Extracellular superoxide dismutase in biology and medicine

Orthologs of NOX5 and EC-SOD/SOD3: dNox and dSod3 Impact Egg Hardening Process and Egg Laying in Reproductive Function of Drosophila melanogaster

The occurrence of ovarian dysfunction is often due to the imbalance between the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the ineffectiveness of the antioxidative defense mechanisms. Primary sources of ROS are respiratory electron transfer and the activity of NADPH oxidases (NOX) while superoxide dismutases (SOD) are the main key regulators that control the levels of ROS and reactive nitrogen species intra- and extracellularly. Because of their central role SODs are the subject of research on human ovarian dysfunction but sample acquisition is low. The high degree of cellular and molecular similarity between Drosophila melanogaster ovaries and human ovaries provides this model organism with the best conditions for analyzing the role of ROS during ovarian function. In this study we clarify the localization of the ROS-producing enzyme dNox within the ovaries of Drosophila melanogaster and by a tissue-specific knockdown we show that dNox-derived ROS are involved in the chorion hardening process. Furthermore, we analyze the dSod3 localization and show that reduced activity of dSod3 impacts egg-laying behavior but not the chorion hardening process.

Effects of adding Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18 in paste feed on growth, intestinal morphology, gastrointestinal microbiota diversity, immunity, and disease resistance of Anguilla japonica glass eels

Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica, holds significant importance in Taiwanese aquaculture. With the intensification of eel farming, the impact of Edwardsiella tarda has become increasingly severe. Consequently, the abusive use of antibiotics has risen. Bacillus subtilis natto NTU-18, a strain of Bacillus with a high survival rate in feed processing, plays a crucial role in promoting intestinal health through competitive rejection, enhancing immune responses against bacterial pathogens, and improving intestinal health by modulating gastrointestinal microbiota to produce beneficial metabolites of mice and grass carp, Ctenopharyngodon idella. This study investigated the effects of different proportions (control, 0.25 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2 %) of B. subtilis natto NTU-18 added to paste feed on the growth performance, intestinal morphology, and microbiota, expression of immune-related genes, and resistance to E. tarda in Japanese glass eel. The results indicated that the growth performance of all groups with B. subtilis natto NTU-18 added was significantly higher than that of the control group and did not impact the villi morphology. The expression of immune-related genes in the kidney, specifically HSP70 and SOD, was significantly higher from 0.5 % and above than the control; however, no significant differences were observed in CAT, POD, and HSP90. In the liver, significant differences were found in HSP70 and IgM above 0.25 % compared to the control group, with no significant differences in SOD, CAT, POD, and HSP90 among all groups. Additionally, intestinal microbiota analysis revealed that the 2 % additional group had significantly lower diversity than other groups, with Cetobacterium as the dominant species. The challenge test observed that the survival rates of the 0.5 % and 1 % groups were significantly higher. This research suggests that adding 0.5 % and 1 % of B. subtilis natto NTU-18 to the diet is beneficial for Japanese glass eel's immunity, growth performance, and disease resistance.

Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Supplementation on Vascular Endothelial Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials

INTRODUCTION

Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) has gained attention as a potential therapeutic agent for improving endothelial function. Several randomized clinical trials have investigated CoQ10 supplementation's effect on endothelial function. However, these studies have yielded conflicting results, therefore this systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted.

AIM

This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to assess the effects of CoQ10 supplementation on endothelial factors.

METHODS

A comprehensive search was done in numerous databases until July 19th, 2023. Quantitative data synthesis was performed using a random-effects model, with weight mean difference (WMD) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). Standard methods were used for the assessment of heterogeneity, meta-regression, sensitivity analysis, and publication bias.

RESULTS

12 studies comprising 489 subjects were included in the meta-analysis. The results demonstrated significant increases in Flow Mediated Dilation (FMD) after CoQ10 supplementation (WMD: 1.45; 95% CI: 0.55 to 2.36; p < 0.02), but there is no increase in Vascular cell adhesion protein (VCAM), and Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM) following Q10 supplementation (VCAM: SMD: - 0.34; 95% CI: - 0.74 to - 0.06; p < 0.10) (ICAM: SMD: - 0.18; 95% CI: - 0.82 to 0.46; p < 0.57). The sensitivity analysis showed that the effect size was robust in FMD and VCAM. In meta-regression, changes in FMD percent were associated with the dose of supplementation (slope: 0.01; 95% CI: 0.004 to 0.03; p = 0.006).

CONCLUSIONS

CoQ10 supplementation has a positive effect on FMD in a dose-dependent manner. Our findings show that CoQ10 has an effect on FMD after 8 weeks of consumption. Additional research is warranted to establish the relationship between CoQ10 supplementation and endothelial function.

Different Forms of TFF3 in the Human Endocervix, including a Complex with IgG Fc Binding Protein (FCGBP), and Further Aspects of the Cervico-Vaginal Innate Immune Barrier

TFF3 is a typical secretory poplypeptide of mucous epithelia belonging to the trefoil factor family (TFF) of lectins. In the intestine, respiratory tract, and saliva, TFF3 mainly exists as a high-molecular-mass complex with IgG Fc binding protein (FCGBP), which is indicative of a role in mucosal innate immunity. For the first time, we identified different forms of TFF3 in the endocervix, i.e., monomeric and homodimeric TFF3, as well as a high-molecular-mass TFF3-FCGBP complex; the latter also exists in a hardly soluble form. Immunohistochemistry co-localized TFF3 and FCGBP. Expression analyses of endocervical and post-menopausal vaginal specimens revealed a lack of mucin and TFF3 transcripts in the vaginal specimens. In contrast, genes encoding other typical components of the innate immune defense were expressed in both the endocervix and vagina. Of note, FCGBP is possibly fucosylated. Endocervical specimens from transgender individuals after hormonal therapy showed diminished expression, particularly of FCGBP. Furthermore, mucus swabs from the endocervix and vagina were analyzed concerning TFF3, FCGBP, and lysozyme. It was the aim of this study to illuminate several aspects of the cervico-vaginal innate immune barrier, which is clinically relevant as bacterial and viral infections are also linked to infertility, pre-term birth and cervical cancer.

Effects of Light Color on the Growth, Feeding, Digestion, and Antioxidant Enzymes of Tripneustes gratilla (Linnaeus, 1758)

To study the effects of light color on sea urchin (Tripneustes gratilla), blue light (B, λ450nm), yellow light (Y, λ585-590nm), red light (R, λ640nm), green light (G, λ510nm), white light (W, λ400-780nm), and darkness (H) groups were established in a recirculating seawater aquaculture system. Six different LED light color treatment groups with a photoperiod of 12 L:12 D were tested for 30 days to investigate the effects of different light colors on the feeding, growth, and enzyme activities of T. gratilla (142.45 ± 4.36 g). We found that using different LED light colors caused significantly different impacts on the feeding, growth, and enzyme activity of T. gratilla. Notably, the sea urchins in group B exhibited better growth, with a weight gain rate of 39.26%, while those in group R demonstrated poorer growth, with a weight gain rate of only 26%. The feeding status differed significantly (p < 0.05) between groups B and R, with group B consuming the highest daily intake (6.03 ± 1.69 g) and group R consuming the lowest (4.54 ± 1.26 g). Throughout the three phases, there was no significant change in the viability of the α-amylase (p > 0.05). Conversely, the pepsin viability significantly increased (p < 0.05) in group B. The lipase viability consistently remained at the lowest level, with no notable differences between group W and group B. In group R, both the α-amylase and pepsin viabilities remained lower, whereas the lipase viability was noticeably greater in each phase than in group B (p < 0.05). Among the antioxidant enzymes, group R exhibited a trend of initial increase followed by decreases in catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione peroxidase activities, particularly during the third stage (15-30 days), during which a significant decrease in antioxidant enzyme activity was observed (p < 0.05). Taken together, these findings suggest that blue light positively affects the growth, feeding, digestion, and antioxidant capacity of T. gratilla in comparison with those in other light environments, whereas red light had an inhibitory effect. Furthermore, T. gratilla is a benthic organism that lives on shallow sandy sea beds. Thus, as short wavelengths of blue and green light are more widely distributed on the seafloor, and long wavelengths of red light are more severely attenuated on the seafloor, shorter wavelengths of light promote the growth of bait organisms of sea urchins, which provide better habitats for T. gratilla.

Non-Thyroidal Illness in Chronic Renal Failure: Triiodothyronine Levels and Modulation of Extra-Cellular Superoxide Dismutase (ec-SOD)

Oxidative stress (OS) is implicated in several chronic diseases. Extra-cellular superoxide dismutase (ec-SOD) catalyses the dismutation of superoxide anions with a protective role in endothelial cells. In chronic kidney disease (CKD), OS and thyroid dysfunction (low fT3 syndrome) are frequently present, but their relationship has not yet been investigated. This cohort study evaluated ec-SOD activity in CKD patients during haemodialysis, divided into "acute haemodialytic patients" (AH, 1-3 months of treatment) and "chronic haemodialytic patients" (CH, treated for a longer period). We also evaluated plasmatic total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and its relationships with thyroid hormones. Two basal samples ("basal 1", obtained 3 days after the last dialysis; and "basal 2", obtained 2 days after the last dialysis) were collected. On the same day of basal 2, a sample was collected 5 and 10 min after the standard heparin dose and at the end of the procedure. The ec-SOD values were significantly higher in CH vs. AH in all determinations. Moreover, the same patients had lower TAC values. When the CH patients were divided into two subgroups according to fT3 levels (normal or low), we found significantly lower ec-SOD values in the group with low fT3 in the basal, 5, and 10 min samples. A significant correlation was also observed between fT3 and ec-SOD in the basal 1 samples. These data, confirming OS and low fT3 syndrome in patients with CKD, suggest that low fT3 concentrations can influence ec-SOD activity and could therefore potentially contribute to endothelial oxidative damage in these patients.

Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase Attenuates Hepatic Oxidative Stress in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease through the Adenosine Monophosphate-Activated Protein Kinase Activation

Oxidative stress is key in type 2 diabetes-associated nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We explored whether extracellular superoxide dismutase (EC-SOD) activates adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) to enhance antioxidant synthesis and lipid metabolism in NAFLD. Human recombinant EC-SOD (hEC-SOD) was administered to 8-week-old male C57BLKS/J db/db mice through intraperitoneal injection once a week for 8 weeks. Target molecules involved in oxidative stress and lipid metabolism were investigated. hEC-SOD improved insulin resistance and systemic and hepatic oxidative stress characterized by increases in urinary 8-hydroxy-deoxyguanosine and 8-isoprostane levels in db/db mice and a decrease in DHE expression in the liver, respectively. Hepatic SOD3 expression in db/db mice was reversed by hEC-SOD, which improved hepatic steatosis, inflammation with M2 polarization, apoptosis, autophagy, fibrosis and lipid metabolism in db/db mice, as reflected by the changes in serum and hepatic markers, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, tumor necrosis factor-α, TUNEL-positive cells, Bcl-2/BAX ratio, beclin1 and LC3-II/LC3-1. At the molecular level, hEC-SOD increased phosphorylated-AMPK related to CaMKKß, activation of peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α and dephosphorylation of forkhead box O (FoxO)1 and their subsequent downstream signaling. In HepG2Cs cells using AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 siRNA, hEC-SOD demonstrated a protective effect via the direct activation of both AMPK-PGC-1α and AMPK-FoxO1. EC-SOD might be a potential therapeutic agent for NAFLD through the activation of AMPK-PGC-1α and AMPK-FoxO1 signaling in hepatocytes, which modulates lipid metabolism, leading to anti-inflammatory, antioxidative and antiapoptotic effects and improving autophagy in the liver.

The Impact of Cerebral Ischemia on Antioxidant Enzymes Activity and Neuronal Damage in the Hippocampus

Cerebral ischemia and subsequent reperfusion, leading to reduced blood supply to specific brain areas, remain significant contributors to neurological damage, disability, and mortality. Among the vulnerable regions, the subcortical areas, including the hippocampus, are particularly susceptible to ischemia-induced injuries, with the extent of damage influenced by the different stages of ischemia. Neural tissue undergoes various changes and damage due to intricate biochemical reactions involving free radicals, oxidative stress, inflammatory responses, and glutamate toxicity. The consequences of these processes can result in irreversible harm. Notably, free radicals play a pivotal role in the neuropathological mechanisms following ischemia, contributing to oxidative stress. Therefore, the function of antioxidant enzymes after ischemia becomes crucial in preventing hippocampal damage caused by oxidative stress. This study explores hippocampal neuronal damage and enzymatic antioxidant activity during ischemia and reperfusion's early and late stages.

Interleukin-1β triggers muscle-derived extracellular superoxide dismutase expression and protects muscles from doxorubicin-induced atrophy

Doxorubicin, a conventional chemotherapeutic agent prescribed for cancer, causes skeletal muscle atrophy and adversely affects mobility and strength. Given that doxorubicin-induced muscle atrophy is attributable primarily to oxidative stress, its effects could be mitigated by antioxidant-focused therapies; however, these protective therapeutic targets remain ambiguous. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that doxorubicin triggers severe muscle atrophy via upregulation of oxidative stress (4-hydroxynonenal and malondialdehyde) and atrogenes (atrogin-1/MAFbx and muscle RING finger-1) in association with decreased expression of the antioxidant enzyme extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD), in cultured C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. Supplementation with EcSOD recombinant protein elevated EcSOD levels on the cellular membrane of cultured myotubes, consequently inhibiting doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and myotube atrophy. Furthermore, doxorubicin treatment reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) mRNA expression in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle, whereas transient IL-1β treatment increased EcSOD protein expression on the myotube membrane. Notably, transient IL-1β treatment of cultured myotubes and local administration in mouse skeletal muscle attenuated doxorubicin-induced muscle atrophy, which was associated with increased EcSOD expression. Collectively, these findings reveal that the regulation of skeletal muscle EcSOD via maintenance of IL-1β signalling is a potential therapeutic approach to counteract the muscle atrophy mediated by doxorubicin and oxidative stress. KEY POINTS: Doxorubicin, a commonly prescribed chemotherapeutic agent for patients with cancer, induces severe muscle atrophy owing to increased expression of oxidative stress; however, protective therapeutic targets are poorly understood. Doxorubicin induced muscle atrophy owing to increased expression of oxidative stress and atrogenes in association with decreased protein expression of extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) in cultured C2C12 myotubes and mouse skeletal muscle. Supplementation with EcSOD recombinant protein increased EcSOD levels on the cellular membrane of cultured myotubes, resulting in inhibition of doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress and myotube atrophy. Doxorubicin treatment decreased interleukin-1β (IL-1β) expression in cultured myotubes and skeletal muscle, whereas transient IL-1β treatment in vivo and in vitro increased EcSOD protein expression and attenuated doxorubicin-induced muscle atrophy. These findings reveal that regulation of skeletal muscle EcSOD via maintenance of IL-1β signalling is a possible therapeutic approach for muscle atrophy mediated by doxorubicin and oxidative stress.

A Redox Modulatory SOD Mimetic Nanozyme Prevents the Formation of Cytotoxic Peroxynitrite and Improves Nitric Oxide Bioavailability in Human Endothelial Cells

The endothelium-derived signalling molecule nitric oxide (NO) in addition to controlling multifarious servo-regulatory functions, suppresses key processes in vascular lesion formation and prevents atherogenesis and other vascular abnormalities. The conversion of NO into cytotoxic and powerful oxidant peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) in a superoxide (O2 .- )-rich environment has emerged as a major reason for reduced NO levels in vascular walls, leading to endothelial dysfunction and cardiovascular complications. So, designing superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetics that can selectively catalyze the dismutation of O2 .- in the presence of NO, considering their rapid reaction is challenging and is of therapeutic relevance. Herein, the authors report that SOD mimetic cerium vanadate (CeVO4 ) nanozymes effectively regulate the bioavailability of both NO and O2 .- , the two vital constitutive molecules of vascular endothelium, even in the absence of cellular SOD enzyme. The nanozymes optimally modulate the O2 .- level in endothelial cells under oxidative stress conditions and improve endogenously generated NO levels by preventing the formation of ONOO- . Furthermore, nanoparticles exhibit size- and morphology-dependent uptake into the cells and internalize via the clathrin-mediated endocytosis pathway. Intravenous administration of CeVO4 nanoparticles in mice caused no definite organ toxicity and unaltered haematological and biochemical parameters, indicating their biosafety and potential use in biological applications.

Effects of Different Dietary Zinc (Zn) Sources on Growth Performance, Zn Metabolism, and Intestinal Health of Grass Carp

This research was conducted to investigate the effects of four dietary zinc (Zn) sources on growth performance, Zn metabolism, antioxidant capacity, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and tight junctions in the intestine of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. Four Zn sources consisted of Zn dioxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), Zn sulfate heptahydrate (ZnSO4·7H2O), Zn lactate (Zn-Lac), and Zn glycine chelate (Zn-Gly), respectively. Grass carp with an initial body weight of 3.54 g/fish were fed one of four experimental diets for 8 weeks. Compared to inorganic Zn (ZnSO4·7H2O), grass carp fed the ZnO NPs and Zn-Gly diets exhibited better growth performance. Furthermore, grass carp fed the organic Zn (Zn-Lac and Zn-Gly) diets displayed enhanced Zn transport activity, improved intestinal histology, and increased intestinal tight junction-related genes expression compared to other groups. In comparison to other Zn sources, dietary ZnO NPs caused increased Zn deposition and damaged antioxidation capacity by suppressing antioxidant enzymatic activities and related gene expression in the intestine. Grass cap fed the ZnO NPs diet also exhibited lower mRNA abundance of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress- and tight junction-associated genes. According to the above findings, it can be concluded that dietary organic Zn addition (Zn-Lac and Zn-Gly) is more beneficial for intestinal health in grass carp compared to inorganic and nanoform Zn sources. These findings provide valuable insights into the application of organic Zn sources, specifically Zn-Lac and Zn-Gly, in the diets for grass carp and potentially for other fish species.

Expression Profiling along the Murine Intestine: Different Mucosal Protection Systems and Alterations in Tff1-Deficient Animals

Tff1 is a typical gastric peptide secreted together with the mucin, Muc5ac. Tff1-deficient (Tff1KO) mice are well known for their prominent gastric phenotype and represent a recognized model for antral tumorigenesis. Notably, intestinal abnormalities have also been reported in the past in these animals. Here, we have compared the expression of selected genes in Tff1KO mice and their corresponding wild-type littermates (RT-PCR analyses), focusing on different mucosal protection systems along the murine intestine. As hallmarks, genes were identified with maximum expression in the proximal colon and/or the duodenum: Agr2, Muc6/A4gnt/Tff2, Tff1, Fut2, Gkn2, Gkn3, Duox2/Lpo, Nox1. This is indicative of different protection systems such as Tff2/Muc6, Tff1-Fcgbp, gastrokines, fucosylation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the proximal colon and/or duodenum. Few significant transcriptional changes were observed in the intestine of Tff1KO mice when compared with wild-type littermates, Clca1 (Gob5), Gkn1, Gkn2, Nox1, Tff2. We also analyzed the expression of Tff1, Tff2, and Tff3 in the pancreas, liver, and lung of Tff1KO and wild-type animals, indicating a cross-regulation of Tff gene expression. Furthermore, on the protein level, heteromeric Tff1-Fcgbp and various monomeric Tff1 forms were identified in the duodenum and a high-molecular-mass Tff2/Muc6 complex was identified in the proximal colon (FPLC, proteomics).

Food Anthocyanins: Malvidin and Its Glycosides as Promising Antioxidant and Anti-Inflammatory Agents with Potential Health Benefits

Anthocyanins are flavonoid compounds that are abundantly present in fruits and vegetables. These compounds contribute to the color of these foods and offer various health benefits to consumers due to their biological properties. There are more than 1000 types of anthocyanins in nature, all derived from 27 anthocyanidin aglycones that have different glycosylations and acylations. Malvidin is one of the most well-known anthocyanidins. Several studies, including those conducted on cell lines, animals, and humans, have suggested that malvidin and its glycosides possess anti-carcinogenic, diabetes-control, cardiovascular-disease-prevention, and brain-function-improvement properties. These health benefits are primarily attributed to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, which are influenced by the molecular mechanisms related to the expression and modulation of critical genes. In this article, we review the available information on the biological activity of malvidin and its glycosides concerning their health-promoting effects.

Role of Enzymic Antioxidants in Mediating Oxidative Stress and Contrasting Wound Healing Capabilities in Oral Mucosal/Skin Fibroblasts and Tissues

Unlike skin, oral mucosal wounds are characterized by rapid healing and minimal scarring, attributable to the "enhanced" healing properties of oral mucosal fibroblasts (OMFs). As oxidative stress is increasingly implicated in regulating wound healing outcomes, this study compared oxidative stress biomarker and enzymic antioxidant profiles between patient-matched oral mucosal/skin tissues and OMFs/skin fibroblasts (SFs) to determine whether superior oral mucosal antioxidant capabilities and reduced oxidative stress contributed to these preferential healing properties. Oral mucosa and skin exhibited similar patterns of oxidative protein damage and lipid peroxidation, localized within the lamina propria/dermis and oral/skin epithelia, respectively. SOD1, SOD2, SOD3 and catalase were primarily localized within epithelial tissues overall. However, SOD3 was also widespread within the lamina propria localized to OMFs, vasculature and the extracellular matrix. OMFs were further identified as being more resistant to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and oxidative DNA/protein damage than SFs. Despite histological evaluation suggesting that oral mucosa possessed higher SOD3 expression, this was not fully substantiated for all OMFs examined due to inter-patient donor variability. Such findings suggest that enzymic antioxidants have limited roles in mediating privileged wound healing responses in OMFs, implying that other non-enzymic antioxidants could be involved in protecting OMFs from oxidative stress overall.

How Extracellular Reactive Oxygen Species Reach Their Intracellular Targets in Plants

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) serve as secondary messengers that regulate various developmental and signal transduction processes, with ROS primarily generated by NADPH OXIDASEs (referred to as RESPIRATORY BURST OXIDASE HOMOLOGs [RBOHs] in plants). However, the types and locations of ROS produced by RBOHs are different from those expected to mediate intracellular signaling. RBOHs produce O2•- rather than H2O2 which is relatively long-lived and able to diffuse through membranes, and this production occurs outside the cell instead of in the cytoplasm, where signaling cascades occur. A widely accepted model explaining this discrepancy proposes that RBOH-produced extracellular O2•- is converted to H2O2 by superoxide dismutase and then imported by aquaporins to reach its cytoplasmic targets. However, this model does not explain how the specificity of ROS targeting is ensured while minimizing unnecessary damage during the bulk translocation of extracellular ROS (eROS). An increasing number of studies have provided clues about eROS action mechanisms, revealing various mechanisms for eROS perception in the apoplast, crosstalk between eROS and reactive nitrogen species, and the contribution of intracellular organelles to cytoplasmic ROS bursts. In this review, we summarize these recent advances, highlight the mechanisms underlying eROS action, and provide an overview of the routes by which eROS-induced changes reach the intracellular space.

Identification and evaluation of potential probiotics against skin-ulceration disease in the Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis)

In this study, three highly pathogenic bacterial strains (Vibrio harveyi TB6, Vibrio alginolyticus TN1, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus TN3) were isolated from skin ulcers and intestines of diseased Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). The bacteria were investigated using hemolytic activity tests, in vitro co-culture with intestinal epithelial cells, and artificial infection of C. semilaevis. A further 126 strains were isolated from the intestines of healthy C. semilaevis. The three pathogens were used as indicator bacteria, and the antagonistic strains were identified from the 126 strains. The activities of exocrine digestive enzymes in the strains were also tested. Four strains with antibacterial and digestive enzyme activities were obtained and the best strains, Bacillus subtilis Y2 and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y9, were selected according to their ability to protect epithelial cells from infection. In addition, the effects of strains Y2 and Y9 at the individual level were investigated, finding that the activities of the immune-related enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, acid phosphatase, and peroxidase were significantly increased in the sera of the treatment group compared with the control group (p < 0.05). The specific growth rate (SGR, %) was also increased, especially in the Y2 group, and was significantly higher compared with the controls (p < 0.05). The result of the artificial infection test showed that the cumulative mortality within 72 h in the Y2 group was the lowest (50.5%), and in the Y9 group (68.5%) it was significantly lower than that in the control group (100%) (p < 0.05). Analysis of the intestinal microbial communities indicated that Y2 and Y9 could alter the composition of the intestinal flora, increasing both species richness and evenness, and inhibiting the growth of Vibrio in the intestine. These results suggested food supplemented with Y2 and Y9 could improve both immune function and disease resistance, as well as have a positive effect on the growth performance and the intestinal morphology of C. semilaevis.

Protective effects of Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD on UVC radiation-induced damage in NIH/3T3 cells and murine skin

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) is an antioxidant enzyme with multiple metal cofactors that can specifically clear reactive oxygen species (ROS), which plays an important role in a variety of ultraviolet-induced lesions. Therefore, SOD has the anti-ultraviolet radiation effect. The objective of this study was to compare the differences in the anti-ultraviolet radiation effect of SOD with distinct metal cofactors: Cu/Zn-SOD and Mn-SOD. SOD was first purified using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and ion-exchange chromatography. Second, the Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide method and cell senescence kits were used to study the protective effect of SOD on ultraviolet-induced cell damage. Finally, the protective effect of SOD on ultraviolet -induced skin damage was histopathologically evaluated, and the expression levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in tissues were detected. The results showed that Cu/Zn-SOD was superior to Mn-SOD in promoting cell proliferation, alleviating cell damage, protecting skin structure, and regulating the expression levels of MDA and MMPs, and it has no side effects. In conclusion, Cu/Zn-SOD had a better anti-ultraviolet radiation effect than Mn-SOD, and it can be used in anti-aging and anti-ultraviolet skin-care products.

Evaluation of Selenoprotein Supplementation on Digestibility, Growth, and Health Performance of Pacific White Shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei

Selenoprotein is a feed additive that can overcome oxidative stress in intensive Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) culture. This study evaluated the effects of selenoprotein supplementation at various doses on Pacific white shrimp's digestibility, growth, and health performance. The experimental design used was a completely randomized design consisting of four feed treatments, namely, control and treatments with selenoprotein supplementation of 2.5, 5, and 7.5 g kg feed^-1 with four replications. Shrimps (1.5 g) were reared for 70 days and challenged for 14 days by the bacteria Vibrio parahaemolyticus (10⁷ CFU mL^-1). Shrimps used in the digestibility performance evaluation (6.1 g) were reared until sufficient quantities of feces were collected for analysis. Shrimp supplemented with selenoprotein exhibited superior digestibility, growth, and health performance compared to the control (P < 0.05). The use of selenoprotein at a dose of 7.5 g kg of feed^-1 (2.72 mg Se kg of feed^-1) was considered the most effective for increasing productivity and preventing disease attacks in intensive shrimp culture.

Transcriptomic profiling of immune-associated molecules in the coelomocytes of lugworm Arenicola marina (Linnaeus, 1758)

Organization and functioning of immune system remain unevenly studied in different taxa of lophotrochozoan animals. We analyzed transcriptomic data on coelomocytes of the lugworm Arenicola marina (Linnaeus, 1758; Annelida, Polychaeta) to gain insights into the molecular mechanisms involved in polychaete immunity. Coelomocytes are specialized motile cells populating coelomic fluid of annelids, responsible for cellular defense reactions and providing humoral immune factors. The transcriptome was enriched with immune-related transcripts by challenging the cells in vitro with lipopolysaccharides of Escherichia coli and Zymosan from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Our analysis revealed a multifaceted and complex internal defense system of the lugworm. A. marina possesses orthologs of proto-complement-like factors: six thioester-containing proteins, a complement-like receptor, and a MASP-related serine protease (MReM2). A. marina coelomocytes employ pattern-recognition receptors to detect pathogens and regulate immune responses. Among them, there are 18 Toll-like receptors and various putative lectin-like proteins with evolutionary conserved and taxa-specific domains. C-type lectins and a novel family of Gal-binding and CUB domains containing receptors were the most abundant in the transcriptome. The array of pore-forming proteins in the coelomocytes was surprisingly reduced compared to that of other invertebrate species. We characterized a set of conserved proteins metabolizing reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide and expanded the arsenal of potential antimicrobial peptides. Phenoloxidase activity in immune cells of lugworm is mediated only by laccase enzyme. The described repertoire of immune-associated molecules provides valuable candidates for further functional and comparative research on the immunity of annelids.

Changes of oxidant-antioxidant parameters in small intestines from rabbits infected with E. intestinalis and E. magna

Rabbit coccidiosis is a very serious disease caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, which increases the production rate of free radicals, especially reactive oxygen species. When the generation of free radicals exceeds the scavenging capacity of the body’s antioxidant system, the oxidant-antioxidant balance is broken, resulting in oxidative stress. This study was designed to investigate the effect on the oxidant-antioxidant status of rabbits infected with E. intestinalis and E. magna. To this end, eighteen 30-d-old weaned rabbits were randomly allocated into three groups as follows: the E. intestinalis infection group with 3×103 sporulated oocysts of E. intestinalis, the E. magna infection group with 20×103 sporulated oocysts of E. magna, and the uninfected control group. We measured the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) and the contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) in rabbits’ small intestinal tissues (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) of the three groupson day 8. The results showed that CAT activity and MDA levels significantly increased, while the activities of SOD, GSH-Px and T-AOC decreased after E. intestinalis and E. magna infection. Besides, the jejunum and ileum were particularly damaged in the rabbits. It is concluded that the pathological oxidative stress occurs during the E. intestinalis and E. magna infection process and the body’s oxidant-antioxidant balance is disrupted.

Lentinan inhibits oxidative stress and alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of BMECs by activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway

Lentinan (LNT) has been reported to have a wide range of functions, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anticancer properties. LNT may provide a protective effect in dairy cow mastitis. In this study, we investigated the effect of LNT on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced injury of bovine mammary epithelial cells (BMECs) and the possible mechanism. First, we treated BMECs with different concentrations of LPS to study the effects of LPS on oxidative stress and inflammation in BMECs. Then, we examined the effects of LNT by dividing the cells into seven groups: the control group (CON), LPS treatment group (LPS), Acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) pretreatment group (NAC + LPS), LNT pretreatment group (LNT + LPS), ML385 and LNT pretreatment group (ML385 + LNT + LPS), LNT treatment group (LNT) and NAC treatment group (NAC). The results showed that LPS-triggered intracellular ROS production and the downregulation of Nrf-2 and HO-1 in BMECs were blocked by LNT pretreatment. LNT inhibited the expression of inflammatory genes and proteins by inhibiting of NF-κB and MAPK. In addition, LNT attenuated LPS induced-apoptosis in BMECs. However, ML385 reversed the protective effect of LNT. Taken together, LNT can be used as a natural protective agent against LPS-triggered BMECs damage through its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antiapoptotic effects through modulation of the Nrf2 pathway.

Manganese-Based Nanozymes: Preparation, Catalytic Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

Manganese (Mn) has attracted widespread attention due to its low-cost, nontoxicity, and valence-rich transition. Various Mn-based nanomaterials have sprung up and are employed in diverse fields, particularly Mn-based nanozymes, which combine the physicochemical properties of Mn-based nanomaterials with the catalytic activity of natural enzymes, and are attracting a surge of research, especially in the field of biomedical research. In this review, the typical preparation strategies, catalytic mechanisms, advances and perspectives of Mn-based nanozymes for biomedical applications are systematically summarized. The application of Mn-based nanozymes in tumor therapy and sensing detection, together with an overview of their mechanism of action is highlighted. Finally, the prospective directions of Mn-based nanozymes from five perspectives: innovation, activity enhancement, selectivity, biocompatibility, and application broadening are discussed.

BNTA alleviates inflammatory osteolysis by the SOD mediated anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation effect on inhibiting osteoclastogenesis

Abnormal activation and overproliferation of osteoclast in inflammatory bone diseases lead to osteolysis and bone mass loss. Although current pharmacological treatments have made extensive advances, limitations still exist. N-[2-bromo-4-(phenylsulfonyl)-3-thienyl]-2-chlorobenzamide (BNTA) is an artificially synthesized molecule compound that has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we presented that BNTA can suppress intracellular ROS levels through increasing ROS scavenging enzymes SOD1 and SOD2, subsequently attenuating the MARK signaling pathway and the transcription of NFATc1, leading to the inhibition of osteoclast formation and osteolytic resorption. Moreover, the results also showed an obvious restrained effect of BNTA on RANKL-stimulated proinflammatory cytokines, which indirectly mediated osteoclastogenesis. In line with the in vitro results, BNTA protected LPS-induced severe bone loss in vivo by enhancing scavenging enzymes, reducing proinflammatory cytokines, and decreasing osteoclast formation. Taken together, all of the results demonstrate that BNTA effectively represses oxidation, regulates inflammatory activity, and inhibits osteolytic bone resorption, and it may be a potential and exploitable drug to prevent inflammatory osteolytic bone diseases.

Rhodotorula benthica culture as an alternative to antibiotics improves growth performance by improving nutrients digestibility and intestinal morphology, and modulating gut microbiota of weaned piglets

The effects of Rhodotorula benthica culture (RBC) and antibiotics (AB) on the growth performance, nutrients digestibility, morphological indicators, and colonic microbiota of weaning piglets were explored. Ninety-six (Duroc × Landrace × Large) weaned piglets (21-day-old) weighing 7.7 ± 0.83 kg, were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments. They were fed with basal diet (CON), basal diet + 25 mg/kg bacitracin zinc + 5 mg/kg colistin sulfate (AB), 5 g/kg reduction in soybean meal of basal diet + 5 g/kg RBC (RBC1), or 10 g/kg reduction in soybean meal of basal diet + 10 g/kg RBC (RBC2). The results showed that dietary RBC1 improved the body gain/feed intake (G/F) of weaned piglets than the CON diet, and the RBC2 diet improved the average daily gain and G/F than CON and AB diets from days 15 to 28 (P < 0.05). Supplementation of RBC2 improved the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, nitrogen, and gross energy in weaned piglets compared to controls from days 15 to 28 (P < 0.05). Dietary AB, RBC1, and RBC2 enhanced the ileal villus height (VH) and VH/crypt depth (CD), and these two indicators were greater in the RBC2-treated piglets than in the AB- and RBC1-treated piglets (P < 0.05). The activity of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD) was enhanced by dietary AB, RBC1, and RBC2 (P < 0.05). Serum glutathione (GSH) concentration was elevated by dietary RBC1 and RBC2 (P < 0.05). According to 16S rRNA sequence analysis, AB- and RBC2-treated piglets had a higher relative abundance of Firmicutes and Lachnospiraceae in the colon digesta, and more abundant Lactobacillus was found in RBC1-treated piglets, as compared to the CON group. Additionally, RBC2 supplementation increased the α diversity [Chao1, PD-whole-tree, and observed operational taxonomic units (OTUs)] compared to the CON group. Taken together, the dietary RBC improved the growth performance of weaned piglets. In addition, 10 g/kg of RBC2 in the diet achieved better effects on higher ADG, ileal villi morphology, and stronger antioxidant capacity than dietary AB and RBC1 in weaning piglets.

The Effects of Vitamin E Analogues α-Tocopherol and γ-Tocotrienol on the Human Osteocyte Response to Ultra-High Molecular Weight Polyethylene Wear Particles

Polyethylene (PE) liners are a common bearing surface of orthopaedic prostheses. Wear particles of ultra-high molecular weight PE (UHMWPE) contribute to periprosthetic osteolysis, a major cause of aseptic loosening. Vitamin E is added to some PE liners to prevent oxidative degradation. Osteocytes, an important cell type for controlling both bone mineralisation and bone resorption, have been shown to respond UHMWPE particles by upregulating pro-osteoclastogenic and osteocytic osteolysis. Here, we examined the effects of the vitamin E analogues α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol alone or in the context of UHMWPE particles on human osteocyte gene expression and mineralisation behaviour. Human osteoblasts differentiated to an osteocyte-like stage were exposed to UHMWPE wear particles in the presence or absence of either α-Tocopherol or γ-Tocotrienol. Both α-Tocopherol and γ-Tocotrienol induced antioxidant-related gene expression. UHMWPE particles independently upregulated antioxidant gene expression, suggesting an effect of wear particles on oxidative stress. Both vitamin E analogues strongly induced OPG mRNA expression and γ-Tocotrienol also inhibited RANKL mRNA expression, resulting in a significantly reduced RANKL:OPG mRNA ratio (p < 0.01) overall. UHMWPE particles reversed the suppressive effect of α-Tocopherol but not of γ-Tocotrienol on this pro-osteoclastogenic index. UHMWPE particles also upregulated osteocytic-osteolysis related gene expression. Vitamin E analogues alone or in combination with UHMWPE particles also resulted in upregulation of these genes. Consistent with this, both vitamin E analogues promoted calcium release from mineralised cultures of osteocyte-like cells. Our findings suggest that while vitamin E may suppress osteocyte support of osteoclastogenesis in the presence of UHMWPE particles, the antioxidant effect may induce osteocytic osteolysis, which could promote periprosthetic osteolysis. It will be important to conduct further studies of vitamin E to determine the long-term effects of its inclusion in prosthetic materials.

Decrease of activity of antioxidant enzymes, lysozyme content, and protein degradation in milk contaminated with heavy metals (cadmium and lead)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of added Cd and Pb to milk on its stability by determining antioxidant enzymatic activities, lysozyme content, and protein degradation. Antioxidant enzymatic activities were spectrophotometrically determined by superoxide dismutase, catalase, xanthine oxidase, and glutathione peroxidase assays; lysozyme was identified and quantified by HPLC-UV analysis, and protein degradation was investigated by spectrophotometric analysis of advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and dityrosine content. In this study, contaminated milk samples showed a significant reduction in activity of all studied enzymes compared with control milk. The contamination of milk also led to a significant reduction in the lysozyme content; lysozyme content was decreased about 22% and 18% in Pb milk and Cd milk, respectively, compared with control milk. The presence of the contaminants in the milk resulted in a significant increase of both dityrosine concentration and AOPP compared with the control milk. Moreover, between types of contaminated milk, dityrosine and AOPP values were significantly higher in the Pb milk than in the Cd milk. Therefore, it is important to monitor the presence of these toxic elements in milk for the damage they cause to consumer health both directly due to their ingestion and indirectly due to loss of milk stability.

In vitro and in vivo Studies of Soybean Peptides on Milk Production, Rumen Fermentation, Ruminal Bacterial Community, and Blood Parameters in Lactating Dairy Cows

Soybean peptides (SPs), a feed additive derived from soybean, exhibit nutritional function and biological activity in monogastric animals, but limited studies have been conducted in dairy cows. Our experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of SPs on the nutrient degradability of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) in vitro and milk production, rumen fermentation and bacterial community, and blood parameters of dairy cows. For in vitro experiment, ruminal fluids were collected from three ruminal cannulated Holstein dairy cows. A total of three levels of SPs (0, 0.38, and 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs) were added to the total mixed ration (TMR). Nutrient degradability and fermentation fluid pH were determined at 24 and 48 h using 3.0 g samples of the substrate. Gas production after 48 h was recorded by an automated trace gas recording system using 0.5 g samples of the substrate. The results showed that DM, NDF, ADF (p < 0.01), and CP (p < 0.05) degradabilities were significantly increased at 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs at 24 h, and asymptotic gas production (p = 0.05) was increased at 48 h. For in vivo experiment, 110 lactating Holstein cows (209.7 ± 65.2 DIM; 37.2 ± 6.4 kg/d milk yield) were randomly assigned to 0 (control group, CON) or 50 g/head/day SPs (SP-supplemented group). Yields of milk (p < 0.05), milk protein (p < 0.05), and milk lactose (0.05 < p < 0.10) increased on SPs supplementation; however, the milk fat percentage decreased (p < 0.05). The concentrations of individual volatile fatty acids (VFAs) (p < 0.05) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) (p < 0.01) were also increased. Rumen bacterial diversity in SP-supplemented cows was higher (p < 0.05). The relative abundances of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Butyrivibrio, Selenomonas, and Shuttleworthia were significantly increased and that of Coprococcus was decreased (p < 0.05). Our results showed that supplementing 1.92 g/kg DM of SPs could improve the nutrient degradability in vitro and 50 g/head/day of SPs could improve milk production and antioxidant ability of dairy cows. The rumen bacterial diversity was also enhanced by SP supplementation.

Protective effects of milk thistle (Sylibum marianum) seed oil and α-tocopherol against 7β-hydroxycholesterol-induced peroxisomal alterations in murine C2C12 myoblasts: Nutritional insights associated with the concept of pexotherapy

Peroxisomes play an important role in regulating cell metabolism and RedOx homeostasis. Peroxisomal dysfunctions favor oxidative stress and cell death. The ability of 7β-hydroxycholesterol (7β-OHC; 50 μM, 24 h), known to be increased in patients with age-related diseases such as sarcopenia, to trigger oxidative stress, mitochondrial and peroxisomal dysfunction was studied in murine C2C12 myoblasts. The capacity of milk thistle seed oil (MTSO, 100 μg/mL) as well as α-tocopherol (400 µM; reference cytoprotective agent) to counteract the toxic effects of 7β-OHC, mainly at the peroxisomal level were evaluated. The impacts of 7β-OHC, in the presence or absence of MTSO or α-tocopherol, were studied with complementary methods: measurement of cell density and viability, quantification of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and transmembrane mitochondrial potential (ΔΨm), evaluation of peroxisomal mass as well as topographic, morphologic and functional peroxisomal changes. Our results indicate that 7β-OHC induces a loss of cell viability and a decrease of cell adhesion associated with ROS overproduction, alterations of mitochondrial ultrastructure, a drop of ΔΨm, and several peroxisomal modifications. In the presence of 7β-OHC, comparatively to untreated cells, important quantitative and qualitative peroxisomal modifications were also identified: a) a reduced number of peroxisomes with abnormal sizes and shapes, mainly localized in cytoplasmic vacuoles, were observed; b) the peroxisomal mass was decreased as indicated by lower protein and mRNA levels of the peroxisomal ABCD3 transporter; c) lower mRNA level of Pex5 involved in peroxisomal biogenesis as well as higher mRNA levels of Pex13 and Pex14, involved in peroxisomal biogenesis and/or pexophagy, was found; d) lower levels of ACOX1 and MFP2 enzymes, implicated in peroxisomal β-oxidation, were detected; e) higher levels of very-long-chain fatty acids, which are substrates of peroxisomal β-oxidation, were found. These different cytotoxic effects were strongly attenuated by MTSO, in the same range of order as with α-tocopherol. These findings underline the interest of MTSO and α-tocopherol in the prevention of peroxisomal damages (pexotherapy).

Oxidative potential and in vitro toxicity of particles generated by pyrotechnic smokes in human small airway epithelial cells

Pyrotechnic smokes are widely used in civilian and military applications. The major issue arise from the release of particles after smoke combustion but the health risks related to their exposure are poorly documented whereas toxicity of airborne particles on the respiratory target are very well known. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the in vitro toxicity of the particle fraction of different pyrotechnic smokes. Particles from a red signalling smoke (RSS), an hexachloroethane-based obscuring smoke (HC-OS) and an anti-intrusion smoke (AIS) were collected from the cloud. RSS particles displayed the highest organic fraction (quinones and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) of the three samples characterized. AIS particles contained K and cholesterol derivatives. HC-OS particles were mainly metallic with very high concentrations of Al, Fe and Ca. Intrinsic oxidative potential of smoke particles was measured with two assays. Depletions of DTT by RSS particles was greater than depletion obtained with AIS and HC-OS particles but depletion of acid ascorbic (AA) was only observed with HC-OS particles. In vitro toxicity was assessed by exposing human small airway epithelial cells (SAEC) to various concentrations of particles. After 24 h of exposure, cell viability was not affected but significant modifications of mRNA expression of antioxidant (SOD-1 and -2, catalase, HO-1, NQO-1) and inflammatory markers (IL-6, IL-8, TNF-α) were observed and were dependent on smoke type. Particles rich in metal, such as HC-OS, induced a greatest depletion of AA and a greatest inflammatory response, whereas particles rich in organic compounds, such as RSS, induced a greatest DTT depletion and a greatest antioxidant response. In conclusion, the three smoke particles have an intrinsic oxidative potential and triggered a cell adaptive response. Our study improved the knowledge of particle toxicity of pyrotechnic smokes and scientific approach developed here could be used to study other type of particles.

Diammonium glycyrrhizinate ameliorates portal hypertension by regulating portal macrophage oxidation and superoxide dismutase 3

Portal hypertension (PHT) is a complication of liver diseases. Increased intrahepatic vascular resistance is attributed to reduced bioavailability of vasodilator substances. The macrophage activation and superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) involve in the pathogenesis of PHT. Diammonium glycyrrhizinate (DG) is the salt form of glycyrrhizin derived from Radix glycyrrhizae, exerting anti-oxidant activities and be beneficial for liver injury. Here, we aimed to investigate effects of DG on PHT and explore its underlying mechanisms on regulation of macrophages and SOD3. The carbon tetrachloride induced PHT rats received administration of liposome-encapsulated clodronate for hepatic macrophage depletion, or PBS liposomes for matched control. DG (25 mg/kg) or vehicle was gavaged. Portal pressure in vivo, and serum biomarkers of macrophage activation were measured. The nitric oxide (NO) and prostacyclin (PGI₂) bioavailability was evaluated in the isolated portal perfused rat livers. Liver tissues were collected to evaluate cirrhosis, macrophage oxidation, and SOD3 activity. Depletion of hepatic macrophages decreased portal pressure, increased bioavailability of NO and PGI₂, and restored SOD3 activity. DG effectively decreased portal pressure, relieved cirrhosis, inhibited macrophage activation. DG increased bioavailability of NO and PGI₂ to relax portal veins. DG relieved portal macrophage oxidation through decreasing nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2 and inducible NO synthase expressions, elevated SOD3 activities and increased SOD3 expressions at portal triads. These findings indicated that DG restored SOD3 activity, against portal macrophage oxidation, protected bioavailability of NO and PGI₂, thereby reduced portal pressure. It suggested a potential use of DG for PHT treatment.

Skin Minerals: Key Roles of Inorganic Elements in Skin Physiological Functions

As odd as it may seem at first glance, minerals, it is what we are all about…or nearly. Although life on Earth is carbon-based, several other elements present in the planet’s crust are involved in and often indispensable for functioning of living organisms. Many ions are essential, and others show supportive and accessory qualities. They are operative in the skin, supporting specific processes related to the particular situation of this organ at the interface with the environment. Skin bioenergetics, redox balance, epidermal barrier function, and dermal remodeling are amongst crucial activities guided by or taking advantage of mineral elements. Skin regenerative processes and skin ageing can be positively impacted by adequate accessibility, distribution, and balance of inorganic ions.

Effects of dietary glyceryl monolaurate supplementation on growth performance, non-specific immunity, antioxidant status and intestinal microflora of Chinese mitten crabs

This study aims to investigate the effects of glycerol monolaurate (GML) on growth performance, non-specific immunity, antioxidant capacity and intestinal microflora in Chinese mitten crabs. The crabs were randomly arranged to three experimental diets groups containing 0 (control group), 1000 mg/kg GML (GML1000 group), and 2000 mg/kg GML (GML2000 group), respectively. After 8 weeks of breeding, results showed a better growth performance in GML2000 group, with a higher PWG, SGR and lower FCR (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, in GML2000 group the activities of phenoloxidase, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and lysozyme in hemolymph were increased (P < 0.05), also the activities of hemolymph and hepatopancreas superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were increased in hepatopancreas (P < 0.05). While malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations were lower significantly (P < 0.05) both in GML1000 and GML2000 groups. Furthermore, the mRNA expression of TLR1, TLR2, which related to the Toll pathway were increased (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 2000 mg/kg GML up-regulated the expression of ALF and LZM (P < 0.05), and down-regulated the expression of caspase-3 (P < 0.05). The abundance of Firmicutes increased in GML2000 group (P < 0.05), and Shewanella was significantly increased (P < 0.05) in both GML1000 and GML2000 groups. In conclusion, dietary supplemented with GML enhanced the growth performance and antioxidant capacity, enhanced hemolymph immune enzymes activities and antimicrobial peptides expression through regulating the proPO system and Toll pathway, and improved gut microflora in Chinese mitten crabs.

The Intestinal Redox System and Its Significance in Chemotherapy-Induced Intestinal Mucositis

Chemotherapy-induced intestinal mucositis (CIM) is a significant dose-limiting adverse reaction brought on by the cancer treatment. Multiple studies reported that reactive oxygen species (ROS) is rapidly produced during the initial stages of chemotherapy, when the drugs elicit direct damage to intestinal mucosal cells, which, in turn, results in necrosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ROS production. However, the mechanism behind the intestinal redox system-based induction of intestinal mucosal injury and necrosis of CIM is still undetermined. In this article, we summarized relevant information regarding the intestinal redox system, including the composition and regulation of redox enzymes, ROS generation, and its regulation in the intestine. We innovatively proposed the intestinal redox “Tai Chi” theory and revealed its significance in the pathogenesis of CIM. We also conducted an extensive review of the English language-based literatures involving oxidative stress (OS) and its involvement in the pathological mechanisms of CIM. From the date of inception till July 31, 2021, 51 related articles were selected. Based on our analysis of these articles, only five chemotherapeutic drugs, namely, MTX, 5-FU, cisplatin, CPT-11, and oxaliplatin were shown to trigger the ROS-based pathological mechanisms of CIM. We also discussed the redox system-mediated modulation of CIM pathogenesis via elaboration of the relationship between chemotherapeutic drugs and the redox system. It is our belief that this overview of the intestinal redox system and its role in CIM pathogenesis will greatly enhance research direction and improve CIM management in the future.

SOD3 Suppresses the Expression of MMP-1 and Increases the Integrity of Extracellular Matrix in Fibroblasts

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) family functions as a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-scavenging system by converting superoxide anions into hydrogen peroxide in the cytosol (SOD1), mitochondria (SOD2), and extracellular matrix (SOD3). In this study, we examined the potential roles of SOD family members in skin aging. We found that SOD3 expression levels were significantly more reduced in the skin tissues of old mice and humans than in young counterparts, but SOD1 and SOD2 expression levels remained unchanged with aging. Accordingly, we analyzed the effects of SOD3 on intracellular ROS levels and the integrity of the extracellular matrix in fibroblasts. The treatment of foreskin fibroblasts with recombinant SOD3 reduced the intracellular ROS levels and secretion of MMP-1 while increasing the secretion of type I collagen. The effects of SOD3 were greater in fibroblasts treated with the TNF-α. SOD3 treatment also decreased the mRNA levels and promoter activity of MMP-1 while increasing the mRNA levels and promoter activities of COL1A1 and COL1A2. SOD3 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of NF-κB, p38 MAPK, ERK, and JNK, which are essential for MMP-1 transactivation. In a three-dimensional culture of fibroblasts, SOD3 decreased the amount of type I collagen fragments produced by MMP-1 and increased the amount of nascent type I procollagen. These results demonstrate that SOD3 reduces intracellular ROS levels, suppresses MMP-1 expression, and induces type I collagen expression in fibroblasts. Therefore, SOD3 may play a role in delaying or preventing skin aging.

The Effect of Extracellular Superoxide Dismutase (SOD3) Gene in Lung Cancer

Background

The recognition of new diagnostic and prognostic biological markers for lung cancer, the most severe malignant tumor, is an essential and eager study. In a microenvironment, superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) can adjust active oxygen, and it refers to a secreted antioxidant enzyme. It was also found to be cancer-related, and in lung cancer, it was remarkably down-regulated. More and more new cancer research focuses on the function of SOD3. Despite this, there is no good description of SOD3 function in the LC progression.

Methods

Through bioinformatics analysis, we found that SOD3 was a possible novel lung cancer gene in this study. We analyzed data sets from Gene Expression Comprehensive Database (GEO) and the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and SOD3 expression was studied in lung cancer. This study estimated the SOD3 diagnosis and prognosis through gene expression differential display, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA), enrichment and genomes (KEGG) analysis, and gene ontology (GO). Then in order to investigate the SOD3 presentation in lung cancer cells, we used Western Blot and also applied Flow cytometry to detect the impact of anti-tumor medicine on tumor cell apoptosis.

Results

We found that the expression level of SOD3 in lung cancer was low (P = 4.218E-29), while the survival of lung cancer patients with high SOD3 expression was shorter (LUSC p =0.00086, LUAD p=0.00038). According to the result of western blot, the expression of SOD3 in tumor cells was higher than that in normal cells. The ratio of early apoptosis induced by anti-cancer drugs was 10.5% in normal cells, 35.1% in squamous cell carcinoma and 36.9% in adenocarcinoma.The SOD3 high expression was associated with poor survival probability by multivariate analysis (HR: 1.006, 95% CI 1.002–1.011, p=0.006). Moreover, SOD3 high expression group had higher ESTIMATE scores, and larger amount of immune infiltrating cells. SOD3 expression is correlated with PDCD1 and CTLA4 expression.

Conclusions

SOD3 gene can be used as a prognostic gene in lung cancer patients, and lung cancer patients with high expression of this gene can reap worse prognostic outcome. It can be used as a new clinical method and prognosticator for lung cancer patients.

Strenuous swimming raises blood non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity in rats

The non-enzymatic antioxidant system protects blood components from oxidative damage and/or injury. Herein, plasma non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity after acute strenuous swimming exercise (Exe) and exercise until exhaustion (Exh) was measured in rats. The experiments were carried out in never exposed (Nex) and pre-exposed (Pex) groups. The Nex group did not undergo any previous training before the acute strenuous swimming test and the Pex group was submitted to daily swimming for 10 min in the first week and 15 min per day in the second week before testing. Plasma glucose, lactate, and pyruvate were measured and plasma total protein sulfhydryl groups (thiol), trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter (TRAP) levels were evaluated. There were marked increases in plasma lactate concentrations (Nex-Control 1.31±0.20 vs NexExe 4.16±0.39 vs NexExh 7.19±0.67) and in thiol (Nex-Control 271.9±5.6 vs NexExh 314.7±5.7), TEAC (Nex-Control 786.4±60.2 vs NexExh 1027.7±58.2), FRAP (Nex-Control 309.2±17.7 vs NexExh 413.4±24.3), and TRAP (Nex-Control 0.50±0.15 vs NexExh 2.6±0.32) levels after acute swimming and/or exhaustion. Also, there were increased plasma lactate concentrations (Pex-Control 1.39±0.15 vs PexExe 5.22±0.91 vs PexExh 10.07±0.49), thiol (Pex-Control 252.9±8.2 vs PexExh 284.6±6.7), FRAP (Pex-Control 296.5±15.4 vs PexExh 445.7±45.6), and TRAP (Pex-Control 1.8±0.1 vs PexExh 4.6±0.2) levels after acute swimming and/or exhaustion. Lactate showed the highest percent of elevation in the Nex and Pex groups. In conclusion, plasma lactate may contribute to plasma antioxidant defenses, and the TRAP assay is the most sensitive assay for assessing plasma non-antioxidant capacity after strenuous exercise.

Exercise improves angiogenic function of circulating exosomes in type 2 diabetes: Role of exosomal SOD3

Exosomes, key mediators of cell-cell communication, derived from type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) exhibit detrimental effects. Exercise improves endothelial function in part via the secretion of exosomes into circulation. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is a major secretory copper (Cu) antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of O₂^•- to H₂ O₂ whose activity requires the Cu transporter ATP7A. However, the role of SOD3 in exercise-induced angiogenic effects of circulating plasma exosomes on endothelial cells (ECs) in T2DM remains unknown. Here, we show that both SOD3 and ATP7A proteins were present in plasma exosomes in mice, which was significantly increased after two weeks of volunteer wheel exercise. A single bout of exercise in humans also showed a significant increase in SOD3 and ATP7A protein expression in plasma exosomes. Plasma exosomes from T2DM mice significantly reduced angiogenic responses in human ECs or mouse skin wound healing models, which was associated with a decrease in ATP7A, but not SOD3 expression in exosomes. Exercise training in T2DM mice restored the angiogenic effects of T2DM exosomes in ECs by increasing ATP7A in exosomes, which was not observed in exercised T2DM/SOD3^-/- mice. Furthermore, exosomes overexpressing SOD3 significantly enhanced angiogenesis in ECs by increasing local H₂ O₂  levels in a heparin-binding domain-dependent manner as well as restored defective wound healing and angiogenesis in T2DM or SOD3^-/- mice. In conclusion, exercise improves the angiogenic potential of circulating exosomes in T2DM in a SOD3-dependent manner. Exosomal SOD3 may provide an exercise mimetic therapy that supports neovascularization and wound repair in cardiometabolic disease.

Antioxidant Effects of Statins by Modulating Nrf2 and Nrf2/HO-1 Signaling in Different Diseases

Statins are competitive inhibitors of hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase and have been used to treat elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) for almost four decades. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which are independent of the lipid-lowering effects of statins, i.e., their pleiotropic effects, might be beneficial in the prevention or treatment of many diseases. This review discusses the antioxidant effects of statins achieved by modulating the nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2/ heme oxygenase-1 (Nrf2/HO-1) pathway in different organs and diseases. Nrf2 and other proteins involved in the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway have a crucial role in cellular responses to oxidative stress, which is a risk factor for ASCVD. Statins can significantly increase the DNA-binding activity of Nrf2 and induce the expression of its target genes, such as HO-1 and glutathione peroxidase) GPx, (thus protecting the cells against oxidative stress. Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of statins, which are independent of their lipid-lowering effects, could be partly explained by the modulation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.

Superoxide dismutase 3 prevents early stage diabetic retinopathy in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat model

Purpose

To identify the effects of superoxide dismutase (SOD)3 on diabetes mellitus (DM)-induced retinal changes in a diabetic rat model.

Methods

Diabetic models were established by a single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ) in Sprague-Dawley rats. After purification of the recombinant SOD3, intravitreal injection of SOD3 was performed at the time of STZ injection, and 1 and 2 weeks following STZ injection. Scotopic and photopic electroretinography (ERG) were recorded. Immunofluorescence staining with ɑ-smooth muscle actin (SMA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), Flt1, recoverin, parvalbumin, extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3), 8-Hydroxy-2’deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and tumor necrosis factor-ɑ (TNF-ɑ) were evaluated.

Results

In the scotopic ERG, the diabetic group showed reduced a- and b-wave amplitudes compared with the control group. In the photopic ERG, b-wave amplitude showed significant (p < 0.0005) reduction at 8 weeks following DM induction. However, the trend of a- and b-wave reduction was not evident in the SOD3 treated group. GFAP, Flt1, 8-OHdG and TNF-ɑ immunoreactivity were increased, and ɑ-SMA, PEDF and SOD3 immunoreactivity were decreased in the diabetic retina. The immunoreactivity of these markers was partially recovered in the SOD3 treated group. Parvalbumin expression was not decreased in the SOD3 treated group. In the diabetic retinas, the immunoreactivity of recoverin was weakly detected in both of the inner nuclear layer and inner plexiform layer compared to the control group but not in the SOD3 treated group.

Conclusions

SOD3 treatment attenuated the loss of a/b-wave amplitudes in the diabetic rats, which was consistent with the immunohistochemical evaluation. We also suggest that in rod-dominant rodents, the use of blue on green photopic negative response (PhNR) is effective in measuring the inner retinal function in animal models of diabetic retinopathy. SOD3 treatment ameliorated the retinal Müller cell activation in diabetic rats and pericyte dysfunction. These results suggested that SOD3 exerted protective effects on the development of diabetic retinopathy.

Anti-proliferative effects of the combination of Sulfamethoxazole and Quercetin via caspase3 and NFkB gene regulation: an in vitro and in vivo study

Combination therapy comprising natural polyphenols and anticancer drugs has been used to decrease the adverse effects and increase the effectiveness and antioxidant activities of the drugs. The antioxidant and anticancer effects of quercetin (Q), a nutritive polyphenol, have been observed both in vitro and in vivo. Likewise, the anticancer activity of sulfamethoxazole (S) has been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. This study aimed to investigate the in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of Q alone and in combination with S. The in vitro effects of S, Q, and S + Q on HCT-116, HepG2, MCF-7, and PC3 cell lines were examined. Additionally, the in vivo effects of these drugs were evaluated using Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) tumor-bearing mice. The in vitro data revealed the potent anticancer activity of S + Q through the induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. The EAC-inoculated mice treated with S + Q presented with elevated SOD, GSH, CAT, and TAC levels and decreased malondialdehyde levels compared with the untreated EAC group, thus revealing the antioxidant and protective actions of S + Q against EAC cell invasion. Furthermore, the downregulation of NFkB and upregulation of the caspase3 gene in the EAC-inoculated mice treated with the S + Q indicated the induction of the apoptotic pathway and decrease in both cell proliferation and metastasis. In conclusion, the combination of S and Q might exert anticancer effects by inducing apoptosis and exhibiting selective toxicity against the cancer cells and thereby protecting the vital organs.

Antioxidant Activity of Valeriana fauriei Protects against Dexamethasone-Induced Muscle Atrophy

Skeletal muscle atrophy is defined as wasting or loss of muscle. Although glucocorticoids (GCs) are well-known anti-inflammatory drugs, their long-term or high-dose use induces skeletal muscle atrophy. Valeriana fauriei (VF) is used to treat restlessness, anxiety, and sleep disorders; however, its effects on skeletal muscle health have not been investigated. This study investigated whether Valeriana fauriei could ameliorate muscle atrophy. We induced muscle atrophy in vitro and in vivo, by treatment with dexamethasone (DEX), a synthetic GC. In DEX-induced myotube atrophy, Valeriana fauriei treatment increased the fusion index and decreased the expression of muscle atrophic genes such as muscle atrophy F-box (MAFbx/Atrogin-1) and muscle RING-finger protein 1 (MuRF1). In DEX-treated mice with muscle atrophy, Valeriana fauriei supplementation increased the ability to exercise, muscle weight, and cross-sectional area, whereas it inhibited myosin heavy chain isoform transition and the expression of muscle atrophy biomarkers. Valeriana fauriei treatment led to via the downregulation of muscle atrophic genes via inhibition of GC receptor translocation. Valeriana fauriei was also found to act as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenger. Didrovaltrate (DI), an iridoid compound from Valeriana fauriei, was found to downregulate atrophic genes and decrease ROS in the DEX-induced myotube atrophy. Consolidated, our results indicate that Valeriana fauriei prevents DEX-induced muscle atrophy by inhibiting GC receptor translocation. Further, Valeriana fauriei acts as a ROS scavenger, and its functional compound is didrovaltrate. We suggest that Valeriana fauriei and its functional compound didrovaltrate possess therapeutic potentials against muscle atrophy.

Cellular and molecular immune response and production performance of Indian white shrimp Penaeus indicus (H. Milne-Edwards, 1837), reared in a biofloc-based system with different protein levels of feed

The present study focuses on the immunity and growth of Penaeus indicus fed with varying protein levels (25%, 30%, and 35%) in a biofloc based rearing system. A 120 days growth trial was carried out using juvenile Penaeus indicus (0.71 ± 0.01) with dietary protein level, 25% (LP), 30% (MP), and 35% (HP), and a control diet-fed with 35% acted as control group resulting in 4 treatments each with four replicates and were randomly assigned 16 tank units (7500 L each). A combination of different carbon sources (molasses, wheat flour, and rice bran in 2:1:1 ratio), yeast and a probiotic (Bacillus sp.) consortium were used for the development of biofloc. At the end of the trial, the growth parameters of shrimps viz., initial weight, feed conversion ratio (FCR), and daily growth coefficient (DGC) were computed. The results indicated that shrimp fed with medium (30%) protein (MP) diet recorded significantly (P < 0.05) improved growth performance compared to high protein fed group (35%) and low protein (25%) fed group (LP) in a biofloc system and control group (35%). The immunological parameters such as hemagglutination activity (HA) assay, serum protein, lysozyme, phenol oxidase (PO), and inhibition of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity were observed in serum, plasma, and hemocyte lysate supernatant (HLS). The HA activity, PO activity in plasma was found to be higher in high protein fed animals, whereas medium protein resulted in enhanced PO activity in serum. Similarly, lysozyme and SOD were inhibited well in high protein fed animals compared to the low protein fed group. The vital immune genes's mRNA profiling showed a potential rise in the expressional pattern in MP and HP treatments compared to LP and control. BGBP (beta-1,3-glucan binding protein) and hemocyanin mRNA transcript levels were highly upregulated in the HP (5 fold) and moderately expressed in MP (2 fold) and LP (1-2 fold). The transcripts of peroxinectin, antimicrobial peptides like crustin showed significant upregulation in HP followed by in MP and LP and control. Likewise, other immune genes, such as SOD, prophenoloxidase (proPO), showed a similar trend in a marginal way, indicating immunomodulation in the biofloc groups. This study suggested that biofloc with high protein (35%) supplementation can substantially enhance the immune response of shrimps, although medium protein level (30%) is optimum for improving the survival, growth, and in turn economic return in Indian white shrimp.

The Effect of Uncaria gambir Roxb. Extract on Superoxide Dismutase Activity in Proteinuric Wistar Rats Model

Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a glomerular disease that is most often found in children with proteinuric as clinical manifestation. Gambier extract is a traditional medicine that has antioxidant effect. Its use to treat  proteinuric has never been done. Therefore, we conducted an analytical study on the effect of gambier on proteinuric and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in proteinuric Wistar rat’s model. This research is an experimental study with a posttest control group design. The aim is analyzing the effect of giving gambier extract in decreasing urinary protein creatinine ratio and increasing SOD activity. Male Wistar rats were given an injection of puromycin aminonucleoside 1.5mg/100g body weight (BW), subcutaneously for 5 consecutive days for being nephrosis. The experimental animals in this study were divided into four groups: K1, the control group, consist of group of rats that were injected with 0.15ml/100 g BW of aquabidest and not given gambier extract. While K2 group consist of rats induced by Puromycin and given 1 ml of aquabidest. K3 consist of groups of rats induced by Puromycin and then given gambier extract 26mg/200g BW. Group K4 consist of rats induced by Puromycin and then given 80mg/200g BW of gambier extract. The four groups were given treatment for 14 days, after which the rats were placed in a metabolic cage for 24 hours to collect urine samples and then knocked down with ketamine for intra-cardiac blood collection. The results of this study showed differences between the four groups of rats in terms of the mean urine protein/creatinine ratio (p=0.015) and SOD activity (p=0.036). Groups of rats that were given gambier extracts 80mg/200g BW had lower urine protein / creatinine ratio and higher SOD activity. Therapy of gambier 80 mg/200g BW is better in managing proteinuric compared to 26mg/200g.

Melatonin Reduces Oxidative Stress in the Right Ventricle of Newborn Sheep Gestated under Chronic Hypoxia

Pulmonary arterial hypertension of newborns (PAHN) constitutes a critical condition involving both severe cardiac remodeling and right ventricle dysfunction. One main cause of this condition is perinatal hypoxia and oxidative stress. Thus, it is a public health concern for populations living above 2500 m and in cases of intrauterine chronic hypoxia in lowlands. Still, pulmonary and cardiac impairments in PAHN lack effective treatments. Previously we have shown the beneficial effects of neonatal melatonin treatment on pulmonary circulation. However, the cardiac effects of this treatment are unknown. In this study, we assessed whether melatonin improves cardiac function and modulates right ventricle (RV) oxidative stress. Ten lambs were gestated, born, and raised at 3600 m. Lambs were divided in two groups. One received daily vehicle as control, and another received daily melatonin (1 mg·kg^-1·d^-1) for 21 days. Daily cardiovascular measurements were recorded and, at 29 days old, cardiac tissue was collected. Melatonin decreased pulmonary arterial pressure at the end of the experimental period. In addition, melatonin enhanced manganese superoxide dismutase and catalase (CAT) expression, while increasing CAT activity in RV. This was associated with a decrease in superoxide anion generation at the mitochondria and NADPH oxidases in RV. Finally, these effects were associated with a marked decrease of oxidative stress markers in RV. These findings support the cardioprotective effects of an oral administration of melatonin in newborns that suffer from developmental chronic hypoxia.

Molecular mechanisms of oxidative stress in asthma

The lungs are exposed to reactive oxygen species oxygen (ROS) produced as a result of inhalation of oxygen, as well as smoke and other air pollutants. Cell metabolism and the NADPH oxidases (Nox) generate low levels of intracellular ROS that act as signal transduction mediators by inducing oxidative modifications of histones, enzymes and transcription factors. Redox signalling is also regulated by localised production and sensing of ROS in mitochondria, the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and inside the nucleus. Intracellular ROS are maintained at low levels through the action of a battery of enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants. Asthma is a heterogeneous airway inflammatory disease with different immune endotypes; these include atopic or non-atopic Th2 type immune response associated with eosinophilia, or a non-Th2 response associated with neutrophilia. Airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness accompany the inflammatory response in asthma. Over-production of ROS resulting from infiltrating immune cells, particularly eosinophils and neutrophils, and a concomitant impairment of antioxidant responses lead to development of oxidative stress in asthma. Oxidative stress is augmented in severe asthma and during exacerbations, as well as by air pollution and obesity, and causes oxidative damage of tissues promoting airway inflammation and hyperresponsiveness. Furthermore, deregulated Nox activity, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress and/or oxidative DNA damage, resulting from exposure to irritants, inflammatory mediators or obesity, may lead to redox-dependent changes in cell signalling. ROS play a central role in airway epithelium-mediated sensing, development of innate and adaptive immune responses, and airway remodelling and hyperresponsiveness. Nonetheless, antioxidant compounds have proven clinically ineffective as therapeutic agents for asthma, partly due to issues with stability and in vivo metabolism of these compounds. The compartmentalised nature of ROS production and sensing, and the role of ROS in homeostatic responses and in the action of corticosteroids and β2-adrenergic receptor agonists, adds another layer of complexity to antioxidant therapy development. Nox inhibitors and mitochondrial-targeted antioxidants are in clinical development for a number of diseases but they have not yet been investigated in asthma. A better understanding of the complex role of ROS in the pathogenesis of asthma will highlight new opportunities for more targeted and effective redox therapies.

The characterization, expression and activity analysis of three superoxide dismutases in Eriocheir hepuensis under azadirachtin stress

Superoxide dismutase (SOD) can effectively eliminate of excess ROS, which causes oxidative damage to lipids, proteins, and DNA. In this study, we cloned the CuZn-SOD, cMn-SOD1, and cMn-SOD2 genes in Eriocheir hepuensis, and found that the coding sequence (CDS) lengths were 627 bp, 861 bp and 1062 bp, which encoded 208, 286, and 353 amino acids, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all SOD genes were evolutionarily conserved, while cMn-SOD2 had an extra gap (67 amino acids) in the conserved domain compared with cMn-SOD1 without huge changes in the tertiary structure of the conserved domain, suggesting that cMn-SOD2 may be a duplicate of cMn-SOD1. qRT-PCR showed that the three SOD genes were widely expressed in all the tested tissues, CuZn-SOD and cMn-SOD1 were mostly expressed in the hepatopancreas, while cMn-SOD2 was mostly expressed in thoracic ganglia. Under azadirachtin stress, the oxidation index of surviving individuals, including the T-AOC, SOD activity, and MDA contents increased in the early stage and then remained steady except for a decrease in MDA contents in the later stage. qRT-PCR showed that the three SOD genes displayed the same trends as SOD activity in surviving individuals, and the highest expressions of CuZn-SOD in the hepatopancreas, heart, and gill were 14.16, 1.41, and 30.87 times that of the corresponding control group, respectively. The changes were 1.35, 5.77 and 3.33 fold for cMn-SOD1 and 1.62, 1.71 and 1.79 fold for cMn-SOD2, respectively. However, the activity and expression of SOD genes in dead individuals were lower than that observed in surviving individuals. These results reveal that SOD plays a significant role in the defence against azadirachtin-induced oxidative stress.

Prospects on the nano-plastic particles internalization and induction of cellular response in human keratinocytes

BACKGROUND

Today, cosmetic products are very popular with both men and women to improve their appearance and increase their social acceptability.

RESULTS

In this study, nano-sized (30-300 nm) plastic particles were isolated from the commercial face-scrubs and treated on the human keratinocytes. The observed adherence of polyethylene nano-plastics (PENPs), polystyrene NPs (PSNPs), and face-scrubs isolated nano-plastics (NPs) on the keratin layer reveals a significant attachment of NPs from the cosmetics that are applied on the skin for a short duration. This attachment property could facilitate further adherence of protein molecules on NPs and the protein-corona formation. The protein-corona mimics protein aggregates, thereby triggers macropinocytosis, followed by the macropinolysosomal process in the cell. These internalized NPs induced the concentration-dependent cytotoxic, cytostatic and cytoprotective activity in keratinocytes. Both single dose and chronic long-term exposure of lethal and sub-lethal concentrations of NPs resulted in oxidative stress-mediated down-regulation of cell growth and proliferation inhibition. Autophagic structures and premature aging were also observed using an electron microscopy and a senescence marker, respectively in the NPs internalized HaCaT cells incubated in a fresh, NPs-free medium.

CONCLUSION

Though 2D culture models have many limitations, it produces significant conceptual advancements. This work provides an insight into the NPs concentration-dependent regulatory, cytoprotective, and cytotoxic effects in HaCaT cells. However, 3D model studies are required to identify the detailed mechanisms of NPs toxicity and cytoprotective events in cells at the molecular level.

Impact of EcSOD Perturbations in Cancer Progression

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a normal byproduct of cellular metabolism and are required components in cell signaling and immune responses. However, an imbalance of ROS can lead to oxidative stress in various pathological states. Increases in oxidative stress are one of the hallmarks in cancer cells, which display an altered metabolism when compared to corresponding normal cells. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (EcSOD) is an antioxidant enzyme that catalyzes the dismutation of superoxide anion (O₂⁻) in the extracellular environment. By doing so, this enzyme provides the cell with a defense against oxidative damage by contributing to redox balance. Interestingly, EcSOD expression has been found to be decreased in a variety of cancers, and this loss of expression may contribute to the development and progression of malignancies. In addition, recent compounds can increase EcSOD activity and expression, which has the potential for altering this redox signaling and cellular proliferation. This review will explore the role that EcSOD expression plays in cancer in order to better understand its potential as a tool for the detection, predicted outcomes and potential treatment of malignancies.

Single and combined effects of phenanthrene and polystyrene microplastics on oxidative stress of the clam (Mactra veneriformis)

Toxicity of single organic pollutants or microplastics on organisms have been reported widely, however, their combined toxicity on bivalves was rarely investigated. In this paper, single and combined effects of phenanthrene (Phe, 20 μg·L^-1 and 50 μg·L^-1) and polystyrene (PS, 17 μm and 150 μm with 1 mg·L^-1) microplastics on oxidative stress of the clam Mactra veneriformis were assayed under laboratory conditions with biomarkers including superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and malondialdehyde (MDA). We found that Phe or PS single stress source could induce oxidative stress to clams. Besides, exposed to Phe 50 μg·L^-1 or PS 150 μm caused the reduced expression of SOD and GST activities, leading to potential oxidative injury in clams. At each Phe concentration level, the order of single and combined toxicity on clams was Phe + PS 150 μm > Phe ≈ Phe + PS 17 μm. Phe exhibited a stronger toxic effect on clams than PS. Under joint exposure stress, the toxicity influence of Phe is still dominant. Furthermore, MDA and GST could be considered the most sensitive oxidative stress biomarkers in clams under Phe or PS single and combined exposures, respectively.