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Zhao W, Subbiah V, Xie C, Yang Z, Shi L, Barrow C, Dunshea F, Suleria HAR. Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Phenolic Compounds in Seaweed. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2022.2094404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wanrong Zhao
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Vigasini Subbiah
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Cundong Xie
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Zihong Yang
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Linghong Shi
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Colin Barrow
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
| | - Frank Dunshea
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Hafiz A. R. Suleria
- School of Agriculture and Food, Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Waurn Ponds, VIC, Australia
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Speisky H, Shahidi F, Costa de Camargo A, Fuentes J. Revisiting the Oxidation of Flavonoids: Loss, Conservation or Enhancement of Their Antioxidant Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11010133. [PMID: 35052636 PMCID: PMC8772813 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavonoids display a broad range of health-promoting bioactivities. Among these, their capacity to act as antioxidants has remained most prominent. The canonical reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging mode of the antioxidant action of flavonoids relies on the high susceptibility of their phenolic moieties to undergo oxidation. As a consequence, upon reaction with ROS, the antioxidant capacity of flavonoids is severely compromised. Other phenol-compromising reactions, such as those involved in the biotransformation of flavonoids, can also markedly affect their antioxidant properties. In recent years, however, increasing evidence has indicated that, at least for some flavonoids, the oxidation of such residues can in fact markedly enhance their original antioxidant properties. In such apparent paradoxical cases, the antioxidant activity arises from the pro-oxidant and/or electrophilic character of some of their oxidation-derived metabolites and is exerted by activating the Nrf2–Keap1 pathway, which upregulates the cell’s endogenous antioxidant capacity, and/or, by preventing the activation of the pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory NF-κB pathway. This review focuses on the effects that the oxidative and/or non-oxidative modification of the phenolic groups of flavonoids may have on the ability of the resulting metabolites to promote direct and/or indirect antioxidant actions. Considering the case of a metabolite resulting from the oxidation of quercetin, we offer a comprehensive description of the evidence that increasingly supports the concept that, in the case of certain flavonoids, the oxidation of phenolics emerges as a mechanism that markedly amplifies their original antioxidant properties. An overlooked topic of great phytomedicine potential is thus unraveled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernan Speisky
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
| | - Fereidoon Shahidi
- Department of Biochemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL A1B 3X9, Canada;
| | - Adriano Costa de Camargo
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
| | - Jocelyn Fuentes
- Laboratory of Antioxidants, Nutrition and Food Technology Institute, University of Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile;
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Kinesiology, Universidad Finis Terrae, Santiago 7501015, Chile
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (J.F.); Tel.: +56-(2)-2978-1519 (H.S.)
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Sobhani M, Farzaei MH, Kiani S, Khodarahmi R. Immunomodulatory; Anti-inflammatory/antioxidant Effects of Polyphenols: A Comparative Review on the Parental Compounds and Their Metabolites. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2020.1717523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Sobhani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hosein Farzaei
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Sarah Kiani
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Khodarahmi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
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Dose-Dependent Increase in Unconjugated Cinnamic Acid Concentration in Plasma Following Acute Consumption of Polyphenol Rich Curry in the Polyspice Study. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10070934. [PMID: 30037045 PMCID: PMC6073423 DOI: 10.3390/nu10070934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spices that are rich in polyphenols are metabolized to a convergent group of phenolic/aromatic acids. We conducted a dose-exposure nutrikinetic study to investigate associations between mixed spices intake and plasma concentrations of selected, unconjugated phenolic/aromatic acids. In a randomized crossover study, 17 Chinese males consumed a curry meal containing 0 g, 6 g, and 12 g of mixed spices. Postprandial blood was drawn up to 7 h at regular intervals and plasma phenolic/aromatic acids were quantified via liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Cinnamic acid (CNA, p < 0.0001) and phenylacetic acid (PAA, p < 0.0005) concentrations were significantly increased with mixed spices consumption, although none of the other measured phenolic/aromatic acids differ significantly between treatments. CNA displayed a high dose-exposure association (R2 > 0.8, p < 0.0001). The adjusted mean area under the plasma concentration-time curve until 7 h (AUC0–7 h) for CNA during the 3 increasing doses were 8.4 ± 3.4, 376.1 ± 104.7 and 875.7 ± 291.9 nM.h respectively. Plasma CNA concentration may be used as a biomarker of spice intake.
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Walsh J, Haddock J, Blumberg JB, McKay DL, Wei X, Dolnikowski G, Chen CYO. Identification of methylated metabolites of oat avenanthramides in human plasma using UHPLC QToF-MS. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2017; 69:377-383. [PMID: 28889763 DOI: 10.1080/09637486.2017.1371116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Oat avenanthramides (AVAs) are a group of phenolic alkaloids, consisting of an anthranilic acid and a hydroxycinnamic acid linked by a pseudo-peptide bond. Bioavailability of AVA is poor in humans, suggesting transformations for rapid excretion. Thus, we aim to identify metabolites of AVA isomers in plasma of humans after consuming AVA-enriched oats. After lipid removal, AVA and their metabolites in plasma were extracted with ethyl acetate and analysed using an Agilent UHPLC-QToF-MS. Pharmacokinetics of AVA-O showed a bimodal distribution with Cmax1 and 2 for AVA-O at 5.9 ± 5.2 and 7.9 ± 7.0 ng/mL and Tmax1 and 2 at 1.7 ± 0.7 and 3.1 ± 1.2 h, respectively. Only the methyl-AVA-O showed a single Cmax at 14 ± 9.9 ng/mL AVA-O equivalents and a Tmax of 2.4 ± 2.7 h. This analysis is the first to identify methylated metabolites of AVAs and AVA aglycones in human blood after acute AVA consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Walsh
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jordan Haddock
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Jeffrey B Blumberg
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Diane L McKay
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - Xiaoyong Wei
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA.,b Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine , Guangzhou , Guangdong , PR China
| | - Gregory Dolnikowski
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - C-Y Oliver Chen
- a Antioxidants Research Laboratory , Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University , Boston , MA , USA
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Chen L, Chen L, Wang T, Yuan P, Chen K, Jia Q, Wang H, Li Y. Preparation of Methylated Products of A-type Procyanidin Trimers in Cinnamon Bark and Their Protective Effects on Pancreatic β-Cell. J Food Sci 2016; 81:C1062-9. [DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.13294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lu Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Liang Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Ting Wang
- Shanghai Inst. of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Pulong Yuan
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Kaixian Chen
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
- Shanghai Inst. of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Qi Jia
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Heyao Wang
- Shanghai Inst. of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 555 Zuchongzhi Road Shanghai 201203 China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Pharmacy; Shanghai Univ. of Traditional Chinese Medicine; 1200 Cailun Road Shanghai 201203 China
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Dietary cladode powder from wild type and domesticated Opuntia species reduces atherogenesis in apoE knock-out mice. J Physiol Biochem 2015; 72:59-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s13105-015-0461-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Heleno SA, Martins A, Queiroz MJRP, Ferreira ICFR. Bioactivity of phenolic acids: metabolites versus parent compounds: a review. Food Chem 2014; 173:501-13. [PMID: 25466052 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.10.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 446] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Phenolic acids are present in our diet in different foods, for example mushrooms. Due to their bioactive properties, phenolic acids are extensively studied and there is evidence of their role in disease prevention. Nevertheless, in vivo, these compounds are metabolized and circulate in the organism as glucuronated, sulphated and methylated metabolites, displaying higher or lower bioactivities. To clarify the importance of the metabolism of phenolic acids, knowledge about the bioactivity of metabolites is extremely important. In this review, chemical features, biosynthesis and bioavailability of phenolic acids are discussed, as well as the chemical and enzymatic synthesis of their metabolites. Finally, metabolite bioactive properties are compared with that of the corresponding parental compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrina A Heleno
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal; Centro de Química, Universidade do Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Anabela Martins
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal
| | | | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha, Escola Superior Agrária, Campus de Santa Apolónia, apartado 1172, 5301-854 Bragança, Portugal.
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Oleaga C, Ciudad CJ, Izquierdo-Pulido M, Noé V. Cocoa flavanol metabolites activate HNF-3β, Sp1, and NFY-mediated transcription of apolipoprotein AI in human cells. Mol Nutr Food Res 2013; 57:986-95. [PMID: 23293065 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
SCOPE To identify the mechanisms by which cocoa induces HDL levels and since apolipoprotein AI (ApoAI) is the major protein in HDLs, we analyzed, upon incubation with cocoa metabolites, ApoAI mRNA levels, its transcriptional regulation, and the levels of the transcription factors involved in this process. METHODS AND RESULTS Epicatechin and cocoa metabolites caused an increase in ApoAI expression in HepG2 cells. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed the involvement of Sites A and B of the ApoAI promoter in the induction of ApoAI mRNA upon incubation with cocoa metabolites. Using supershift assays, we demonstrated the binding of HNF-3β, HNF-4, ER-α, and RXR-α to Site A and the binding of HNF-3β, NFY, and Sp1 to Site B. Luciferase assays performed with a construct containing Site B confirmed its role in the upregulation of ApoAI by cocoa metabolites. Incubation with 3-methyl-epicatechin led to an increase in HNF-3β mRNA, HNF-3β, ER-α, Sp1, and NFY protein levels and the activation of ApoAI transcription mediated by NFY, Sp1, and ER-α. CONCLUSION The activation of ApoAI transcription through Site B by cocoa flavanol metabolites is mainly mediated by an increase in HNF-3β, with a significant contribution of Sp1 and NFY, as a mechanism for the protective role of these compounds in cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlota Oleaga
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Monagas M, Urpi-Sarda M, Sánchez-Patán F, Llorach R, Garrido I, Gómez-Cordovés C, Andres-Lacueva C, Bartolomé B. Insights into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of dietary flavan-3-ols and the bioactivity of their metabolites. Food Funct 2010; 1:233-53. [PMID: 21776473 DOI: 10.1039/c0fo00132e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 435] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavan-3-ols, occurring in monomeric, as well as in oligomeric and polymeric forms (also known as condensed tannins or proanthocyanidins), are among the most abundant and bioactive dietary polyphenols, but their in vivo health effects in humans may be limited because of their recognition as xenobiotics. Bioavailability of flavan-3-ols is largely influenced by their degree of polymerization; while monomers are readily absorbed in the small intestine, oligomers and polymers need to be biotransformed by the colonic microbiota before absorption. Therefore, phenolic metabolites, rather than the original high molecular weight compounds found in foods, may be responsible for the health effects derived from flavan-3-ol consumption. Flavan-3-ol phenolic metabolites differ in structure, amount and excretion site. Phase II or tissular metabolites derived from the small intestine and hepatic metabolism are presented as conjugated derivatives (glucuronic acid or sulfate esters, methyl ether, or their combined forms) of monomeric flavan-3-ols and are preferentially eliminated in the bile, whereas microbial metabolites are rather simple conjugated lactones and phenolic acids that are largely excreted in urine. Although the colon is seen as an important organ for the metabolism of flavan-3-ols, the microbial catabolic pathways of these compounds are still under consideration, partly due to the lack of identification of bacteria with such capacity. Studies performed with synthesized or isolated phase II conjugated metabolites have revealed that they could have an effect beyond their antioxidant properties, by interacting with signalling pathways implicated in important processes involved in the development of diseases, among other bioactivities. However, the biological properties of microbe-derived metabolites in their actual conjugated forms remain largely unknown. Currently, there is an increasing interest in their effects on intestinal infections, inflammatory intestinal diseases and overall gut health. The present review will give an insight into the metabolism and microbial biotransformation of flavan-3-ols, including tentative catabolic pathways and aspects related to the identification of bacteria with the ability to catabolize these kinds of polyphenols. Also, the in vitro bioactivities of phase II and microbial phenolic metabolites will be covered in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Monagas
- Institute of Industrial Fermentations (CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain.
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Dueñas M, Surco-Laos F, González-Manzano S, González-Paramás AM, Santos-Buelga C. Antioxidant properties of major metabolites of quercetin. Eur Food Res Technol 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-010-1363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Dueñas M, González-Manzano S, González-Paramás A, Santos-Buelga C. Antioxidant evaluation of O-methylated metabolites of catechin, epicatechin and quercetin. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 51:443-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2009.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2008] [Revised: 04/02/2009] [Accepted: 04/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Kgomotso T, Chiu F, Ng K. Genistein- and daidzein 7-O-β-D-glucuronic acid retain the ability to inhibit copper-mediated lipid oxidation of low density lipoprotein. Mol Nutr Food Res 2008; 52:1457-66. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200800010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Hung TM, Na M, Thuong PT, Su ND, Sok D, Song KS, Seong YH, Bae K. Antioxidant activity of caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives from the roots of Dipsacus asper Wall. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2006; 108:188-92. [PMID: 16809011 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2006.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2005] [Revised: 03/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/26/2006] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
The methanol extract from Dipsacus asper Wall (Dipsacaceae) was found to show antioxidant activity against free radical and Cu(2+)-mediated LDL oxidation. In further study, to identify active constituents from the plant, six caffeoyl quinic acid derivatives: 3,4-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (1), methyl 3,4-di-O-caffeoyl quinate (2), 3,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (3), methyl 3,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate (4), 4,5-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (5) and methyl 4,5-di-O-caffeoyl quinate (6) were isolated. Their structures were identified by spectroscopic methods including 2D-NMR. The isolated compounds, 1-6, were found to be potent scavengers of the free radical 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), and are more potent than butylated hydroxyl toluene (BHT) used as a positive control. The compounds 1-6 also inhibited Cu(2+)-mediated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. They increased the lag time of conjugated dienes formation and inhibited the generation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that Dipsacus asper due to its antioxidant constituents, 1-6, may have a role to play in preventing the development and progression of atherosclerotic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tran Manh Hung
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 305-764, Republic of Korea
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Basu-Modak S, Ali D, Gordon M, Polte T, Yiakouvaki A, Pourzand C, Rice-Evans C, Tyrrell RM. Suppression of UVA-mediated release of labile iron by epicatechin--a link to lysosomal protection. Free Radic Biol Med 2006; 41:1197-204. [PMID: 17015166 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2005] [Revised: 06/07/2006] [Accepted: 06/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
UVA (320-380 nm) radiation generates an oxidative stress in cells and leads to an immediate release of potentially damaging labile iron pools in human skin cells. Treatment of cultured skin fibroblasts for several hours with physiologically relevant concentrations of either epicatechin (EC), a flavonoid plant constituent present in foods, or methylated epicatechin (3'-O-methyl epicatechin, MeOEC), its major human metabolite, prevents this iron release. The similarity of the effectiveness of EC and MeOEC argues against chelation as the mechanism of iron removal. Evidence based on measurements of lysosomal integrity strongly supports the hypothesis that the catechins protect against lysosomal destruction by UVA. Such damage would normally lead to protease release, which has been previously shown to cause ferritin degradation and release of labile iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharmila Basu-Modak
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
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Neudörffer A, Desvergne JP, Bonnefont-Rousselot D, Legrand A, Fleury MB, Largeron M. Protective effects of 4-hydroxycinnamic ethyl ester derivatives and related dehydrodimers against oxidation of LDL: radical scavengers or metal chelators? JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2006; 54:1898-905. [PMID: 16506851 DOI: 10.1021/jf052923p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
4-Hydroxycinnamate derivatives are known to be potent protectors against oxidation of low-density lipoproteins (LDL), via a combination of free radical scavenging and transition metal chelation. Through a series of 4-hydroxycinnamic ethyl ester derivatives and related 8-8 dehydrodimers, we have tried to bring out the structural requirements for radical scavenging and cupric ion chelation. We found that the monomeric compounds, except for highly lipophilic tert-butyl derivative 3, exhibited rather low radical scavenging properties. Furthermore, they did not chelate copper but, in contrast, reduced cupric ion to cuprous ion, affording the related 8-8 dehydrodimers, for which they could be considered as precursors in vitro. In the copper-dependent human LDL oxidation in vitro, the cyclic 8-8 dehydrodimer forms behaved essentially as efficient copper chelators, while related noncyclic 8-8 forms, which were found to be the best protectors, mainly acted as radical scavengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Neudörffer
- Unité Mixte de Recherche CNRS-Université Paris 5 (UMR 8638, Synthèse et Structure de Molécules d'Intérêt Pharmacologique), Faculté des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 4 Avenue de l'Observatoire, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France
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Chen CY, Milbury PE, Lapsley K, Blumberg JB. Flavonoids from almond skins are bioavailable and act synergistically with vitamins C and E to enhance hamster and human LDL resistance to oxidation. J Nutr 2005; 135:1366-73. [PMID: 15930439 DOI: 10.1093/jn/135.6.1366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumption of tree nuts such as almonds has been associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. Flavonoids, found predominantly in the skin of almonds, may contribute to their putative health benefit, but their bioactivity and bioavailability have not previously been studied. Almond skin flavonoids (ASF) were extracted with HCl:H2O:methanol (1:19:80) and their content of catechins and flavonols identified by HPLC with electrochemical detection. ASF bioactivity was assessed in vitro by their capacity to increase the resistance of human LDL to oxidation induced by 10 micromol/L Cu2+. ASF from 0.18 to 1.44 mumol gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/L increased the lag time to LDL oxidation in a dose-dependent manner (P < or = 0.0001). Combining ASF with vitamin E or ascorbic acid extended the lag time >200% of the expected additive value (P < or = 0.05). The bioavailability and in vivo antioxidant activity of 40 micromol ASF were examined in BioF1B hamsters. Peak plasma concentrations of catechin, epicatechin, and flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol, and isorhamnetin) occurred at 60, 120, and 180 min, respectively. The concentration of isorhamnetin was significantly elevated in liver at 180 min. Absorbed ASF enhanced the ex vivo resistance of hamster LDL collected at 60 min to oxidation by 18.0% (P = 0.028), and the in vitro addition of 5.5 micromol/L vitamin E synergistically extended the lag time of the 60-min sample by 52.5% (P < or = 0.05). Thus, ASF possess antioxidant capacity in vitro; they are bioavailable and act in synergy with vitamins C and E to protect LDL against oxidation in hamsters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Chen
- Antioxidants Research Laboratory, Jean Mayer U.S. Department of Agriculture Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University
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Benito S, Buxaderas S, Mitjavila MT. Flavonoid metabolites and susceptibility of rat lipoproteins to oxidation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 287:H2819-24. [PMID: 15308478 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00471.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flavonoids are ingested with vegetables and beverages and exert a beneficial effect on cardiovascular disease. Studies in animals in vitro and in humans ex vivo on the resistance of lipoproteins to oxidation are not consistent and the mechanisms by which flavonoids protect against atherosclerosis are a matter of debate. In the present study, we investigated the effects of administering diets containing 0.3% (wt/wt) quercetin, 0.3% (wt/wt) catechin, or 35% (vol/wt) dealcoholated red wine (DRW) for 10 days in healthy rats on markers of oxidative damage in lipoproteins and in plasma. The antioxidant levels in low-density lipoproteins (LDL) or the lag phase, oxidation rate, and maximum level of conjugated dienes during ex vivo LDL oxidation did not differ between control and treated rats. Plasma levels of α-tocopherol and retinol were similar in all groups. The total antioxidant status of the plasma from rats fed either quercetin or DRW diet was higher than in control rats. Only glucuronide and sulfate compounds of quercetin were detected in plasma from rats fed the quercetin-rich diet, and no flavonoids or their metabolites were detected in plasma or LDL from rats fed the catechin- or the DRW-rich diet. No significant differences in malondialdehyde or in conjugated dienes in plasma were observed. These results indicate that although metabolites from quercetin are present in plasma, they are not detected in lipoproteins and do not modify the level of other antioxidants. In conclusion, in the absence of any pathology or of oxidative stress the intake of quercetin, catechin, or DRW did not protect lipoproteins from oxidation ex vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Benito
- Departament de Fisiologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Avda. Diagonal 645, E-08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Manach C, Scalbert A, Morand C, Rémésy C, Jiménez L. Polyphenols: food sources and bioavailability. Am J Clin Nutr 2004; 79:727-47. [PMID: 15113710 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/79.5.727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4350] [Impact Index Per Article: 217.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are abundant micronutrients in our diet, and evidence for their role in the prevention of degenerative diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases is emerging. The health effects of polyphenols depend on the amount consumed and on their bioavailability. In this article, the nature and contents of the various polyphenols present in food sources and the influence of agricultural practices and industrial processes are reviewed. Estimates of dietary intakes are given for each class of polyphenols. The bioavailability of polyphenols is also reviewed, with particular focus on intestinal absorption and the influence of chemical structure (eg, glycosylation, esterification, and polymerization), food matrix, and excretion back into the intestinal lumen. Information on the role of microflora in the catabolism of polyphenols and the production of some active metabolites is presented. Mechanisms of intestinal and hepatic conjugation (methylation, glucuronidation, sulfation), plasma transport, and elimination in bile and urine are also described. Pharmacokinetic data for the various polyphenols are compared. Studies on the identification of circulating metabolites, cellular uptake, intracellular metabolism with possible deconjugation, biological properties of the conjugated metabolites, and specific accumulation in some target tissues are discussed. Finally, bioavailability appears to differ greatly between the various polyphenols, and the most abundant polyphenols in our diet are not necessarily those that have the best bioavailability profile. A thorough knowledge of the bioavailability of the hundreds of dietary polyphenols will help us to identify those that are most likely to exert protective health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Manach
- Unité des Maladies Métaboliques et Micronutriments, INRA, 63122 Saint-Genès Champanelle, France.
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