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Pérez Gómez AA, Wang M, Kochan K, Amstalden K, Young CR, Welsh CJ, Phillips TD, Brinkmeyer-Langford CL. C57BL/6J mice exposed to perfluorooctanoic acid demonstrate altered immune responses and increased seizures after Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1228509. [PMID: 37600798 PMCID: PMC10434537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1228509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Neurological diseases can stem from environmental influences such as antecedent viral infections or exposure to potential toxicants, some of which can trigger immune responses leading to neurological symptoms. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is used to model human neurological conditions associated with prior viral infections, with outcomes partly attributable to improper induction and regulation of the immune response. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) can alter pathologies known to influence neurological disease such as inflammatory responses, cytokine expression, and glial activation. Co-exposure to TMEV and PFOA was used to test the hypothesis that early life exposure to the potential immunotoxicant PFOA would affect immune responses so as to render TMEV-resistant C57BL/6J (B6) mice susceptible to viral-induced neurological disease. Methods Neonate B6 mice were exposed to different treatments: non-injected, sham-infected with PBS, and TMEV-infected, with the drinking water of each group including either 70 ppt PFOA or filtered water. The effects of PFOA were evaluated by comparing neurological symptoms and changes in immune-related cytokine and chemokine production induced by viral infection. Immune responses of 23 cytokines and chemokines were measured before and after infection to determine the effects of PFOA exposure on immune response. Results Prior to infection, an imbalance between Th1, Th2, and Treg cytokines was observed in PFOA-exposed mice, suppressing IL-4 and IL-13 production. However, the balance was restored and characterized by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines in the non-infected group, and a decrease in IL-10 in the PFOA + TMEV group. Furthermore, the PFOA + TMEV group experienced an increase in seizure frequency and severity. Discussion Overall, these findings provide insight into the complex roles of immune responses in the pathogenesis of virus-associated neurological diseases influenced by co-exposures to viruses and immunotoxic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely A. Pérez Gómez
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Meichen Wang
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Kelli Kochan
- Texas A&M Institute for Genome Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Timothy D. Phillips
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
| | - Candice L. Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States
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Pérez Gómez AA, Karmakar M, Carroll RJ, Lawley KS, Amstalden K, Young CR, Threadgill DW, Welsh CJ, Brinkmeyer-Langford C. Serum Cytokines Predict Neurological Damage in Genetically Diverse Mouse Models. Cells 2022; 11:2044. [PMID: 35805128 PMCID: PMC9265636 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections contribute to neurological and immunological dysfunction driven by complex genetic networks. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) causes neurological dysfunction in mice and can model human outcomes to viral infections. Here, we used genetically distinct mice from five Collaborative Cross mouse strains and C57BL/6J to demonstrate how TMEV-induced immune responses in serum may predict neurological outcomes in acute infection. To test the hypothesis that serum cytokine levels can provide biomarkers for phenotypic outcomes of acute disease, we compared cytokine levels at pre-injection, 4 days post-injection (d.p.i.), and 14 d.p.i. Each strain produced unique baseline cytokine levels and had distinct immune responses to the injection procedure itself. Thus, we eliminated the baseline responses to the injection procedure itself and identified cytokines and chemokines induced specifically by TMEV infection. Then, we identified strain-specific longitudinal cytokine profiles in serum during acute disease. Using stepwise regression analysis, we identified serum immune markers predictive for TMEV-induced neurological phenotypes of the acute phase, e.g., IL-9 for limb paralysis; and TNF-α, IL-1β, and MIP-1β for limb weakness. These findings indicate how temporal differences in immune responses are influenced by host genetic background and demonstrate the potential of serum biomarkers to track the neurological effects of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aracely A. Pérez Gómez
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Moumita Karmakar
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Raymond J. Carroll
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (M.K.); (R.J.C.)
| | - Koedi S. Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A & M Health Science Center, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
| | - Candice Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Interdisciplinary Faculty of Toxicology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA;
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA; (K.S.L.); (K.A.); (C.R.Y.); (C.J.W.)
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Lawley KS, Rech RR, Elenwa F, Han G, Perez Gomez AA, Amstalden K, Welsh CJ, Young CR, Threadgill DW, Brinkmeyer-Langford CL. Host genetic diversity drives variable central nervous system lesion distribution in chronic phase of Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) infection. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0256370. [PMID: 34415947 PMCID: PMC8378701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0256370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host genetic background is a significant driver of the variability in neurological responses to viral infection. Here, we leverage the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse resource to better understand how chronic infection by Theiler's Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus (TMEV) elicits diverse clinical and morphologic changes in the central nervous system (CNS). We characterized the TMEV-induced clinical phenotype responses, and associated lesion distributions in the CNS, in six CC mouse strains over a 90 day infection period. We observed varying degrees of motor impairment in these strains, as measured by delayed righting reflex, paresis, paralysis, seizures, limb clasping, ruffling, and encephalitis phenotypes. All strains developed neuroparenchymal necrosis and mineralization in the brain, primarily localized to the hippocampal regions. Two of the six strains presented with axonal degeneration with myelin loss of the nerve roots in the lumbar spinal cord. Moreover, we statistically correlated lesion distribution with overall frequencies of clinical phenotypes and phenotype progression to better understand how and where TMEV targets the CNS, based on genetic background. Specifically, we assessed lesion distribution in relation to the clinical progression of these phenotypes from early to late TMEV disease, finding significant relationships between progression and lesion distribution. Finally, we identified quantitative trait loci associated with frequency of lesions in a particular brain region, revealing several loci of interest for future study: lysosomal trafficking regulator (Lyst) and nidogen 1 (Nid1). Together, these results indicate that the genetic background influences the type and severity of clinical phenotypes, phenotypic resilience to TMEV, and the lesion distribution across strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koedi S. Lawley
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Raquel R. Rech
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Faith Elenwa
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College Station, TX, United States of America
- School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Gang Han
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College Station, TX, United States of America
- School of Public Health, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Aracely A. Perez Gomez
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - David W. Threadgill
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College Station, TX, United States of America
| | - Candice L. Brinkmeyer-Langford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States of America
- Texas A&M Institute for Neuroscience, College Station, TX, United States of America
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Antecedent presentation of neurological phenotypes in the Collaborative Cross reveals four classes with complex sex-dependencies. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7918. [PMID: 32404926 PMCID: PMC7220920 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64862-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antecedent viral infection may contribute to increased susceptibility to several neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and Parkinson’s disease. Variation in clinical presentations of these diseases is often associated with gender, genetic background, or a combination of these and other factors. The complicated etiologies of these virally influenced diseases are difficult to study in conventional laboratory mouse models, which display a very limited number of phenotypes. We have used the genetically and phenotypically diverse Collaborative Cross mouse panel to examine complex neurological phenotypes after viral infection. Female and male mice from 18 CC strains were evaluated using a multifaceted phenotyping pipeline to define their unique disease profiles following infection with Theiler’s Murine Encephalomyelitis Virus, a neurotropic virus. We identified 4 distinct disease progression profiles based on limb-specific paresis and paralysis, tremors and seizures, and other clinical signs, along with separate gait profiles. We found that mice of the same strain had more similar profiles compared to those of different strains, and also identified strains and phenotypic parameters in which sex played a significant role in profile differences. These results demonstrate the value of using CC mice for studying complex disease subtypes influenced by sex and genetic background. Our findings will be useful for developing novel mouse models of virally induced neurological diseases with heterogenous presentation, an important step for designing personalized, precise treatments.
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Brinkmeyer-Langford CL, Rech R, Amstalden K, Kochan KJ, Hillhouse AE, Young C, Welsh CJ, Threadgill DW. Host genetic background influences diverse neurological responses to viral infection in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12194. [PMID: 28939838 PMCID: PMC5610195 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) is a model for neurological outcomes caused by virus infection because it leads to diverse neurological conditions in mice, depending on the strain infected. To extend knowledge on the heterogeneous neurological outcomes caused by TMEV and identify new models of human neurological diseases associated with antecedent infections, we analyzed the phenotypic consequences of TMEV infection in the Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse population. We evaluated 5 different CC strains for outcomes of long-term infection (3 months) and acute vs. early chronic infection (7 vs. 28 days post-infection), using neurological and behavioral phenotyping tests and histology. We correlated phenotypic observations with haplotypes of genomic regions previously linked to TMEV susceptibility to test the hypothesis that genomic diversity within CC mice results in variable disease phenotypes in response to TMEV. None of the 5 strains analyzed had a response identical to that of any other CC strain or inbred strain for which prior data are available, indicating that strains of the CC can produce novel models of neurological disease. Thus, CC strains can be a powerful resource for studying how viral infection can cause different neurological outcomes depending on host genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raquel Rech
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Katia Amstalden
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Kelli J Kochan
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Andrew E Hillhouse
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - Colin Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
| | - David W Threadgill
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Texas A&M Institute for Genomic Sciences and Society, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Reiss CS. Innate Immunity in Viral Encephalitis. NEUROTROPIC VIRAL INFECTIONS 2016. [PMCID: PMC7153449 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-33189-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Shoshkes Reiss
- Departments of Biology and Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York USA
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Brinkmeyer-Langford C, Rodrigues A, Kochan KJ, Haney R, Rassu F, Steelman AJ, Young C, Riggs P, Storts R, Meagher MW, Welsh CJ. Consequences of perinatal bisphenol A exposure in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Autoimmunity 2013; 47:57-66. [DOI: 10.3109/08916934.2013.832220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Chronic social stress impairs virus specific adaptive immunity during acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2012; 254:19-27. [PMID: 23021485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Prior exposure to social disruption (SDR) stress exacerbates Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection, a model of multiple sclerosis. Here we examined the impact of SDR on T cell responses to TMEV infection in SJL mice. SDR impaired viral clearance and exacerbated acute disease. Moreover, TMEV infection alone increased CD4 and CD8 mRNA expression in brain and spleen while SDR impaired this response. SDR decreased both CD4(+) and CD8(+) virus-specific T cells in CNS, but not spleen. These findings suggest that SDR-induced suppression of virus-specific T cell responses contributes to impairments in viral clearance and exacerbation of acute disease.
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Pérez-Nievas BG, García-Bueno B, Madrigal JLM, Leza JC. Chronic immobilisation stress ameliorates clinical score and neuroinflammation in a MOG-induced EAE in Dark Agouti rats: mechanisms implicated. J Neuroinflammation 2010; 7:60. [PMID: 20929574 PMCID: PMC2958904 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-7-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2010] [Accepted: 10/07/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the endpoint of a complex and still poorly understood process which results in inflammation, demyelination and axonal and neuronal degeneration. Since the first description of MS, psychological stress has been suggested to be one of the trigger factors in the onset and/or relapse of symptoms. However, data from animal models of MS, such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) are inconsistent and the effect of stress on EAE onset and severity depends on duration and time of application of the stress protocol and the underlying mechanisms. Methods Dark Agouti rats were inoculated with MOG/CFA to induce EAE, and an immobilisation stress protocol with two different durations (12 and 21 days, starting at the moment of MOG-inoculation) was applied in order to analyse the effect of stress on disease onset and neuroinflammation. Results Twelve days of stress exposure increased EAE clinical score in Dark Agouti rats. In addition, these animals presented higher levels of MMP-9 and proinflammatory PGE2 in spinal cord. In contrast, animals chronically exposed to stress (21 days) showed a significantly lower incidence of EAE clinical signs and reduced myelin loss, leukocyte infiltration and accumulation of inflammatory/oxidative mediators in spinal cord. Interestingly, chronically stressed animals showed a parallel increase in levels of the anti-inflammatory prostaglandin 15d-PGJ2, the main endogenous agonist of PPARγ. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that, depending on duration, stress exposure elicits opposite effects on PGE2/15d-PGJ2 ratios in spinal cord of EAE-induced Dark Agouti rats. Further studies are needed to elucidate if these changes in prostaglandin balance are sufficient to mediate the differences in clinical score and inflammation here reported, and to establish the potential utility of pharmacological intervention in MS directed toward anti-inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz G Pérez-Nievas
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty Medicine, University Complutense, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en red de Salud Mental (CIBERSA), Granada, Spain.
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Young EE, Sieve AN, Vichaya EG, Carcoba LM, Young CR, Ambrus A, Storts R, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection exacerbates the subsequent demyelinating disease in SJL mice: II. CNS disease severity. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 220:79-89. [PMID: 20167380 PMCID: PMC2856483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is a well-characterized model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous research has shown that chronic restraint stress (RS) during early TMEV infection exacerbates behavioral signs of the disease. The present data suggest that RS-induced increases in CNS inflammation, demyelination, and axonal degeneration may underlie this exacerbation. In addition, we report that males exhibit greater CNS inflammation and higher numbers of demyelinating lesions while females show greater susceptibility to RS-induced exacerbation. These findings indicate that RS during early TMEV infection increases CNS lesion formation during the late phase and suggest that the effects of RS are sex-dependent.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Axons/immunology
- Axons/pathology
- Axons/virology
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Chronic Disease
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis/physiopathology
- Encephalomyelitis/virology
- Female
- Male
- Mice
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/virology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Severity of Illness Index
- Sex Characteristics
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/immunology
- Wallerian Degeneration/pathology
- Wallerian Degeneration/virology
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Young
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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Meagher MW, Sieve AN, Johnson RR, Satterlee D, Belyavskyi M, Mi W, Prentice TW, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR. Neonatal maternal separation alters immune, endocrine, and behavioral responses to acute Theiler's virus infection in adult mice. Behav Genet 2010; 40:233-49. [PMID: 20135342 DOI: 10.1007/s10519-010-9333-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2009] [Accepted: 01/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies have established a link between adverse early life events and subsequent disease vulnerability. The present study assessed the long-term effects of neonatal maternal separation on the response to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection, a model of multiple sclerosis. Balb/cJ mouse pups were separated from their dam for 180-min/day (180-min MS), 15-min/day (15-min MS), or left undisturbed from postnatal days 2-14. During adolescence, mice were infected with Theiler's virus and sacrificed at days 14, 21, or 35 post-infection. Prolonged 180-min MS increased viral load and delayed viral clearance in the spinal cords of males and females, whereas brief 15-min MS increased the rate of viral clearance in females. The 15-min and 180-min MS mice exhibited blunted corticosterone responses during infection, suggesting that reduced HPA sensitivity may have altered the immune response to infection. These findings demonstrate that early life events alter vulnerability to CNS infection later in life. Therefore, this model could be used to study gene-environment interactions that contribute to individual differences in susceptibility to infectious and autoimmune diseases of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843-4235, USA.
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Steelman AJ, Alford E, Young CR, Welsh TH, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress fails to render C57BL/6 mice susceptible to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010; 17:109-19. [PMID: 19923856 PMCID: PMC3214847 DOI: 10.1159/000258694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Multiple sclerosis is a degenerative disease of the CNS with a pathology consistent with immunological mediation. Although its cause is unknown, multiple factors are thought to influence both the onset and exacerbation of the disease, including both genetic background as well as environmental factors. METHODS We are interested in the effect of psychological stress on the onset and exacerbation of Theiler's virus-induced demyelinating disease (TVID), a murine model of MS in which viral persistence facilitates demyelination. In the current study, we determined whether chronic restraint stress (RS)-induced immunosuppression could result in the establishment of a persistent CNS infection in the normally TVID-resistant C57BL/6 mouse strain, resulting in demyelination. RESULTS Our data indicated that RS repeated over the course of 7 days was not sufficient to cause decreases in virus-specific adaptive immunity, and did not significantly alter CNS viral levels. Furthermore, chronic repeated RS lasting until 4 weeks after infection altered neither the development of virus-specific IgG nor motor function determined by Rotarod analysis. In addition, histological analysis of the CNS of stressed mice indicated no inflammation or demyelination on day 193 after infection. CONCLUSION These results suggest that stress alone is not sufficient to overcome genetic resistance to TVID in the C57BL/6 mouse strain.
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MESH Headings
- Adaptive Immunity/immunology
- Animals
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/psychology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Central Nervous System/virology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Susceptibility/immunology
- Disease Susceptibility/psychology
- Female
- Genetic Predisposition to Disease/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/genetics
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Movement Disorders/immunology
- Movement Disorders/physiopathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/virology
- Neurons/immunology
- Neurons/pathology
- Neurons/virology
- Restraint, Physical/adverse effects
- Restraint, Physical/psychology
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Viral Load/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Eric Alford
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Thomas H. Welsh
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
- *Dr. C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 (USA), Tel. +1 979 862 4974, Fax +1 979 847 8981, E-Mail
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13
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Welsh CJ, Steelman AJ, Mi W, Young CR, Dean DD, Storts R, Welsh, Jr. TH, Meagher MW. Effects of stress on the immune response to Theiler's virus--implications for virus-induced autoimmunity. Neuroimmunomodulation 2010; 17:169-72. [PMID: 20134194 PMCID: PMC2857642 DOI: 10.1159/000258715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Psychological stress is an important factor in susceptibility to many diseases. Our laboratory has been investigating the impact of stress on the susceptibility to Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. Using immunodominant viral peptides specific for identification of either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, stress reduced IFN-gamma-producing virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells in the CNS. Expression of mRNA for the Th1 transcription factor T-bet and the Th2 transcription factor GATA-3 were decreased in spleen cells isolated from stressed mice. Cytokine production by cells isolated from the CNS or spleens following stimulation with virus indicated that stress decreased both type 1 and type 2 responses. The adverse effects of stress were partially reversed by concurrent RU486 administration but mimicked by dexamethasone, indicating a major role for glucocorticoids. Global stress-induced immunosuppression resulted in higher levels of virus replication and dissemination. The higher viral load subsequently led to an earlier disease onset and more severe clinical and histological signs of demyelinating disease. Our results have important implications for understanding the pathogenesis of MS, and suggest that stressful events during early infection with an agent capable of inducing demyelination may result in immunosuppression and failure to eliminate the pathogen, which in turn may lead to the development of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
- *Dr. C. Jane Welsh, Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458 (USA), Tel. +1 979 862 4974, Fax +1 979 847 8981, E-Mail
| | - Andrew J. Steelman
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Wentao Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Colin R. Young
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Dana D. Dean
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Ralph Storts
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Thomas H. Welsh, Jr.
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Tex., USA
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Tex., USA
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14
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells, a prominent component of the innate immune system, are large granular lymphocytes that respond rapidly to a variety of insults via cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Recently, there has been growing insight into the biological functions of NK cells, in particular into their roles in infection, tumorurveillance and autoimmunity. Under these pathophysiological circumstances, NK cells readily home to the central nervous system (CNS) tissues to combat infection and presumably to curb progression of tumor. Bystander neuronal and/or glial cell damage can occur in this setting. Paradoxically, NK cells appear to have an inhibitory role for autoimmune responses within the CNS. As in the periphery, NK cells act in concert with T cells and other lymphocytes responsible for CNS pathology and immune regulation. Insights into the molecular signals and pathways governing the diverse biological effects of NK cells are keys for designing NK cell-based therapy for CNS infections, tumor and autoimmune diseases.NK cells readily accumulate in homing to CNS tissues under the pathophysiological situations. This process is tightly controlled by a number of chemokines and chemokine receptors. There is ample of evidence that NK cells within the CNS contribute to the control of infections and might limit progression of certain tumor. Bystander neuronal and/or glial cell damage can occur. In certain autoimmune conditions of the CNS, NK cells appear to have an inhibitory role. Disassociation of disease-inhibiting versus disease-promoting effects of NK cells is a key to harnessing NK cells for therapeutic purposes. To achieve this goal, a generation of genetic models with selective NK cell deficiency, and development of reagents (antibodies) for visualizing subsets of NK cells in situ will be necessary.
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15
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Steelman AJ, Dean DD, Young CR, Smith R, Prentice TW, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress modulates virus specific adaptive immunity during acute Theiler's virus infection. Brain Behav Immun 2009; 23:830-43. [PMID: 19348911 PMCID: PMC2710426 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2008] [Revised: 03/21/2009] [Accepted: 03/22/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating CNS disease of unknown origin. Multiple factors including genetic background, infection, and psychological stress affect the onset or progression of MS. Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV) infection is an animal model of MS in which aberrant immunity leads to viral persistence and subsequently results in demyelination that resembles MS. Here, we examined how stress during acute TMEV infection altered virus-specific cell mediated responses. Using immunodominant viral peptides specific for either CD4(+) or CD8(+) T cells, we found that stress reduced IFN-gamma producing virus-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the spleen and CD8(+) T cells CNS. Cytokine production by cells isolated from the CNS or spleens following stimulation with virus or viral peptides, indicated that stress decreased both type 1 and type 2 responses. Glucocorticoids were implicated in the decreased T cell function as the effects of stress were partially reversed by concurrent RU486 administration but mimicked by dexamethasone. As T cells mediate viral clearance in this model, our data support the hypothesis that stress-induced immunosuppression may provide a mechanism for enhanced viral persistence within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Steelman
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Dana D. Dean
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Colin R. Young
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Roger Smith
- Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Thomas W. Prentice
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - Mary W. Meagher
- Dept of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
| | - C. Jane R. Welsh
- Dept of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medical & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A, Dept of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843 U.S.A
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16
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He RR, Yao XS, Li HY, Dai Y, Duan YH, Li YF, Kurihara H. The anti-stress effects of Sarcandra glabra extract on restraint-evoked immunocompromise. Biol Pharm Bull 2009; 32:247-52. [PMID: 19182384 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.32.247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Sarcandra glabra was a renowned herb traditionally used as herbal tea or food supplement to enhance mental efficiency and to recover from stress or fatigue in China. We investigated the effects of Sarcandra glabra extract (SGE), with chemical composition clearly showed by HPLC fingerprint as quality control, on immunologic response including natural killer (NK) cell activity and its antioxidative capacity in splenocytes obtained from restraint mice. Our results found that daily oral administration of SGE (125, 500 mg/kg/d) for 5 consecutive days to restrained mice alleviated the stress-induced reduction of the number of lymphocytes, the balance of CD4(+) T/CD8(+) T and NK cell activity per spleen. SGE also significantly decreased the level of lipid peroxidation and increased oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC) in splenocytes. These results indicated that SGE modulate stress-attenuated immunologic response, at least, partially explained by improving antioxidative capacity in immunocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Rong He
- College of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shengyang Pharmaceutical University, Shengyang, China
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17
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Welsh CJ, Steelman AJ, Mi W, Young CR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Meagher MW. Neuroimmune interactions in a model of multiple sclerosis. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1153:209-19. [PMID: 19236344 PMCID: PMC2862309 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.2008.03984.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Psychological stress has been implicated in both the onset and exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our research has focused on the role of stress at the onset of MS, using the mouse model Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus-induced demyelination. Theiler's virus is a natural pathogen of mice that causes a persistent infection of the central nervous system (CNS) and inflammatory immune-mediated demyelination that is very similar to MS. Our research has shown that restraint stress sufficiently increases corticosterone secretion to cause immunosuppression. Stressed mice develop decreased innate and adaptive immune responses, including decreased chemokine and cytokine responses, to virus, which leads to increased viral replication within the CNS. Higher levels of virus then cause increased later demyelinating disease. These findings may have important implications in our understanding of the interactions between stress and the development of autoimmune diseases induced by infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Jane Welsh
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843-4458, USA.
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18
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Ashcraft KA, Bonneau RH. Psychological stress exacerbates primary vaginal herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection by impairing both innate and adaptive immune responses. Brain Behav Immun 2008; 22:1231-40. [PMID: 18639627 PMCID: PMC3721735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2008] [Revised: 06/09/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic psychological stress is generally immunosuppressive and contributes to an increase in herpes simplex virus (HSV) pathogenicity. We have previously shown that mice experiencing stress at the time of intranasal HSV infection have increased levels of infectious virus in their nasal cavity, as compared to control mice that were not subjected to stress. We have extended our studies to determine the effects of stress at another clinically-relevant mucosal site by examining the immune response to and pathogenesis of vaginal HSV infection. Mice experiencing psychological stress during vaginal HSV infection exhibited an increase in both vaginal viral titers and the pathology associated with this HSV infection. We demonstrate that these observations result from the failure of both the innate and HSV-specific adaptive immune responses. At 2 days post-infection, NK cell numbers were significantly decreased in mice experiencing restraint stress. Studies examining the adaptive immune response revealed a decrease in the number of HSV-specific CD8(+) T cells in not only the vaginal tissue itself but also the draining iliac lymph nodes (ILN). Furthermore, the number of functional cells, in terms of both their degranulation and interferon-gamma production, in the ILN of stressed mice was decreased as compared to non-stressed mice. We conclude that psychological stress, through its suppression of both innate and adaptive immune responses, may be an important factor in the ability to control vaginal HSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen A. Ashcraft
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA
| | - Robert H. Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, USA,Correspondence should be addressed to: Robert H. Bonneau, Ph.D., Department of Microbiology and Immunology (H107), The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, Telephone: 717-531-4078; Fax: 717-531-6522;
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19
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Young EE, Prentice TW, Satterlee D, McCullough H, Sieve AN, Johnson RR, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Glucocorticoid exposure alters the pathogenesis of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus during acute infection. Physiol Behav 2008; 95:63-71. [PMID: 18538803 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2008.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2007] [Revised: 04/22/2008] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Previous research has shown that chronic restraint stress exacerbates Theiler's virus infection, a murine model for CNS inflammation and multiple sclerosis. The current set of experiments was designed to evaluate the potential role of glucocorticoids in the deleterious effects of restraint stress on acute CNS inflammatory disease. Exposure to chronic restraint stress resulted in elevated levels of corticosterone as well as increased clinical scores and weight loss (Experiment 1). In addition, corticosterone administration alone exacerbated behavioral signs of TMEV-induced sickness (i.e. decreased body weight, increased symptoms of encephalitis, and increased mortality) and reduced inflammation in the CNS (Experiment 2). Infected subjects receiving exogenous corticosterone showed exacerbation of acute phase measures of sickness and severe mortality as well as decreased viral clearance from CNS (Experiment 3). These findings indicate that corticosterone exposure alone is sufficient to exacerbate acute CNS inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin E Young
- Department of Psychology Texas A&M University Mailstop 4235, College Station, TX 77843, United States.
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20
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Abstract
The field of psychoneuroimmunology has witnessed an explosion of empirical findings during the last two decades. Research has documented the mechanisms through which stressful emotions alter white blood cell function. Stress diminishes white blood cell response to viral infected cells and to cancer cells. Moreover, vaccination is less effective in those who are stressed and wounds heal less readily in those who are stressed. While stress decreases the activity of some white blood cells, stress does not compromise the function of all types of white blood cells. Indeed, some types of autoimmune disease, which involve particular subsets of white blood cells, are exacerbated by stress. The literature documents the efficacy of talk-therapy interventions in altering immune system parameters and enhancing the body's ability to combat disease. The literature also documents the impact of the chronic stress of poverty on immune system function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Littrell
- School of Social Work, Georgia State University, 585 Indian Acres Court, Tucker, GA 30084, USA.
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21
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Tam CS, Wong M, Tam K, Aouad L, Waters KA. The effect of acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia treatment on IL-6, TNF-alpha, and CRP levels in piglets. Sleep 2007; 30:723-7. [PMID: 17580593 PMCID: PMC1978356 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.6.723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is characterized by repeated episodes of upper-airway obstruction during sleep leading to significant hypercapnic hypoxic conditions. These conditions are associated with increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines (including interleukin [IL]-6, tumor necrosis factor [TNF]-alpha, and C-reactive protein [CRP]) and subsequent increased cardiovascular risk. It is unclear whether hypercapnic hypoxia itself causes inflammatory perturbations. DESIGN We evaluated circulating IL-6, TNF- a and CRP in a piglet model of infant OSA, following exposure to acute intermittent hypercapnic hypoxia (IHH). Study groups comprised of treatment (n = 8) and control (n = 8) groups. Treatment was two 90-minute sessions of IHH with arterial blood sampled before and after each IHH session. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS IL-6, TNF-alpha and CRP levels were measured before and after IHH treatment sessions. Results showed an increase in IL-6 following the first session of IHH that was neither sustained, nor repeated, during a subsequent exposure. Using mixed-modelling, TNF-alpha changed between time points and groups. There were no changes in CRP over the duration of the study. CONCLUSION These results suggest that acute hypoxia causes a transient increase in IL-6 levels and has implications for the pathogenesis of increased cardiovascular disease in OSA, especially in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Melanie Wong
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Kimberley Tam
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Leyla Aouad
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Karen A. Waters
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Medicine, The University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Karen A. Waters,
Department of Medicine, Room 206, Blackburn Building, DO6, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia61 2 9351 516561 2 9550 3851
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22
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Heesen C, Gold SM, Huitinga I, Reul JMHM. Stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis - a review. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2007; 32:604-18. [PMID: 17602841 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2006] [Revised: 03/29/2007] [Accepted: 05/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the CNS with an assumed autoimmune-mediated pathogenesis. Stressful life events have been hypothesized as potential triggers of disease exacerbation. Animal studies using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model for MS, suggest that decreased hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function may play a role in the increased susceptibility and severity of the disease. Histopathological studies of the hypothalamus point to disturbances in corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) regulation as a result of MS lesions in this area. Functional endocrine tests (e.g., the combined Dexamethasone-CRH test) showed a disturbed negative feedback after steroid application in MS patients. Hyper- and hypoactivity of the HPA axis, have been described to be associated with more severe courses. This paper presents an overview of the evidence for a role of HPA dysfunction in EAE and MS based on stress-experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Heesen
- Institute of Neuroimmunology and Clinical MS Research (INiMS), University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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23
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Gerhauser I, Alldinger S, Baumgärtner W. Ets-1 represents a pivotal transcription factor for viral clearance, inflammation, and demyelination in a mouse model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2007; 188:86-94. [PMID: 17599467 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2007] [Revised: 05/23/2007] [Accepted: 05/23/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Demyelination of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis (TME) depends on viral persistence and on the mouse genotype. Ets-1 expression, a transcription factor involved in T cell activation and cytokine expression, was investigated in the spinal cord during TME using RT-qPCR and immunohistochemistry. Resistant C57BL/6 mice lacking virus persistence and demyelination demonstrated a stronger upregulation of Ets-1 mRNA transcripts in the early phase of TME compared to susceptible SJL/J mice probably linked to viral clearance. Though strong Ets-1 expression in resident glial cells such as astrocytes might inhibit lesion development, delayed Ets-1 activation in inflammatory cells seemed to promote demyelination in the late phase of TME in SJL/J mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingo Gerhauser
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
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24
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Bonneau RH, Padgett DA, Sheridan JF. Twenty years of psychoneuroimmunology and viral infections in Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. Brain Behav Immun 2007; 21:273-80. [PMID: 17158025 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2006] [Revised: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 10/07/2006] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
For 20 years, Brain, Behavior, and Immunity has provided an important venue for the publication of studies in psychoneuroimmunology. During this time period, psychoneuroimmunology has matured into an important multidisciplinary science that has contributed significantly to our knowledge of mind, brain, and body interactions. This review will not only focus on the primary research papers dealing with psychoneuroimmunology, viral infections, and anti-viral vaccine responses in humans and animal models that have appeared on the pages of Brain, Behavior, and Immunity during the past 20 years, but will also outline a variety of strategies that could be used for expanding our understanding of the neuroimmune-viral pathogen relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert H Bonneau
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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25
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Mi W, Young CR, Storts RW, Steelman AJ, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress facilitates systemic dissemination of Theiler's virus and alters its pathogenecity. Microb Pathog 2006; 41:133-43. [PMID: 16949789 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2006.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2005] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV), a Picornavirus used as a viral model for multiple sclerosis (MS), causes an acute encephalomyelitis and chronic demyelination. The failure to clear the virus, which can result from stress, is a prerequisite for development of the later disease. Similarly, stressful life events have been associated with the development of MS. In the present study, a restraint stress (RS) model was used to investigate the effect of stress on the systemic dissemination of TMEV during the early stage of disease. Experimental data demonstrated that repeated RS remarkably facilitated the spread of virus from the CNS to such systemic organs as the spleen, lymph nodes, thymus, lungs and heart and compromised the ability of viral clearance within those tissues. RS also altered the pathogenecity of TMEV, enabling it to become cardiotropic, resulting in higher myocardial infectivity. These results demonstrate the profound impact that RS has upon both the tissue and organ dissemination of the virus, and the organ tropism of TMEV. An additional finding associated with stress was hepatic necrosis in the restrained animals, regardless of whether or not they were infected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Mi
- Genetics Program, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4458, USA
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26
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Mi W, Prentice TW, Young CR, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Restraint stress decreases virus-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine mRNA expression during acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 178:49-61. [PMID: 16828879 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2005] [Revised: 05/13/2006] [Accepted: 05/17/2006] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Stressful life events have been associated with the onset and/or exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). Our previous studies have indicated that restraint stress (RS) reduces inflammation and virus-induced chemokine expression in the Theiler's virus-induced demyelination (TVID) model of MS. Here we report that RS significantly reduced the virus-induced interferon-gamma mRNA levels in the brain. Additionally, mRNA levels of lymphotoxin-beta, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma in the brain were negatively correlated with viral titers in the brain. These results indicated an immunosuppressive effect of stress during early TVID causing impaired viral clearance, which may be a potential exacerbating factor for later demyelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Integrative Biosciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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27
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Sieve AN, Steelman AJ, Young CR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Sex-dependent effects of chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection on the subsequent demyelinating disease in CBA mice. J Neuroimmunol 2006; 177:46-62. [PMID: 16762424 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2006] [Revised: 04/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress, administered during early infection with Theiler's virus, was found to exacerbate the acute CNS viral infection in male and female mice. During the subsequent demyelinating phase of disease (a model of multiple sclerosis), the effect of stress on disease progression was sex-dependent. Previously stressed male mice had less severe behavioral signs of the chronic phase, better rotarod performance and decreased inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord, while the opposite pattern was observed in females. In addition, mice in all groups developed autoantibodies to MBP, PLP139-151 and MOG33-55.
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MESH Headings
- Acute Disease
- Animals
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Cardiovirus Infections/immunology
- Cardiovirus Infections/physiopathology
- Chronic Disease
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/immunology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/physiopathology
- Demyelinating Autoimmune Diseases, CNS/virology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/physiopathology
- Multiple Sclerosis/virology
- Myelin Proteins/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/immunology
- Nerve Fibers, Myelinated/pathology
- Restraint, Physical
- Sex Factors
- Spinal Cord/immunology
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/physiopathology
- Stress, Psychological/complications
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
- Theilovirus/immunology
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sieve
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843-4235, United States
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Sieve AN, Steelman AJ, Young CR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Chronic restraint stress during early Theiler's virus infection exacerbates the subsequent demyelinating disease in SJL mice. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 155:103-18. [PMID: 15342201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Revised: 06/01/2004] [Accepted: 06/15/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic restraint stress, administered during early infection with Theiler's virus, was found to exacerbate the acute central nervous system (CNS) viral infection and the subsequent demyelinating phase of disease (an animal model of Multiple Sclerosis (MS)) in SJL male and female mice. During early infection, stressed mice displayed decreased body weights and spontaneous activity; while increased behavioral signs of illness and plasma corticosterone (CORT) levels. During the subsequent chronic demyelinating phase of disease, previously stressed mice had greater behavioral signs of the chronic phase, worsened rotarod performance, and increased inflammatory lesions of the spinal cord. In addition, mice developed autoantibodies to myelin basic protein (MBP), proteolipid protein peptide (PLP139-151), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein peptide (MOG33-55).
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy N Sieve
- Department of Psychology, Behavioral and Cellular Neuroscience Program, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4235, USA
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Mi W, Belyavskyi M, Johnson RR, Sieve AN, Storts R, Meagher MW, Welsh CJR. Alterations in chemokine expression following Theiler's virus infection and restraint stress. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 151:103-15. [PMID: 15145609 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2003] [Revised: 02/23/2004] [Accepted: 02/23/2004] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress (RS) applied to mice during acute infection with Theiler's virus causes corticosterone-induced immunosuppression. This effect was further investigated by measuring chemokine changes in the spleen and central nervous system (CNS) using an RNase Protection Assay. mRNAs for lymphotactin (Ltn), interferon-induced protein-10 (IP-10), MIP-1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and TCA-3 were detected in the spleen at day 2 pi, but not in the brain of CBA mice infected with Theiler's virus. Ltn, IP-10 and RANTES were elevated in both the spleen and the brain at day 7 pi, and were significantly decreased by RS in the brain. RS also resulted in decreased inflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Mi
- Department of Veterinary Anatomy and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Johnson RR, Storts R, Welsh TH, Welsh CJR, Meagher MW. Social stress alters the severity of acute Theiler's virus infection. J Neuroimmunol 2004; 148:74-85. [PMID: 14975588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2003] [Revised: 11/07/2003] [Accepted: 11/10/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Our laboratory has previously shown that restraint stress resulted in decreased Theiler's virus-induced CNS inflammation, while exacerbating illness behaviors during the acute phase of disease. In contrast, social disruption stress (SDR) applied prior to infection led to the development of glucocorticoid (GC) resistance, and these animals developed more severe disease course, with increased inflammation. However, when SDR was applied concurrent with infection, GC resistance fails to develop, disease course is less severe and inflammation was moderate. These results suggest that the effects of SDR on Theiler's virus infection are dependent upon the timing of SDR application in relation to infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R Johnson
- Department of Psychology, College of Liberal Arts, Texas A&M University, Mailstop 4328, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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