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lin Zuo
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Henriette Brinks
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Wayne Bond Lau
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University Hospital, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jianke Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - J. Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure is a condition with significant morbidity and high mortality. It is likely to become unmanageable in the rapidly increasing aging population, due mainly to lack of effective treatment. Apoptosis is one of the major mechanisms causing cardiomyocyte loss in the failing hearts of both human patients and animal models. Thus, anti-apoptosis has been proposed as a provocative new concept for preventive and therapeutic strategies for heart failure. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes evidence that apoptotic cells in heart are not completely committed to death. They are likely to be targeted for reversing the cardiac dysfunction. Drugs that inhibit the progression of apoptosis help restore systolic function, reverse remodeling or even prevent heart failure. Inhibitors of caspase-3, the major executors of apoptosis, have been shown to hold great promises for apoptosis interruption in heart tissues. EXPERT OPINION Although the underlying cause and the pathophysiological role of apoptosis remain elusive, antiapoptotic therapy has emerged as an enigma for heart failure. Caspases promote the progressive loss of contractile function in heart failure by facilitating the degradation of myofibrillar proteins. Selective inhibition of the proteolytic functions of caspase-3 may represent an attractive approach to attenuate or reverse heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Yang
- The University of Hong Kong, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Level 2, Laboratory Block, LKS Faculty of Medicine Building, 21 Sassoon Road, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
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11
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Thatcher JE, Welch T, Eberhart RC, Schelly ZA, DiMaio JM. Thymosin β4 sustained release from poly(lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres: synthesis and implications for treatment of myocardial ischemia. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2013; 1270:112-9. [PMID: 23050826 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2012.06681.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
A sustained release formulation for the therapeutic peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4) that can be localized to the heart and reduce the concentration and frequency of dose is being explored as a means to improve its delivery in humans. This review contains concepts involved in the delivery of peptides to the heart and the synthesis of polymer microspheres for the sustained release of peptides, including Tβ4. Initial results of poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres synthesized with specific tolerances for intramyocardial injection that demonstrate the encapsulation and release of Tβ4 from double-emulsion microspheres are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E Thatcher
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390, USA.
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12
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Del Re DP, Yang Y, Nakano N, Cho J, Zhai P, Yamamoto T, Zhang N, Yabuta N, Nojima H, Pan D, Sadoshima J. Yes-associated protein isoform 1 (Yap1) promotes cardiomyocyte survival and growth to protect against myocardial ischemic injury. J Biol Chem 2012; 288:3977-88. [PMID: 23275380 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.436311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Yap1 is an important regulator of cardiomyocyte proliferation and embryonic heart development, yet the function of endogenous Yap1 in the adult heart remains unknown. We studied the role of Yap1 in maintaining basal cardiac function and in modulating injury after chronic myocardial infarction (MI). Cardiomyocyte-specific homozygous inactivation of Yap1 in the postnatal heart (Yap(F/F)Cre) elicited increased myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, dilated cardiomyopathy, and premature death. Heterozygous deletion (Yap(+/F)Cre) did not cause an overt cardiac phenotype compared with Yap(F/F) control mice at base line. In response to stress (MI), nuclear Yap1 was found selectively in the border zone and not in the remote area of the heart. After chronic MI (28 days), Yap(+/F)Cre mice had significantly increased myocyte apoptosis and fibrosis, with attenuated compensatory cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, and further impaired function versus Yap(+/F) control mice. Studies in isolated cardiomyocytes demonstrated that Yap1 expression is sufficient to promote increased cell size and hypertrophic gene expression and protected cardiomyocytes against H(2)O(2)-induced cell death, whereas Yap1 depletion attenuated phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy and augmented apoptosis. Finally, we observed a significant decrease in cardiomyocyte proliferation in Yap(+/F)Cre hearts compared with Yap(+/F) controls after MI and demonstrated that Yap1 is sufficient to promote cardiomyocyte proliferation in isolated cardiomyocytes. Our findings suggest that Yap1 is critical for basal heart homeostasis and that Yap1 deficiency exacerbates injury in response to chronic MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic P Del Re
- Cardiovascular Research Institute and Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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13
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Kumar S, Wei C, Thomas CM, Kim IK, Seqqat R, Kumar R, Baker KM, Jones WK, Gupta S. Cardiac-specific genetic inhibition of nuclear factor-κB prevents right ventricular hypertrophy induced by monocrotaline. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 302:H1655-66. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00756.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Uncontrolled pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) results in right ventricular (RV) hypertrophy (RVH), progressive RV failure, and low cardiac output leading to increased morbidity and mortality (McLaughlin VV, Archer SL, Badesch DB, Barst RJ, Farber HW, Lindner JR, Mathier MA, McGoon MD, Park MH, Rosenson RS, Rubin LJ, Tapson VF, Varga J. J Am Coll Cardiol 53: 1573–1619, 2009). Although the exact figures of its prevalence are difficult to obtain because of the diversity of identifiable causes, it is estimated that the incidence of pulmonary hypertension is seven to nine cases per million persons in the general population and is most prevalent in the age group of 20–40, occurring more commonly in women than in men (ratio: 1.7 to 1; Rubin LJ. N Engl J Med 336: 111–117, 1997). PAH is characterized by dyspnea, chest pain, and syncope. Unfortunately, there is no cure for this disease and medical regimens are limited (Simon MA. Curr Opin Crit Care 16: 237–243, 2010). PAH leads to adverse remodeling that results in RVH, progressive right heart failure, low cardiac output, and ultimately death if left untreated (Humbert M, Morrell NW, Archer SL, Stenmark KR, MacLean MR, Lang IM, Christman BW, Weir EK, Eickelberg O, Voelkel NF, Rabinovitch M. J Am Coll Cardiol 43: 13S-24S, 2004; Humbert M, Sitbon O, Simonneau G. N Engl J Med 351: 1425–1436, 2004. LaRaia AV, Waxman AB. South Med J 100: 393–399, 2007). As there are no direct tools to assess the onset and progression of PAH and RVH, the disease is often detected in later stages marked by full-blown RVH, with the outcome predominantly determined by the level of increased afterload (D'Alonzo GE, Barst RJ, Ayres SM, Bergofsky EH, Brundage BH, Detre KM, Fishman AP, Goldring RM, Groves BM, Kernis JT, et al. Ann Intern Med 115: 343–349, 1991; Sandoval J, Bauerle O, Palomar A, Gomez A, Martinez-Guerra ML, Beltran M, Guerrero ML. Validation of a prognostic equation Circulation 89: 1733–1744, 1994). Various studies have been performed to assess the genetic, biochemical, and morphological components that contribute to PAH. Despite major advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of PAH, the molecular mechanism(s) by which PAH promotes RVH and cardiac failure still remains elusive. Of all the mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis, inflammation and oxidative stress remain the core of the etiology of PAH that leads to development of RVH (Dorfmüller P, Perros F, Balabanian K, Humbert M. Eur Respir J 22: 358–363, 2003).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Kumar
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Chuanyu Wei
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Candice M. Thomas
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Il-Kwon Kim
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Rachid Seqqat
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - Kenneth M. Baker
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
| | - W. Keith Jones
- Department of Pharmacology and Cell Biophysics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Sudhiranjan Gupta
- Division of Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M Health Science Center; Scott & White Hospital; Central Texas Veterans Health Care System, Temple, Texas; and
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Liu CJ, Lo JF, Kuo CH, Chu CH, Chen LM, Tsai FJ, Tsai CH, Tzang BS, Kuo WW, Huang CY. Akt mediates 17beta-estradiol and/or estrogen receptor-alpha inhibition of LPS-induced tumor necresis factor-alpha expression and myocardial cell apoptosis by suppressing the JNK1/2-NFkappaB pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2011; 13:3655-67. [PMID: 20196785 PMCID: PMC4516514 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2009.00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence shows that women have lower tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels and lower incidences of heart dysfunction and sepsis-related morbidity and mortality. To identify the cardioprotective effects and precise cellular/molecular mechanisms behind estrogen and estrogen receptors (ERs), we investigated the effects of 17β-estradiol (E2) and estrogen receptor α (ERα) on LPS-induced apoptosis by analyzing the activation of survival and death signalling pathways in doxycycline (Dox)-inducible Tet-On/ERα H9c2 myocardial cells and ERα-transfected primary cardiomyocytes overexpressing ERα. We found that LPS challenge activated JNK1/2, and then induced IκB degradation, NFκB activation, TNF-α up-regulation and subsequent myocardial apoptotic responses. In addition, treatments involving E2, membrane-impermeable BSA-E2 and/or Dox, which induces ERα overexpression, significantly inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing LPS-up-regulated JNK1/2 activity, IκB degradation, NFκB activation and pro-apoptotic proteins (e.g. TNF-α, active caspases-8, t-Bid, Bax, released cytochrome c, active caspase-9, active caspase-3) in myocardial cells. However, the cardioprotective properties of E2, BSA-E2 and ERα overexpression to inhibit LPS-induced apoptosis and promote cell survival were attenuated by applying LY294002 (PI3K inhibitor) and PI3K siRNA. These findings suggest that E2, BSA-E2 and ERα expression exert their cardioprotective effects by inhibiting JNK1/2-mediated LPS-induced TNF-α expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis through activation of Akt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jung Liu
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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15
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Telmisartan, a unique ARB, improves left ventricular remodeling of infarcted heart by activating PPAR gamma. J Transl Med 2011; 91:932-44. [PMID: 21403641 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2011.45] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Unfavorable left ventricular (LV) remodeling after myocardial infarction (MI) leads to cardiac dysfunction. We examined whether Telmisartan, an angiotensin (Ang) II type I receptor blocker (ARB), could improve the recovery of LV function in a rat model of MI. The effect of Telmisartan as a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonist was also investigated. After 28 days of MI, a significant improvement of survival was observed in the Telmisartan-treated rat group compared with the vehicle control rat group, non-PPAR-γ agonistic ARB (Losartan)-treated rat group, and Telmisartan plus specific PPAR-γ antagonist (GW9662)-treated rat group. Although no significant differences of blood pressure or infarct size were observed among these four groups, the Telmisartan group had better systolic and diastolic LV function. There was a significant reduction of the plasma brain natriuretic peptide level, cardiac fibrosis area, infiltration of macrophages, size of cardiomyocytes, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling-positive myocytes, activation of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and -9 (MMPs-2/9), and expression of transforming growth factor β-1 (TGF-β1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), and osteopontin (OPN), while expression of PPAR-γ and activation of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) was enhanced, in the noninfarcted myocardium of rats from the Telmisartan group compared with the other three groups. To mimic ischemic conditions in vitro, neonatal rat cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts were incubated in hypoxic condition for 24 h. Increased transcriptional activation of PPAR-γ and TIMP-1, and inhibition of TGF-β1 expression were observed in cardiomyocytes, while decreased activation of MMPs-2/9 and decrease in CTGF and OPN expression was seen in cardiac fibroblasts cultured with Telmisartan. In conclusion, Telmisartan prevented unfavorable cardiac remodeling through a reduction of cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. An anti-inflammatory effect and PPAR-γ activation were suggested to be important in addition to suppression of Ang II activity.
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Tien YC, Lin JY, Lai CH, Kuo CH, Lin WY, Tsai CH, Tsai FJ, Cheng YC, Peng WH, Huang CY. Carthamus tinctorius L. prevents LPS-induced TNFalpha signaling activation and cell apoptosis through JNK1/2-NFkappaB pathway inhibition in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2010; 130:505-513. [PMID: 20538053 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2010.05.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 05/21/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
AIM OF THE STUDY Severe and potentially fatal hypotension and cardiac contractile dysfunction are common symptoms in patients with sepsis. In our previous study, we found that estradiol and estrogen-receptor alpha have cardio-protective effects in myocardial cells exposed to LPS. Estradiol supplementation has been shown to induce breast and cervical cancers. Flos Carthami, the flower of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Compositae) is an important traditional Chinese medicine used for the treatment of heart disease and inflammation, and therefore might be a potential alternative to Estradiol in the prevention of heart damage. This study investigated the effect of Flos Carthami (FC(EtOH)) ethanolic extract on LPS-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS H9c2 cells induced apoptosis with LPS administration (1 microg/mL). H9c2 cells were divided into five groups: Control, LPS (1 microg/mL), and three FC(EtOH) (31.25, 62.5,and 125 microg/mL). We detected apoptosis using MTT, LDH, TUNEL assay. JC-1 staining and Western blot were used to detect pro-apoptosis proteins, anti-apoptosis proteins, MAPK proteins (JNK, ERK, and P38), and NFkappaB expression. RESULTS FC(EtOH) (62.5 microg/mL) inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis by suppressing JNK1/2 activity, which resulted in the reduction of both IkappaB degradation and NFkappaB activation. In addition, FC(EtOH) led to the activation of anti-apoptotic proteins, Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL, the stabilization of the mitochondria membrane and the down-regulation of extrinsic and intrinsic pro-apoptotic proteins, such as TNFalpha, active caspase-8, t-Bid, Bax, active caspases-9, and -3. CONCLUSIONS Carthamus tinctorius L. possesses the ability to suppress JNK activity and inhibit LPS-induced TNFalpha activation and apoptosis in H9c2 cardiomyoblast cells. Carthamus tinctorius L could potentially serve as a cardio-protective agent against LPS-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Chen Tien
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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17
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Drug eluting stents versus PTA with GP IIb/IIIa blockade below the knee in patients with current ulcers--The BELOW Study. THE JOURNAL OF CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY 2010; 55:408-16. [PMID: 20354490 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3181d4ca66] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The study was designed as a feasibility trial to evaluate the use of GP IIb/IIIa blockade in connection with drug eluting stents, bare stents and PTA only. Sixty patients with current ulcers were randomly assigned to receive abciximab plus a sirolimus coated stent (N.=14), abciximab plus a bare stent (N.=16), abciximab plus PTA (N.=14) and PTA alone (N.=19). Angiographic control was performed at two and six months. Recanalization was successful in all cases. Two month restenosis rate was 9%, 45.5%, 67% and 46%. At six month follow-up restenosis rate was 9%, 67%, 75% and 58%, respectively; 14% of all patients had major amputations within six months. Adjunctive administration of abciximab during peripheral arterial intervention below the knee was found to be safe. Sirolimus coated stent administration was followed by a higher patency rate.
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18
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Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles have been established as sensitive probes for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). While the majority of specific nanosensors are based on sterically stabilized iron oxide particles, the focus of this review is on the use of very small iron oxide particles (VSOPs) that are electrostatically stabilized by an anionic citrate acid shell. We used VSOPs to develop target-specific as well as protease-activatable nanosensors for molecular MRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyk Schellenberger
- Department of Radiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
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19
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Sosnovik DE, Garanger E, Aikawa E, Nahrendorf M, Figuiredo JL, Dai G, Reynolds F, Rosenzweig A, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Molecular MRI of cardiomyocyte apoptosis with simultaneous delayed-enhancement MRI distinguishes apoptotic and necrotic myocytes in vivo: potential for midmyocardial salvage in acute ischemia. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2009; 2:460-7. [PMID: 19920044 DOI: 10.1161/circimaging.109.859678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A novel dual-contrast molecular MRI technique to image both cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in vivo within 4 to 6 hours of ischemia is presented. The technique uses the annexin-based nanoparticle AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 (apoptosis) and simultaneous delayed-enhancement imaging with a novel gadolinium chelate, Gd-DTPA-NBD (necrosis). METHODS AND RESULTS Mice with transient coronary ligation were injected intravenously at the onset of reperfusion with AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 (n=7) or the control probe Inact_CLIO-Cy5.5 (n=6). T2*-weighted MR images (9.4 T) were acquired within 4 to 6 hours of reperfusion. The contrast-to-noise ratio between injured and uninjured myocardium was measured. The mice were then injected with Gd-DTPA-NBD, and delayed-enhancement imaging was performed within 10 to 30 minutes. Uptake of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 was most prominent in the midmyocardium and was significantly greater than that of Inact_CLIO-Cy5.5 (contrast-to-noise ratio, 8.82+/-1.5 versus 3.78+/-1.1; P<0.05). Only 21+/-3% of the myocardium with accumulation of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 showed delayed-enhancement of Gd-DTPA-NBD. Wall thickening was significantly reduced in segments with delayed enhancement and/or transmural accumulation of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 (P<0.001). Fluorescence microscopy of AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 and immunohistochemistry of Gd-DTPA-NBD confirmed the presence of large numbers of apoptotic but potentially viable cardiomyocytes (AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 positive, Gd-DTPA-NBD negative) in the midmyocardium. CONCLUSIONS A novel technique to image cardiomyocyte apoptosis and necrosis in vivo within 4 to 6 hours of injury is presented and reveals large areas of apoptotic but viable myocardium in the midmyocardium. Strategies to salvage the numerous apoptotic but potentially viable cardiomyocytes in the midmyocardium in acute ischemia should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, the Cardiology Division, Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, and the Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston. Mass, USA.
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20
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Analysis of apoptosis in isolated primary cardiac myocytes. Methods Mol Biol 2009. [PMID: 19609765 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-017-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction represents the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the western societies. Importantly, both apoptosis and necrosis of cardiomyocytes have been implicated in the pathomechanism of myocardial infarction. The simplest way to analyze apoptosis in cardiac cells is the application of isolated neonatal primary cardiac myocytes, in which ischemia/reperfusion can be mimicked in vitro by exposing them to hypoxia and serum starvation, followed by restored oxygen and serum conditions, referred to as hypoxia/reoxygenation. In this chapter, we describe protocols routinely applied in our lab for investigating cardiomyocyte apoptosis. In summary, a better understanding of the apoptotic pathways and their regulation in the heart will potentially yield novel therapeutic targets for cardiac infarction.
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21
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Zandbergen HR, Schellings MWM. Molecular imaging of ventricular remodeling. J Nucl Cardiol 2009; 16:456-65. [PMID: 19399569 DOI: 10.1007/s12350-009-9078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H R Zandbergen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM) Academic Hospital of Maastricht, P. Debeyelaan 25, 6229 HX, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Ruvinov E, Dvir T, Leor J, Cohen S. Myocardial repair: from salvage to tissue reconstruction. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther 2008; 6:669-86. [PMID: 18510484 DOI: 10.1586/14779072.6.5.669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac tissue reconstruction following myocardial infarction represents a major challenge in cardiovascular therapy, as current clinical approaches are limited in their ability to regenerate or replace damaged myocardium. Thus, different novel treatments have been introduced aimed at myocardial salvage and repair. Here, we present a review of recent advancements in cardiac cell, gene-based and tissue engineering therapies. Selected strategies in cell therapy and new tools for myocardial gene transfer are summarized. Finally, we consider novel approaches to myocardial tissue engineering as a platform for the integration of various modalities in an attempt to rejuvenate infarcted tissue in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emil Ruvinov
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel.
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23
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Young D, Popovic ZB, Jones WK, Gupta S. Blockade of NF-kappaB using IkappaB alpha dominant-negative mice ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy in myotrophin-overexpressed transgenic mice. J Mol Biol 2008; 381:559-68. [PMID: 18620706 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2008.05.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2008] [Revised: 05/23/2008] [Accepted: 05/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates various kinds of genes including inflammatory molecules, macrophage infiltration factors, cell adhesion molecules, and so forth, in various disease processes including cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure. Previously, we have demonstrated that activation of NF-kappaB was required in myotrophin-induced cardiac hypertrophy, in spontaneously hypertensive rats, and in dilated cardiomyopathy human hearts. Moreover, our recent study using the myotrophin-overexpressed transgenic mouse (Myo-Tg) model showed that short hairpin RNA-mediated knockdown of NF-kappaB significantly attenuated cardiac mass associated with improved cardiac function. Although it has been shown that NF-kappaB is substantially involved in cardiovascular remodeling, it is not clear whether the continuous blockade of NF-kappaB is effective in cardiovascular remodeling. To address this question, we took a genetic approach using IkappaB alpha triple mutant mice (3M) bred with Myo-Tg mice (a progressive hypertrophy/heart failure model). The double transgenic mice (Myo-3M) displayed an attenuated cardiac hypertrophy (9.8+/-0.62 versus 5.4+/-0.34, p<0.001) and improved cardiac function associated with significant inhibition of the NF-kappaB signaling cascade, hypertrophy marker gene expression, and inflammatory and macrophage gene expression at 24 weeks of age compared to Myo-Tg mice. NF-kappaB-targeted gene array profiling displayed several important genes that were significantly downregulated in Myo-3M mice compared to Myo-Tg mice. Furthermore, Myo-3M did not show any changes of apoptotic gene expression, indicating that significant inhibition of NF-kappaB activation reduces further proinflammatory reactions without affecting susceptibility to apoptosis. Therefore, development of therapeutic strategies targeting NF-kappaB may provide an effective approach to prevent adverse cardiac pathophysiological consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Young
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, NB 50, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner Research Institute, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
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Do non-hemopoietic effects of erythropoietin play a beneficial role in heart failure? Heart Fail Rev 2008; 13:415-23. [PMID: 18236153 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-008-9084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) is not solely a hormone charged with regulating the proliferation and differentiation of erythroid cells. Indeed, EPO is synthesized locally by many cells, especially under conditions of stress or injury. In these paracrine/autocrine settings, EPO plays a crucial protective-restorative role, activating cytoprotection (e.g., in the brain, heart, and kidney), reducing inflammatory responses, preserving vascular integrity, and mobilizing stem cells, including proliferation and differentiation of endothelial progenitor cells. EPO administration prevents cardiac myocyte apoptosis and decreases infarct size in several studies using rodent models of myocardial infarction. Recently, some key steps of the signaling pathways by which EPO confers cardioprotection have been identified. The striking finding distilled from work by numerous independent investigators is that EPO mediates protection in the heart (as well as other tissues) by multiple pathways that are not redundant. The following actions proven to play a role in protection from acute cardiac injury can exert a beneficial effect in chronic heart failure (HF): (a) antiapoptotic effect, (b) mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells from bone marrow, and (c) anti-hypertrophic effects. The evidences discussed herein provide a strong basis for the ongoing clinical trials testing EPO in chronic HF.
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Abstract
Much of the mortality following myocardial infarction results from remodeling of the heart after the acute ischemic event. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis has been thought to play a key role in this remodeling process. In this issue of the JCI, Diwan and colleagues present evidence that Bnip3, a proapoptotic Bcl2 family protein, mediates cardiac enlargement, reshaping, and dysfunction in mice without influencing infarct size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell S Whelan
- Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Research Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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27
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Boomsma RA, Swaminathan PD, Geenen DL. Intravenously injected mesenchymal stem cells home to viable myocardium after coronary occlusion and preserve systolic function without altering infarct size. Int J Cardiol 2007; 122:17-28. [PMID: 17187879 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 09/28/2006] [Accepted: 11/02/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to determine whether murine mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are able to home to the viable myocardium when injected intravenously and attenuate cardiac dysfunction and ventricular remodeling associated with myocardial infarction. METHODS AND RESULTS Murine bone marrow cells were negatively selected for lineage markers and adherent MSC differentiated into adipocytes and osteocytes following treatment in culture. Two weeks after coronary occlusion that resulted in a permanent transmural infarct we observed a significant drop in LV systolic pressure, dP/dt(max), dP/dt(min), ESPVR and E(max) and a significant increase in end-diastolic volume in vivo. Femoral vein injection of MSC 1 h after occlusion attenuated the cardiac dysfunction without altering infarct size, or end-diastolic volume. Injected MSC pre-labeled with fluorescent paramagnetic microspheres were observed scattered in noninfarcted regions of the myocardium. Flow cytometry of whole heart digests after intravenous injection of MSC labeled with either fluorescent microspheres or fluorescent PKH26 dye demonstrated that infarcted hearts from mice that received MSC injections contained significantly more cells that integrated into the heart (20x) than those from uninfarcted controls. CONCLUSION We conclude that intravenously injected MSC were able to home to viable myocardium and preserve systolic function by 2 weeks following ligation. The preserved contractility is likely an MSC-mediated paracrine response since infarct morphology was unchanged and labeled cells observed at two weeks exhibited the same characteristics as the injected MSC. These data underscore the importance of using MSC as a potential therapeutic intervention in preserving cardiac function following infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Boomsma
- Department of Biology, Trinity Christian College, Palos Heights, IL 60463, United States
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Odashima M, Usui S, Takagi H, Hong C, Liu J, Yokota M, Sadoshima J. Inhibition of Endogenous Mst1 Prevents Apoptosis and Cardiac Dysfunction Without Affecting Cardiac Hypertrophy After Myocardial Infarction. Circ Res 2007; 100:1344-52. [PMID: 17395874 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000265846.23485.7a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian sterile 20–like kinase-1 (Mst1) plays an important role in mediating cardiac myocyte apoptosis in response to ischemia/reperfusion. Whether or not Mst1 is also involved in the long-term development of heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI) is unknown. We addressed this issue using transgenic mice with cardiac specific overexpression of dominant negative Mst1 (Tg-DN-Mst1). The left coronary artery was permanently ligated, and the size of MI was similar between Tg-DN-Mst1 and nontransgenic controls (NTg). After 4 weeks, Mst1 was significantly activated in the remodeling area in NTg, but not in Tg-DN-Mst1. Although left ventricular (LV) enlargement was significantly attenuated in Tg-DN-Mst1 compared with NTg, neither LV weight/body weight nor myocyte cross sectional area was statistically different between Tg-DN-Mst1 and NTg. LV ejection fraction was significantly greater in Tg-DN-Mst1 than in NTg (53 versus 38%,
P
<0.01), whereas LV end-diastolic pressure (6 versus 12 mm Hg,
P
<0.05) and lung weight/body weight (9.8 versus 12.2
P
<0.05) were significantly smaller in Tg-DN-Mst1 than in NTg. The number of TUNEL-positive myocytes (0.17 versus 0.28%,
P
<0.05) and amount of interstitial fibrosis (5.0 versus 7.1%,
P
<0.05) in the remodeling area were significantly less in Tg-DN-Mst1 than in NTg. Upregulation of matrix metalloproteinase 2 and proinflammatory cytokines was significantly attenuated in Tg-DN-Mst1. These results indicate that endogenous Mst1 plays an important role in mediating cardiac dilation, apoptosis, fibrosis, and cardiac dysfunction, but not cardiac hypertrophy, after MI. Inhibition of Mst1 improves cardiac function without attenuating cardiac hypertrophy. Thus, Mst1 may be an important target of heart failure treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Odashima
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Medicine, University of Medicine & Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, New Jersey 07103, USA
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30
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Guilbeau-Frugier C, Rambaud C, Dedouit F, Telmon N, Rougé D, Delisle MB. [Interest of post mortem analysis in diagnosis and etiopathogeny of ischemic myocardial infarction]. Ann Pathol 2007; 26:427-34. [PMID: 17255902 DOI: 10.1016/s0242-6498(06)70751-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of an ischaemic myocardial infarction during forensic or scientific autopsy is sometimes surprising when found in a young subject. It is therefore important to find out the etiology of vascular lesions to take preventive measures in the family. In post mortem, some complementary analysis can be performed to determine the diagnosis of ischaemic myocardial infarction and its etiopathogeny. Such analyses, routinely made in forensic practice, are rarely used by pathologists during scientific autopsy. Some biological mediums are stable enough to be used for biological, biochemical and even genetical analyses. We will study the different post mortem analyses, and see their interest and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Guilbeau-Frugier
- Service d'Anatomie Pathologique, CHU Rangueil, Av du Professeur J. Poulhès, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9.
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31
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de Virginy DRB. Novel and potential future biomarkers for assessment of the severity and prognosis of chronic heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2006; 11:333-4. [PMID: 17131079 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-006-0234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the pathophysiology and biomolecular basis of heart failure syndrome has reached sound and more comprehensive understanding. This knowledge has allowed expert researchers and clinicians to explore an entirely new spectrum of potential biochemical markers derived from different cellular and signaling pathways that lead to myocardial hypertrophy, chronic damage of the myocyte, apoptosis, and, ultimately, myocardial remodeling. Indeed, the link between myocardial remodeling and adverse outcomes, as well as the recognition of the myocardial interstitium as a multifunctional dynamic entity strongly influenced by systemic neurohormonal and inflammatory activation, has provided a solid ground for research of biomarkers that might correlate with severity and prognostication in chronic heart failure. This paper reviews and summarize recent literature on some of the most interesting circulating biomarkers with potential use for the stratification of patients with chronic heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Buvat de Virginy
- Department of Internal Medicine, St. John's Clinic, 1100 West 10th Street, Suite 270, Rolla, Missouri 65401, USA.
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32
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Marques CMM, Nascimento FAM, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA, Aguila MB. Exercise training attenuates cardiovascular adverse remodeling in adult ovariectomized spontaneously hypertensive rats. Menopause 2006; 13:87-95. [PMID: 16607103 DOI: 10.1097/01.gme.0000191209.13115.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the combined effects of ovariectomy and regular exercise training on hypertension and on cardiac and aortic remodeling in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). DESIGN Three-month-old female spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were ovariectomized (ovx) or were left intact (int) and divided in four groups (n = 7): sedentary (sed-ovx), exercise-trained (ex-ovx), sedentary intact (sed-int), and exercise-trained intact (ex-int). The exercise protocol was performed on a motor treadmill for 13 weeks. Blood pressure (BP), left ventricular myocardium and aortic wall were studied by light microscopy and stereology. RESULTS Exercise-trained SHR showed a BP reduction of more than 15% compared with the matched sedentary SHR (sed-int: 210 +/- 5 mm Hg, sed-ovx: 225 +/- 4 mm Hg, ex-int: 178 +/- 2 mm Hg, ex-ovx: 180 +/- 3 mm Hg, P < 0.001). Ovariectomy caused adverse cardiac and aortic wall remodeling, including cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, myocardial interstitial reparative fibrosis and vascularization impairment with loss of cardiomyocytes, and aortic tunica media hypertrophy. Exercise training showed beneficial effects, mainly reduced BP, decreased cardiac hypertrophy due to hypertension, and increased myocardial vascularization. Ovariectomy accelerated cardiomyocyte loss in SHR while exercise training offset this process. Exercise training was the main factor influencing the improvement of intramyocardial arteries length density and significantly reduced the aortic wall thickness and increased the density of smooth muscle cell nuclei per tunica media unit area. CONCLUSIONS In ovariectomized SHR, exercise training exerts beneficial effects diminishing adverse cardiac and aortic wall remodeling, mainly by reducing interstitial myocardial fibrosis, improving myocardial vascularization, and sustaining the number of cardiomyocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M M Marques
- Laboratory of Morphometry and Cardiovascular Morphology, Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Abstract
The recognition that cardiac myocytes die by multiple mechanisms and thus substantially affect ventricular remodeling in diseased human hearts supports the concept of ongoing myocyte death in the progression of heart failure and constitutes the basis of this review. In addition, based on the pathophysiology of myocardial cell deaths, the present study emphasizes that currently methodologies, although with some inherent limitations, are available to recognize and measure quantitatively the contribution of myocyte cell death to the progression of the pathologic state of the heart. Our own studies show that application of such methodologies including modern microscopy techniques and the use of different molecular and immunohistochemical markers may generate the consensus that myocyte cell death is a quantifiable parameter in the normal and pathological human heart. The present study also demonstrates that myocyte cell death, apoptotic, oncotic or autophagic in nature, has to be regarded as an additional critical variable of the multifactorial events implicated in the alterations of cardiac anatomy and myocardial structure of the diseased human heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sawa Kostin
- Department of Experimental Cardiology, Max-Planck Institute, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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34
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Sosnovik DE, Schellenberger EA, Nahrendorf M, Novikov MS, Matsui T, Dai G, Reynolds F, Grazette L, Rosenzweig A, Weissleder R, Josephson L. Magnetic resonance imaging of cardiomyocyte apoptosis with a novel magneto-optical nanoparticle. Magn Reson Med 2005; 54:718-24. [PMID: 16086367 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.20617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The ability to image cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo with high-resolution MRI could facilitate the development of novel cardioprotective therapies. The sensitivity of the novel nanoparticle AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 for cardiomyocyte apoptosis was thus compared in vitro to that of annexin V-FITC and showed a high degree of colocalization. MRI was then performed, following transient coronary artery (LAD) occlusion, in five mice given AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 and in four mice given an identical dose (2 mg Fe/kg) of CLIO-Cy5.5. MR signal intensity and myocardial T2* were evaluated, in vivo, in hypokinetic regions of myocardium in the LAD distribution. Ex vivo fluorescence imaging was performed to confirm the in vivo findings. Myocardial T2* was significantly lower in the mice given AnxCLIO-Cy5.5 (8.1 versus 13.2 ms, P<0.01), and fluorescence target to background ratio was significantly higher (2.1 versus 1.1, P<0.01). This study thus demonstrates the feasibility of obtaining high-resolution MR images of cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo with the novel nanoparticle, AnxCLIO-Cy5.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Sosnovik
- Center for Molecular Imaging Research, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
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35
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Abstract
Cell loss is a common feature in the failing heart, and this contributes to the relentless progression seen in patients with heart failure. Apoptosis is one of the most common causes of cell loss in animals and humans with heart failure. There is increasing evidence that apoptosis, even while occurring in a low-grade manner, can mediate heart failure. Moreover, inhibiting apoptosis successfully prevents or attenuates heart failure in several animal models. More importantly, apoptosis is one of the few mechanisms that can be easily modulated using pharmacologic or gene therapy approaches. Animal data, obtained in the past few years, have proven the feasibility and success of this approach toward altering the natural history of heart failure. Human studies are pending, but a number of issues such as the type of inhibitor and its optimum timing/dose will need to be resolved before this becomes a reality. Nevertheless, these data will accrue over time, and anti-apoptotic therapy is likely to emerge as an important form of heart failure therapy.
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36
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Fedak PWM, Verma S, Weisel RD, Li RK. Cardiac remodeling and failure: from molecules to man (Part I). Cardiovasc Pathol 2005; 14:1-11. [PMID: 15710285 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2004.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Revised: 12/02/2004] [Accepted: 12/02/2004] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of heart failure appears to be a common and coordinated response to cardiac injury and dysfunction. The contemporary mechanistic viewpoint that predictable, shared, highly regulated events underlie the complex heart failure process implies that an improved understanding of these mechanisms is fundamental to the advancement of cardiovascular biology and the subsequent development of targeted, effective treatment strategies for patients with congestive heart failure (CHF). Cardiac remodeling (CR) is the restructuring and reshaping of the heart that underlies heart failure progression. CR is a major determinant of the clinical course of CHF, irrespective of its etiology. The traditional concepts of cellular remodeling in the failing heart are based on well-established data indicating characteristic alterations in cell size, shape, and the ability to perform contractile work. The role of programmed cell death and the exciting possibility of cardiomyocyte regeneration are areas of intense investigation. Notably, the accumulating data in both animal and human hearts suggesting cardiomyocyte regeneration and renewal indicate that cellular remodeling is a complex and dynamic process that is not completely understood. For the development of new treatments to regenerate and restore failing myocardium, the possibilities offered by controlling cell death and enhancing cell renewal as a therapeutic target are unprecedented. Based on a critical review of the available literature, the traditional concepts and mechanisms describing the regulation of remodeling are largely inadequate. The neurohormonal (RAAS and adrenergic systems) and innovative cytokine hypothesis (TNF-alpha and others) of remodeling and failure do not account for all the cellular and molecular changes that result in the progression of CHF. Given that these contemporary concepts serve as the basis for the majority of our current heart failure treatments, it is not surprising that CHF is an emerging epidemic in our society. To define new therapeutic targets and to control the process of remodeling, novel biomolecules and mechanisms for the coordinated control of CR must be further defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W M Fedak
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, 14EN-215, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 2C4.
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37
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Abstract
In broad terms, there are 3 types of cardiac hypertrophy: normal growth, growth induced by physical conditioning (i.e., physiologic hypertrophy), and growth induced by pathologic stimuli. Recent evidence suggests that normal and exercise-induced cardiac growth are regulated in large part by the growth hormone/IGF axis via signaling through the PI3K/Akt pathway. In contrast, pathological or reactive cardiac growth is triggered by autocrine and paracrine neurohormonal factors released during biomechanical stress that signal through the Gq/phospholipase C pathway, leading to an increase in cytosolic calcium and activation of PKC. Here we review recent developments in the area of these cardiotrophic kinases, highlighting the utility of animal models that are helping to identify molecular targets in the human condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Dorn
- Heart and Vascular Center, Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45267-0542, USA.
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38
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de Souza Bomfim A, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Effects of ACE inhibition during fetal development on cardiac microvasculature in adult spontaneously hypertensive rats. Int J Cardiol 2005; 101:237-42. [PMID: 15882670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2004.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2003] [Revised: 01/22/2004] [Accepted: 03/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition is able to re-program spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) to express an attenuated form of disease in adulthood. METHODS Three groups of animals (n=5 each) were studied: Wistar male rats, SHR males, and SHR males obtained from dams treated with enalapril maleate (15 mg/kg/day) during gestation. Animals were sacrificed 180 days after birth, and hearts were removed for stereological quantification. Volume [Vv] (myocytes, cardiac interstitium and intramyocardial vessels), length [Lv] (intramyocardial vessels), surface [Sv] densities (myocyte and intramyocardial vessels), and the mean cross-sectional area [a] (myocyte) were estimated. RESULTS Blood pressure (BP) was lower in Wistar group, higher in SHR group, and intermediate in SHR-enalapril group (respectively: 122+/-8.4, 194+/-11.4, and 158+/-7.6 mm Hg, p<0.0001). Increased Vv (p=0.016), Lv (p<0.01), and Sv (p<0.01) of intramyocardial vessels were observed in SHR-enalapril group when compared to untreated SHR. A small but significant reduction was observed in a of myocytes (p=0.045). CONCLUSION Prenatal ACE inhibition resulted in partial hypertension attenuation as well as left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). The positive impact on the vascular compartment came along with little or no difference in myocytes and interstitium, suggesting the involvement of a direct mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo de Souza Bomfim
- Laboratory of Morphometry and Cardiovascular Morphology, Biomedical Center, State University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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39
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Patten RD, Denofrio D, El-Zaru M, Kakkar R, Saunders J, Celestin F, Warner K, Rastegar H, Khabbaz KR, Udelson JE, Konstam MA, Karas RH. Ventricular Assist Device Therapy Normalizes Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression and Reduces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis in the Failing Human Heart. J Am Coll Cardiol 2005; 45:1419-24. [PMID: 15862412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2004.05.090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2004] [Revised: 05/17/2004] [Accepted: 05/18/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of mechanical unloading with ventricular assist device (VAD) therapy on myocardial inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in patients with end-stage heart failure (HF). BACKGROUND Despite advances in medical therapy, HF continues to be a progressive and ultimately fatal disorder. High levels of iNOS expression are present in the myocardium of failing hearts, suggesting a potential role for iNOS in HF progression. METHODS Inducible NOS protein expression was analyzed by Western blotting and cardiomyocyte apoptosis by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick end-labeling (TUNEL) in myocardial samples from failing hearts. Included in these analyses were tissues from 9 patients at the time of transplantation (HF-transplant group), 10 patients at the time of VAD insertion (pre-VAD group), and 11 patients undergoing transplant after VAD support (post-VAD group). Seven control samples were obtained at autopsy. RESULTS Low or undetectable levels of iNOS were present in controls (0.005 +/- 0.002). The HF-transplant and pre-VAD myocardial specimens exhibited a marked increase in iNOS expression (1.48 +/- 0.34 and 1.29 +/- 0.26, respectively; p < 0.01 for both vs. controls). The increase in iNOS expression was reversed in the post-VAD group (0.36 +/- 0.16; p < 0.01 vs. HF-transplant and pre-VAD groups). The rate of TUNEL-positive cardiomyocytes was high in the pre-VAD group and significantly lower in the post-VAD group (0.64 +/- 0.15% in pre-VAD group and 0.16 +/- 0.07% in post-VAD group; p < 0.01). The iNOS levels correlated significantly with cardiomyocyte apoptosis (r = 0.66, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Therapy with VAD normalizes iNOS expression in association with diminished cardiomyocyte apoptosis in the failing heart. Further work is required to define whether a causal relationship exists between iNOS and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Patten
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts 02111, USA.
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40
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41
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Graham RM, Frazier DP, Thompson JW, Haliko S, Li H, Wasserlauf BJ, Spiga MG, Bishopric NH, Webster KA. A unique pathway of cardiac myocyte death caused by hypoxia-acidosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 207:3189-200. [PMID: 15299040 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.01109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia in the presence of high glucose leads to progressive acidosis of cardiac myocytes in culture. The condition parallels myocardial ischemia in vivo, where ischemic tissue becomes rapidly hypoxic and acidotic. Cardiac myocytes are resistant to chronic hypoxia at neutral pH but undergo extensive death when the extracellular pH (pH[o]) drops below 6.5. A microarray analysis of 20 000 genes (cDNAs and expressed sequence tags) screened with cDNAs from aerobic and hypoxic cardiac myocytes identified >100 genes that were induced by >2-fold and approximately 20 genes that were induced by >5-fold. One of the most strongly induced transcripts was identified as the gene encoding the pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family member BNIP3. Northern and western blot analyses confirmed that BNIP3 was induced by 12-fold (mRNA) and 6-fold (protein) during 24 h of hypoxia. BNIP3 protein, but not the mRNA, accumulated 3.5-fold more rapidly under hypoxia-acidosis. Cell fractionation experiments indicated that BNIP3 was loosely bound to mitochondria under conditions of neutral hypoxia but was translocated into the membrane when the myocytes were acidotic. Translocation of BNIP3 coincided with opening of the mitochondrial permeability pore (MPTP). Paradoxically, mitochondrial pore opening did not promote caspase activation, and broad-range caspase inhibitors do not block this cell death pathway. The pathway was blocked by antisense BNIP3 oligonucleotides and MPTP inhibitors. Therefore, cardiac myocyte death during hypoxia-acidosis involves two distinct steps: (1) hypoxia activates transcription of the death-promoting BNIP3 gene through a hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) site in the promoter and (2) acidosis activates BNIP3 by promoting membrane translocation. This is an atypical programmed death pathway involving a combination of the features of apoptosis and necrosis. In this article, we will review the evidence for this unique pathway of cell death and discuss its relevance to ischemic heart disease. The article also contains new evidence that chronic hypoxia at neutral pH does not promote apoptosis or activate caspases in neonatal cardiac myocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Regina M Graham
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology and the Vascular Biology Institute, University of Miami Medical Center, Miami, FL 33101, USA
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42
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Patten RD, Pourati I, Aronovitz MJ, Baur J, Celestin F, Chen X, Michael A, Haq S, Nuedling S, Grohe C, Force T, Mendelsohn ME, Karas RH. 17β-Estradiol Reduces Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis In Vivo and In Vitro via Activation of Phospho-Inositide-3 Kinase/Akt Signaling. Circ Res 2004; 95:692-9. [PMID: 15345655 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000144126.57786.89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 241] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Female gender and estrogen-replacement therapy in postmenopausal women are associated with improved heart failure survival, and physiological replacement of 17β-estradiol (E2) reduces infarct size and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in animal models of myocardial infarction (MI). Here, we characterize the molecular mechanisms of E2 effects on cardiomyocyte survival in vivo and in vitro. Ovariectomized female mice were treated with placebo or physiological E2 replacement, followed by coronary artery ligation (placebo-MI or E2-MI) or sham operation (sham) and hearts were harvested 6, 24, and 72 hours later. After MI, E2 replacement significantly increased activation of the prosurvival kinase, Akt, and decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis assessed by terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) staining and caspase 3 activation. In vitro, E2 at 1 or 10 nmol/L caused a rapid 2.7-fold increase in Akt phosphorylation and a decrease in apoptosis as measured by TUNEL staining, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. The E2-mediated reduction in apoptosis was reversed by an estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist, ICI 182,780, and by phospho-inositide-3 kinase inhibitors, LY294002 and Wortmannin. Overexpression of a dominant negative-Akt construct also blocked E2-mediated reduction in cardiomyocyte apoptosis. These data show that E2 reduces cardiomyocyte apoptosis in vivo and in vitro by ER- and phospho-inositide-3 kinase–Akt–dependent pathways and support the relevance of these pathways in the observed estrogen-mediated reduction in myocardial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D Patten
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington St, Boston MA 02111, USA.
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43
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Kawai K, Qin F, Shite J, Mao W, Fukuoka S, Liang CS. Importance of antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects of β-receptor blockers in heart failure therapy. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H1003-12. [PMID: 15105169 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00797.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to determine whether beneficial effects of carvedilol in congestive heart failure (CHF) are mediated via its β-adrenergic blocking, antioxidant, and/or α-adrenergic blocking action. Rabbits with heart failure induced by rapid cardiac pacing were randomized to receive subcutaneous carvedilol, metoprolol, propranolol plus doxazosin, or placebo pellets for 8 wk and compared with sham-operated rabbits without pacing. We found rapid cardiac pacing produced clinical heart failure, left ventricular dilation, and decline of left ventricular fractional shortening. This was associated with an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, decrease in left ventricular first derivative of left ventricular pressure, and myocyte hypertrophy. Tissue oxidative stress measured by GSH/GSSG was increased in the heart with increased oxidation product of mitochondrial DNA, 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2′-deoxyguanosine, increase of Bax, decrease of Bcl-2, and increase of apoptotic myocytes as measured by anti-single-stranded DNA monoclonal antibody. Administration of carvedilol and metoprolol, which had no effect in sham animals, attenuated cardiac ventricular remodeling, cardiac hypertrophy, oxidative stress, and myocyte apoptosis in CHF. In contrast, propranolol plus doxazosin, which has less antioxidant effects, produced smaller effects on left ventricular function and myocyte apoptosis. In all animals, GSH/GSSG correlated significantly with changes of left ventricular end-diastolic dimension ( r = −0.678, P < 0.0001), fractional shortening ( r = 0.706, P < 0.0001), and apoptotic myocytes ( r = −0.473, P = 0.0001). Thus our findings suggest antioxidant and antiapoptotic actions of carvedilol and metoprolol are important determinants of clinical beneficial effects of β-receptors in the treatment of CHF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Kawai
- Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York 14642, USA
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Patten RD, Soman P. Prevention and Reversal of LV Remodeling with Neurohormonal Inhibitors. CURRENT TREATMENT OPTIONS IN CARDIOVASCULAR MEDICINE 2004; 6:313-325. [PMID: 15212726 DOI: 10.1007/s11936-004-0033-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular (LV) remodeling refers to alterations in ventricular mass, chamber size, and shape that result from myocardial injury, pressure, or volume overload. Numerous studies have demonstrated that LV remodeling correlates with the incidence of heart failure and death, supporting a causative role for remodeling in heart failure progression. Heart failure trials have shown that neurohormonal antagonists, including angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and beta-adrenergic receptor blockers (beta blockers), reduce remodeling in parallel with improved clinical outcomes. Existing data favor using angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) receptor antagonists (or "ARBs"), although their anti-remodeling effects are less well established. Recently, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists have gained substantial interest based on favorable clinical trial results, although data regarding their effects on remodeling are limited. Thus, an optimal medical regimen to prevent or limit LV remodeling in patients with LV dysfunction should include both an ACE inhibitor and beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, irrespective of the degree of LV dysfunction and symptom status. For patients intolerant to ACE inhibitors, an AT1 receptor antagonist should be substituted. An aldosterone antagonist should be administered to patients with severe, New York Heart Association class III to IV heart failure who have normal or only mildly impaired renal function, or to those patients with depressed LV function following an acute myocardial infarction. Through the aggressive pharmacologic inhibition of both the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone and sympathetic nervous systems, progressive LV remodeling can be prevented or hindered, thereby favorably altering the natural history of the heart failure syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard D. Patten
- Molecular Cardiology Research Institute, Heart Failure and Cardiac Transplant Program Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, 750 Washington Street, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
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Cai Z, Semenza GL. Phosphatidylinositol-3-Kinase Signaling Is Required for Erythropoietin-Mediated Acute Protection Against Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury. Circulation 2004; 109:2050-3. [PMID: 15117842 DOI: 10.1161/01.cir.0000127954.98131.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background—
Parenteral administration of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) to rats induces protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury 24 hours later. However, the mechanisms by which rhEPO mediates protection have not been determined.
Methods and Results—
rhEPO was perfused into isolated rat hearts over 15 minutes immediately before 30 minutes of no-flow ischemia and 45 minutes of reperfusion. Compared with saline-perfused control hearts, recovery of left ventricular developed pressure was increased in rhEPO-perfused hearts. rhEPO also increased AKT activity and decreased apoptosis. All of these effects were blocked when the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin was infused with rhEPO.
Conclusions—
rhEPO provides immediate protection against ischemia/reperfusion injury in the isolated perfused rat heart that is mediated by the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheqing Cai
- Institute for Cell Engineering, McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine, and Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Md, USA
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47
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Abbate A, Santini D, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, Scarpa S, Vasaturo F, Liuzzo G, Bussani R, Silvestri F, Baldi F, Crea F, Biasucci LM, Baldi A. Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression at the site of recent myocardial infarction: friend or foe? BRITISH HEART JOURNAL 2004; 90:440-3. [PMID: 15020525 PMCID: PMC1768143 DOI: 10.1136/hrt.2003.010280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) is induced in cardiomyocytes only in response to stress, such as ischaemia. OBJECTIVE To assess COX-2 expression at the site of recent myocardial infarction. METHODS COX-2 expression was evaluated by specific immunostaining in cardiomyocytes from 23 subjects who died 10-60 days after acute myocardial infarction. The relation between COX-2 myocardial expression and apoptotic rate was investigated. Cardiomyocyte apoptotic rate was defined as the number of cells co-expressing in situ end labelling of DNA fragmentation (TUNEL) and immunostaining for activated caspase-3. RESULTS COX-2 expression was found in cardiomyocytes at the site of infarction in nine of 23 cases (39%). It was associated with fivefold higher apoptotic rates (median 17.9% (interquartile range 11.0-25.4%) v 3.7% (0.6-12.8%); p = 0.016), and apoptotic rate increased progressively from mild to intense COX-2 staining (p for trend 0.009). COX-2 expression co-localised with TUNEL nuclear staining in myocytes, and there was a high concordance between COX-2 and hypoxia induced factor 1-alpha staining (78%, p = 0.021) and between COX-2 and bax (83%, p = 0.014). Subjects showing myocardial COX-2 expression were more likely to have enlarged hearts (p = 0.050), and intense COX-2 staining was strictly associated with symptomatic heart failure (p = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS COX-2 is expressed in cardiomyocytes in nearly 40% of cases at the site of recent acute myocardial infarction, even late after the index event. Its expression was associated with extremely high apoptotic rates. These findings suggest a potential cause-effect link between COX-2 expression and enhanced myocardial apoptosis in ischaemic cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Abbate
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Rome, Italy.
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48
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Iwanaga Y, Hoshijima M, Gu Y, Iwatate M, Dieterle T, Ikeda Y, Date MO, Chrast J, Matsuzaki M, Peterson KL, Chien KR, Ross J. Chronic phospholamban inhibition prevents progressive cardiac dysfunction and pathological remodeling after infarction in rats. J Clin Invest 2004; 113:727-36. [PMID: 14991071 PMCID: PMC351313 DOI: 10.1172/jci18716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2003] [Accepted: 12/28/2003] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ablation or inhibition of phospholamban (PLN) has favorable effects in several genetic murine dilated cardiomyopathies, and we showed previously that a pseudophosphorylated form of PLN mutant (S16EPLN) successfully prevented progressive heart failure in cardiomyopathic hamsters. In this study, the effects of PLN inhibition were examined in rats with heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI), a model of acquired disease. S16EPLN was delivered into failing hearts 5 weeks after MI by transcoronary gene transfer using a recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vector. In treated (MI-S16EPLN, n = 16) and control (MI-saline, n = 18) groups, infarct sizes were closely matched and the left ventricle was similarly depressed and dilated before gene transfer. At 2 and 6 months after gene transfer, MI-S16EPLN rats showed an increase in left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction and a much smaller rise in LV end-diastolic volume, compared with progressive deterioration of LV size and function in MI-saline rats. Hemodynamic measurements at 6 months showed lower LV end-diastolic pressures, with enhanced LV function (contractility and relaxation), lowered LV mass and myocyte size, and less fibrosis in MI-S16EPLN rats. Thus, PLN inhibition by in vivo rAAV gene transfer is an effective strategy for the chronic treatment of an acquired form of established heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshitaka Iwanaga
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0613B, USA
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49
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Biondi-Zoccai GGL, Abbate A, Vasaturo F, Scarpa S, Santini D, Leone AM, Parisi Q, De Giorgio F, Bussani R, Silvestri F, Baldi F, Biasucci LM, Baldi A. Increased apoptosis in remote non-infarcted myocardium in multivessel coronary disease. Int J Cardiol 2004; 94:105-10. [PMID: 14996483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2003.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2003] [Accepted: 07/25/2003] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multivessel coronary disease after myocardial infarction is a major risk factor for unfavorable cardiac remodeling and death due to pump failure, but underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are still uncompletely established. Post-infarction myocardial apoptosis has been recently implicated as a cause of ongoing cell loss leading to cardiac failure. Our aim was to assess the role of post-infarction myocardial apoptosis and pro-apoptotic factor expression in the non-infarcted remote myocardium of subjects with multivessel coronary disease. METHODS Twenty-one males dying after recent myocardial infarction with permanent occlusion of the infarct-related artery were selected at autopsy. Apoptosis was assessed at viable myocardial regions remote from infarction by co-staining for in situ end-labeling of DNA fragmentation and cleaved caspase-3. Expression of pro-apoptotic factor bax and hypoxia-induced factor-1alpha was evaluated by immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Subjects with multivessel disease (N=11) showed a significantly two-fold higher myocardial apoptosis in comparison to subjects with single vessel disease (N=10) (0.9% vs. 0.5%, p=0.013). Similarly, myocardial bax expression was increased in patients with multivessel disease (3.0% vs. 1.4%, p=0.029). Stratification for the number of diseased coronary vessels confirmed the association between extent of coronary disease and apoptotic rates (p=0.022). Even in subjects dying over 30 days after infarction multivessel disease remained predictive of enhanced myocardiocyte apoptosis at remote regions (p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS Post-infarction myocardial apoptosis and bax expression in remote left ventricular regions are significantly increased in male patients with multivessel coronary disease in comparison to those with isolated infarct-related artery occlusion. These findings suggest that apoptotic cell loss in the viable non-infarcted myocardium, possibly due ongoing ischemia, may play a relevant role in the unfavorable clinical course typical of multivessel disease after myocardial infarction.
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50
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Abbate A, Biondi-Zoccai GGL, Baldi A, Trani C, Biasucci LM, Vetrovec GW. The ‘Open-Artery Hypothesis’: New Clinical and Pathophysiologic Insights. Cardiology 2004; 100:196-206. [PMID: 14713731 DOI: 10.1159/000074813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2003] [Accepted: 09/26/2003] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The open-artery hypothesis states that myocardial reperfusion, even if late for myocardial salvage, provides benefits and prevents adverse cardiac remodeling. While observational data in humans regarding the deleterious impact of a permanent infarct-related artery occlusion and the benefits of spontaneous reperfusion are quite consistent, the reports regarding late revascularization are inconclusive in order to prove such a hypothesis. The observational studies tend to have selection biases, while randomized trials to date are too small to be conclusive. Moreover, the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying presumed benefits of reperfusion are still unclear. However, although the open-artery hypothesis remains unproven, the current evidence suggesting benefits calls for additional studies. Limitations of ischemic left ventricular dilatation and myopathy could markedly reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality after acute myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Abbate
- Institute of Cardiology, Catholic University, Largo A. Gemelli, 8, IT-00168 Rome, Italy.
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