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Tsakmakidis I, Lefkaditis M, Zaralis K, Arsenos G. Alternative hosts of Leishmania infantum: a neglected parasite in Europe. Trop Anim Health Prod 2024; 56:128. [PMID: 38630347 PMCID: PMC11189345 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-024-03978-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Multi-host pathogens that infect various animal species and humans are considered of great importance for public and animal health. Leishmania spp. parasites are a characteristic example of such pathogens. Although leishmaniosis in humans is endemic for about 100 countries around the world it is classified as a neglected tropical disease. There are three main forms of leishmaniosis in humans: cutaneous (CL), visceral (VL) and mucocutaneous leishmaniosis (MCL). Each year, about 30,000 new cases of VL and more than 1 million new cases of CL are recorded. In Europe L. infantum is the dominant species with dogs being reservoir hosts. Apart from dogs, infection has been recorded in various animals, which suggests that other species could play a role in the maintenance of the parasite in nature. Herein we provide an in-depth review of the literature with respect to studies that deal with Leishmania infantum infections in domestic and wild animal species in Europe. Given the fact that domesticated and wild animals could contribute to the incidences of leishmaniosis in humans, the aim of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review which could potentially be used for the development of measures when it comes to the control of the Leishmania infantum parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Tsakmakidis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece
| | | | - Konstantinos Zaralis
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Agriculture, University of Western Macedonia, end of Kontopoulou str, Florina, 53100, Greece.
| | - Georgios Arsenos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Messaoudene F, Boukraa S, Boubidi SC, Guerzou A, Ouahabi A. Human Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in North Africa and Its Threats to Public Health: A Statistical Study Focused on Djelfa (Algeria). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2608. [PMID: 37894266 PMCID: PMC10609502 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11102608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous leishmaniasis, the most common form of leishmaniasis, causes long-term skin lesions on exposed areas of the skin. It is caused by a protozoan parasite belonging to the genus Leishmania and is transmitted via infected phlebotomine sand flies. In North Africa, particularly Algeria, the disease represents a major public health problem. This retrospective study, which focuses on the agropastoral region of Djelfa (central Algeria) during a period of 16 years, from 2006 to 2021, is part of the surveillance of cutaneous leishmaniasis to identify the key factors favouring its probable spread. The analyzed data reveal that this disease is more prevalent in male patients (53.60%) and is highly widespread in this vast area of 66,415 km2 with a total of 3864 CL cases, reaching a peak of 1407 cases in 2006. Statistically, the Pearson correlation validated by the p-value shows, in an original and sometimes unexpected way, that certain factors, such as temperature linked to climate change, are playing a significant role in the probable spread of the disease in Djelfa and its surrounding regions. The concentration of the population in some specific rural areas with limited or nonexistent access to public health services is another potential factor in disease transmission. The results were highlighted by a significant correlation coefficient (r=0.66) with a p-value less than 0.01. While there is currently no vaccine or prophylactic drug available, our research represents a preliminary approach that addresses various epidemiological aspects of the disease. This paves the way for a proactive preventive strategy involving the control of vector-borne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Messaoudene
- Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems Laboratory, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
| | - Slimane Boukraa
- Department of Agricultural and Forestry Zoology, Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique, El-Harrach 16004, Algeria
| | - Said Chaouki Boubidi
- Laboratoire d’Eco-Epidémiologie Parasitaire et Génétique des Populations, Institut Pasteur d’Algérie, Dely-Brahim 16047, Algeria
| | - Ahlem Guerzou
- Exploration and Valorization of Steppe Ecosystems Laboratory, Faculty of Nature and Life Science, Ziane Achour University of Djelfa, Djelfa 17000, Algeria
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Kumar A, Singh VK, Tiwari R, Madhukar P, Rajneesh, Kumar S, Gautam V, Engwerda C, Sundar S, Kumar R. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in the Indian sub-continent: challenges and strategies for elimination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1236952. [PMID: 37638047 PMCID: PMC10451093 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1236952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a severe and often fatal form of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania donovani in the Indian sub-continent. Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) is a late cutaneous manifestation of VL, typically occurring after apparent cure of VL, but sometimes even without a prior history of VL in India. PKDL serves as a significant yet neglected reservoir of infection and plays a crucial role in the transmission of the disease, posing a serious threat to the VL elimination program in the Indian sub-continent. Therefore, the eradication of PKDL should be a priority within the current VL elimination program aimed at achieving a goal of less than 1 case per 10,000 in the population at the district or sub-district levels of VL endemic areas. To accomplish this, a comprehensive understanding of the pathogenesis of PKDL is essential, as well as developing strategies for disease management. This review provides an overview of the current status of diagnosis and treatment options for PKDL, highlighting our current knowledge of the immune responses underlying disease development and progression. Additionally, the review discusses the impact of PKDL on elimination programs and propose strategies to overcome this challenge and achieve the goal of elimination. By addressing the diagnostic and therapeutic gaps, optimizing surveillance and control measures, and implementing effective intervention strategies, it is possible to mitigate the burden of PKDL and facilitate the successful elimination of VL in the Indian sub-continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awnish Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vishal Kumar Singh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rahul Tiwari
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajneesh
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shashi Kumar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Vibhav Gautam
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Christian Engwerda
- Immunology and Infection Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD, Australia
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Rajiv Kumar
- Centre of Experimental Medicine and Surgery, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Camargo Júnior RNC, Sarmento Gomes JS, Corrêa Carvalho MC, Chalkidis HDM, da Silva WC, Sousa da Silva J, Silva de Castro SR, Lima Neto RC, Moutinho VHP. Visceral Leishmaniasis Associated with HIV Coinfection in Pará, Brazil. HIV AIDS (Auckl) 2023; 15:247-255. [PMID: 37255531 PMCID: PMC10226483 DOI: 10.2147/hiv.s400189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis of great importance to public health due to its epidemiological diversity, with emphasis on the possibility of aggravation by coinfection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Objective The aim was to study the epidemiological characteristics of VL cases associated with HIV coinfection in Pará. Methods. Reported cases of VL from January 2006 to December 2016 were investigated. A descriptive epidemiological method related to age, gender, area of residence and coinfection with HIV was used. To calculate variance and test equity, the F-test (Fisher) was performed. To observe the influence of one aspect on another, the chi-square was used to verify if there was dependence or independence between the variables. Results A total of 1171 cases of VL were reported during the study period. There was an annual mean of LV of 94.9, with a statistical difference (p<0.05) between age groups, with the highest number of cases being observed in children aged 1 to 4 years (27.16%). Males and the urban area had a higher number of cases. There were 57 cases of VL/HIV coinfection, with emphasis on the year 2013 and the municipality of Santarém, which had the highest number of cases. During the ten years studied, there was a correlation between coinfection VL/ HIV, with significant differences between patients with and without HIV who contracted VL (p<0.001). Conclusion The data reveal the endemic nature of VL in the region, with a high percentage of infection in children living in urban areas. Although the studied region is not identified as a predominant area of HIV cases, this study showed a high annual average (10.3) of cases of VL/HIV coinfection being the first time that cases of VL/HIV coinfection were reported in the Mesoregion of the Lower Amazon and Southwest Pará.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Juliana Sousa da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Natural Resources of the Amazon, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
| | | | - Raul Cunha Lima Neto
- Institute of Biodiversity and Forests, Federal University of Western Pará, Santarém, Pará, Brazil
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Das SS, Dubey AK, Verma PRP, Singh SK, Singh SK. Therapeutic Potential of Quercetin-Loaded Nanoemulsion against Experimental Visceral Leishmaniasis: In Vitro/ Ex Vivo Studies and Mechanistic Insights. Mol Pharm 2022; 19:3367-3384. [PMID: 35980291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c00492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most fatal and neglected tropical diseases caused by Leishmania donovani (L. donovani). The applications of currently available chemotherapy (amphotericin B, miltefosine, and others) in VL treatment have been limited due to their poor bioavailability, unfavorable toxicity profile, and prolonged parenteral dosing. Quercetin (QT), a potent natural antioxidant, is a prominent target when conducting investigations on alternative therapies against L. donovani infections. However, the therapeutic applications of QT have been restricted due to its low solubility and bioavailability. In the present study, we developed and evaluated the antileishmanial activity (ALA) of quercetin-loaded nanoemulsion (QTNE) against L. donovani clinical strains. In vitro anti-promastigote assay results demonstrated that QTNE (IC50 6.6 μM, 48 h) significantly inhibited the growth of parasites more efficiently than the pure QT suspension in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Results of the anti-amastigote assay revealed that the infected macrophages (%) of QTNE were significantly more than those of the pure QT suspension at all concentrations (6.6, 26.4, and 52.8 μM; p < 0.05, p < 0.01 compared to the control). Moreover, the results of in vitro and ex vivo studies assisted in determining the mechanistic insights associated with the ALA of QTNE. The overall findings suggested that QTNE exhibited potential ALA by enhancing the intracellular ROS and nitric oxide levels, inducing distortion of membrane integrity and phosphatidylserine release (AV/PI), rupturing the parasite DNA (late apoptosis/necrosis process), and upregulating the immunomodulatory effects (IFN-γ and IL-10 levels). Additionally, QTNE showed superior biocompatibility against all of the treated healthy cells (PBMCs, PECs, and BMCs) as compared to the control. In conclusion, QTNE acts as a potential antileishmanial agent targeting both promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. donovani, which thus opens a new avenue for the use of QTNE in VL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabya Sachi Das
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dubey
- Department of Biotechnology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Hajipur, Vaishali 844102, Bihar, India.,Parasite Immunology Lab, Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Priya Ranjan Prasad Verma
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
| | - Shubhankar Kumar Singh
- Parasite Immunology Lab, Division of Microbiology, Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR)-Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences (RMRIMS), Patna 800007, Bihar, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India
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Khazaei M, Rahnama V, Motazedian MH, Samani SM, Hatam G. In vitro effect of artemether-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) on Leishmania infantum. J Parasit Dis 2021; 45:964-971. [PMID: 34789979 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-021-01373-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an acute and deadly form of leishmaniasis, caused by Leishmania infantum parasite. Due to the toxicity and side effects of conventional treatment options, such as glucantime and other pentavalent drugs, finding novel drugs with fewer adverse effects is required. Artemether (ART), is one of the derivatives of artemisinin, which was shown to be effective in treating malaria and more recently, leishmaniasis. In this fundamental-applied research, we compared the effect of ART and nanostructure loaded with artemether (NLC-ART) on Leishmania infantum promastigotes and amastigotes, at different concentrations (2.5-5-10-25-50-100 μg/ml) using the MTT(3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay method after 24 and 48 h of treatment. Inhibitory concentration (IC50) values (μg/ml) of promastigote and amastigote of L. infantum to ART/ NLC-ART, after 48 h of treatment, were found to be 37.12 / 32.1 and 16.43 / 15.42, respectively. Moreover, we found that (NLC-ART), had the lowest cytotoxicity against the J774 macrophage cell line. Conclusion: The NLC-ART can be a good candidate for the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meisam Khazaei
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Vahid Rahnama
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Motazedian
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Nanomedicine and Nano Biology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Soliman Mohammadi Samani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hatam
- Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Amin MR, Fardin J, Noor N, Mallik PK, Tabassum T, Khan MAS, Hasan MJ. Leishmaniasis in Dhaka Medical College-experience of three years. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05414. [PMID: 33251349 PMCID: PMC7679253 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The People's Republic of Bangladesh has been working to eliminate visceral leishmaniasis or Kala-azar cases since there was a memorandum of understanding signed between neighboring countries in 2005. As a part of the elimination activity, 44 cases of Kala-azar were diagnosed and treated in the regional referral center Dhaka Medical College Hospital (DMCH) during the last three years, which is reported here. Confirmed leishmaniasis cases were included. Patients attending this specialized center with different demographic characteristics and varied presentations with laboratory findings were reviewed and recorded in a structured case record form. Ethical clearance was obtained prior to starting the study. A total of 44 patients with leishmaniasis were reviewed. Approximately 89% (n = 39) were New Kala-azar (NKA), 7% (n = 3) were Relapse Kala-azar (Relapse KA), only one case (2%) was Kala-azar Treatment Failure (KATF) and Post Kala-azar Dermal Leishmaniasis (PKDL) for both. The mean age of presentation was 32 years. Forty percent of patients had houses made by mud, 26% by tin shed, and the rest lived in buildings and semi-buildings. The predominant clinical features were fever (90.9%), pallor (88.6%), splenomegaly (81.8%) and hepatomegaly (68.2%). rK39 was positive in 90.7% of cases, and 94.4% of cases were positive for LD bodies on splenic aspirate. Of all, 90.90% were treated with Inj. Liposomal amphotericin B and 9.10% with the combination of Inj. Liposomal Amphotericin B and Inj. Miltefosine. Moving forward to the elimination of leishmaniasis from Bangladesh, the study highlights the status, characteristics and treatment of the disease in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jubayer Fardin
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nawsabah Noor
- Department of Medicine, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Gedda MR, Singh B, Kumar D, Singh AK, Madhukar P, Upadhyay S, Singh OP, Sundar S. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: A threat to elimination program. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008221. [PMID: 32614818 PMCID: PMC7332242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis remains a public health concern around the world that primarily affects poor folks of the developing world spanning across 98 countries with mortality of 0.2 million to 0.4 million annually. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL) is the late skin manifestation of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). It has been reported that about 2.5% to 20% of patients recovered from VL develop PKDL having stilted macular or nodular lesions with parasites. In the Indian subcontinent (ISC), it manifests a few months after recovery from VL, though in Africa it can occur simultaneously with VL or a little later. New cases of PKDL are also observed without prior VL in the ISC. These individuals with PKDL represent an important but largely neglected reservoir of infection that perpetuates anthroponotic Leishmania donovani transmission in the ISC and can jeopardize the VL elimination program as these cases can infect the sand flies and spread the endemic. Therefore, it becomes imperative to eradicate PKDL as a part of the VL elimination program. With the limited treatment options besides little knowledge on PKDL, this review stands out in focusing on different aspects that should be dealt for sustained VL elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mallikarjuna Rao Gedda
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Center for Cellular Engineering, NIH Clinical Center, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bhawana Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
- Department of Zoology, Rameshwar College, BRA Bihar University, Muzaffarpur, India
| | - Abhishek Kumar Singh
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Prasoon Madhukar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shreya Upadhyay
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Om Prakash Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Shyam Sundar
- Infectious Disease Research Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Wang Z, Tang M, Cai S, Liu Y, Zhou J, Han D. Self-awareness control effect of cooperative epidemics on complex networks. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2019; 29:053123. [PMID: 31154796 DOI: 10.1063/1.5063960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coinfection mechanism is a common interacting mode between multiple diseases in real spreading processes, where the diseases mutually increase their susceptibility, and has aroused widespread studies in network science. We use the bond percolation theory to characterize the coinfection model under two self-awareness control strategies, including immunization strategy and quarantine strategy, and to study the impacts of the synergy effect and control strategies on cooperative epidemics. We find that strengthening the synergy effect can reduce the epidemic threshold and enhance the outbreak size of coinfected networks. On Erdős-Rényi networks, the synergy effect will induce a crossover phenomenon of phase transition, i.e., make the type of phase transition from being continuous to discontinuous. Self-awareness control strategies play a non-negligible role in suppressing cooperative epidemics. In particular, increasing immunization or the quarantine rate can enhance the epidemic threshold and reduce the outbreak size of cooperative epidemics, and lead to a crossover phenomenon of transition from being discontinuous to continuous. The impact of quarantine strategy on cooperative epidemics is more significant than the immunization strategy, which is verified on scale-free networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexun Wang
- School of Information Science Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ming Tang
- School of Information Science Technology, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shimin Cai
- Web Sciences Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Big Data Research Center, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Physics and Materials Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dingding Han
- School of Information Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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10
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Volpato H, Scariot DB, Soares EFP, Jacomini AP, Rosa FA, Sarragiotto MH, Ueda-Nakamura T, Rubira AF, Pereira GM, Manadas R, Leitão AJ, Borges O, Nakamura CV, Sousa MDC. In vitro anti-Leishmania activity of T6 synthetic compound encapsulated in yeast-derived β-(1,3)-d-glucan particles. Int J Biol Macromol 2018; 119:1264-1275. [PMID: 30096400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2018.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to encapsulate a synthetic compound, the 4-[(2E)-N'-(2,2'-bithienyl-5-methylene)hydra-zinecarbonyl]-6,7-dihydro-1-phenyl-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyridazin-7-one (T6) in glucan-rich particles mainly composed by the cell wall of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GPs) and to study their individual and combined activity on Leishmania infantum. The possible mechanism of action of T6 was also investigated. Our results showed the activity of T6 compound in both promastigote (IC50 = 2.5 μg/mL) and intracellular amastigote (IC50 = 1.23 μg/mL) forms. We also found activity against intracellular amastigote forms (IC50 = 8.20 μg/mL) when the T6 compound was encapsulated in GPs. Another interesting finding was the fact that T6 encapsulated in GPs showed a significant decrease in J774A1 macrophage toxicity (CC50 ≥ 18.53 μg/mL) compared to the T6 compound alone (IC50 = 2.27 μg/mL). Through electron microscopy and biochemical methodologies, we verified that the activity of T6 in promastigote forms of L. infantum was characterized by events of cell death by apoptosis like increased ROS production, cell shrinkage, phosphatidylserine exposure and DNA fragmentation. We conclude that T6 can be considered a promising anti-Leishmania compound, and that the use of GPs for drug encapsulation is an interesting approach to the development of new effective and less toxic formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélito Volpato
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Débora Botura Scariot
- Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Edna Filipa Pais Soares
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrey Petita Jacomini
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Andreia Rosa
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Adley Forti Rubira
- Postgraduate Program in Chemistry, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | | | - Rui Manadas
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Alcino J Leitão
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Olga Borges
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; Postgraduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá (UEM), Maringá, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Maria do Céu Sousa
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra (FFUC), Coimbra, Portugal; Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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11
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Achievement amastigotes of Leishmania infantum and investigation of pathological changes in the tissues of infected golden hamsters. J Parasit Dis 2018; 42:187-195. [PMID: 29844622 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-018-0981-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is an agent of visceral leishmaniasis (VL). Amastigote form is a more appropriate target for investigations on vaccines, treatment, and diagnosis. This study aimed to achieve the amastigotes of L. infantum in the golden hamster and J774 macrophages and report the pathological changes that occur in the liver and spleen of the hamsters with VL. 4 male golden hamsters were infected with L. infantum promastigotes. After 5 months, the hamsters were euthanized and touch and pathology smears were prepared from the livers and spleens. Then, these tissues were homogenized and centrifuged at 100×g. Supernatants were collected and centrifuged at 2000×g and the pellets were collected. In the next part of our study, J774 macrophages were infected with L. infantum promastigotes. Then, the infected macrophages were ruptured. Centrifuge stages were done same the previous part. The amastigotes were observed in touch and pathology smears. A load of amastigotes in the livers was more than the spleens in both types of smears. Although the livers' structure had undergone pathological changes, the spleens were unchanged. Also, the macrophage infectivity ratio was up to 95%. Our results present a simple and accessible way of achieving a lot of pure and real amastigotes for different fields in Leishmania. Also, it seems that the pathological changes occurring in the spleen and the liver of animals with VL are different and probably can be attributed to the genetic and immune process of the infected animals.
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Das A, Das MC, Das N, Bhattacharjee S. Evaluation of the antileishmanial potency, toxicity and phytochemical constituents of methanol bark extract of Sterculia villosa. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:998-1009. [PMID: 28173714 PMCID: PMC6130613 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2017.1285946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Visceral leishmaniasis is a protozoan disease caused by Leishmania donovani parasite. The genus Sterculia (Malvaceae) possesses ethnobotanical potential against this protozoan infection. OBJECTIVE Determining the potential role of methanol bark extracts from Sterculia villosa Roxb (SVE) and its phytoconstituents against Leishmania donovani promastigotes. MATERIALS AND METHODS SVE was analysed by TLC, UV-Vis, IR spectroscopy and biochemical assays. Antileishmanial potential of SVE (0.5-130 μg/mL for 72 h) was characterized by MTT assay. Fluorescent microscopy was performed to validate the IC50 dose. To determine the effect of SVE on promastigotes, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and superoxide generation, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation assays were performed. Molecular aggregation of compounds was determined by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Extent of cytotoxicity of SVE at IC50 dose was determined against RAW 264.7 macrophages, peritoneal macrophages and murine RBCs. In vivo cytotoxicity of SVE was evaluated in BALB/c mice. RESULT SVE exhibited reverse dose dependent antileishmanial activity when 130-0 μg/mL doses were tested against promastigotes. The IC50 and IC70 values were found to be 17.5 and 10 μg/mL, respectively. SVE at IC50 dose demonstrated elevated level of ROS, superoxide, lipid peroxidation and DNA fragmentation against promastigotes with no cytotoxicity. AFM analysis suggested increasing size of molecular aggregation (31.3 nm < 35.2 nm < 2.93 μm) with increase in concentration (10 μg < 17.5 μg < 130 μg). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS The study elucidates the antileishmanial potential of SVE against Leishmania donovani promastigotes by exerting oxidative stress and DNA damage. In sum, SVE can be explored as an immunotherapeutic candidate against leishmaniasis and other infectious diseases.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antiprotozoal Agents/isolation & purification
- Antiprotozoal Agents/pharmacology
- Antiprotozoal Agents/toxicity
- Chromatography, Thin Layer
- DNA Fragmentation
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Leishmania donovani/drug effects
- Leishmania donovani/genetics
- Leishmania donovani/growth & development
- Leishmania donovani/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/drug therapy
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/metabolism
- Leishmaniasis, Visceral/parasitology
- Lethal Dose 50
- Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/drug effects
- Macrophages, Peritoneal/pathology
- Methanol/chemistry
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Oxidative Stress/drug effects
- Parasitic Sensitivity Tests
- Phytochemicals/isolation & purification
- Phytochemicals/pharmacology
- Phytochemicals/toxicity
- Phytotherapy
- Plant Bark/chemistry
- Plant Extracts/isolation & purification
- Plant Extracts/pharmacology
- Plant Extracts/toxicity
- Plants, Medicinal
- RAW 264.7 Cells
- Solvents/chemistry
- Spectrophotometry, Ultraviolet
- Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
- Sterculia/chemistry
- Superoxides/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Antu Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Manash C. Das
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
| | - Niranjan Das
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Shubhas Mahavidyalaya, Udaipur, India
| | - Surajit Bhattacharjee
- Department of Molecular Biology & Bioinformatics, Tripura University (A Central University), Suryamaninagar, India
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Abdu T, Adnan AB, Yimer S. Screening of some pyrazole derivatives as promising antileishmanial agent. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5897/ajpp2016.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
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14
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Jawed JJ, Majumder S, Bandyopadhyay S, Biswas S, Parveen S, Majumdar S. SLA-PGN-primed dendritic cell-based vaccination induces Th17-mediated protective immunity against experimental visceral leishmaniasis: a crucial role of PKCβ. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw041. [PMID: 27150838 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of drug resistance during visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a major obstacle imposed during successful therapy. An effective vaccine strategy against this disease is therefore necessary. Our present study exploited the SLA (soluble leishmanial antigen) and PGN (peptidoglycan) stimulated bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) as a suitable vaccine candidate during experimental VL. SLA-PGN-stimulated DCs showed a significant decrease in hepatic and splenic parasite burden, which were associated with increased production of nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-17. Elevated level of IL-17 was accompanied with the generation of more Th17 cells. Further studies on DC provided the evidence that these SLA-PGN-stimulated DCs played an important role in providing necessary cytokines such as IL-6, IL-23 and TGF-β for the generation of Th17 cells. Interestingly, inhibition of protein kinase C-β (PKCβ) in DCs led to decreased production of Th17 polarizing cytokines, causing reduction of the Th17 population size. Altogether, our finding highlighted the important role of DC-based PKCβ in regulation of the function and generation of Th17 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Jibran Jawed
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Saikat Majumder
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Syamdas Bandyopadhyay
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Satabdi Biswas
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Shabina Parveen
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
| | - Subrata Majumdar
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Bose Institute, P1/12, C.I.T. Scheme VII-M, Kolkata-700054, India
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Understanding Visceral Leishmaniasis Disease Transmission and its Control—A Study Based on Mathematical Modeling. MATHEMATICS 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/math3030913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Gatto M, de Abreu MM, Tasca KI, de Assis Golim M, da Silva LDM, Simão JC, Fortaleza CMCB, de Campos Soares ÂMV, Calvi SA. The involvement of TLR2 and TLR4 in cytokine and nitric oxide production in visceral leishmaniasis patients before and after treatment with anti-leishmanial drugs. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117977. [PMID: 25706930 PMCID: PMC4338033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have significant involvement in Leishmania infection, although little is known about the relationship between these receptors, cytokines and nitric oxide (NO) in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) before or after treatment with anti-leishmanial drugs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in CD3+ and CD14+ cells and the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β and NO in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from VL patients pre- and post-treatment with anti-leishmanial drugs. In addition, we investigated whether these receptors were involved in the production of these cytokines and NO. In the active VL patients, increased TLR2 and TLR4 expression in lymphocytes and monocytes, increased production of TNF-α, IL-10 and TGF-β and decreased production of IFN-γ, IL-17 and NO were observed. After treatment, TLR2 and TLR4 were still expressed in lymphocytes and monocytes, the TNF-α and IL-10 levels were lower, the production of IFN-γ, IL-17 and NO was higher, and the TGF-β level remained high. Before treatment, the production of TNF-α and NO was associated with TLR2 and TLR4 expression, while IL-10 production was only associated with TLR2 expression. After treatment, both receptors were associated with the production of TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10 and NO, while the production of IL-17 was associated only with TLR4 expression. The results presented in this study suggest that both TLR2 and TLR4 participate in the modulation of cytokine and NO production in VL patients, contributing to the pathogenesis of VL prior to treatment and the protective immune response after treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gatto
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine—UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine—UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marjorie de Assis Golim
- Flow Cytometry Laboratory, Hemocenter, Botucatu School of Medicine—UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - José Cláudio Simão
- Ward of Infectious Diseases, State Hospital of Bauru, Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sueli Aparecida Calvi
- Tropical Diseases Department, Botucatu School of Medicine—UNESP, Botucatu, São Paulo, Brazil
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Gatto M, de Abreu MM, Tasca KI, Simão JC, Fortaleza CMCB, Pereira PCM, Calvi SA. Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of patients with visceral leishmaniasis before and after treatment with leishmanicidal drugs. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 46:735-40. [PMID: 24474015 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0198-2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is caused by the intracellular protozoan Leishmania donovani complex. VL may be asymptomatic or progressive and is characterized by fever, anemia, weight loss and the enlargement of the spleen and liver. The nutritional status of the patients with VL is a major determinant of the progression, severity and mortality of the disease, as it affects the clinical progression of the disease. Changes in lipoproteins and plasma proteins may have major impacts in the host during infection. Thus, our goal was evaluate the serum total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein levels, as well as the body composition, of VL patients before and after treatment. METHODS Nutritional evaluation was performed using the bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess body composition. Biochemical data on the serum total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides, glucose, albumin, globulin and total protein were collected from the medical charts of the patients. RESULTS BIA indicated that both pre-treatment and post-treatment patients exhibited decreased phase angles compared to the controls, which is indicative of disease. Prior to treatment, the patients exhibited lower levels of total body water compared to the controls. Regarding the biochemical evaluation, patients with active VL exhibited lower levels of total cholesterol, HDL, LDL and albumin and higher triglyceride levels compared to patients after treatment and the controls. Treatment increased the levels of albumin and lipoproteins and decreased the triglyceride levels. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that patients with active VL present biochemical and nutritional changes that are reversed by treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Gatto
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Mariana Miziara de Abreu
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Karen Ingrid Tasca
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | | | | | - Paulo Câmara Marques Pereira
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
| | - Sueli Aparecida Calvi
- Departamento de Doenças Tropicais, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista, São PauloSP
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18
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Vaccines to prevent leishmaniasis. Clin Transl Immunology 2014; 3:e13. [PMID: 25505961 PMCID: PMC4232054 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2014.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a parasitic disease that encompasses a range of clinical manifestations affecting people in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Epidemiological and experimental data indicate that protection from disease can be achieved in most people. In addition, we know how the host immune system must respond to infection in order to control parasite growth. However, there is still no vaccine for use in humans. Here, we review our understanding of host immunity following Leishmania infection and also discuss recent advances in the development of vaccines to prevent leishmaniasis, highlighting a new promising approach that targets the parasite hemoglobin receptor.
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19
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Mukhopadhyay D, Dalton JE, Kaye PM, Chatterjee M. Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis: an unresolved mystery. Trends Parasitol 2014; 30:65-74. [PMID: 24388776 PMCID: PMC3919212 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Revised: 11/29/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sodium antimony gluconate contributes towards the pathogenesis of PKDL. UV light plays a pivotal role in the development of PKDL. Development of PKDL can be viewed as a reinfection or activation of latent Leishmania parasites. PKDL can be resolved by mounting an effective tissue-specific memory T cell response. Host genetic factors play a contributory role.
Post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (PKDL), a cutaneous sequela of visceral leishmaniasis (VL), develops in some patients alongside but more commonly after apparent cure from VL. In view of the pivotal role of PKDL patients in the transmission of VL, here we review clinical, epidemiological, parasitological, and immunological perspectives of this disease, focusing on five hypotheses to explain the development of PKDL: (i) the role of antimonial drugs; (ii) UV-induced skin damage; (iii) reinfection; (iv) organ specific failure of memory T cell responses; and (v) genetic susceptibility of the host. This review will enable researchers and clinicians to explore the unresolved mystery of PKDL and provide a framework for future application of ‘omic’ approaches for the control and eventual elimination of VL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debanjan Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, India
| | - Jane E Dalton
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Paul M Kaye
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Hull York Medical School and Department of Biology, University of York, Wentworth Way, York, YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Mitali Chatterjee
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, 244 B, Acharya JC Bose Road, Kolkata 700 020, India.
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20
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Pourmohammadi B, Motazedian MH, Kalantari M. Rodent infection withLeishmaniain a new focus of human cutaneous leishmaniasis, in northern Iran. ANNALS OF TROPICAL MEDICINE AND PARASITOLOGY 2013; 102:127-33. [DOI: 10.1179/136485908x252223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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21
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Effects of sheep and mouse urine on the growth pattern of Leishmania major promastigotes. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:748592. [PMID: 23957003 PMCID: PMC3728512 DOI: 10.1155/2013/748592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The protozoan parasites of the genus Leishmania are the causative agents of different clinical diseases. Fetal calf serum (FCS) is the main part and the most expensive ingredient of the Leishmania culture media. Here, the efficacies of different concentrations (1%, 2.5%, 5%, and 10%) of the filtered and autoclaved sheep and mouse urine were evaluated as a growth stimulator in Leishmania culture procedure. The results indicated that culture media enriched with the filtered sheep and mouse urine supported the growth of the parasites and can be used for cultivation of Leishmania parasites. In conclusion, this study has demonstrated an alternative low-cost medium that could be used in cultivation process of Leishmania major promastigotes.
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D'Antonio EL, Ullman B, Roberts SC, Dixit UG, Wilson ME, Hai Y, Christianson DW. Crystal structure of arginase from Leishmania mexicana and implications for the inhibition of polyamine biosynthesis in parasitic infections. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 535:163-76. [PMID: 23583962 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Arginase from parasitic protozoa belonging to the genus Leishmania is a potential drug target for the treatment of leishmaniasis because this binuclear manganese metalloenzyme catalyzes the first committed step in the biosynthesis of polyamines that enable cell growth and survival. The high resolution X-ray crystal structures of the unliganded form of Leishmania mexicana arginase (LmARG) and four inhibitor complexes are now reported. These complexes include the reactive substrate analogue 2(S)-amino-6-boronohexanoic acid (ABH) and the hydroxylated substrate analogue nor-N(ω)-hydroxy-l-arginine (nor-NOHA), which are the most potent arginase inhibitors known to date. Comparisons of the LmARG structure with that of the archetypal arginase, human arginase I, reveal that all residues important for substrate binding and catalysis are strictly conserved. However, three regions of tertiary structure differ between the parasitic enzyme and the human enzyme corresponding to the G62 - S71, L161 - C172, and I219 - V230 segments of LmARG. Additionally, variations are observed in salt link interactions that stabilize trimer assembly in LmARG. We also report biological studies in which we demonstrate that localization of LmARG to the glycosome, a unique subcellular organelle peculiar to Leishmania and related parasites, is essential for robust pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward L D'Antonio
- Roy and Diana Vagelos Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, 231 South 34th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
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Use of chicken (Gallus gallus) serum as a costly replacement for the fetal calf serum in cultivation of promastigotes of Leishmania infantum. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(13)60034-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Molecular diagnosis of Leishmania amazonensis in a captive spider monkey in Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 2013; 43:943-5. [PMID: 23272368 DOI: 10.1638/2012-0059r1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The municipality of Bauru, São Paulo, Brazil, is an area endemic for leishmaniasis. At the zoo, a spider monkey (Ateles paniscus) showed nonpathognomonic symptoms, such as weight loss and pale mucous membranes. Blood was collected from the jugular vein and investigated for the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism. Parasite DNA was detected, and the pattern observed was identical to Leishmania amazonensis. This study presents molecular evidence of L. amazonensis infection in a captive spider monkey.
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Ali-Akbarpour M, Mohammadbeigi A, Tabatabaee SHR, Hatam G. Spatial analysis of eco-environmental risk factors of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Southern Iran. J Cutan Aesthet Surg 2012; 5:30-5. [PMID: 22557853 PMCID: PMC3339126 DOI: 10.4103/0974-2077.94338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Despite the advances in the diagnosis and treatment of leishmaniasis, it is still considered as a severe public health problem particularly in developing countries and a great economic burden on the health resources. The present study was designed and conducted to determine the eco-environmental characteristics of the leishmaniasis disease by spatial analysis. Materials and Methods: In an ecological study, data were collected on eco-environmental factors of Fars province in Iran and on cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) cases from 2002 to 2009. geographic weighted regression (GWR) was used to analyse the data and compare them with ordinary least square (OLS) regression model results. Moran's Index was applied for analysis of spatial autocorrelation in residual of OLS. P value less than 0.05 was considered as significant and adjusted R2 was used for model preferences. Results: There was a significant spatial autocorrelation in the residuals of OLS model (Z=2.45, P=0.014). GWR showed that rainy days, minimum temperature, wind velocity, maximum relative humidity and population density were the most important eco-environmental risk factors and explained 0.388 of the associated factors of CL. Conclusion: Spatial analysis can be a good tool for detection and prediction of CL disease. In autocorrelated and non-stationary data, GWR model yields a better fitness than OLS regression model. Also, population density can be used as a surrogate variable of acquired immunity and increase the adjusted R2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Ali-Akbarpour
- Department of Epidemiology, Health Faculty, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mukherjee AK, Gupta G, Adhikari A, Majumder S, Kar Mahapatra S, Bhattacharyya Majumdar S, Majumdar S. Miltefosine triggers a strong proinflammatory cytokine response during visceral leishmaniasis: Role of TLR4 and TLR9. Int Immunopharmacol 2012; 12:565-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Accepted: 02/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Clinical features and epidemiology of cutaneous leishmaniasis and Leishmania major/HIV co-infection in Cameroon: results of a large cross-sectional study. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2012; 106:137-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nissapatorn V, Sawangjaroen N. Parasitic infections in HIV infected individuals: diagnostic & therapeutic challenges. Indian J Med Res 2011; 134:878-97. [PMID: 22310820 PMCID: PMC3284096 DOI: 10.4103/0971-5916.92633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After 30 years of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic, parasites have been one of the most common opportunistic infections (OIs) and one of the most frequent causes of morbidity and mortality associated with HIV-infected patients. Due to severe immunosuppression, enteric parasitic pathogens in general are emerging and are OIs capable of causing diarrhoeal disease associated with HIV. Of these, Cryptosporidium parvum and Isospora belli are the two most common intestinal protozoan parasites and pose a public health problem in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients. These are the only two enteric protozoan parasites that remain in the case definition of AIDS till today. Leishmaniasis, strongyloidiasis and toxoplasmosis are the three main opportunistic causes of systemic involvements reported in HIV-infected patients. Of these, toxoplasmosis is the most important parasitic infection associated with the central nervous system. Due to its complexity in nature, toxoplasmosis is the only parasitic disease capable of not only causing focal but also disseminated forms and it has been included in AIDS-defining illnesses (ADI) ever since. With the introduction of highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART), cryptosporidiosis, leishmaniasis, schistosomiasis, strongyloidiasis, and toxoplasmosis are among parasitic diseases reported in association with immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome (IRIS). This review addresses various aspects of parasitic infections in term of clinical, diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with HIV-infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veeranoot Nissapatorn
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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The emergence of concurrent HIV-1/AIDS and visceral leishmaniasis in Northeast Brazil. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2011; 105:298-300. [PMID: 21474157 DOI: 10.1016/j.trstmh.2011.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV has become increasingly prevalent in the Northeast region of Brazil where Leishmania infantum chagasi is endemic, and concurrent AIDS and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has emerged. In this study, persons with HIV/AIDS and VL (n=17) had a mean age of 37.3 years (range 29-53 years) compared with 12.5 years (1-80 years) for persons with VL alone (n=2836). Males accounted for 88% of cases with concurrent VL and AIDS and 65% of those with VL alone. The mean CD4 count and antileishmanial antibody titre were lower and recurrence of VL and death were more likely with co-infection. Considering the prevalences of L.i. chagasi and HIV in the region, this may herald the emergence of an important public health problem.
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Karp CL, Mahanty S. Approach to the Patient with HIV and Coinfecting Tropical Infectious Diseases. TROPICAL INFECTIOUS DISEASES: PRINCIPLES, PATHOGENS AND PRACTICE 2011. [PMCID: PMC7150329 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-7020-3935-5.00139-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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dos Santos AO, Veiga-Santos P, Ueda-Nakamura T, Filho BPD, Sudatti DB, Bianco ÉM, Pereira RC, Nakamura CV. Effect of elatol, isolated from red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea, on Leishmania amazonensis. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:2733-43. [PMID: 21139841 PMCID: PMC2996173 DOI: 10.3390/md8112733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we investigated the antileishmanial activity of sesquiterpene elatol, the major constituent of the Brazilian red seaweed Laurencia dendroidea (Hudson) J.V. Lamouroux, against L. amazonensis. Elatol after 72 h of treatment, showed an IC(50) of 4.0 μM and 0.45 μM for promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms of L. amazonensis, respectively. By scanning and transmission electron microscopy, parasites treated with elatol revealed notable changes compared with control cells, including: pronounced swelling of the mitochondrion; appearance of concentric membrane structures inside the organelle; destabilization of the plasma membrane; and formation of membrane structures, apparently an extension of the endoplasmic reticulum, which is suggestive of an autophagic process. A cytotoxicity assay showed that the action of the isolated compound is more specific for protozoa, and it is not toxic to macrophages. Our studies indicated that elatol is a potent antiproliferative agent against promastigote and intracellular amastigote forms, and may have important advantages for the development of new anti-leishamanial chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Oliveira dos Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
| | - Phercyles Veiga-Santos
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Tânia Ueda-Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Benedito Prado Dias Filho
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
| | - Daniela Bueno Sudatti
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100644, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.B.S.); (R.C.P.)
| | - Éverson Miguel Bianco
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista, s/n, CEP 24.020-150, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: (É.M.B.)
| | - Renato Crespo Pereira
- Departamento de Biologia Marinha, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Caixa Postal 100644, CEP 24001-970, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mails: (D.B.S.); (R.C.P.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Química Orgânica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Baptista, s/n, CEP 24.020-150, Niterói, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; E-Mail: (É.M.B.)
| | - Celso Vataru Nakamura
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Microbiologia, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR 445, Km 380, CEP 86051-990, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (A.O.S.); (B.P.D.F.)
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Laboratório de Inovação Tecnológica no Desenvolvimento de Fármacos e Cosméticos, Bloco B-08, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Av. Colombo 5790, CEP 87020-900, Maringá, Paraná, Brazil; E-Mails: (P.V.-S.); (T.U.-N.)
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Barratt JLN, Harkness J, Marriott D, Ellis JT, Stark D. Importance of nonenteric protozoan infections in immunocompromised people. Clin Microbiol Rev 2010; 23:795-836. [PMID: 20930074 PMCID: PMC2952979 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00001-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
There are many neglected nonenteric protozoa able to cause serious morbidity and mortality in humans, particularly in the developing world. Diseases caused by certain protozoa are often more severe in the presence of HIV. While information regarding neglected tropical diseases caused by trypanosomatids and Plasmodium is abundant, these protozoa are often not a first consideration in Western countries where they are not endemic. As such, diagnostics may not be available in these regions. Due to global travel and immigration, this has become an increasing problem. Inversely, in certain parts of the world (particularly sub-Saharan Africa), the HIV problem is so severe that diseases like microsporidiosis and toxoplasmosis are common. In Western countries, due to the availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), these diseases are infrequently encountered. While free-living amoebae are rarely encountered in a clinical setting, when infections do occur, they are often fatal. Rapid diagnosis and treatment are essential to the survival of patients infected with these organisms. This paper reviews information on the diagnosis and treatment of nonenteric protozoal diseases in immunocompromised people, with a focus on patients infected with HIV. The nonenteric microsporidia, some trypanosomatids, Toxoplasma spp., Neospora spp., some free-living amoebae, Plasmodium spp., and Babesia spp. are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L N Barratt
- Department of Microbiology, St. Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia.
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Miltefosine efficiently eliminates Leishmania major amastigotes from infected murine dendritic cells without altering their immune functions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 54:652-9. [PMID: 19995922 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01014-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As a treatment for leishmaniasis, miltefosine exerts direct toxic effects on the parasites. Miltefosine also modulates immune cells such as macrophages, leading to parasite elimination via oxidative radicals. Dendritic cells (DC) are critical for initiation of protective immunity against Leishmania through induction of Th1 immunity via interleukin 12 (IL-12). Here, we investigated the effects of miltefosine on DC in Leishmania major infections. When cocultured with miltefosine for 4 days, the majority of in vitro-infected DC were free of parasites. Miltefosine treatment did not influence DC maturation (upregulation of major histocompatibility complex II [MHC II] or costimulatory molecules, e.g., CD40, CD54, and CD86) or significantly alter cytokine release (IL-12, tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-alpha], or IL-10). Further, miltefosine DC treatment did not alter antigen presentation, since unrestricted antigen-specific proliferation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed upon stimulation with miltefosine-treated, infected DC. In addition, miltefosine application in vivo did not lead to maturation/emigration of skin DC. DC NO- production, a mechanism used by phagocytes to rid themselves of intracellular parasites, was also unaltered upon miltefosine treatment. Our data confirm prior studies indicating that in contrast to, e.g., pentavalent antimonials, miltefosine functions independently of the immune system, mostly through direct toxicity against the Leishmania parasite.
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Induction of cellular and humoral responses by autoclaved and heat-killed antigen of Leishmania donovani in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. Parasitol Int 2009; 58:359-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2009] [Revised: 07/14/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Tasew G, Kebede A, Wolday D, Gadisa E, Britton S, Eidsmo L, Akuffo H. Low-cost liquid medium for in vitro cultivation of Leishmania parasites in low-income countries. Glob Health Action 2009; 2. [PMID: 20027250 PMCID: PMC2792165 DOI: 10.3402/gha.v2i0.2046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 09/13/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompt laboratory diagnosis and initiation of treatment are effective components of leishmaniasis control. Detection of Leishmania parasites by ex-vivo culture of lesion scrapings is considered a definitive diagnostic method preceding initiation of treatment. OBJECTIVE A pilot study to find alternative medium that could reduce the cost of culturing from patient lesions for diagnosing leishmaniasis. METHOD GALF-1 medium was formulated in our lab from locally available inexpensive solutions and powders in the presence of urine from healthy individuals. Amastigote to promastigote transformation, recovery of parasites after cryopreservation, cost and mass cultivation was compared using the following media: GALF-1, RPMI 1640, and conventional Locke's semi-solid medium (LSSM), a modifications of Novy-MacNeal-Nicolle culture media, which uses Locke's solution as an overlay RESULTS GALF-1 preparation was cheap and the components available in low-income countries such as Ethiopia. Preparation was simple, not requiring autoclaving and extra distilled water. GALF-1 was able to transform amastigotes from Ethiopian patients' samples and could be used to cultivate promastigotes in large quantities. GALF-1 decreased Leishmania culture costs by approximately 80-95% compared to LSSM and RPMI 1640, respectively. Promastigotes cultured with GALF-1 could be cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen with comparable re-culture potential. CONCLUSION Affordability of diagnostic assays is a key issue for endemic resource-poor countries and the possibility to cut the cost of the efficient culture method for diagnosis through the use of inexpensive, locally formulated reagents could improve the diagnosis of leishmaniasis in Ethiopia and in other low-income countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geremew Tasew
- Department of Infectious and Non-infectious Diseases Research, Ethiopian Health and Nutrition Research Institute (EHNRI), Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Mubayi A, Castillo-Chavez C, Chowell G, Kribs-Zaleta C, Ali Siddiqui N, Kumar N, Das P. Transmission dynamics and underreporting of Kala-azar in the Indian state of Bihar. J Theor Biol 2009; 262:177-85. [PMID: 19769990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2009.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2009] [Revised: 08/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
"Kala-azar" (or Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis) is a vector-borne infectious disease affecting communities in tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Bihar, a state in India, has one of the highest prevalence and mortality reported levels of Kala-azar. Yet, the magnitude of the problem is difficult to assess because most cases are handled by private health providers who are not required to and do not report them to the Ministry of Health. The impact of underreporting using district-level reported incidence data from the state of Bihar is the main goal of this manuscript. We derive expressions for, and compute estimates of Kala-azar's reproduction numbers, an indirect measure of disease prevalence, and levels of underreporting for the 21 most affected districts of Bihar. The average reproduction number (number of secondary cases generated per infective) estimates for Bihar range from 1.3 (2003) to 2.1 (2005) with some districts' estimates with mean values lower than one. Model estimates (using available data and a model-derived expression) show that the proportion of underreported cases declined from an average of 88% in 2003 to 73% in 2005. However, eight districts in 2003 and five districts in 2005 had more than 90% levels of underreporting. Model estimates are used to generate underreporting adjusted incidence rates. The analysis finds that reported data misidentify four of the eight (2003) and three of the nine (2005) districts classified as high-risk. In fact, seven (2003) and five (2005) of the most affected Kala-azar districts had been classified as low-risk when only reported incidence data were used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anuj Mubayi
- Mathematical and Computational Modeling Sciences Center, Arizona State University, USA.
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Evidence of Leishmania spp. antibodies and DNA in bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) in Brazil. J Zoo Wildl Med 2009; 40:91-4. [PMID: 19368245 DOI: 10.1638/2008-0043.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The municipality of Ilha Solteira, São Paulo, Brazil is an endemic area of leishmaniasis. At the Companhia Energética de São Paulo (CESP) Wild Animal Center of Ilha Solteira, two bush dogs (Speothos venaticus) showed clinical signs of this disease. The amastigote form of Leishmania was detected in lymph-node smears taken by fine-needle biopsy. In addition, serum samples from both animals, screened with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), were positive for anti-Leishmania antibodies. Moreover, tissue samples from one of the bush dogs were evaluated for the presence of Leishmania DNA by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA of the parasite was indeed detected in the tissue samples of the liver and the lymph nodes; however, no DNA from the parasite was detected in samples of the skin and spleen. These findings confirm a Leishmania infection in bush dogs (S. venaticus).
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Bhattacharjee S, Gupta G, Bhattacharya P, Mukherjee A, Mujumdar SB, Pal A, Majumdar S. Quassin alters the immunological patterns of murine macrophages through generation of nitric oxide to exert antileishmanial activity. J Antimicrob Chemother 2008; 63:317-24. [DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkn479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Daprà F, Scalone A, Mignone W, Ferroglio E, Mannelli A, Biglino A, Zanatta R, Gradoni L, Rosati S. Validation of a recombinant based antibody ELISA for diagnosis of human and canine leishmaniasis. J Immunoassay Immunochem 2008; 29:244-56. [PMID: 18569373 DOI: 10.1080/15321810802116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a recombinant chimeric antigen (CA) ELISA was validated as a single test for both human and dog leishmaniasis. Serum panels included 327 human and 339 canine IFAT-positive and 1113 human and 1078 canine IFAT-negative samples. CA-ELISA was carried out using the same serum dilution, and labelled protein A as secondary reagent. Test performances were calculated using ROC analysis. For the human panel, the test showed diagnostic accuracy (DA) 0.974, specificity (Sp) 97.12%, sensitivity (Se) 91.44%, and concordance (K) 0.88. The dog panel showed DA 0.998, Sp 99.54%, Se 98.54%, and K 0.98. The proposed method is the best recombinant antigen-based ELISA, and can be used as IFAT substitute for mass screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franco Daprà
- Department of Animal Production, Epidemiology and Ecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Torino, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy
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Müller I, Hailu A, Choi BS, Abebe T, Fuentes JM, Munder M, Modolell M, Kropf P. Age-related alteration of arginase activity impacts on severity of leishmaniasis. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2008; 2:e235. [PMID: 18478052 PMCID: PMC2359854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0000235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 04/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The leishmaniases are a group of vector-borne parasitic diseases that represent a major international public health problem; they belong to the most neglected tropical diseases and have one of the highest rates of morbidity and mortality. The clinical outcome of infection with Leishmania parasites depends on a variety of factors such as parasite species, vector-derived products, genetics, behaviour, and nutrition. The age of the infected individuals also appears to be critical, as a significant proportion of clinical cases occur in children; this age-related higher prevalence of disease is most remarkable in visceral leishmaniasis. The mechanisms resulting in this higher incidence of clinical disease in children are poorly understood. We have recently revealed that sustained arginase activity promotes uncontrolled parasite growth and pathology in vivo. Here, we tested the hypothesis that arginase-mediated L-arginine metabolism differs with age. Methodology The age distribution of patients with visceral or cutaneous leishmaniasis was determined in cohorts of patients in our clinics in endemic areas in Ethiopia. To exclude factors that are difficult to control in patients, we assessed the impact of ageing on the manifestations of experimental leishmaniasis. We determined parasite burden, T cell responses, and macrophage effector functions in young and aged mice during the course of infection. Results Our results show that younger mice develop exacerbated lesion pathology and higher parasite burdens than aged mice. This aggravated disease development in younger individuals does not correlate with a change in T helper cytokine profile. To address the underlying mechanisms responsible for the more severe infections in younger mice, we investigated macrophage effector functions. Our results show that macrophages from younger mice do not have an impaired capacity to kill parasites; however, they express significantly higher levels of arginase 1 than aged mice and promote parasite growth more efficiently. Thus, our results demonstrate that ageing differentially impacts on L-arginine metabolism and subsequent effector functions of physiologically distinct macrophage subsets. Conclusions Here, we show that arginase-mediated L-arginine metabolism is modulated with age and affects the capacity of macrophages to express arginase; the increased capacity to upregulate this enzyme in younger individuals results in a more permissive environment for parasite growth, increased disease severity and pathology. These results suggest that the difference in arginase-mediated L-arginine catabolism is likely to be an important factor contributing to the increased incidence of clinical cases in children. Thus, targeting L-arginine metabolism might be a promising therapeutic strategy against leishmaniasis, especially in children and young adults. It is well documented that ageing alters many aspects of immune responses; however, a causal relation between impaired immune functions in ageing individuals and the response to infection has not been established. Experimental leishmaniasis is an excellent model to analyse protective and pathological immune responses. Leishmania parasites are obligate intracellular pathogens and invade mainly macrophages, which have dual function: they can kill the parasites or promote their growth. We have recently shown that arginase, an enzyme induced in infected macrophages, is a key factor for parasite survival. Here, we show that ageing reduces the expression levels of arginase in macrophages, resulting in more efficient control of parasite growth. Our results suggest that age-related differences in the metabolism of arginase in macrophages might contribute to the higher susceptibility of children to leishmaniasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Müller
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IM); (PK)
| | - Asrat Hailu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Beak-San Choi
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tamrat Abebe
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Jose M. Fuentes
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, E.U. Enfermería y T.O., Universidad de Extremadura, Cáceres, Spain
| | - Markus Munder
- Department of Hematology, Oncology, and Rheumatology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Modolell
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Max-Planck-Institute for Immunobiology, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Pascale Kropf
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (IM); (PK)
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Calogeropoulou T, Angelou P, Detsi A, Fragiadaki I, Scoulica E. Design and synthesis of potent antileishmanial cycloalkylidene-substituted ether phospholipid derivatives. J Med Chem 2008; 51:897-908. [PMID: 18220332 DOI: 10.1021/jm701166b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel ether phospholipids (EPs) have been synthesized. The first includes cyclodecylidene- or cyclopentadecylidene-substituted EPs carrying N,N,N-trimethylammonium or N-methylpiperidino or N-methylmorpholino head groups. The second series encompasses more rigid head groups in combination with cycloalkylidene moieties in the lipid portion. In addition, hydrogenated derivatives were obtained. All the new analogues, except 33, were 1.5- to 62-fold more potent than miltefosine against the intracellular L. infantum, and the most active ones were also less cytotoxic against the human monocytic cell line THP1 and less hemolytic than miltefosine. The analogues that combine high potency with low cytotoxicity and hemolytic activity were 19, 37, 21 23, 38, 39, and 40. Cyclopentadecylpentylphosphocholine (38) possesses an IC50 of 0.7 microM against L. infantum amastigotes and is the least cytotoxic analogue, since it does not present toxicity against THP1 macrophages, even at a concentration that is 800-fold the antiparasitic IC50 value, and does not present significant hemolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Calogeropoulou
- Institute of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vassileos Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece.
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d'Avila-Levy CM, Marinho FA, Santos LO, Martins JL, Santos ALS, Branquinha MH. Antileishmanial activity of MDL 28170, a potent calpain inhibitor. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2006; 28:138-42. [PMID: 16842979 PMCID: PMC7126437 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Several calpain inhibitors are under development and some are useful agents against important human pathogens. We therefore investigated the effect of MDL 28170, a potent calpain inhibitor, on the growth of Leishmania amazonensis. After 48 h of treatment, the inhibitor exhibited a dose-dependent antileishmanial activity, with a 50% lethal dose (LD(50)) of 23.3 microM. The inhibitor promoted cellular alterations, such as the parasites becoming short and round. A calpain-like protein migrating at 80 kDa was identified by Western blotting. In addition, the calpain-like molecules were identified on the cell surface of the flagellate. These results add new in vitro insights into the exploitation of calpain inhibitors in treating parasitic infections and add this family of peptidases to the list of potential targets for development of more potent and specific inhibitors against trypanosomatids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M d'Avila-Levy
- Departamento de Microbiologia Geral, Instituto de Microbiologia Prof. Paulo de Góes (IMPPG), Centro de Ciências da Saúde (CCS), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Ilha do Fundão, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-590, Brazil.
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Rotureau B. Are New World leishmaniases becoming anthroponoses? Med Hypotheses 2006; 67:1235-41. [PMID: 16797861 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2006.02.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the New World, leishmaniases are originally wild exoanthropic zoonoses developing in sylvatic ecotopes. For a long time, Leishmania parasites have shown a remarkable plasticity to face modifications in their environment. Now, both geographical extension and numerical increase of leishmaniasis cases in the New World are giving cause for concern. These circumstances might have been provoked by the simple invasion of zoonotic foci by humans. However, dramatic evolutionary mechanisms are also at work in the New World: (i) the reduction of biodiversity associated with anthropogenic environmental changes (deforestation and urbanization); and (ii) the subsequent adaptations and interactions of new vectors and reservoir hosts at the interface with humans. This paper considers that these processes could result in new pathogenic complexes tending to synanthropic zoonoses, if not anthroponoses. Increasing man-made risk factors could thus possibly make leishmaniases a growing public health concern in the New World.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brice Rotureau
- Laboratoire Hospitalo-universitaire de Parasitologie et Mycologie Médicale, Equipe EA 3593, Unité de Formation et de Recherche en Médecine de l'Université des Antilles et de la Guyane, Campus Saint-Denis, BP 718, 97336 Cayenne, French Guiana
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Catorze G, Alberto J, Afonso A, Vieira R, Cortes S, Campino L. [Leishmania infantum/HIV co-infection: cutaneous lesions following treatment of visceral leishmaniasis]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2006; 133:39-42. [PMID: 16495850 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(06)70841-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Mediterranean basin is an endemic region of leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum. With the advent of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, the number of cases of visceral leishmaniasis has dramatically increased in this area over the last years, mainly in adults. Moreover, the presence of cutaneous lesions infested with Leishmania has been frequently reported in these patients. CASE-REPORT A 35-year-old Portuguese woman, a former intravenous drug user HIV1-positive since 1997, developed visceral leishmaniasis in 2000, with several relapses in 2001 and 2002, treated successively with pentavalent antimonial salts (Glucantime), liposomal amphotericin B and Glucantime associated with itraconazole. Several weeks after therapy for the second relapse of visceral leishmaniasis, physical examination revealed asymptomatic erythematous papules on the face that later spread to the trunk and upper limbs. Histopathologic studies of a skin biopsy revealed a granulomatous infiltrate in the dermis with the presence of Leishmania amastigotes. After culture, the parasite was identified as L. infantum MON-1. In spite of improvement of the patient's visceral leishmaniasis with the above-mentioned treatment, the cutaneous lesions became increasingly numerous and infiltrated. After 2 months of therapy with intravenous pentamidine (4 mg/kg/3 times a week) and oral dapsone (100 mg b.i.d), the cutaneous lesions disappeared completely. Prevention with dapsone was successfully maintained for 6 months. Several weeks after discontinuation of treatment, further lesions appeared. The patient improved again on reintroduction of dapsone. DISCUSSION This case confirmed the existence of a clinical form similar to post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis in a patient co-infected with L. infantum MON-1/HIV. The cutaneous lesions were resistant to classical antileishmanial drugs but disappeared on treatment with dapsone.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Catorze
- Serviço de Dermatologia, Hospital de Curry Cabral, Lisboa, Portugal.
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Boarino A, Scalone A, Gradoni L, Ferroglio E, Vitale F, Zanatta R, Giuffrida MG, Rosati S. Development of recombinant chimeric antigen expressing immunodominant B epitopes of Leishmania infantum for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC LABORATORY IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 12:647-53. [PMID: 15879027 PMCID: PMC1112073 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.5.647-653.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Wild canids and domestic dogs are the main reservoir of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum (syn.: Leishmania chagasi). Serological diagnosis of VL is therefore important in both human and dog leishmaniasis from a clinical and epidemiological point of view. Routine diagnosis of VL is traditionally carried out by immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT), which is laborious and difficult to standardize and to interpret. In the last decade, however, several specific antigens of Leishmania infantum have been characterized, allowing the development of a recombinant-based immunoassay. Among them, the whole open reading frame encoding K9 antigen, the gene fragment encoding the repetitive sequence of K26, and the 3'-terminal gene fragment of the kinesin-related protein (K39sub) were previously evaluated as diagnostic markers for canine leishmaniasis and proved to be independent in their antibody reactivity. Since sensitivity of serological test is usually higher in multiple-epitope format, in this study the relevant epitopes of K9, K26, and K39 antigens were joined by PCR strategy to produce the chimeric recombinant protein. The resulting mosaic antigen was found highly expressed in Escherichia coli and efficiently purified by affinity chromatography. Antigenic properties of this recombinant antigen were evaluated by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a panel of human and dog sera previously characterized by parasitological and/or serological techniques. Chimeric ELISA showed 99% specificity in both human (n = 180) and canine (n = 343) control groups, while sensitivity was higher in canine VL (96%, n = 213) than in human VL (82%, n = 185). Accordingly, concordance between IFAT and canine chimeric ELISA (k = 0.95, 95% confidence interval = 0.93 to 0.98) was higher than between IFAT and human chimeric ELISA (k = 0.81, 95% confidence interval = 0.76 to 0.87). Results suggest the potential use of this new antigen for routine serodiagnosis of VL in both human and canine hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Boarino
- Dipartimento di Produzioni Animali, Epidemiologia ed Ecologia, Facoltà di Medicina Veterinaria, Via Leonardo da Vinci 44, 10095 Grugliasco (TO) Italy.
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Basset D, Faraut F, Marty P, Dereure J, Rosenthal E, Mary C, Pratlong F, Lachaud L, Bastien P, Dedet JP. Visceral leishmaniasis in organ transplant recipients: 11 new cases and a review of the literature. Microbes Infect 2005; 7:1370-5. [PMID: 16046170 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2005.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2005] [Revised: 04/25/2005] [Accepted: 04/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eleven new cases of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) are reported in organ transplant patients in France. The epidemiological, clinical, biological, diagnostic and therapeutic features are reviewed, based on these cases and 46 cases reported in the literature. VL was most commonly associated with renal transplantation (77% of the cases). Most patients were from Southern European countries. The main clinical symptom was fever. Leucopoenia and anaemia were the most frequent haematological disorders. Diagnosis was by direct finding of the parasite in smears of bone marrow (85.2%) or, by positive serology (90.9%). Without antileishmanial treatment, VL in transplant recipients was fatal. Treatment using either antimonials or amphotericine B gave similar cure rates of around 80% of the cases. But toxicity was higher for antimonials. Relapses occurred in 14.3%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Basset
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie-Mycologie and Centre National de Référence des Leishmania, CHU de Montpellier, 163, rue Auguste-Broussonet, 34090 Montpellier, France
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Abstract
A patient presents with nasal congestion, a history of nosebleed, and painful lesions on his body and in his mouth. What questions should you ask to ensure that you make an accurate diagnosis?
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Abstract
Leishmaniases are diseases caused by infection by protozoa of the genus Leishmania. Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania infantum is frequent in Spain, especially in certain geographic areas. Diagnosis of cutaneous leishmaniasis is difficult because of the varied symptoms and because making cultures of this parasite is complicated. There are also different therapeutic, medical and surgical options, none of which is fully satisfactory. We review the most significant agents of cutaneous leishmaniasis in Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domingo García-Almagro
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital Virgen de la Salud, Avda. Barber 30, 45004 Toledo, Spain
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Abstract
In spite of the various attempts by health care workers to reduce the morbidity and mortality of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), more than 15 million persons acquire STDs each year in the United States. The situation is more serious in developing countries and, in particular, Africa and Southeast Asia. The causes of the increase in STDs are many, but we believe that alterations in family structures, drug and alcohol addiction, wars and mobilization of armies and movement of populations, in addition to change in sexual behaviors and lax morality are the main ones. Education, counseling, and community understanding of the risks of STDs are very essential factors in prevention and control. Physicians need to recognize the manifestations of STDSs and start the treatment as early as possible, but at the same time, more efforts are needed for prevention.
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Oumeish OY. The changing pattern of skin diseases. Skinmed 2004; 3:307-9. [PMID: 15538078 DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-9740.2004.02552.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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