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Salatin S, Farhoudi M, Farjami A, Maleki Dizaj S, Sharifi S, Shahi S. Nanoparticle Formulations of Antioxidants for the Management of Oxidative Stress in Stroke: A Review. Biomedicines 2023; 11:3010. [PMID: 38002010 PMCID: PMC10669285 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11113010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is currently one of the primary causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, there has been a lack of effective stroke treatment. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are needed to decrease stroke-induced morbidity and promote the patient's quality of life. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) have been recognized as one of the major causes of brain injury after ischemic stroke. Antioxidant therapy seems to be an effective treatment in the management of oxidative stress relevant to inflammatory disorders like stroke. However, the in vivo efficacy of traditional anti-oxidative substances is greatly limited due to their non-specific distribution and poor localization in the disease region. In recent years, antioxidant nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated a clinical breakthrough for stroke treatment. Some NPs have intrinsic antioxidant properties and act as antioxidants to scavenge ROS. Moreover, NPs provide protection to the antioxidant agents/enzymes while effectively delivering them into unreachable areas like the brain. Because of their nanoscale dimensions, NPs are able to efficiently pass through the BBB, and easily reach the damaged site. Here, we discuss the challenges, recent advances, and perspectives of antioxidant NPs in stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Salatin
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran (M.F.)
| | - Mehdi Farhoudi
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran (M.F.)
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Pharmaceutical and Food Control Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Solmaz Maleki Dizaj
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Simin Sharifi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
| | - Shahriar Shahi
- Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51666-53431, Iran
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Lin CW, Li JY, Kuo TB, Huang CW, Huang SS, Yang CC. Chronic Intermittent Hypoxia Worsens Brain Damage and Sensorimotor Behavioral Abnormalities after Ischemic Stroke: Effect on Autonomic Nervous Activity and Sleep Patterns. Brain Res 2022; 1798:148159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.148159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Ren H, Li J, Peng A, Liu T, Chen M, Li H, Wang X. Water-Soluble, Alanine-Modified Fullerene C 60 Promotes the Proliferation and Neuronal Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105714. [PMID: 35628525 PMCID: PMC9146176 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
As carbon-based nanomaterials, water-soluble C60 derivatives have potential applications in various fields of biomedicine. In this study, a water-soluble fullerene C60 derivative bearing alanine residues (Ala-C60) was synthesized. The effects of Ala-C60 on neural stem cells (NSCs) as seed cells were explored. Ala-C60 can promote the proliferation of NSCs, induce NSCs to differentiate into neurons, and inhibit the migration of NSCs. Most importantly, the Ala-C60 can significantly increase the cell viability of NSCs treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The glutathioneperoxidase (GSH-Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and glutathione (GSH) content increased significantly in NSCs treated even by 20 μM Ala-C60. These findings strongly indicate that Ala-C60 has high potential to be applied as a scaffold with NSCs for regeneration in nerve tissue engineering for diseases related to the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Ren
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (H.R.); (A.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Jinrui Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Ai Peng
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (H.R.); (A.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (H.R.); (A.P.); (T.L.)
| | - Mengjun Chen
- School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250002, China;
| | - Hongguang Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China;
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-531-88363963 (H.L.); +86-531-88382046 (X.W.)
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; (H.R.); (A.P.); (T.L.)
- Correspondence: (H.L.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-531-88363963 (H.L.); +86-531-88382046 (X.W.)
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The Role of Nanomaterials in Stroke Treatment: Targeting Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:8857486. [PMID: 33815664 PMCID: PMC7990543 DOI: 10.1155/2021/8857486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Stroke has a high rate of morbidity and disability, which seriously endangers human health. In stroke, oxidative stress leads to further damage to the brain tissue. Therefore, treatment for oxidative stress is urgently needed. However, antioxidative drugs have demonstrated obvious protective effects in preclinical studies, but the clinical studies have not seen breakthroughs. Nanomaterials, with their characteristically small size, can be used to deliver drugs and have demonstrated excellent performance in treating various diseases. Additionally, some nanomaterials have shown potential in scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in stroke according to the nature of nanomaterials. The drugs' delivery ability of nanomaterials has great significance for the clinical translation and application of antioxidants. It increases drug blood concentration and half-life and targets the ischemic brain to protect cells from oxidative stress-induced death. This review summarizes the characteristics and progress of nanomaterials in the application of antioxidant therapy in stroke, including ischemic stroke, hemorrhagic stroke, and neural regeneration. We also discuss the prospect of nanomaterials for the treatment of oxidative stress in stroke and the challenges in their application, such as the toxicity and the off-target effects of nanomaterials.
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Alkaff SA, Radhakrishnan K, Nedumaran AM, Liao P, Czarny B. Nanocarriers for Stroke Therapy: Advances and Obstacles in Translating Animal Studies. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:445-464. [PMID: 32021190 PMCID: PMC6982459 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s231853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The technology of drug delivery systems (DDS) has expanded into many applications, such as for treating neurological disorders. Nanoparticle DDS offer a unique strategy for targeted transport and improved outcomes of therapeutics. Stroke is likely to benefit from the emergence of this technology though clinical breakthroughs are yet to manifest. This review explores the recent advances in this field and provides insight on the trends, prospects and challenges of translating this technology to clinical application. Carriers of diverse material compositions are presented, with special focus on the surface properties and emphasis on the similarities and inconsistencies among in vivo experimental paradigms. Research attention is scattered among various nanoparticle DDS and various routes of drug administration, which expresses the lack of consistency among studies. Analysis of current literature reveals lipid- and polymer-based DDS as forerunners of DDS for stroke; however, cell membrane-derived vesicles (CMVs) possess the competitive edge due to their innate biocompatibility and superior efficacy. Conversely, inorganic and carbon-based DDS offer different functionalities as well as varied capacity for loading but suffer mainly from poor safety and general lack of investigation in this area. This review supports the existing literature by systematizing presently available data and accounting for the differences in drugs of choice, carrier types, animal models, intervention strategies and outcome parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Abdullah Alkaff
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798, Singapore
| | - Krishna Radhakrishnan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798, Singapore
| | - Anu Maashaa Nedumaran
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798, Singapore
| | - Ping Liao
- Calcium Signalling Laboratory, National Neuroscience Institute 308433, Singapore
| | - Bertrand Czarny
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University 639798, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University 639798, Singapore
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Fernandes LF, Bruch GE, Massensini AR, Frézard F. Recent Advances in the Therapeutic and Diagnostic Use of Liposomes and Carbon Nanomaterials in Ischemic Stroke. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:453. [PMID: 30026685 PMCID: PMC6041432 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The complexity of the central nervous system (CNS), its limited self-repairing capacity and the ineffective delivery of most CNS drugs to the brain contribute to the irreversible and progressive nature of many neurological diseases and also the severity of the outcome. Therefore, neurological disorders belong to the group of pathologies with the greatest need of new technologies for diagnostics and therapeutics. In this scenario, nanotechnology has emerged with innovative and promising biomaterials and tools. This review focuses on ischemic stroke, being one of the major causes of death and serious long-term disabilities worldwide, and the recent advances in the study of liposomes and carbon nanomaterials for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. Ischemic stroke occurs when blood flow to the brain is insufficient to meet metabolic demand, leading to a cascade of physiopathological events in the CNS including local blood brain barrier (BBB) disruption. However, to date, the only treatment approved by the FDA for this pathology is based on the potentially toxic tissue plasminogen activator. The techniques currently available for diagnosis of stroke also lack sensitivity. Liposomes and carbon nanomaterials were selected for comparison in this review, because of their very distinct characteristics and ranges of applications. Liposomes represent a biomimetic system, with composition, structural organization and properties very similar to biological membranes. On the other hand, carbon nanomaterials, which are not naturally encountered in the human body, exhibit new modes of interaction with biological molecules and systems, resulting in unique pharmacological properties. In the last years, several neuroprotective agents have been evaluated under the encapsulated form in liposomes, in experimental models of stroke. Effective drug delivery to the brain and neuroprotection were achieved using stealth liposomes bearing targeting ligands onto their surface for brain endothelial cells and ischemic tissues receptors. Carbon nanomaterials including nanotubes, fullerenes and graphene, started to be investigated and potential applications for therapy, biosensing and imaging have been identified based on their antioxidant action, their intrinsic photoluminescence, their ability to cross the BBB, transitorily decrease the BBB paracellular tightness, carry oligonucleotides and cells and induce cell differentiation. The potential future developments in the field are finally discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - André R. Massensini
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Frédéric Frézard
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Czochara R, Kusio J, Symonowicz M, Litwinienko G. Fullerene C60 Derivatives as High-Temperature Inhibitors of Oxidative Degradation of Saturated Hydrocarbons. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b02564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Czochara
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Kusio
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Michał Symonowicz
- University of Warsaw, Faculty of Chemistry, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warsaw, Poland
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Baldrighi M, Trusel M, Tonini R, Giordani S. Carbon Nanomaterials Interfacing with Neurons: An In vivo Perspective. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:250. [PMID: 27375413 PMCID: PMC4899452 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing new tools that outperform current state of the art technologies for imaging, drug delivery or electrical sensing in neuronal tissues is one of the great challenges in neurosciences. Investigations into the potential use of carbon nanomaterials for such applications started about two decades ago. Since then, numerous in vitro studies have examined interactions between these nanomaterials and neurons, either by evaluating their compatibility, as vectors for drug delivery, or for their potential use in electric activity sensing and manipulation. The results obtained indicate that carbon nanomaterials may be suitable for medical therapies. However, a relatively small number of in vivo studies have been carried out to date. In order to facilitate the transformation of carbon nanomaterial into practical neurobiomedical applications, it is essential to identify and highlight in the existing literature the strengths and weakness that different carbon nanomaterials have displayed when probed in vivo. Unfortunately the current literature is sometimes sparse and confusing. To offer a clearer picture of the in vivo studies on carbon nanomaterials in the central nervous system, we provide a systematic and critical review. Hereby we identify properties and behavior of carbon nanomaterials in vivo inside the neural tissues, and we examine key achievements and potentially problematic toxicological issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Baldrighi
- Nano Carbon Materials Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | - Massimo Trusel
- Neuroscience and Brain Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | - Raffaella Tonini
- Neuroscience and Brain Technology, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
| | - Silvia Giordani
- Nano Carbon Materials Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di TecnologiaGenova, Italy
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Lemos VS, Aires RD, Ladeira M, Guatimosim S. Fullerene-Derivatives as Therapeutic Agents in Respiratory System and Neurodegenerative Disorders. BIOENGINEERING APPLICATIONS OF CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-25907-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Feng X, Chen A, Zhang Y, Wang J, Shao L, Wei L. Central nervous system toxicity of metallic nanoparticles. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:4321-40. [PMID: 26170667 PMCID: PMC4498719 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s78308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials (NMs) are increasingly used for the therapy, diagnosis, and monitoring of disease- or drug-induced mechanisms in the human biological system. In view of their small size, after certain modifications, NMs have the capacity to bypass or cross the blood–brain barrier. Nanotechnology is particularly advantageous in the field of neurology. Examples may include the utilization of nanoparticle (NP)-based drug carriers to readily cross the blood–brain barrier to treat central nervous system (CNS) diseases, nanoscaffolds for axonal regeneration, nanoelectromechanical systems in neurological operations, and NPs in molecular imaging and CNS imaging. However, NPs can also be potentially hazardous to the CNS in terms of nano-neurotoxicity via several possible mechanisms, such as oxidative stress, autophagy, and lysosome dysfunction, and the activation of certain signaling pathways. In this review, we discuss the dual effect of NMs on the CNS and the mechanisms involved. The limitations of the current research are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Feng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijie Chen
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Wang
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Wei
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, People's Republic of China
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11
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Caputo F, De Nicola M, Ghibelli L. Pharmacological potential of bioactive engineered nanomaterials. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:112-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Revised: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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12
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Hung LM, Huang JP, Liao JM, Yang MH, Li DE, Day YJ, Huang SS. Insulin renders diabetic rats resistant to acute ischemic stroke by arresting nitric oxide reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite. J Biomed Sci 2014; 21:92. [PMID: 25223305 PMCID: PMC4266964 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-014-0092-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The functions of free radicals on the effects of insulin that result in protection against cerebral ischemic insult in diabetes remain undefined. This present study aims to explain the contradiction among nitric oxide (NO)/superoxide/peroxynitrite of insulin in amelioration of focal cerebral ischemia–reperfusion (FC I/R) injury in streptozotocin (STZ)-diabetic rats and to delineate the underlying mechanisms. Long-Evans male rats were divided into three groups (age-matched controls, diabetic, and diabetic treated with insulin) with or without being subjected to FC I/R injury. Results Hyperglycemia exacerbated microvascular functions, increased cerebral NO production, and aggravated FC I/R-induced cerebral infarction and neurological deficits. Parallel with hypoglycemic effects, insulin improved microvascular functions and attenuated FC I/R injury in STZ-diabetic rats. Diabetes decreased the efficacy of NO and superoxide production, but NO and superoxide easily formed peroxynitrite in diabetic rats after FC I/R injury. Insulin treatment significantly rescued the phenomenon. Conclusions These results suggest that insulin renders diabetic rats resistant to acute ischemic stroke by arresting NO reaction with superoxide to form peroxynitrite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University and Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, No,110, Sec, 1, Jianguo N, Rd, Taichung City 402, Taiwan.
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Chen L, Miao Y, Chen L, Xu J, Wang X, Zhao H, Shen Y, Hu Y, Bian Y, Shen Y, Chen J, Zha Y, Wen LP, Wang M. The role of low levels of fullerene C60 nanocrystals on enhanced learning and memory of rats through persistent CaMKII activation. Biomaterials 2014; 35:9269-79. [PMID: 25129570 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials are known to exhibit diverse and sometimes unexpected biological effects. Fullerene nanoparticles have been reported to specifically bind to and elicit persistent activation of hippocampal Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), a multimeric intracellular serine/threonine kinase central to Ca(2+) signal transduction and critical for synaptic plasticity, but the functional consequence of that modulation is unknown. Here we show that low doses of fullerene C60 nanocrystals (Nano C60), delivered through intrahippocampal infusion and without any obvious cytotoxicity in hippocampal neuronal cells, enhance the long-term potentiation (LTP) of rats. Intraperitoneal injection of 320 μg/kg of Nano C60, once daily for 10 days, also enhanced spatial memory of rats in addition to an increase of LTP. In parallel, both the IH and IP administration of Nano C60 increased the autonomous activity and the level of threonine 286 (T286) autophosphorylation of CaMKII, enhanced post-synaptic AMPA/NMDA ratio, and triggered time-dependent activation of ERK and CREB. Our results reveal a striking and highly unexpected ability of Nano C60 in positively modulating learning and memory, an effect that is most likely manifested through locking CaMKII in an active conformation, and may have significant implications for the potential therapeutic applications of fullerene C60, a classic engineered nanomaterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yanyan Miao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Lin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jing Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Han Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yi Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yunpeng Bian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yuanyuan Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Jutao Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Yingying Zha
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China
| | - Long-Ping Wen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
| | - Ming Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Diseases, and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230027, China.
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Abstract
Cerebral palsy is a chronic childhood disorder that can have diverse etiologies. Injury to the developing brain that occurs either in utero or soon after birth can result in the motor, sensory, and cognitive deficits seen in cerebral palsy. Although the etiologies for cerebral palsy are variable, neuroinflammation plays a key role in the pathophysiology of the brain injury irrespective of the etiology. Currently, there is no effective cure for cerebral palsy. Nanomedicine offers a new frontier in the development of therapies for prevention and treatment of brain injury resulting in cerebral palsy. Nanomaterials such as dendrimers provide opportunities for the targeted delivery of multiple drugs that can mitigate several pathways involved in injury and can be delivered specifically to the cells that are responsible for neuroinflammation and injury. These materials also offer the opportunity to deliver agents that would promote repair and regeneration in the brain, resulting not only in attenuation of injury, but also enabling normal growth. In this review, the current advances in nanotechnology for treatment of brain injury are discussed with specific relevance to cerebral palsy. Future directions that would facilitate clinical translation in neonates and children are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bindu Balakrishnan
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University; Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Liposome formulation of fullerene-based molecular diagnostic and therapeutic agents. Pharmaceutics 2013; 5:525-41. [PMID: 24300561 PMCID: PMC3873678 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics5040525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Fullerene medicine is a new but rapidly growing research subject. Fullerene has a number of desired structural, physical and chemical properties to be adapted for biological use including antioxidants, anti-aging, anti-inflammation, photodynamic therapy, drug delivery, and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Chemical functionalization of fullerenes has led to several interesting compounds with very promising preclinical efficacy, pharmacokinetic and safety data. However, there is no clinical evaluation or human use except in fullerene-based cosmetic products for human skincare. This article summarizes recent advances in liposome formulation of fullerenes for the use in therapeutics and molecular imaging.
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16
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Huang SS, Lu YJ, Huang JP, Wu YT, Day YJ, Hung LM. The essential role of endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation in insulin-mediated neuroprotection against ischemic stroke in diabetes. J Vasc Surg 2013; 59:483-91. [PMID: 23663869 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2013.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke patients with diabetes have a higher mortality rate, worse neurologic outcome, and more severe disability than those without diabetes. Results from clinical trials comparing the outcomes of stroke seen with intensive glycemic control in diabetic individuals are conflicting. Therefore, the present study was aimed to identify the key factor involved in the neuroprotective action of insulin beyond its hypoglycemic effects in streptozotocin-diabetic rats with ischemic stroke. METHODS Long-Evans male rats were divided into three groups (control, diabetes, and diabetes treated with insulin) and subjected to focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (FC I/R) injury. RESULTS Hyperglycemia aggravated FC I/R injuries with an increase in cerebral infarction and neurologic deficits, inhibition of glucose uptake and membrane-trafficking activity of glucose transporter 1, and reduction of Akt and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) phosphorylation in the cerebrum. Insulin treatment alleviated hyperglycemia and the symptoms of diabetes in streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Insulin administration also significantly decreased cerebral infarction and neurologic deficits and increased phosphorylation of Akt and eNOS protein in the cerebrum of FC I/R-injured diabetic rats. However, the glucose uptake and membrane trafficking activity of glucose transporter 1 in the cerebrum were not restored by insulin treatment. Coadministration of the eNOS inhibitor, N-iminoethyl-L-ornithine, with insulin abrogated beneficial effects of insulin on cerebral infarct volume and neurologic deficits in FC I/R-injured diabetic rats without affecting the hypoglycemic action of insulin. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that eNOS activation is required for the neuroprotection of insulin against ischemic stroke in patients with diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University and Department of Pharmacy, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jhu Lu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Jiung-Pang Huang
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yang-Tzu Wu
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Ji Day
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University and Department of Anesthesiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Man Hung
- Department and Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences and Healthy Aging Research Center, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Tao-Yuan, Taiwan.
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Tzirakis MD, Orfanopoulos M. Radical reactions of fullerenes: from synthetic organic chemistry to materials science and biology. Chem Rev 2013; 113:5262-321. [PMID: 23570603 DOI: 10.1021/cr300475r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 285] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Manolis D Tzirakis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Voutes, Heraklion, Greece.
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18
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Huang SS, Cheng H, Tang CM, Nien MW, Huang YS, Lee IH, Yin JH, Kuo TBJ, Yang CCH, Tsai SK, Yang DI. Anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and pro-angiogenic effects mediate functional improvement by sonic hedgehog against focal cerebral ischemia in rats. Exp Neurol 2013; 247:680-8. [PMID: 23499832 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Revised: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Sonic hedgehog (SHH) is a morphogen important for neural development during embryogenesis. Recently, beneficial actions of SHH in ischemic injury have been noted. To test whether epidural application of the biolgically active N-terminal fragment of SHH (SHH-N) may reduce the extent of ischemic brain injury, male Long-Evans rats were exposed to a 60-min episode of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) with topical application of SHH-N and/or its specific inhibitor, cyclopamine, in fibrin glue over the peri-infarct cortex. We found that epidural application of SHH-N substaintially reduced infarct volumes after 7 days of reperfusion, which was reversed by cyclopamine; SHH-N also improved behavioral outcomes as assessed by global neurological functions, rotarod test, and grasping power test. Furthermore, SHH-N attenuated the extents of protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation, and apoptosis induced by focal ischemia/reperfusion. Immunohistochemical staining coupled with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation revealed that SHH-N enhanced post-ischemic angiogenesis, stimulated the proliferation of nestin-positive (nestin(+)) neural progenitor cells (NPCs), and suppressed astrocytosis. Our results thus revealed multifaceted protective mechanisms of SHH-N against focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiang-Suo Huang
- Department of Pharmacology and Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taiwan
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19
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Xu L, Li C, Li F, Li X, Tao S. Molecular structure, electronic property and vibrational spectroscopy of C24-glycine and Gd@C24-glycine complexes. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 98:183-189. [PMID: 23000931 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2012.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Structure, electronic property and vibrational spectroscopy of C(24)-glycine and Gd@C(24)-glycine were systematically explored using the hybrid DFT-B3LYP functional. The interaction between empty C(24) cage and the smallest amino acid (glycine) was also investigated. It was found that the glycine molecule is energetically favorable to interact with the Mid-site on the C(24) cage through the amino nitrogen active site, rather than Top-site. The endohedral Gd atom increases the volume of the cage by around 6.7-9.8%. Analysis of frontier molecular orbitals reveals that the Gd@C(24)-glycine has the low-kinetic stability, being consistent with its thermodynamic property reflected by dissociation energy. We also see that the VIE and VEA of empty C(24) cage are slightly affected by absorbed glycine and endohedral Gd atom. Additionally, the assignments of simulated IR spectra are explored. The work may provide a theoretical reference for further application related structurally to potential antitumour activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Xu
- Department of Orthopedic, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150086, Heilongjiang Province, PR China
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20
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Huang SS, Su HH, Kuo TB, Chen CY, Lan YY, Liu BY, Yang DI, Tsai SC, Yang CC. Suppressing cardiac vagal modulation and changing sleep patterns in rats after chronic ischemic stroke injury. Auton Neurosci 2012; 169:116-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autneu.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2011] [Revised: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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21
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Xu L, Tang H, Li C, Li F, Li X, Tao S. Structures, electronic properties, and nonlinear optical properties of Ce/Dy-encapsulated C20-glycine: a density-functional theory investigation. Struct Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s11224-012-0098-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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22
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Nunes A, Al-Jamal KT, Kostarelos K. Therapeutics, imaging and toxicity of nanomaterials in the central nervous system. J Control Release 2012; 161:290-306. [PMID: 22512901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.03.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Treatment and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases and other CNS disorders are nowadays considered some of the most challenging tasks in modern medicine. The development of effective strategies for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of CNS pathologies require better understanding of neurological disorders that is still lacking. The use of nanomaterials is thought to contribute to our further understanding of the CNS and the development of novel therapeutic and diagnostic modalities for neurological interventions. Even though the application of nanoparticles in neuroscience is still embryonic, this article attempts to illustrate the use of different types of nanomaterials and the way in which they have been used in various CNS applications in an attempt to limit or reverse neuropathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Nunes
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Centre for Drug Delivery Research, UCL School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
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23
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Carbon Nanomaterials: Efficacy and Safety for Nanomedicine. MATERIALS 2012; 5:350-363. [PMID: 28817050 PMCID: PMC5448911 DOI: 10.3390/ma5020350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2011] [Revised: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, carbon nanohorns, and carbon nanotubes, are increasingly being used in various fields owing to these materials’ unique, size-dependent functions and physicochemical properties. Recently, because of their high variability and stability, carbon nanomaterials have been explored as a novel tool for the delivery of therapeutic molecules including peptide and nucleic acid cancer drugs. However, insufficient information is available regarding the safety of carbon nanomaterials for human health, even though such information is vital for the development of safe and effective nanomedicine technologies. In this review, we discuss currently available information regarding the safety of carbon nanomaterials in nanomedicine applications, including information obtained from our own studies; and we discuss types of carbon nanomaterials that demonstrate particular promise for safe nanomedicine technologies.
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Beuerle F, Witte P, Hartnagel U, Lebovitz R, Parng C, Hirsch A. Cytoprotective Activities of Water-Soluble Fullerenes in Zebrafish Models. Zebrafish 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/9781118102138.ch19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
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Turner RJ, Jickling GC, Sharp FR. Are Underlying Assumptions of Current Animal Models of Human Stroke Correct: from STAIRs to High Hurdles? Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:138-43. [PMID: 21654913 PMCID: PMC3085747 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0067-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2010] [Revised: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 01/20/2011] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Animal models of acute ischemic stroke have been criticized for failing to translate to human stroke. Nevertheless, animal models are necessary to improve our understanding of stroke pathophysiology and to guide the development of new stroke therapies. The rabbit embolic clot model is one animal model that has led to an effective therapy in human acute ischemic stroke, namely tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). We propose that potential compounds that demonstrate efficacy in non-rabbit animal models of acute ischemic stroke should also be tested in the rabbit embolic blood clot model and, where appropriate, compared to tPA prior to investigation in humans. Furthermore, the use of anesthesia needs to be considered as a major confounder in animal models of acute ischemic stroke, and death should be included as an outcome measure in animal stroke studies. These steps, along with the current STAIRs recommendations, may improve the successful translation of experimental therapies to clinical stroke treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée J. Turner
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- Discipline of Pathology, The University of Adelaide, North Terrace, Adelaide, 5005 SA Australia
| | - Glen C. Jickling
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
| | - Frank R. Sharp
- Department of Neurology, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
- M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817 USA
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Burello E, Worth AP. QSAR modeling of nanomaterials. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 3:298-306. [DOI: 10.1002/wnan.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Burello
- Systems Toxicology Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Varese, Italy
| | - Andrew P. Worth
- Systems Toxicology Unit, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Varese, Italy
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28
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Zhou Z, Lenk RP, Dellinger A, Wilson SR, Sadler R, Kepley CL. Liposomal formulation of amphiphilic fullerene antioxidants. Bioconjug Chem 2010; 21:1656-61. [PMID: 20839887 PMCID: PMC2941224 DOI: 10.1021/bc1001664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Novel amphiphilic fullerene[70] derivatives that are rationally designed to intercalate in lipid bilayers are reported, as well as its vesicular formulation with surprisingly high loading capacity up to 65% by weight. The amphiphilic C(70) bisadduct forms uniform and dimensionally stable liposomes with auxiliary natural phospholipids as demonstrated by buoyant density test, particle size distribution, and (31)P NMR. The antioxidant property of fullerenes is retained in the bipolarly functionalized C(70) derivative, amphiphilic liposomal malonylfullerene[70] (ALM), as well as in its liposomal formulations, as shown by both electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) studies and in vitro reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibition experiments. The liposomally formulated ALM efficiently quenched hydroxyl radicals and superoxide radicals. In addition, the fullerene liposome inhibited radical-induced lipid peroxidation and maintained the integrity of the lipid bilayer structure. This new class of liposomally formulated, amphipathic fullerene compounds represents a novel drug delivery system for fullerenes and provides a promising pathway to treat oxidative stress-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Zhou
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Robert P. Lenk
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Anthony Dellinger
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Stephen R. Wilson
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Robert Sadler
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
| | - Christopher L. Kepley
- Luna nanoWorks, a division of Luna Innovations Incorporated, 521 Bridge Street, Danville VA 24541
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29
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Osuna S, Swart M, Solà M. On the Mechanism of Action of Fullerene Derivatives in Superoxide Dismutation. Chemistry 2010; 16:3207-14. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.200902728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Toda N, Ayajiki K, Okamura T. Cerebral Blood Flow Regulation by Nitric Oxide: Recent Advances. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:62-97. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.108.000547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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31
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Enes RF, Farinha AS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JA, Amorati R, Petrucci S, Pedulli GF. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of [60]fullerene–flavonoid conjugates. Tetrahedron 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2008.10.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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32
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Markovic Z, Trajkovic V. Biomedical potential of the reactive oxygen species generation and quenching by fullerenes (C60). Biomaterials 2008; 29:3561-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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33
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Basso AS, Frenkel D, Quintana FJ, Costa-Pinto FA, Petrovic-Stojkovic S, Puckett L, Monsonego A, Bar-Shir A, Engel Y, Gozin M, Weiner HL. Reversal of axonal loss and disability in a mouse model of progressive multiple sclerosis. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1532-43. [PMID: 18340379 DOI: 10.1172/jci33464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Accepted: 01/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal degeneration is an important determinant of progressive neurological disability in multiple sclerosis (MS). Thus, therapeutic approaches promoting neuroprotection could aid the treatment of progressive MS. Here, we used what we believe is a novel water-soluble fullerene derivative (ABS-75) attached to an NMDA receptor antagonist, which combines antioxidant and anti-excitotoxic properties, to block axonal damage and reduce disease progression in a chronic progressive EAE model. Fullerene ABS-75 treatment initiated after disease onset reduced the clinical progression of chronic EAE in NOD mice immunized with myelin-oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Reduced disease progression in ABS-75-treated mice was associated with reduced axonal loss and demyelination in the spinal cord. Fullerene ABS-75 halted oxidative injury, CD11b+ infiltration, and CCL2 expression in the spinal cord of mice without interfering with antigen-specific T cell responses. In vitro, fullerene ABS-75 protected neurons from oxidative and glutamate-induced injury and restored glutamine synthetase and glutamate transporter expression in astrocytes under inflammatory insult. Glutamine synthetase expression was also increased in the white matter of fullerene ABS-75-treated animals. Our data demonstrate the neuroprotective effect of treatment with a fullerene compound combined with a NMDA receptor antagonist, which may be useful in the treatment of progressive MS and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre S Basso
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Vitalini D, Spina E, Dattilo S, Mineo P, Scamporrino E. Synthesis, characterization, and nucleotidic chain cleavage ability of uncharged water soluble poly(ethylene glycol)-fullerene derivatives with an amphiphilic character. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.22549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Antioxidant Properties of Water-Soluble Fullerene Derivatives. MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGICAL POTENTIAL OF FULLERENES AND CARBON NANOTUBES 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-6845-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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37
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Witte P, Beuerle F, Hartnagel U, Lebovitz R, Savouchkina A, Sali S, Guldi D, Chronakis N, Hirsch A. Water solubility, antioxidant activity and cytochrome C binding of four families of exohedral adducts of C60 and C70. Org Biomol Chem 2007; 5:3599-613. [PMID: 17971989 DOI: 10.1039/b711912g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, surface-modified, water soluble fullerenes have been shown by many different investigators to exhibit strong antioxidant activity against reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vitro and to protect cells and tissues from oxidative injury and cell death in vivo. Nevertheless, progress in developing fullerenes as bona fide drug candidates has been hampered by three development issues: 1) lack of methods for scalable synthesis; 2) inability to produce highly purified, single-species regioisomers compatible with pharmaceutical applications; and 3) inadequate understanding of structure-function relationships with respect to various surface modifications (e.g., anionic versus cationic versus charge-neutral polarity). To address these challenges, we have designed and synthesized more than a dozen novel water soluble fullerenes that can be purified as single isomers and which we believe can be manufactured to scale at reasonable cost. These compounds differ in addition pattern, lipophilicity and number and type of charge and were examined for their water solubility, antioxidant activity against superoxide anions and binding of cytochrome C. Our results indicate that dendritic water soluble fullerene[60] monoadducts exhibit the highest degree of antioxidant activity against superoxide anions in vitro as compared with trismalonate-derived anionic fullerenes as well as cationic fullerenes of similar overall structure. Among the higher adducts, anionic derivatives have a higher antioxidant activity than comparable cationic compounds. To achieve sufficient water solubility without the aid of a surfactant or co-solvent at least three charges on the addends are required. Significantly, anionic in contrast to cationic fullerene adducts bind with high affinity to cytochrome C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Witte
- The Institut für Organische Chemie, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestrasse 42, Erlangen, Germany
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Sato S, Yamada M, Wakahara T, Tsuchiya T, Ishitsuka MO, Akasaka T, Liu MT. Photo-labeling of C60 with 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine. Tetrahedron Lett 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2007.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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39
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Tsai SK, Hung LM, Fu YT, Cheng H, Nien MW, Liu HY, Zhang FBY, Huang SS. Resveratrol neuroprotective effects during focal cerebral ischemia injury via nitric oxide mechanism in rats. J Vasc Surg 2007; 46:346-53. [PMID: 17600658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvs.2007.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2006] [Accepted: 04/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our prior study showed that resveratrol could suppress infarct volume and exert neuroprotective effect on rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia (FCI) injury. Recently, it has been reported in some literature that resveratrol protects the spinal cord, kidney, and heart from ischemia-reperfusion injury through upregulation of nitric oxide (NO). Therefore, this study was designed to investigate the role of nitric oxide on the neuroprotective mechanisms of resveratrol on rats after FCI injury. METHODS The FCI injury was induced by the middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion for 1 hour and then a 24-hour reperfusion followed in the anesthetized Long-Evans rats. Resveratrol was intravenously injected after 1 hour MCA occlusion. RESULTS Treatment of resveratrol (0.1 and 1 microg/kg) decreased the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in plasma and malondialdehyde (MDA) in FCI injury brain tissue, whereas the level of NO in plasma was increased. In addition, resveratrol downregulated protein and mRNA expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), and upregulated protein and mRNA expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), while the expression of protein and mRNA of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) was unchanged. Pretreatment with N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, the nonselective NOS inhibitor) or L-N(5)-(1-iminoethyl)-ornithine (L-NIO, the eNOS selective inhibitor) completely blocked the effect of resveratrol in decreasing infarction volumes. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrated the important role of NO in the neuroprotective effect of resveratrol in FCI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Kou Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University and Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Enes RF, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Amorati R, Fumo MG, Pedulli GF, Valgimigli L. Synthesis and antioxidant activity of [60]fullerene-BHT conjugates. Chemistry 2007; 12:4646-53. [PMID: 16534828 DOI: 10.1002/chem.200501495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Fullerene derivatives incorporating one or two 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl groups were synthesized by 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylides to C(60). The O-H bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of these compounds were estimated by studying, by means of EPR spectroscopy, the equilibration of each of these phenols and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) with the corresponding phenoxyl radicals. The antioxidant activity of the investigated phenols was also determined by measuring the rate constants for their reaction with peroxyl radicals in controlled autoxidation experiments and compared to that recorded under identical experimental settings for [60]fullerene itself and unlinked BHT. The results indicate that linking of the BHT structure to C(60) does not substantially alter the thermochemistry and kinetics of its reaction with peroxyl radicals, but such adducts may behave as interesting bimodal radical scavengers. The inherent rate constant for trapping of peroxyl radicals by C(60) per se (k(inh)=3.1+/-1.1 x 10(2) m(-1) s(-1)) indicates that, contrary to previous reports, [60]fullerene is an extremely weak chain-breaking antioxidant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger F Enes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
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41
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Mori T, Ito S, Namiki M, Suzuki T, Kobayashi S, Matsubayashi K, Sawaguchi T. Involvement of free radicals followed by the activation of phospholipase A2 in the mechanism that underlies the combined effects of methamphetamine and morphine on subacute toxicity or lethality in mice: Comparison of the therapeutic potential of fullerene, mepacrine, and cooling. Toxicology 2007; 236:149-57. [PMID: 17553606 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Revised: 03/25/2007] [Accepted: 03/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An increase in polydrug abuse is a major problem worldwide. The coadministration of methamphetamine and morphine increased subacute toxicity or lethality in rodents. However, the underlying mechanisms by which lethality is increased by the coadministration of methamphetamine and morphine are not yet fully understood. Coadministered methamphetamine and morphine induced lethality by more than 80% in BALB/c mice, accompanied by the rupture of cells in the kidney and liver, and an increase in poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-immunoreactive cells in the heart, kidney and liver. The lethal effect and the increase in the incidence of rupture or PARP-immunoreactive cells induced by the coadministration of methamphetamine and morphine was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with mepacrine (phospholipase A(2) inhibitor) or fullerene (a radical scavenger), or by cooling from 30 to 90 min after drug administration. Furthermore, based on the results of the electron spin resonance spin-trapping technique, hydroxyl radicals were increased by the administration of methamphetamine and morphine, and these increased hydroxyl radicals were potently attenuated by fullerene and cooling. These results suggest that hydroxyl radicals plays an important role in the increased lethality induced by the coadministration of methamphetamine plus morphine. The potency of cooling or drugs for decreasing the subacute toxicity or lethality induced by the coadministration of methamphetamine and morphine was in the order fullerene=cooling>mepacrine. These results indicate that fullerene and cooling are beneficial for preventing death that is induced by the coadministration of methamphetamine and morphine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Mori
- Department of Legal Medicine, Tokyo Women's Medical University, 8-1 Kawada-cho, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8666, Japan
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Toxicity Studies of Fullerenes and Derivatives. BIO-APPLICATIONS OF NANOPARTICLES 2007; 620:168-80. [DOI: 10.1007/978-0-387-76713-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Tsai SK, Lin MJ, Liao PH, Yang CY, Lin SM, Liu SM, Lin RH, Chih CL, Huang SS. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester ameliorates cerebral infarction in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. Life Sci 2005; 78:2758-62. [PMID: 16303144 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2005] [Accepted: 10/27/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), an antioxidant derived from propolis, on the infarct volume elicited by focal cerebral ischemia were studied on Long-Evans rats. Cerebral infarction was induced by microsurgical procedures with ligation of the right middle cerebral artery (MCA) and clipping of bilateral common carotid arteries (CCA) for 60 min. The rats were sacrificed 24 h later and serial brain slices of 2 mm thickness were taken and stained for the measurement of infarct area. CAPE was administered intravenously 15 min before MCA occlusion. Pretreatment of CAPE (0.1, 1 and 10 microg/kg) significantly reduced the total infarct volume from 169.6 +/- 14.5 mm3 (control) to 61.0 +/- 24.1 mm3 (0.1 microg/kg CAPE), 47.4 +/- 9.1 mm3 (1 microg/kg CAPE), and 42.4 +/- 8.7 mm3 (10 microg/kg CAPE), respectively. Plasma nitric oxide (NO) content was significantly increased in rats subjected to focal cerebral ischemia. It is concluded that CAPE possesses neuroprotective properties in focal cerebral ischemia injury in rats possibly through its antioxidant effect and/or via the upregulation of NO production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Kou Tsai
- Department of Anesthesiology, College of Medicine, Buddhist Tzu-Chi University and Hospital, National Taiwan University, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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44
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Xiao L, Takada H, Maeda K, Haramoto M, Miwa N. Antioxidant effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives against ultraviolet ray or peroxylipid through their action of scavenging the reactive oxygen species in human skin keratinocytes. Biomed Pharmacother 2005; 59:351-8. [PMID: 16087310 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2005] [Accepted: 02/03/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemically generated hydroxyl radicals were scavenged by PEG-modified fullerene, hydroxy-fullerene and isostearate-mixed fullerene as efficiently as ascorbic acid (Asc) or its 2-O-phosphorylated derivative (A2P) as shown by the DMPO-spin trap/ESR method. Enzymatically generated superoxide anion radicals were also scavenged by PEG-modified or PVP-entrapped fullerene similarly as done by Asc or A2P. Some reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydroperoxides and hydrogen peroxides were generated preferably in the nuclei of UVB-irradiated human skin keratinocytes HaCaT, and repressed by PVP- or gamma-cyclodextrin-fullerene. In contrast, the cytoplasm in the keratinocytes accumulated the ROS that were generated by the peroxylipid model compound t-BuOOH, and underwent the ROS repression by PVP-fullerene more markedly than by A2P. Thus several fullerene derivatives, especially PVP-fullerene, were shown to diminish the ROS amounts in terms of the molecular and cellular levels against either UVB or t-BuOOH, suggesting the expectation for development as rejuvenation cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Laboratory of Cell Death Control BioTechnology, Hiroshima Prefectural University School of BioSciences, Shobara, Hiroshima 727-0023, Japan
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45
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Cheng H, Huang SS, Lin SM, Lin MJ, Chu YC, Chih CL, Tsai MJ, Lin HC, Huang WC, Tsai SK. The neuroprotective effect of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor in fibrin glue against chronic focal cerebral ischemia in conscious rats. Brain Res 2005; 1033:28-33. [PMID: 15680336 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2004.10.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/28/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) is a transforming growth factor-beta which has shown beneficial effects in rats after acute focal cerebral ischemia (FCI). To study the effects of GDNF on chronic FCI injury in conscious rats, we used fibrin glue (GDNF-fibrin glue) and fibrin glue free (GDNF-only)-GDNF topically applied to the ischemic brain after right middle cerebral artery (MCA) ligation. Infarct brain volume and functional motor deficits were measured before and after FCI injury. After FCI injury induced by right MCA ligation, rats were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups: (a) sham, (b) control, (c) topically applied GDNF (1 mug)-only, and (d) topically applied GDNF (1 mug)-fibrin glue. The degree of ischemic brain injury was estimated by infarct volume of right MCA territory at 4 weeks after occlusion. The functional motor deficits were quantified with rotarod test and grasping power test once a week. Topically applied GDNF-fibrin glue at infarct brain tissue after 4 weeks FCI injury significantly reduced the total infarct volume by 44.3% and 36%, respectively, compared to that of control group and GDNF-only group. The mean latencies for rats to stay on the rotarod were 55.0%, 50.3%, and 92.2% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline, respectively, in the control, GDNF-only, and GDNF-fibrin glue groups at the end of the 1st week after FCI injury but 75.3%, 67.3%, and 106.6% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline at the end of the 4th week after FCI injury. The mean values of grasping power were 78.7%, 71.7%, and 101.2% (P < 0.05 vs. control group and GDNF-only group) of baseline, respectively, in the control, GDNF-only, and GDNF-fibrin glue groups at the end of 1st week after FCI injury but 89.6%, 97.6%, and 120.7% (P < 0.05 vs. control group) of baseline at the end of 4th week after FCI injury. These results indicate that GDNF-fibrin glue not only reduced the total infarct volume after FCI injury but can also improve motor deficits after FCI injury. We concluded GDNF-fibrin glue could facilitate delivery of GDNF to the damaged brain tissue with subsequent reduction of ischemic brain injury accompanied by enhancing functional recovery in rats with chronic FCI injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrich Cheng
- Center for Neural Regeneration, Department of Neurosurgery, Neurological Institute, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan ROC
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46
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Bogdanović G, Kojić V, Dordević A, Canadanović-Brunet J, Vojinović-Miloradov M, Baltić VV. Modulating activity of fullerol C60(OH)22 on doxorubicin-induced cytotoxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2005; 18:629-37. [PMID: 15251181 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2004.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2003] [Accepted: 02/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Paper presents the effects of the newly synthesized fullerol C60(OH)22 on the growth of tumor cells in vitro and its modulating activity on doxorubicin (DOX)-induced cytotoxicity in human breast cancer cell lines. Cell growth inhibition was evaluated by tetrazolium colorimetric WST1 assay. Electron spin resonance (ESR) "trapping" method was used to investigate OH-radical scavenger activity of fullerol during Fenton's reaction. At a range of nanomolar concentrations fullerol induced cell growth inhibition, which was cell line, dose and time dependent. Fullerol also strongly suppressed DOX-induced cytotoxicity at all concentrations regardless the time of fullerol addition. Proanthocyanidins added as single agent to MCF-7 cell culture for 48 h induced low growth inhibition but in combination with DOX strongly decreased DOX cytotoxicity. Fullerol was found to be a potent hydroxyl radical scavenger: the relative intensity of ESR signals of DMPO-hydroxyl radical (DMPO-OH) spin adduct decreased by 88% in the presence of 0.5 microg/ml of fullerol. The obtained results suggest that antiproliferative effect of the fullerol and its protective effect on DOX-induced cytotoxicity might be mediated through hydroxyl-radical scavenger activity of C60(OH)22.
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MESH Headings
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/toxicity
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Drug Combinations
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Electron Spin Resonance Spectroscopy
- Female
- Fullerenes/pharmacology
- Humans
- Hydrogen Peroxide/chemistry
- Hydroxyl Radical/analysis
- Iron/chemistry
- Spin Trapping
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Bogdanović
- Institute of Oncology Sremska Kamenica, Institutski put 4, 21204 Sremska Kamenica, Serbia and Montenegro.
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47
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Bosi S, Feruglio L, Da Ros T, Spalluto G, Gregoretti B, Terdoslavich M, Decorti G, Passamonti S, Moro S, Prato M. Hemolytic effects of water-soluble fullerene derivatives. J Med Chem 2005; 47:6711-5. [PMID: 15615520 DOI: 10.1021/jm0497489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of water-soluble fullerene C(60) derivatives has been investigated for their cytotoxic and hemolytic properties, with the aim to correlate structure with toxicity. We observed that cationic chains induce significant toxicity while the presence of neutral or anionic moieties did not produce any response in our model. A validation of these experimental observations has been performed by theoretical studies in which hydrophilic and hydrophobic surface areas were correlated quantitatively with hemolytic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università di Trieste, Piazzale Europa, 1-34127 Trieste, Italy
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48
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Yu C, Canteenwala T, El-Khouly ME, Araki Y, Pritzker K, Ito O, Wilson BC, Chiang LY. Efficiency of singlet oxygen production from self-assembled nanospheres of molecular micelle-like photosensitizers FC4S. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1039/b500369e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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49
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Ali SS, Hardt JI, Quick KL, Kim-Han JS, Erlanger BF, Huang TT, Epstein CJ, Dugan LL. A biologically effective fullerene (C60) derivative with superoxide dismutase mimetic properties. Free Radic Biol Med 2004; 37:1191-202. [PMID: 15451059 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2004.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2003] [Revised: 06/24/2004] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Superoxide, a potentially toxic by-product of cellular metabolism, may contribute to tissue injury in many types of human disease. Here we show that a tris-malonic acid derivative of the fullerene C60 molecule (C3) is capable of removing the biologically important superoxide radical with a rate constant (k(C3)) of 2 x 10(6) mol(-1) s(-1), approximately 100-fold slower than the superoxide dismutases (SOD), a family of enzymes responsible for endogenous dismutation of superoxide. This rate constant is within the range of values reported for several manganese-containing SOD mimetic compounds. The reaction between C3 and superoxide was not via stoichiometric "scavenging," as expected, but through catalytic dismutation of superoxide, indicated by lack of structural modifications to C3, regeneration of oxygen, production of hydrogen peroxide, and absence of EPR-active (paramagnetic) products, all consistent with a catalytic mechanism. A model is proposed in which electron-deficient regions on the C60 sphere work in concert with malonyl groups attached to C3 to electrostatically guide and stabilize superoxide, promoting dismutation. We also found that C3 treatment of Sod2(-/-) mice, which lack expression of mitochondrial manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), increased their life span by 300%. These data, coupled with evidence that C3 localizes to mitochondria, suggest that C3 functionally replaces MnSOD, acting as a biologically effective SOD mimetic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameh S Ali
- Center for the Study of Nervous System Injury (CSNSI), Department of Neurology, Washington University, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
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50
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Bosi S, Da Ros T, Spalluto G, Prato M. Fullerene derivatives: an attractive tool for biological applications. Eur J Med Chem 2004; 38:913-23. [PMID: 14642323 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2003.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 517] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The fullerene family, and especially C60, has very appealing photo-, electro-chemical and physical properties, which can be exploited in many and different biological fields. Fullerene is able to fit inside the hydrophobic cavity of HIV proteases, inhibiting the access of substrates to the catalytic site of the enzyme. It can be used as radical scavenger; in fact some water-soluble derivatives are able to reduce ROS concentrations. At the same time, if exposed to light, fullerene can produce singlet oxygen in high quantum yields. This action, together with the direct electron transfer from excited state of fullerene and DNA bases, can be used to cleave DNA. In this review we report the most recent aspects of fullerene biological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Bosi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Trieste, Piazzale Europa 1, 34127 Trieste, Italy
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