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Qiu L, Jing Q, Li Y, Han J. RNA modification: mechanisms and therapeutic targets. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2023; 4:25. [PMID: 37612540 PMCID: PMC10447785 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-023-00139-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications are dynamic and reversible chemical modifications on substrate RNA that are regulated by specific modifying enzymes. They play important roles in the regulation of many biological processes in various diseases, such as the development of cancer and other diseases. With the help of advanced sequencing technologies, the role of RNA modifications has caught increasing attention in human diseases in scientific research. In this review, we briefly summarized the basic mechanisms of several common RNA modifications, including m6A, m5C, m1A, m7G, Ψ, A-to-I editing and ac4C. Importantly, we discussed their potential functions in human diseases, including cancer, neurological disorders, cardiovascular diseases, metabolic diseases, genetic and developmental diseases, as well as immune disorders. Through the "writing-erasing-reading" mechanisms, RNA modifications regulate the stability, translation, and localization of pivotal disease-related mRNAs to manipulate disease development. Moreover, we also highlighted in this review all currently available RNA-modifier-targeting small molecular inhibitors or activators, most of which are designed against m6A-related enzymes, such as METTL3, FTO and ALKBH5. This review provides clues for potential clinical therapy as well as future study directions in the RNA modification field. More in-depth studies on RNA modifications, their roles in human diseases and further development of their inhibitors or activators are needed for a thorough understanding of epitranscriptomics as well as diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Qian Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
- Department of Neurology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Junhong Han
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, Research Laboratory of Tumor Epigenetics and Genomics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China.
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Guo WB, Wu C, Pan K, Yang L, Miao AJ. Pre-exposure to Fe 2O 3 or TiO 2 Nanoparticles Inhibits Subsequent Biological Uptake of 55Fe-Labeled Fe 2O 3 Nanoparticles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4831-4840. [PMID: 36938933 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are frequently exposed to various nanoparticles (NPs) in the natural environment. Thus, studies of NP bioaccumulation should include organisms that have been previously exposed to NPs. Our study investigated the effects of pre-exposure of Tetrahymena thermophila (T. thermophila) to Fe2O3 or TiO2 NPs on the protozoan's subsequent uptake of 55Fe-labeled Fe2O3 (55Fe2O3) NPs. Molecular mechanisms underlying the pre-exposure effects were explored in transcriptomic and metabolomic experiments. Pre-exposure to either NPs inhibited the subsequent uptake of 55Fe2O3 NPs. The results of the transcriptomic experiment indicated that NP pre-exposure influenced the expression of genes related to phagosomes and lysosomes and physiological processes such as glutathione and lipid metabolism, which are closely associated with the endocytosis of 55Fe2O3 NPs. The differentially expressed metabolites obtained from the metabolomic experiments showed an enrichment of energy metabolism and antioxidation pathways in T. thermophila pre-exposed to NPs. Together, these results demonstrate that the pre-exposure of T. thermophila to Fe2O3 or TiO2 NPs inhibited the protozoan's subsequent uptake of 55Fe2O3 NPs, possibly by mechanisms involving the alteration of endocytosis-related organelles, the induction of oxidative stress, and a lowering of the intracellular energy supply. Thus, NP pre-exposure represents a scenario which can inform increasingly realistic estimates of NP bioaccumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Bo Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Chao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China PRC
| | - Liuyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
| | - Ai-Jun Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, China PRC
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Glycogen Storage Disease Phenotypes Accompanying the Perturbation of the Methionine Cycle in NDRG3-Deficient Mouse Livers. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091536. [PMID: 35563842 PMCID: PMC9103136 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
N-Myc downstream regulated gene 3 (NDRG3) is a unique pro-tumorigenic member among NDRG family genes, mediating growth signals. Here, we investigated the pathophysiological roles of NDRG3 in relation to cell metabolism by disrupting its functions in liver. Mice with liver-specific KO of NDRG3 (Ndrg3 LKO) exhibited glycogen storage disease (GSD) phenotypes including excessive hepatic glycogen accumulation, hypoglycemia, elevated liver triglyceride content, and several signs of liver injury. They suffered from impaired hepatic glucose homeostasis, due to the suppression of fasting-associated glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. Consistently, the expression of glycogen phosphorylase (PYGL) and glucose-6-phosphate transporter (G6PT) was significantly down-regulated in an Ndrg3 LKO-dependent manner. Transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses revealed that NDRG3 depletion significantly perturbed the methionine cycle, redirecting its flux towards branch pathways to upregulate several metabolites known to have hepatoprotective functions. Mechanistically, Ndrg3 LKO-dependent downregulation of glycine N-methyltransferase in the methionine cycle and the resultant elevation of the S-adenosylmethionine level appears to play a critical role in the restructuring of the methionine metabolism, eventually leading to the manifestation of GSD phenotypes in Ndrg3 LKO mice. Our results indicate that NDRG3 is required for the homeostasis of liver cell metabolism upstream of the glucose–glycogen flux and methionine cycle and suggest therapeutic values for regulating NDRG3 in disorders with malfunctions in these pathways.
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Díaz-Muñoz M, Hernández-Muñoz R, Butanda-Ochoa A. Structure-activity features of purines and their receptors: implications in cell physiopathology. MOLECULAR BIOMEDICINE 2022; 3:5. [PMID: 35079944 PMCID: PMC8789959 DOI: 10.1186/s43556-022-00068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The purine molecular structure consists of fused pyrimidine and imidazole rings. Purines are main pieces that conform the structure of nucleic acids which rule the inheritance processes. Purines also work as metabolic intermediates in different cell functions and as messengers in the signaling pathways throughout cellular communication. Purines, mainly ATP and adenosine (ADO), perform their functional and pharmacological properties because of their structural/chemical characteristics that make them either targets of mutagenesis, mother frameworks for designing molecules with controlled effects (e.g. anti-cancer), or chemical donors (e.g., of methyl groups, which represent a potential chemoprotective action against cancer). Purines functions also come from their effect on specific receptors, channel-linked and G-protein coupled for ATP, and exclusively G-coupled receptors for ADO (also known as ADORAs), which are involved in cell signaling pathways, there, purines work as chemical messengers with autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine actions that regulate cell metabolism and immune response in tumor progression which depends on the receptor types involved in these signals. Purines also have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and participate in the cell energy homeostasis. Therefore, purine physiology is important for a variety of functions relevant to cellular health; thus, when these molecules present a homeostatic imbalance, the stability and survival of the cellular systems become compromised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Departamento de Neurobiología Celular Y Molecular, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Boulevard Juriquilla 3001, C.P. 76230, Juriquilla, Querétaro, México
| | - Rolando Hernández-Muñoz
- Departamento de Biología Celular Y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria/Circuito Exterior, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Armando Butanda-Ochoa
- Departamento de Biología Celular Y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, UNAM, Ciudad Universitaria/Circuito Exterior, C.P. 04510, Ciudad de México, México.
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Wijaya AW, Verhagen N, Teleki A, Takors R. Compartment-specific 13C metabolic flux analysis reveals boosted NADPH availability coinciding with increased cell-specific productivity for IgG1 producing CHO cells after MTA treatment. Eng Life Sci 2021; 21:832-847. [PMID: 34899120 PMCID: PMC8638276 DOI: 10.1002/elsc.202100057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing cell-specific productivities (CSPs) for the production of heterologous proteins in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells is an omnipresent need in the biopharmaceutical industry. The novel additive 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), a chemical degradation product of S-(5'-adenosyl)-ʟ-methionine (SAM) and intermediate of polyamine biosynthesis, boosts the CSP of IgG1-producing CHO cells by 50%. Compartment-specific 13C flux analysis revealed a fundamental reprogramming of the central metabolism after MTA addition accompanied by cell-cycle arrest and increased cell volumes. Carbon fluxes into the pentose-phosphate pathway increased 22 fold in MTA-treated cells compared to that in non-MTA-treated reference cells. Most likely, cytosolic ATP inhibition of phosphofructokinase mediated the carbon detour. Mitochondrial shuttle activity of the α-ketoglurarate/malate antiporter (OGC) reversed, reducing cytosolic malate transport. In summary, NADPH supply in MTA-treated cells improved three fold compared to that in non-MTA-treated cells, which can be regarded as a major factor for explaining the boosted CSPs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natascha Verhagen
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Attila Teleki
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical EngineeringUniversity of StuttgartStuttgartGermany
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Interplay between Epigenetics and Cellular Metabolism in Colorectal Cancer. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11101406. [PMID: 34680038 PMCID: PMC8533383 DOI: 10.3390/biom11101406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular metabolism alterations have been recognized as one of the most predominant hallmarks of colorectal cancers (CRCs). It is precisely regulated by many oncogenic signaling pathways in all kinds of regulatory levels, including transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational and post-translational levels. Among these regulatory factors, epigenetics play an essential role in the modulation of cellular metabolism. On the one hand, epigenetics can regulate cellular metabolism via directly controlling the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes of transporters. On the other hand, epigenetics can regulate major transcriptional factors and signaling pathways that control the transcription of genes encoding metabolic enzymes or transporters, or affecting the translation, activation, stabilization, or translocation of metabolic enzymes or transporters. Interestingly, epigenetics can also be controlled by cellular metabolism. Metabolites not only directly influence epigenetic processes, but also affect the activity of epigenetic enzymes. Actually, both cellular metabolism pathways and epigenetic processes are controlled by enzymes. They are highly intertwined and are essential for oncogenesis and tumor development of CRCs. Therefore, they are potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of CRCs. In recent years, both epigenetic and metabolism inhibitors are studied for clinical use to treat CRCs. In this review, we depict the interplay between epigenetics and cellular metabolism in CRCs and summarize the underlying molecular mechanisms and their potential applications for clinical therapy.
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Maclean KN, Jiang H, Phinney WN, Mclagan BM, Roede JR, Stabler SP. Derangement of hepatic polyamine, folate, and methionine cycle metabolism in cystathionine beta-synthase-deficient homocystinuria in the presence and absence of treatment: Possible implications for pathogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2021; 132:128-138. [PMID: 33483253 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2021.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Cystathionine beta-synthase deficient homocystinuria (HCU) is a life-threatening disorder of sulfur metabolism. Our knowledge of the metabolic changes induced in HCU are based almost exclusively on data derived from plasma. In the present study, we present a comprehensive analysis on the effects of HCU upon the hepatic metabolites and enzyme expression levels of the methionine-folate cycles in a mouse model of HCU. HCU induced a 10-fold increase in hepatic total homocysteine and in contrast to plasma, this metabolite was only lowered by approximately 20% by betaine treatment indicating that this toxic metabolite remains unacceptably elevated. Hepatic methionine, S-adenosylmethionine, S-adenosylhomocysteine, N-acetlymethionine, N-formylmethionine, methionine sulfoxide, S-methylcysteine, serine, N-acetylserine, taurocyamine and N-acetyltaurine levels were also significantly increased by HCU while cysteine, N-acetylcysteine and hypotaurine were all significantly decreased. In terms of polyamine metabolism, HCU significantly decreased spermine and spermidine levels while increasing 5'-methylthioadenosine. Betaine treatment restored normal spermine and spermidine levels but further increased 5'-methylthioadenosine. HCU induced a 2-fold induction in expression of both S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase. Induction of this latter enzyme was accompanied by a 10-fold accumulation of its product, 5-methyl-tetrahydrofolate, with the potential to significantly perturb one‑carbon metabolism. Expression of the cytoplasmic isoform of serine hydroxymethyltransferase was unaffected by HCU but the mitochondrial isoform was repressed indicating differential regulation of one‑carbon metabolism in different sub-cellular compartments. All HCU-induced changes in enzyme expression were completely reversed by either betaine or taurine treatment. Collectively, our data show significant alterations of polyamine, folate and methionine cycle metabolism in HCU hepatic tissues that in some cases, differ significantly from those observed in plasma, and have the potential to contribute to multiple aspects of pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth N Maclean
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| | - Hua Jiang
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Whitney N Phinney
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Bailey M Mclagan
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sally P Stabler
- Medicine and University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Methionine Supplementation Affects Metabolism and Reduces Tumor Aggressiveness in Liver Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112491. [PMID: 33207837 PMCID: PMC7696226 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver cancer is one of the most common cancer worldwide with a high mortality. Methionine is an essential amino acid required for normal development and cell growth, is mainly metabolized in the liver, and its role as an anti-cancer supplement is still controversial. Here, we evaluate the effects of methionine supplementation in liver cancer cells. An integrative proteomic and metabolomic analysis indicates a rewiring of the central carbon metabolism, with an upregulation of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle and mitochondrial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in the presence of high methionine and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) inhibition. Methionine supplementation also reduces growth rate in liver cancer cells and induces the activation of both the AMPK and mTOR pathways. Interestingly, in high methionine concentration, inhibition of AMPK strongly impairs cell growth, cell migration, and colony formation, indicating the main role of AMPK in the control of liver cancer phenotypes. Therefore, regulation of methionine in the diet combined with AMPK inhibition could reduce liver cancer progression.
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Verhagen N, Zieringer J, Takors R. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) boosts cell-specific productivities of Chinese hamster ovary cultures: dosage effects on proliferation, cell cycle and gene expression. FEBS Open Bio 2020; 10:2791-2804. [PMID: 33128321 PMCID: PMC7714083 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.13019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A major goal for process and cell engineering in the biopharmaceutical industry is enhancing production through increasing volumetric and cell‐specific productivities (CSP). Here, we present 5′‐deoxy‐5′‐(methylthio)adenosine (MTA), the degradation product of S‐(5′‐adenosyl)‐L‐methionine (SAM), as a highly attractive native additive which can boost CSP by 79% when added to exponentially growing cells at a concentration of 250–300 μm. Notably, cell viability and cell size remain higher than in non‐treated cultures. In addition, cell cycle arrests first in S‐, then in G2‐phase before levelling out compared to non‐treated cultivations. Intensive differential gene analysis reveals that expression of genes for cytoskeleton mediated proteins and vesicle transport is amplified by treatment. Furthermore, the interaction of MTA with cell proliferation additionally stimulated recombinant protein formation. The results may serve as a promising starting point for further developments in process and cell engineering to boost productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Verhagen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Julia Zieringer
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Liu J, Wang J, Ma X, Feng Y, Chen Y, Wang Y, Xue D, Qiao S. Study of the Relationship Between Serum Amino Acid Metabolism and Lymph Node Metastasis in Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:10287-10296. [PMID: 33116609 PMCID: PMC7568677 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s273107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Lymph node metastasis is one of the important prognostic factors of colorectal cancer, and an important index of individualized treatment. The purpose of this study is to use metabonomics to identify potential molecular markers of lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Patients and Methods Peripheral blood samples of 223 CRC patients were collected. The metabolic levels of amino acids and carnitine in peripheral blood of CRC patients, with and without lymph node metastasis, were analyzed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Results The results show that there were significant differences in the levels of serum amino acids and carnitine between lymph node metastatic patients and lymph node non-metastatic patients. The diagnostic model that was constructed by 9 types of serum metabolites has a high diagnostic ability. Conclusion LC-MS/MS is a detection method that has a broad application in predicting CRC prognosis, individualized treatment, and in studying the mechanism of lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Liu
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Jikun Wang
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Xueqian Ma
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Feng
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanlei Chen
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanping Wang
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Xue
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Shifeng Qiao
- The Second Ward of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
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Verhagen N, Teleki A, Heinrich C, Schilling M, Unsöld A, Takors R. S-adenosylmethionine and methylthioadenosine boost cellular productivities of antibody forming Chinese hamster ovary cells. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3239-3247. [PMID: 32644191 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The improvement of cell specific productivities for the formation of therapeutic proteins is an important step towards intensified production processes. Among others, the induction of the desired production phenotype via proper media additives is a feasible solution provided that said compounds adequately trigger metabolic and regulatory programs inside the cells. In this study, S-(5'-adenosyl)- l-methionine (SAM) and 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine (MTA) were found to stimulate cell specific productivities up to approx. 50% while keeping viable cell densities transiently high and partially arresting the cell cycle in an anti-IL-8-producing CHO-DP12 cell line. Noteworthy, MTA turned out to be the chemical degradation product of the methyl group donor SAM and is consumed by the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha Verhagen
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Attila Teleki
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Andreas Unsöld
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - Ralf Takors
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, University of Stuttgart, Allmandring, Stuttgart, Germany
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Wang Z, Zhang J. FOXP3 promotes colorectal carcinoma liver metastases by evaluating MMP9 expression via regulating S-adenosylmethionine metabolism. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:592. [PMID: 32566619 PMCID: PMC7290543 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-3287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Growing evidence has proved that Forkhead box protein 3 (FOXP3), which is a master regulatory gene in the development and function of regulatory T-cells, is expressed in human cancer cells. This expression indicates the crucial role FOXP3 takes up as the disease progresses. However, its role in colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis is still mostly unknown. This study set out to explore the molecular characteristics of FOXP3 in driving the liver metastasis within CRC. Methods We downloaded the RNA-seq data from the GSE50760. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA)WGCNA and RNA-Seq analysis were applied to find the key gene network associated with colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Then we performed pathway enrichment analysis on liver metastasis-associated gene set. Immunohistochemistry, in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted to test expression and function of FOXP3 in CRC tissues and liver metastasis tissues. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed to identify the alteration of FOXP3 expression in metabolites of colorectal cancer liver metastasis. Western blot was performed to confirm changes of matrix metalloproteinase 9MMP9 expression were downstream events of S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM). Results We found that FOXP3 and MMP9 exhibited co-expression relationships and affected liver metastasis in CRC. Upregulation of FOXP3 promotes cell migration and invasion in CRC, which suggests a pro-cancer effect. Moreover, metabolomics analysis showed that knockdown of FOXP3 significantly reduced SAM levels, and changes of MMP9 expression were downstream events of SAM, which is concentration-dependent. Besides, The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Western blot analysis confirmed that overexpression of FOXP3 activates the Wnt pathway to promote colon cancer metastasis. Conclusions Our results altogether suggested that FOXP3 expression inhibited the SAM cycle to reduce SAMe levels, resulting in altered MMP9 expression and helped CRC liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Wang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Medical Oncology Department of Gastrointestinal Cancer, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110042, China
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Lozano-Rosas MG, Chávez E, Velasco-Loyden G, Domínguez-López M, Martínez-Pérez L, Chagoya De Sánchez V. Diminished S-adenosylmethionine biosynthesis and its metabolism in a model of hepatocellular carcinoma is recuperated by an adenosine derivative. Cancer Biol Ther 2019; 21:81-94. [PMID: 31552788 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2019.1665954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), biosynthesis from methionine and ATP, is markedly decreased in hepatocellularular carcinoma (HCC) for a diminution in ATP levels, and the down regulation of the liver specific MAT1a enzyme. Its metabolic activity is very important in the transmethylation reactions, the methionine cycle, the biosynthesis of glutathione (GSH) and the polyamine pathway, which are markedly affected in the HCC. The chemo-preventive effect of IFC305 in HCC induced by DEN, and the increase of ATP and SAM in CCl4-induced cirrhosis have been previously demonstrated. The aim of this work was to test whether this chemo-preventive effect is mediated by the induction of SAM biosynthesis and its metabolic flow. SAM hepatic levels and the methionine cycle were recovered with IFC305 treatment, restoring transmethylation and transsulfuration activities. IFC305 treatment, increased MAT1a levels and decrease MAT2a levels through modulation of their post-transcriptional regulation. This occurred through the binding of the AUF1 (binding factor 1 AU-rich sites) and HuR (human antigen R) ribonucleoproteins to Mat1a and Mat2a messenger RNAs, which maintained their nuclear localization. Finally, the compound inhibited the polyamine pathway favoring the recuperation of the normal methionine and one carbon cycle recuperating the metabolic flow of methionine, which probably facilitated its HCC chemo-preventive effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Guadalupe Lozano-Rosas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Chávez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Velasco-Loyden
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Domínguez-López
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Lidia Martínez-Pérez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Victoria Chagoya De Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
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14
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Wang F, Hu YL, Feng Y, Guo YB, Liu YF, Mao QS, Xue WJ. High-level expression of PRSS3 correlates with metastasis and poor prognosis in patients with gastric cancer. J Surg Oncol 2019; 119:1108-1121. [PMID: 30908656 DOI: 10.1002/jso.25448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Serine protease-3 (PRSS3) is a known contributor to the genesis and development of malignant tumors, although its role in gastric cancer (GC) is still unclear. METHODS PRSS3 expression in GC tissue samples and its relationship with clinicopathological features were analyzed. Effects of GC cellular responses to the introduction of small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated and short hairpin RNA (shRNA)-mediated interference with tumor PRSS3 expression were also assessed. RESULTS PRSS3 was significantly upregulated in GC tissues, and PRSS3 protein levels were higher in tumors that developed metastases soon after the surgery compared with those that remained metastasis-free. High expression of PRSS3 was associated with tumor N staging and independently predictive of postoperative prognosis in patients with GC. The V1 variant of PRSS3 was primarily detected in GC tissue and cell lines, the others (V2-V4) being scarcely detectable. Methylation and demethylation drugs had no impact on expression levels of any PRSS3 transcriptional variant. The downregulated PRSS3 expression suppressed GC cell growth, migration, and invasion in vitro and in vivo. CONCLUSIONS PRSS3 appears to act as an oncogene of GC. High PRSS3 expression portends postoperative metastasis, serving as an effective biomarker of poor therapeutic outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Lin Hu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Bing Guo
- Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yi-Fei Liu
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin-Sheng Mao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wan-Jiang Xue
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China.,Research Center of Clinical Medicine, The Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, China
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15
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Li Y, Wang Y, Wu P. 5'-Methylthioadenosine and Cancer: old molecules, new understanding. J Cancer 2019; 10:927-936. [PMID: 30854099 PMCID: PMC6400808 DOI: 10.7150/jca.27160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
While the metabolic changes in cancer tissues were first observed by Warburg Otto almost a century ago, altered metabolism has recently returned as a focus of cancer research. 5'-Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing nucleoside found in numerous species. While MTA was first isolated several decades ago, a lack of sensitive and specific analytical methodologies designed for its direct quantification has hampered the study of its physiological and pathophysiological features. Many studies indicate that MTA suppresses tumors by inhibiting tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and the induction of apoptosis while controlling the inflammatory micro-environments of tumor tissue. In this review, we assessed the effects of MTA and of related materials on the growth and functions of normal and malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yubo Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Ping Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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16
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He L, Li J, Wang X, Ying Y, Xie H, Yan H, Zheng X, Xie L. The dual role of N6-methyladenosine modification of RNAs is involved in human cancers. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:4630-4639. [PMID: 30039919 PMCID: PMC6156243 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most abundant and reversible RNA modification in eukaryotic cells, m6A triggers a new layer of epi‐transcription. M6A modification occurs through a methylation process modified by “writers” complexes, reversed by “erasers”, and exerts its role depending on various “readers”. Emerging evidence shows that there is a strong association between m6A and human diseases, especially cancers. Herein, we review bi‐aspects of m6A in regulating cancers mediated by the m6A‐associated proteins, which exert vital and specific roles in the development of various cancers. Generally, the m6A modification performs promotion or inhibition functions (dual role) in tumorigenesis and progression of various cancers, which suggests a new concept in cancer regulations. In addition, m6A‐targeted therapies including competitive antagonists of m6A‐associated proteins may provide a new tumour intervention in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liujia He
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiangfeng Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiao Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yufan Ying
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haiyun Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huaqing Yan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyi Zheng
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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17
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Pan Y, Ma P, Liu Y, Li W, Shu Y. Multiple functions of m 6A RNA methylation in cancer. J Hematol Oncol 2018; 11:48. [PMID: 29587823 PMCID: PMC5870302 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-018-0590-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
First identified in 1974, m6A RNA methylation, which serves as a predominant internal modification of RNA in higher eukaryotes, has gained prodigious interest in recent years. Modifications of m6A are dynamic and reversible in mammalian cells, which have been proposed as another layer of epigenetic regulation similar to DNA and histone modifications. m6A RNA methylation is involved in all stages in the life cycle of RNA, ranging from RNA processing, through nuclear export, translation modulation to RNA degradation, which suggests its potential of influencing a plurality of aspects of RNA metabolism. All of the recent studies have pointed to a complicated regulation network of m6A modification in different tissues, cell lines, and space–time models. m6A methylation has been found to have an impact on tumor initiation and progression through various mechanisms. Furthermore, m6A RNA methylation has provided new opportunities for early stage diagnosis and treatment of cancers. Herein, we review the chemical basis of m6A RNA methylation, its multiple functions and potential significance in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutian Pan
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Ma
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yongqian Shu
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China. .,Department of Oncology, Sir Run Run Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China.
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18
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S-adenosyl-methionine (SAM) alters the transcriptome and methylome and specifically blocks growth and invasiveness of liver cancer cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:111866-111881. [PMID: 29340097 PMCID: PMC5762365 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
S-adenosyl methionine (SAM) is a ubiquitous methyl donor that was reported to have chemo- protective activity against liver cancer, however the molecular footprint of SAM is unknown. We show here that SAM selectively inhibits growth, transformation and invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines but not normal primary liver cells. Analysis of the transcriptome of SAM treated and untreated liver cancer cell lines HepG2 and SKhep1 and primary liver cells reveals pathways involved in cancer and metastasis that are upregulated in cancer cells and are downregulated by SAM. Analysis of the methylome using bisulfite mapping of captured promoters and enhancers reveals that SAM hyper-methylates and downregulates genes in pathways of growth and metastasis that are upregulated in liver cancer cells. Depletion of two SAM downregulated genes STMN1 and TAF15 reduces cellular transformation and invasiveness, providing evidence that SAM targets are genes important for cancer growth and invasiveness. Taken together these data provide a molecular rationale for SAM as an anticancer agent.
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19
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Cui Q, Shi H, Ye P, Li L, Qu Q, Sun G, Sun G, Lu Z, Huang Y, Yang CG, Riggs AD, He C, Shi Y. m 6A RNA Methylation Regulates the Self-Renewal and Tumorigenesis of Glioblastoma Stem Cells. Cell Rep 2017; 18:2622-2634. [PMID: 28297667 PMCID: PMC5479356 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.02.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 935] [Impact Index Per Article: 133.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA modifications play critical roles in important biological processes. However, the functions of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) mRNA modification in cancer biology and cancer stem cells remain largely unknown. Here, we show that m6A mRNA modification is critical for glioblastoma stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and tumorigenesis. Knockdown of METTL3 or METTL14, key components of the RNA methyltransferase complex, dramatically promotes human GSC growth, self-renewal, and tumorigenesis. In contrast, overexpression of METTL3 or inhibition of the RNA demethylase FTO suppresses GSC growth and self-renewal. Moreover, inhibition of FTO suppresses tumor progression and prolongs lifespan of GSC-grafted mice substantially. m6A sequencing reveals that knockdown of METTL3 or METTL14 induced changes in mRNA m6A enrichment and altered mRNA expression of genes (e.g., ADAM19) with critical biological functions in GSCs. In summary, this study identifies the m6A mRNA methylation machinery as promising therapeutic targets for glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Cui
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Hailing Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Peng Ye
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Li Li
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Qiuhao Qu
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guoqiang Sun
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guihua Sun
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Zhike Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Yue Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Cai-Guang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Arthur D Riggs
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, and Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Division of Stem Cell Biology Research, Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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20
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Tumor-suppressive effect of S-adenosylmethionine supplementation in a murine model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis is dependent on treatment longevity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:104772-104784. [PMID: 29285212 PMCID: PMC5739599 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation precedes the majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cases. We investigated the chemopreventive potential of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM), an essential donor for all methylation reactions in the cell, at the late precancerous stage of HCC development using the Mdr2-knockout (Mdr2-KO, Abcb4−/−) mice, a model of inflammation-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. Previously, we revealed down-regulation of the genes regulating SAM metabolism in the liver of these mice at the precancerous stages. Now, we have supplied Mdr2-KO mice at the late precancerous stage with SAM during either a short-term (17 days) or a long-term (51 days) period and explored the effects of such supplementation on tumor development, DNA methylation and gene expression in the liver. The short-term SAM supplementation significantly decreased the number of small tumor nodules, proliferating hepatocytes and the total DNA methylation level, while it increased expression of the tumor suppressor proteins Mat1a and p21. Surprisingly, the long-term SAM supplementation did not affect tumor growth and hepatocyte proliferation, while it increased the total liver DNA methylation. Our results demonstrate that the short-term SAM supplementation in the Mdr2-KO mice inhibited liver tumor development potentially by increasing multiple tumor suppressor mechanisms resulting in cell cycle arrest. The long-term SAM supplementation resulted in a bypass of the cell cycle arrest in this HCC model by a yet unknown mechanism.
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21
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Velasco-Loyden G, Pérez-Martínez L, Vidrio-Gómez S, Pérez-Carreón JI, Chagoya de Sánchez V. Cancer chemoprevention by an adenosine derivative in a model of cirrhosis-hepatocellular carcinoma induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats. Tumour Biol 2017; 39:1010428317691190. [DOI: 10.1177/1010428317691190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most common cancers, and approximately 80% develop from cirrhotic livers. We have previously shown that the aspartate salt of adenosine prevents and reverses carbon tetrachloride–induced liver fibrosis in rats. Considering the hepatoprotective role of this adenosine derivative in fibrogenesis, we were interested in evaluating its effect in a hepatocarcinogenesis model induced by diethylnitrosamine in rats, where multinodular cancer is preceded by cirrhosis. Rats were injected with diethylnitrosamine for 12 weeks to induce cirrhosis and for 16 weeks to induce hepatocarcinogenesis. Groups of rats were treated with aspartate salt of adenosine from the beginning of carcinogen administration for 12 or 18 weeks total, and another group received the compound from weeks 12 to 18. Fibrogenesis was estimated and the proportion of preneoplastic nodules and tumors was measured. The apoptotic and proliferation rates in liver tissues were evaluated, as well as the expression of cell signaling and cell cycle proteins participating in hepatocarcinogenesis. The adenosine derivative treatment reduced diethylnitrosamine-induced collagen expression and decreased the proportion of nodules positive for the tumor marker γ-glutamyl transferase. This compound down-regulated the expression of thymidylate synthase and hepatocyte growth factor, and augmented the protein level of the cell cycle inhibitor p27; these effects could be part of its chemopreventive mechanism. These findings suggest a hepatoprotective role of aspartate salt of adenosine that could be used as a therapeutic compound in the prevention of liver tumorigenesis as described earlier for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Velasco-Loyden
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Lidia Pérez-Martínez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Susana Vidrio-Gómez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
| | - Julio Isael Pérez-Carreón
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Estructura de Proteínas, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica (INMEGEN), México City, México
| | - Victoria Chagoya de Sánchez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Desarrollo, Instituto de Fisiología Celular (IFC), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), México City, México
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22
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Moreno FS, Heidor R, Pogribny IP. Nutritional Epigenetics and the Prevention of Hepatocellular Carcinoma with Bioactive Food Constituents. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:719-33. [DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1180410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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23
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Bigaud E, Corrales FJ. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) Regulates Liver Cells Proteome and Methylproteome: Implications in Liver Biology and Disease. Mol Cell Proteomics 2016; 15:1498-510. [PMID: 26819315 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.055772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), a key enzyme in the adenine and methionine salvage pathways, catalyzes the hydrolysis of methylthioadenosine (MTA), a compound suggested to affect pivotal cellular processes in part through the regulation of protein methylation. MTAP is expressed in a wide range of cell types and tissues, and its deletion is common to cancer cells and in liver injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the proteome and methyl proteome alterations triggered by MTAP deficiency in liver cells to define novel regulatory mechanisms that may explain the pathogenic processes of liver diseases. iTRAQ analysis resulted in the identification of 216 differential proteins (p < 0.05) that suggest deregulation of cellular pathways as those mediated by ERK or NFκB. R-methyl proteome analysis led to the identification of 74 differentially methylated proteins between SK-Hep1 and SK-Hep1+ cells, including 116 new methylation sites. Restoring normal MTA levels in SK-Hep1+ cells parallels the specific methylation of 56 proteins, including KRT8, TGF, and CTF8A, which provides a novel regulatory mechanism of their activity with potential implications in carcinogenesis. Inhibition of RNA-binding proteins methylation is especially relevant upon accumulation of MTA. As an example, methylation of quaking protein in Arg(242) and Arg(256) in SK-Hep1+ cells may play a pivotal role in the regulation of its activity as indicated by the up-regulation of its target protein p27(kip1) The phenotype associated with a MTAP deficiency was further verified in the liver of MTAP± mice. Our data support that MTAP deficiency leads to MTA accumulation and deregulation of central cellular pathways, increasing proliferation and decreasing the susceptibility to chemotherapeutic drugs, which involves differential protein methylation. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD002957 (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/archive/projects/PXD002957).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Bigaud
- From the §Department of Hepatology, Proteomics Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra; CIBERehd; IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008 Spain
| | - Fernando J Corrales
- From the §Department of Hepatology, Proteomics Laboratory, CIMA, University of Navarra; CIBERehd; IDISNA, Pamplona, 31008 Spain
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24
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Maity A, Das B. N6-methyladenosine modification in mRNA: machinery, function and implications for health and diseases. FEBS J 2015; 283:1607-30. [PMID: 26645578 DOI: 10.1111/febs.13614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 10/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
N6-methyladenosine (m(6) A) modification in mRNA is extremely widespread, and functionally modulates the eukaryotic transcriptome to influence mRNA splicing, export, localization, translation, and stability. Methylated adenines are present in a large subset of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs). Methylation is reversible, and this is accomplished by the orchestrated action of highly conserved methyltransferase (m(6) A writer) and demethylase (m(6) A eraser) enzymes to shape the cellular 'epitranscriptome'. The engraved 'methyl code' is subsequently decoded and executed by a group of m(6) A reader/effector components, which, in turn, govern the fate of the modified transcripts, thereby dictating their potential for translation. Reversible mRNA methylation thus adds another layer of regulation at the post-transcriptional level in the gene expression programme of eukaryotes that finely sculpts a highly dynamic proteome in order to respond to diverse cues during cellular differentiation, immune tolerance, and neuronal signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Maity
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
| | - Biswadip Das
- Department of Life Science and Biotechnology, Jadavpur University, Kolkata, India
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25
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Morgan TR, Osann K, Bottiglieri T, Pimstone N, Hoefs JC, Hu KQ, Hassanein T, Boyer TD, Kong L, Chen WP, Richmond E, Gonzalez R, Rodriguez LM, Meyskens FL. A Phase II Randomized, Controlled Trial of S-Adenosylmethionine in Reducing Serum α-Fetoprotein in Patients with Hepatitis C Cirrhosis and Elevated AFP. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:864-72. [PMID: 26130251 PMCID: PMC4560676 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
In animal models of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), deficiency of S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) increased the risk of HCC whereas administration of SAMe reduced HCC. The aim of this trial was to determine whether oral SAMe administration to patients with hepatitis C cirrhosis would decrease serum α-fetoprotein (AFP) level, a biomarker of HCC risk in hepatitis C. This was a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of SAMe, up to 2.4 g/d, for 24 weeks as compared with placebo among subjects with hepatitis C cirrhosis and a mildly elevated serum AFP. Primary outcome was change in AFP between baseline and week 24. Secondary outcomes included changes in routine tests of liver function and injury, other biomarkers of HCC risk, SAMe metabolites, markers of oxidative stress, and quality of life. One hundred ten subjects were randomized and 87 (44 SAMe and 43 placebo) completed treatment. There was no difference in the change in AFP during 24 weeks among subjects receiving SAMe as compared with placebo. Changes in markers of liver function, liver injury, and hepatitis C viral level were not significantly different between groups. Similarly, SAMe did not change markers of oxidative stress or serum glutathione level. SAMe blood level increased significantly among subjects receiving SAMe. Changes in quality of life did not differ between groups. Overall, this trial did not find that SAMe treatment improved serum AFP in subjects with advanced hepatitis C cirrhosis and a mildly elevated AFP. SAMe did not improve tests of liver function or injury or markers of oxidative stress or antioxidant potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy R Morgan
- Medical Healthcare Group, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California. Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Irvine, California.
| | - Kathryn Osann
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | | | - Neville Pimstone
- Medical Healthcare Group, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California
| | - John C Hoefs
- Department of Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ke-Qin Hu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Tarek Hassanein
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hepatology, University of California, San Diego, California
| | - Thomas D Boyer
- Liver Research Institute and Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Lorene Kong
- Research Pharmacy, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Wen-Pin Chen
- Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Ellen Richmond
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rachel Gonzalez
- Research Healthcare Group, VA Long Beach Healthcare System, Long Beach, California
| | - Luz M Rodriguez
- Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Surgery, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Frank L Meyskens
- Departments of Medicine, Biological Chemistry, Public Health and Epidemiology and Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, California
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26
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Cheishvili D, Boureau L, Szyf M. DNA demethylation and invasive cancer: implications for therapeutics. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:2705-15. [PMID: 25134627 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the hallmarks of cancer is aberrant DNA methylation, which is associated with abnormal gene expression. Both hypermethylation and silencing of tumour suppressor genes as well as hypomethylation and activation of prometastatic genes are characteristic of cancer cells. As DNA methylation is reversible, DNA methylation inhibitors were tested as anticancer drugs with the idea that such agents would demethylate and reactivate tumour suppressor genes. Two cytosine analogues, 5-azacytidine (Vidaza) and 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine, were approved by the Food and Drug Administration as antitumour agents in 2004 and 2006 respectively. However, these agents might cause activation of a panel of prometastatic genes in addition to activating tumour suppressor genes, which might lead to increased metastasis. This poses the challenge of how to target tumour suppressor genes and block cancer growth with DNA-demethylating drugs while avoiding the activation of prometastatic genes and precluding the morbidity of cancer metastasis. This paper reviews current progress in using DNA methylation inhibitors in cancer therapy and the potential promise and challenges ahead.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Cheishvili
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Lisa Boureau
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Department of Physiology Medical Sciences, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Moshe Szyf
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Sackler Program for Epigenetics and Developmental Psychobiology, McGill University Medical School, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
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Chandra V, Hong KM. Effects of deranged metabolism on epigenetic changes in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:321-37. [PMID: 25628247 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0561-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The concept of epigenetics is now providing the mechanisms by which cells transfer their new environmental-change-induced phenotypes to their daughter cells. However, how extracellular or cytoplasmic environmental cues are connected to the nuclear epigenome remains incompletely understood. Recently emerging evidence suggests that epigenetic changes are correlated with metabolic changes via chromatin remodeling. As many human complex diseases including cancer harbor both epigenetic changes and metabolic dysregulation, understanding the molecular processes linking them has huge implications for disease pathogenesis and therapeutic intervention. In this review, the impacts of metabolic changes on cancer epigenetics are discussed, along with the current knowledge on cancer metabolism and epigenetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chandra
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch, Research Institute, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, 410-769, Korea
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Allpress CJ, Berreau LM. A Nickel‐Containing Model System of Acireductone Dioxygenases that Utilizes a C(1)‐H Acireductone Substrate. Eur J Inorg Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201402254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb J. Allpress
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322‐0300, USA, http://lisaberreau.org/
| | - Lisa M. Berreau
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Utah State University, 0300 Old Main Hill, Logan, UT 84322‐0300, USA, http://lisaberreau.org/
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Howard B, Wang Y, Xekouki P, Faucz FR, Jain M, Zhang L, Meltzer PG, Stratakis CA, Kebebew E. Integrated analysis of genome-wide methylation and gene expression shows epigenetic regulation of CYP11B2 in aldosteronomas. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:E536-43. [PMID: 24423307 PMCID: PMC3942229 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Differential methylation of CpG regions is the best-defined mechanism of epigenetic regulation of gene expression. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether any changes in methylation are associated with aldosteronomas. METHODS We performed integrated genome-wide methylation and gene expression profiling in aldosteronomas (n = 25) as compared with normal adrenal cortical tissue (n = 10) and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors (n = 13). To determine the effect of demethylation on gene expression of CYP11B2, the H295R cell line was used. RESULTS The methylome of aldosteronomas, normal adrenal cortex, and nonfunctioning adrenocortical tumors was distinct, with hypomethylation of aldosteronomas. Integrated analysis of gene expression and methylation status showed that 53 of 60 genes were hypermethylated and downregulated, or hypomethylated and upregulated, in aldosteronomas. Of these, 3 genes that regulate steroidogenic signals and synthesis in adrenocortical cells were differentially methylated: AVPR1α and PRKCA were downregulated and hypermethylated, and CYP11B2 was upregulated and hypomethylated. Demethylation treatment resulted in upregulation of these genes, with direct hypomethylation of CpG sites associated with the genes. The CpG island in the promoter region of CYP11B2 was hypomethylated in aldosteronomas but not in blood DNA from the same patients (P = .0004). CONCLUSIONS Altered methylation in aldosteronomas is associated with dysregulated expression of genes involved in steroid biosynthesis. Aldosteronomas are hypomethylated, and CYP11B2 is overexpressed and hypomethylated in these tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandi Howard
- Endocrine Oncology (B.H., M.J., L.Z., E.K.) and Genetics (Y.W., P.G.M.) Branches, National Cancer Institute, and Section on Endocrinology and Genetics (P.X., F.R.F, C.A.S.), Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Scolastici C, de Conti A, Cardozo MT, Ong TP, Purgatto E, Horst MA, Heidor R, Furtado KS, Bassoli BK, Moreno FS. β-ionone inhibits persistent preneoplastic lesions during the early promotion phase of rat hepatocarcinogenesis: TGF-α, NF-κB, and p53 as cellular targets. Nutr Cancer 2013; 66:234-41. [PMID: 24364727 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2014.863364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Dietary isoprenic derivatives such as β-ionone (βI) are a promising class of chemopreventive agents. In this study, cellular aspects of βI protective activities during early hepatocarcinogenesis were evaluated. Male Wistar rats were submitted to "resistant hepatocyte" model and then received daily 16 mg/100 g body weight (b.w.) of βI (βI group) or only 0.25 mL/100 g b.w. of corn oil (vehicle, control group [CO]) during 4 wk, specifically during early promotion phase. Compared to controls, βI inhibited (P < 0.05) the development of persistent preneoplastic lesions (pPNL), considered to be potential hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression sites, and increased remodeling PNL (rPNL) (P < 0.05) that tend to regress to a normal phenotype. Increased βI hepatic levels (P < 0.05), in the βI group, were associated with its chemopreventive actions. Compared to control rats, βI reduced the frequency of both pPNL and rPNL positive for tumor growth factor (TGF)-α (P < 0.05), reduced the frequency of pPNL stained for p65 (nuclear factor-kappaB; NF-κB) (P < 0.05), and reduced the frequency of pPNL positive for cytoplasmic p53 (P < 0.05). Our data demonstrated that βI targets TGF-α, NF-κB, and p53 in initial phases of hepatocarcinogenesis and specifically inhibits PNL with increased probability to progress to HCC. This isoprenoid may represent a chemopreventive agent of choice for HCC control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Scolastici
- a Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
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Expression and function of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase in chronic liver disease. PLoS One 2013; 8:e80703. [PMID: 24324622 PMCID: PMC3855635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0080703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To study expression and function of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP), the rate-limiting enzyme in the methionine and adenine salvage pathway, in chronic liver disease.
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Frau M, Feo F, Pascale RM. Pleiotropic effects of methionine adenosyltransferases deregulation as determinants of liver cancer progression and prognosis. J Hepatol 2013; 59:830-41. [PMID: 23665184 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhep.2013.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Downregulation of liver-specific MAT1A gene, encoding S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) synthesizing isozymes MATI/III, and upregulation of widely expressed MAT2A, encoding MATII isozyme, known as MAT1A:MAT2A switch, occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Being inhibited by its reaction product, MATII isoform upregulation cannot compensate for MATI/III decrease. Therefore, MAT1A:MAT2A switch contributes to decrease in SAM level in rodent and human hepatocarcinogenesis. SAM administration to carcinogen-treated rats prevents hepatocarcinogenesis, whereas MAT1A-KO mice, characterized by chronic SAM deficiency, exhibit macrovesicular steatosis, mononuclear cell infiltration in periportal areas, and HCC development. This review focuses upon the pleiotropic changes, induced by MAT1A/MAT2A switch, associated with HCC development. Epigenetic control of MATs expression occurs at transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. In HCC cells, MAT1A/MAT2A switch is associated with global DNA hypomethylation, decrease in DNA repair, genomic instability, and signaling deregulation including c-MYC overexpression, rise in polyamine synthesis, upregulation of RAS/ERK, IKK/NF-kB, PI3K/AKT, and LKB1/AMPK axis. Furthermore, decrease in MAT1A expression and SAM levels results in increased HCC cell proliferation, cell survival, and microvascularization. All of these changes are reversed by SAM treatment in vivo or forced MAT1A overexpression or MAT2A inhibition in cultured HCC cells. In human HCC, MAT1A:MAT2A and MATI/III:MATII ratios correlate negatively with cell proliferation and genomic instability, and positively with apoptosis and global DNA methylation. This suggests that SAM decrease and MATs deregulation represent potential therapeutic targets for HCC. Finally, MATI/III:MATII ratio strongly predicts patients' survival length suggesting that MAT1A:MAT2A expression ratio is a putative prognostic marker for human HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Frau
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Laboratory of Experimental Pathology and Oncology, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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Zhang YN, Song M, Ng TB, Zhao L, Liu F. Purification and characterization of antioxidant components from the fruiting bodies of Pleurotus abalonus including 9-beta-d-ribofuranosidoadenine, 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio)adenosine, and a triterpenoid. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 36:689-696. [PMID: 23892470 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2013.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although Pleurotus abalonus is a well-known edible mushroom in Asia, there is a dearth of information on its antioxidant activity. The present report is the first one focused on the purification and characterization of 9-beta-d-ribofuranosidoadenine (ADO), 5'-deoxy-5'-(methylthio) adenosine (MTA) and a triterpenoid complex from P. abalonus. Different antioxidant activities including inhibitory effects on hemolysis and lipid peroxidation in brain and kidney homogenates as well as significant synergistic effect on scavenging of hydroxyl radicals were demonstrated, which lays a foundation for the development of P. abalonus as a natural antioxidant applied in medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Ni Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Min Song
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Tzi Bun Ng
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Li Zhao
- Tianjin Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.
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Kim JH, Lee YG, Yoo S, Oh J, Jeong D, Song WK, Yoo BC, Rhee MH, Park J, Cha SH, Hong S, Cho JY. Involvement of Src and the actin cytoskeleton in the antitumorigenic action of adenosine dialdehyde. Biochem Pharmacol 2013; 85:1042-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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The potential role of homocysteine mediated DNA methylation and associated epigenetic changes in abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. Atherosclerosis 2013; 228:295-305. [PMID: 23497786 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Revised: 02/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have suggested that homocysteine (Hcy) has wide-ranging biological effects, including accelerating atherosclerosis, impairing post injury endothelial repair and function, deregulating lipid metabolism and inducing thrombosis. However, the biochemical basis by which hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) contributes to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remains largely unknown. Several case-control studies have reported an association between HHcy and the presence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) and there are supportive data from animal models. Genotypic data concerning the association between variants of genes involved in the methionine cycle and AAA are conflicting probably due to problems such as reverse causality and confounding. The multifactorial nature of AAA suggests the involvement of additional epigenetic factors in disease formation. Elevated Hcy levels have been previously linked to altered DNA methylation levels in various diseases. Folate or vitamin B12 based methods of lowering Hcy have had disappointingly limited effects in reducing CVD events. One possible reason for the limited efficacy of such therapy is that they have failed to reverse epigenetic changes induced by HHcy. It is possible that individuals with HHcy have an "Hcy memory effect" due to epigenetic alterations which continue to promote progression of cardiovascular complications even after Hcy levels are lowered. It is possible that deleterious effect of prior, extended exposure to elevated Hcy concentrations have long-lasting effects on target organs and genes, hence underestimating the benefit of Hcy lowering therapies in CVD patients. Therapies targeting the epigenetic machinery as well as lowering circulating Hcy concentrations may have a more efficacious effect in reducing the incidence of cardiovascular complications.
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Moñux Ducaju G, Mateos Cáceres P, Zamorano León J, Serrano Hernando J, López Farré A. Genética, epigenética y proteómica de los aneurismas de aorta abdominal. ANGIOLOGIA 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.angio.2012.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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37
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Ong TP, Moreno FS, Ross SA. Targeting the epigenome with bioactive food components for cancer prevention. JOURNAL OF NUTRIGENETICS AND NUTRIGENOMICS 2012; 4:275-92. [PMID: 22353664 DOI: 10.1159/000334585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Epigenetic processes participate in cancer development and likely influence cancer prevention. Global DNA hypomethylation, gene promoter hypermethylation and aberrant histone post-translational modifications are hallmarks of neoplastic cells which have been associated with genomic instability and altered gene expression. Because epigenetic deregulation occurs early in carcinogenesis and is potentially reversible, intervention strategies targeting the epigenome have been proposed for cancer prevention. Bioactive food components (BFCs) with anticancer potential, including folate, polyphenols, selenium, retinoids, fatty acids, isothiocyanates and allyl compounds, influence DNA methylation and histone modification processes. Such activities have been shown to affect the expression of genes involved in cell proliferation, death and differentiation that are frequently altered in cancer. Although the epigenome represents a promising target for cancer prevention with BFCs, few studies have addressed the influence of dietary components on these mechanisms in vivo, particularly on the phenotype of humans, and thus the exact mechanisms whereby diet mediates an effect on cancer prevention remains unclear. Primary factors that should be elucidated include the effective doses and dose timing of BFCs to attain epigenetic effects. Because diet-epigenome interactions are likely to occur in utero, the impact of early-life nutrition on cancer risk programming should be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Prates Ong
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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38
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Conditioned media from lung cancer cell line A549 and PC9 inactivate pulmonary fibroblasts by regulating protein phosphorylation. Arch Biochem Biophys 2011; 518:133-41. [PMID: 22209754 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2011] [Revised: 12/16/2011] [Accepted: 12/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Pulmonary fibrosis is a devastating condition resulting from excess extracellular matrix deposition that leads to progressive lung destruction and scarring. In the pathogenesis of fibrotic diseases, activation of myofibroblasts by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) plays a crucial role. Since no effective therapy for pulmonary fibrosis is currently recognized, finding an effective antifibrotic agent is an important objective. One approach might be through identification of agents that inactivate myofibroblasts. In the current study we examined the potential of conditioned medium obtained from several types of cells to exhibit myofibroblast inactivating activity. Conditioned media from lung cancer cell lines A549 and PC9 were found to have this action, as shown by its ability to decrease α-smooth muscle actin expression in MRC-5 cells. Subsequently the inhibitory factor was purified from the medium and identified as 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA), and its mechanism of action elucidated. Activation of protein kinase A and cAMP responsive element binding protein (CREB) were detected. MTA inhibited TGF-β-induced mitogen-activated protein kinase activation. Furthermore, the gain-of-function mutant CREB caused inactivation of myofibroblasts. These results show that A549 and PC9 conditioned media have the ability to inactivate myofibroblasts, and that CREB-phosphorylation plays a central role in this process.
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Pogribny IP, James SJ, Beland FA. Molecular alterations in hepatocarcinogenesis induced by dietary methyl deficiency. Mol Nutr Food Res 2011; 56:116-25. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201100524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 09/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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40
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Cassera MB, Hazleton KZ, Merino EF, Obaldia N, Ho MC, Murkin AS, DePinto R, Gutierrez JA, Almo SC, Evans GB, Babu YS, Schramm VL. Plasmodium falciparum parasites are killed by a transition state analogue of purine nucleoside phosphorylase in a primate animal model. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26916. [PMID: 22096507 PMCID: PMC3214022 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum causes most of the one million annual deaths from malaria. Drug resistance is widespread and novel agents against new targets are needed to support combination-therapy approaches promoted by the World Health Organization. Plasmodium species are purine auxotrophs. Blocking purine nucleoside phosphorylase (PNP) kills cultured parasites by purine starvation. DADMe-Immucillin-G (BCX4945) is a transition state analogue of human and Plasmodium PNPs, binding with picomolar affinity. Here, we test BCX4945 in Aotus primates, an animal model for Plasmodium falciparum infections. Oral administration of BCX4945 for seven days results in parasite clearance and recrudescence in otherwise lethal infections of P. falciparum in Aotus monkeys. The molecular action of BCX4945 is demonstrated in crystal structures of human and P. falciparum PNPs. Metabolite analysis demonstrates that PNP blockade inhibits purine salvage and polyamine synthesis in the parasites. The efficacy, oral availability, chemical stability, unique mechanism of action and low toxicity of BCX4945 demonstrate potential for combination therapies with this novel antimalarial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- María B. Cassera
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Keith Z. Hazleton
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Emilio F. Merino
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Nicanor Obaldia
- Tropical Medicine Research, Malaria Drug and Vaccine Evaluation Center, Gorgas Memorial Institute of Health Studies, Panama City, Panama
| | - Meng-Chiao Ho
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Andrew S. Murkin
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
- Department of Chemistry, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United State of America
| | - Richard DePinto
- Waters Corporation, Parsippany, New Jersey, United State of America
| | - Jemy A. Gutierrez
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Steven C. Almo
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
| | - Gary B. Evans
- Carbohydrate Chemistry Group, Industrial Research Ltd., Lower Hutt, New Zealand
| | - Yarlagadda S. Babu
- Department of Biological Sciences, BioCryst Pharmaceuticals Inc., Birmingham, Alabama, United State of America
| | - Vern L. Schramm
- Department of Biochemistry, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, New York, United State of America
- * E-mail:
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Chagas CEA, Bassoli BK, de Souza CAS, Deminice R, Jordão Júnior AA, Paiva SAR, Dagli MLZ, Ong TP, Moreno FS. Folic acid supplementation during early hepatocarcinogenesis: cellular and molecular effects. Int J Cancer 2011; 129:2073-82. [PMID: 21480218 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.25886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Folic acid (FA) supplementation during carcinogenesis is controversial. Considering the impact of liver cancer as a public health problem and mandatory FA fortification in several countries, the role of FA supplementation in hepatocarcinogenesis should be elucidated. We evaluated FA supplementation during early hepatocarcinogenesis. Rats received daily 0.08 mg (FA8 group) or 0.16 mg (FA16 group) of FA/100 g body weight or water (CO group, controls). After a 2-week treatment, animals were subjected to the "resistant hepatocyte" model of hepatocarcinogenesis (initiation with diethylnitrosamine, selection/promotion with 2-acetylaminofluorene and partial hepatectomy) and euthanized after 8 weeks of treatment. Compared to the CO group, the FA16 group presented: reduced (p < 0.05) number of persistent and increased (p < 0.05) number of remodeling glutathione S-transferase (GST-P) positive preneoplastic lesions (PNL); reduced (p < 0.05) cell proliferation in persistent GST-P positive PNL; decreased (p < 0.05) hepatic DNA damage; and a tendency (p < 0.10) for decreased c-myc expression in microdissected PNL. Regarding all these parameters, no differences (p > 0.05) were observed between CO and FA8 groups. FA-treated groups presented increased hepatic levels of S-adenosylmethionine but only FA16 group presented increased S-adenosylmethionine/S-adenosylhomocysteine ratio. No differences (p > 0.05) were observed between experimental groups regarding apoptosis in persistent and remodeling GST-P positive PNL, and global DNA methylation pattern in microdissected PNL. Altogether, the FA16 group, but not the FA8 group, presented chemopreventive activity. Reversion of PNL phenotype and inhibition of DNA damage and of c-myc expression represent relevant FA cellular and molecular effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Eduardo Andrade Chagas
- Laboratory of Diet, Nutrition and Cancer, Department of Food and Experimental Nutrition, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Kirovski G, Stevens AP, Czech B, Dettmer K, Weiss TS, Wild P, Hartmann A, Bosserhoff AK, Oefner PJ, Hellerbrand C. Down-regulation of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) induces progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via accumulation of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA). THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 178:1145-52. [PMID: 21356366 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2010.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2010] [Revised: 11/06/2010] [Accepted: 11/23/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that down-regulation of methylthioadenosine phosphorylase (MTAP) in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells enhances the invasive potential and the resistance against cytokines. Here, we aimed at investigating the molecular mechanism underlying this tumor-promoting effect and expanded the analysis to a large series of human HCC tissues. Liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry revealed that reduced MTAP expression resulted in higher intra- and extracellular concentrations of 5'-deoxy-5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) in cultivated HCC cells and, concordantly, higher levels of MTA in HCC tissue. MTA induced matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) and interleukin-8 transcription in HCC cells in vitro, accompanied by enhanced proliferation and activation of the transcription factor NFκB. In addition, MTA secreted by HCC cells induced expression of fibroblast growth factor-2 and MMP1 in stromal myofibroblasts. In human HCC tissues, MTAP mRNA correlated inversely with MTA levels, and immunohistochemical analysis of a tissue microarray of 140 human HCCs revealed that low MTAP protein expression correlated with advanced tumor stages. In conclusion, MTAP deficiency results in accumulation of MTA, which is associated with increased tumorigenicity. These data further indicate MTAP as a tumor suppressor in HCC, and MTA as a potential biomarker for HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Kirovski
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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Latasa MU, Gil-Puig C, Fernández-Barrena MG, Rodríguez-Ortigosa CM, Banales JM, Urtasun R, Goñi S, Méndez M, Arcelus S, Juanarena N, Recio JA, Lotersztajn S, Prieto J, Berasain C, Corrales FJ, Lecanda J, Ávila MA. Oral methylthioadenosine administration attenuates fibrosis and chronic liver disease progression in Mdr2-/- mice. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15690. [PMID: 21209952 PMCID: PMC3012093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammation and fibrogenesis are directly related to chronic liver disease progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development. Currently there are few therapeutic options available to inhibit liver fibrosis. We have evaluated the hepatoprotective and anti-fibrotic potential of orally-administered 5'-methylthioadenosine (MTA) in Mdr2(-/-) mice, a clinically relevant model of sclerosing cholangitis and spontaneous biliary fibrosis, followed at later stages by HCC development. METHODOLOGY MTA was administered daily by gavage to wild type and Mdr2(-/-) mice for three weeks. MTA anti-inflammatory and anti-fibrotic effects and potential mechanisms of action were examined in the liver of Mdr2(-/-) mice with ongoing fibrogenesis and in cultured liver fibrogenic cells (myofibroblasts). PRINCIPAL FINDINGS MTA treatment reduced hepatomegaly and liver injury. α-Smooth muscle actin immunoreactivity and collagen deposition were also significantly decreased. Inflammatory infiltrate, the expression of the cytokines IL6 and Mcp-1, pro-fibrogenic factors like TGFβ2 and tenascin-C, as well as pro-fibrogenic intracellular signalling pathways were reduced by MTA in vivo. MTA inhibited the activation and proliferation of isolated myofibroblasts and down-regulated cyclin D1 gene expression at the transcriptional level. The expression of JunD, a key transcription factor in liver fibrogenesis, was also reduced by MTA in activated myofibroblasts. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Oral MTA administration was well tolerated and proved its efficacy in reducing liver inflammation and fibrosis. MTA may have multiple molecular and cellular targets. These include the inhibition of inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic cytokines, as well as the attenuation of myofibroblast activation and proliferation. Downregulation of JunD and cyclin D1 expression in myofibroblasts may be important regarding the mechanism of action of MTA. This compound could be a good candidate to be tested for the treatment of (biliary) liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Ujue Latasa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Gil-Puig
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Digna Biotech, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maite G. Fernández-Barrena
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos M. Rodríguez-Ortigosa
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jesús M. Banales
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Raquel Urtasun
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Saioa Goñi
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Miriam Méndez
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arcelus
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Nerea Juanarena
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Juan A. Recio
- Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Institute of Oncology and Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sophie Lotersztajn
- Inserm, U955, Créteil, France
- Université Paris-Est, Faculté de Médecine, UMR-S955, Créteil, France
| | - Jesús Prieto
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- CIBERehd, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carmen Berasain
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Fernando J. Corrales
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jon Lecanda
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Digna Biotech, Madrid, Spain
| | - Matías A. Ávila
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, CIMA, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Szyf M. DNA methylation and demethylation probed by small molecules. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2010; 1799:750-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2010.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 09/05/2010] [Accepted: 09/08/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Andreu-Pérez P, Hernandez-Losa J, Moliné T, Gil R, Grueso J, Pujol A, Cortés J, Avila MA, Recio JA. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:265. [PMID: 20529342 PMCID: PMC2891639 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Melanoma is the most deadly form of skin cancer without effective treatment. Methylthioadenosine (MTA) is a naturally occurring nucleoside with differential effects on normal and transformed cells. MTA has been widely demonstrated to promote anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic responses in different cell types. In this study we have assessed the therapeutic potential of MTA in melanoma treatment. Methods To investigate the therapeutic potential of MTA we performed in vitro proliferation and viability assays using six different mouse and human melanoma cell lines wild type for RAS and BRAF or harboring different mutations in RAS pathway. We also have tested its therapeutic capabilities in vivo in a xenograft mouse melanoma model and using variety of molecular techniques and tissue culture we investigated its anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic properties. Results In vitro experiments showed that MTA treatment inhibited melanoma cell proliferation and viability in a dose dependent manner, where BRAF mutant melanoma cell lines appear to be more sensitive. Importantly, MTA was effective inhibiting in vivo tumor growth. The molecular analysis of tumor samples and in vitro experiments indicated that MTA induces cytostatic rather than pro-apoptotic effects inhibiting the phosphorylation of Akt and S6 ribosomal protein and inducing the down-regulation of cyclin D1. Conclusions MTA inhibits melanoma cell proliferation and in vivo tumor growth particularly in BRAF mutant melanoma cells. These data reveal a naturally occurring drug potentially useful for melanoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Andreu-Pérez
- Medical Oncology Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology Vall d'Hebron Hospital Barcelona 08035, Spain
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Krishna SM, Dear AE, Norman PE, Golledge J. Genetic and epigenetic mechanisms and their possible role in abdominal aortic aneurysm. Atherosclerosis 2010; 212:16-29. [PMID: 20347091 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2010.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is a common disease associated with significant cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The pathogenesis of AAA is poorly defined, making targeting of new therapies problematic. Current evidence favours an interaction of multiple environmental and genetic factors in the initiation and progression of AAA. Epigenetics is the term used to define the properties of the genome that are not explained by the primary sequence, but are due to the modifications of DNA and/or associated proteins. Previous research indicates the association of gene specific promoter DNA hyper-methylation and global DNA hypo-methylation with atherosclerosis. Evidence also suggests an important role for epigenetic processes such as histone acetylation in cardiovascular diseases including atherosclerosis and restenosis. Altered DNA methylation or histone acetylation occur in inflammation, cellular proliferation and remodelling processes and therefore maybe relevant to the pathology of AAA. Important risk factors for AAA, including cigarette smoking, older age, male gender and hypertension, have been linked with epigenetic effects and thus could act in this way to promote AAA. In this review, we discuss the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in AAA. Since epigenetic alterations are to some extent reversible, further study of this area may identify new treatment targets for AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti M Krishna
- Vascular Biology Unit, School of Medicine, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland 4811, Australia
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Abstract
Rat has been the major model species used in several biomedical fields, notably in drug development and toxicology, including carcinogenicity testing. Rat is also a useful model in basic cancer research. Several rat models of monogenic (Mendelian) human hereditary cancers are available. Some were obtained spontaneously, while others were generated either by mutagenesis of tumor suppressor genes or by transgenesis of activated oncogenes (transgenesis can be performed efficiently in the rat). In addition, among the hundreds of inbred rat strains that have been isolated, some are highly susceptible or resistant to certain types of cancer, and these divergent phenotypes were shown to be polygenic. Numerous quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling cancer susceptibility/resistance have been defined in linkage analyses, and several of these QTLs were physically demonstrated in congenic strains. These studies led, in particular, to rapid translation to the human, with the identification of loci controlling susceptibility to a form of multiple endocrine neoplasia (monogenic trait) and to breast cancer (polygenic disease). The biology of cancer resistance has also been analyzed, and in some (but not all) cases, it was linked to regression of preneoplasic lesions. Rat tumors have been the subject of various types of analyses, and these studies led to important conclusions, including that tumors can be classified on the basis of the identity of the inducing agent, thereby suggesting that analyses of human tumors may be valuable in determining retrospectively the role of specific carcinogens in the formation of human cancers, and of human breast cancer in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Szpirer
- Institut de Biologie et de Médecine Moléculaires, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies, Charleroi, Belgium
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French SW. Molecular events in hepatic preneoplasia: a review. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:219-24. [PMID: 20097196 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2010] [Accepted: 01/14/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S W French
- Department of Pathology, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, 1000 W. Carson St., Torrance, CA 90509, USA.
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Martinez-Chantar ML, Lu SC, Mato JM, Luka Z, Wagner C, French BA, French SW. The role of stem cells/progenitor cells in liver carcinogenesis in glycine N-methyltransferase deficient mice. Exp Mol Pathol 2010; 88:234-7. [PMID: 20080087 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2010.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2010] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of the liver is inhibited as a result of a sustained increase in S-adenosylmethionine levels in glycine N-methyltransferase (GNMT)-/- mice. This sets the stage for normally dormant stem cells/progenitor cells to replicate and differentiate to replenish the liver parenchyma with liver cells. With time the stem cells/progenitor cells may aggregate and ultimately form liver tumors. This transformation of stem cells persists within the tumors that form in order to maintain the growth of the tumors that have formed. To test this hypothesis, GNMT-/- mice were maintained for 18 months and their livers were studied at intervals, in order to document the process of tumors formation and the identification of stem cells/progenitor cells involved in the process. Progenitor cell (OV-6 positive cells) hyperplasia was already established at 8 months in the livers of the GNMT-/- mice. This process was expanded at 18 months when liver tumors had formed. Stem cells which stained positive in the livers at 8 months and within tumors at 18 months (Oct 4 and CK 19 positive cells) were found. Fat 10, a marker for progenitor liver cells, was uniformly expressed by all tumors that developed at 8 and 18 months in GNMT-/- mice.
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Desaulniers D, Xiao GH, Lian H, Feng YL, Zhu J, Nakai J, Bowers WJ. Effects of mixtures of polychlorinated biphenyls, methylmercury, and organochlorine pesticides on hepatic DNA methylation in prepubertal female Sprague-Dawley rats. Int J Toxicol 2010; 28:294-307. [PMID: 19636072 DOI: 10.1177/1091581809337918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA methylation is one of the epigenetic mechanisms that regulates gene expression, chromosome structure, and stability. Our objective was to determine whether the DNA methylation system could be a target following in utero and postnatal exposure to human blood contaminants. Pregnant rats were dosed daily from gestation day 1 until postnatal day 21 with 2 dose levels of either organochlorine pesticides (OCP; 0.019 or 1.9 mg/kg/day), methylmercury chloride (MeHg; 0.02 or 2 mg/kg/day), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs; 0.011 or 1.1 mg/kg/day), or a mixture (Mix; 0.05, or 5 mg/kg/day) including all 3 groups of chemicals. Livers from 1 female offspring per litter were collected at postnatal day 29. Hepatic analysis revealed that the mRNA abundance for DNA methyltransferase (DNMT)-1, -3a, and -3b were significantly reduced by the high dose of PCB, that the high dose of MeHg also reduced mRNA levels for DNMT-1, and -3b, but that OCP had no significant effects compared with control. The high dose of PCB and Mix reduced the abundance of the universal methyl donor S-adenosylmethionine, and Mix also reduced global genome DNA methylation (5-methyl-deoxycytidine/5-methyl-deoxycytidine + deoxycytidine). The latter is consistent with pyrosequencing methylation analysis, revealing that the high-dose groups (except OCP) generally decreased the methylation of CpG sites (position -63 to -29) in the promoter of the tumor suppressor gene p16(INK4a). Overall, these hepatic results suggest that the DNA methylation system can be affected by exposure to high doses of blood contaminants, and that OCP is the least potent chemical group from the investigated mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Desaulniers
- Health Canada, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Hazard Identification Division, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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