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Huang L, Mut-Arbona P, Varga B, Török B, Brunner J, Arszovszki A, Iring A, Kisfali M, Vizi ES, Sperlágh B. P2X7 purinergic receptor modulates dentate gyrus excitatory neurotransmission and alleviates schizophrenia-like symptoms in mouse. iScience 2023; 26:107560. [PMID: 37649698 PMCID: PMC10462828 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 07/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X7 receptors (P2X7Rs) play a crucial role in brain disorders. However, how they affect normal and pathological synaptic transmission is still largely unclear. Here, by using whole-cell patch-clamp technique to record AMPA- and NMDA receptor-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents (s/mEPSCs) in dentate gyrus granule cells (DG GCs), we revealed a modulation by P2X7Rs of presynaptic sites, especially originated from entorhinal cortex (EC)-GC path but not the mossy cell (MC)-GC path. The involvement of P2X7Rs was confirmed using a pharmacological approach. Additionally, the acute activation of P2X7Rs directly elevated calcium influx from EC-GC terminals. In postnatal phencyclidine (PCP)-induced mouse model of schizophrenia, we observed that P2X7R deficiency restored the EC-GC synapse alteration and alleviated PCP-induced symptoms. To summarize, P2X7Rs participate in the modulation of GC excitatory neurotransmission in the DG via EC-GC pathway, contributing to pathological alterations of neuronal functions leading to neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lumei Huang
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Paula Mut-Arbona
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Varga
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bibiana Török
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - János Brunner
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Antonia Arszovszki
- Laboratory of Cellular Neuropharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Iring
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Máté Kisfali
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
| | - E. Sylvester Vizi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Sperlágh
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, 1083 Budapest, Hungary
- János Szentágothai Doctoral School, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Shangase KB, Luvuno M, Mabandla MV. Investigating the Robustness of a Rodent "Double Hit" (Post-Weaning Social Isolation and NMDA Receptor Antagonist) Model as an Animal Model for Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review. Brain Sci 2023; 13:848. [PMID: 37371328 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13060848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a debilitating psychiatric disorder comprising positive, negative, and cognitive impairments. Most of the animal models developed to understand the neurobiology and mechanism of schizophrenia do not produce all the symptoms of the disease. Therefore, researchers need to develop new animal models with greater translational reliability, and the ability to produce most if not all symptoms of schizophrenia. This review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the rodent "double hit" (post-weaning social isolation and N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist) model to produce symptoms of schizophrenia. This systematic review was developed according to the 2020 PRISMA guidelines and checklist. The MEDLINE (PubMed) and Ebscohost databases were used to search for studies. The systematic review is based on quantitative animal studies. Studies in languages other than English that could be translated sufficiently using Google translate were also included. Data extraction was performed individually by two independent reviewers and discrepancies between them were resolved by a third reviewer. SYRCLE's risk-of-bias tool was used to test the quality and biases of included studies. Our primary search yielded a total of 47 articles, through different study selection processes. Seventeen articles met the inclusion criteria for this systematic review. Ten of the seventeen studies found that the "double hit" model was more effective in developing various symptoms of schizophrenia. Most studies showed that the "double hit" model is robust and capable of inducing cognitive impairments and positive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanyiso Bright Shangase
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Mluleki Luvuno
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
| | - Musa V Mabandla
- Department of Human Physiology, School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Science, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4041, South Africa
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Bozkurt NM, Unal G. Vortioxetine improved negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia in subchronic MK-801 model in rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 444:114365. [PMID: 36858318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a devastating psychiatric disorder with complex symptoms and neurobiology. Serotonergic dysregulation is known to contribute to the pathogenesis of schizophrenia although dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are thought to have central roles in neurobiology. No significant success can be achieved in the treatment of negative and cognitive symptoms while positive symptoms can be significantly reduced with current pharmacotherapy. Vortioxetine is a new multimodal antidepressant with 5-HT1A agonism, 5-HT1B partial agonism, 5-HT3, 5-HT7, and 5-HT1D antagonism, and serotonin reuptake inhibition. A limited number of studies suggest its therapeutic effect on the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Therefore, we investigated the potential beneficial effects of vortioxetine on behavioral and molecular deficits in the MK-801 model of schizophrenia in rats. Female Wistar albino rats (10-12 weeks) were grouped as saline, MK-801 (0.2 mg/kg), MK-801 + vortioxetine (2.5 mg/kg), MK-801 + vortioxetine (5 mg/kg), MK-801 + vortioxetine (10 mg/kg), MK-801 + risperidone (0.3 mg/kg), MK-801 + haloperidol (1 mg/kg) (n = 8 in each group). MK-801 has been daily administered (i.p.) for 14 days. Vortioxetine and antipsychotic treatments were injected for 21 days after a washout period of MK-801 and locomotor activity (LA), social interaction (SI), novel object recognition (NOR), Y-maze and prepulse inhibition (PPI) tests were performed at the 16-20th days of treatments, respectively. ELISA test was conducted to evaluate molecular analyses. MK-801 decreased PPI (%), social behaviors, and discrimination index in NOR and alternation (%) in the Y-maze test. In NOR and Y-maze tests, especially vortioxetine 5 and 10 mg/kg increased discrimination index and alternation (%) compared to MK-801. In addition, vortioxetine administration increased social behaviors. Moreover, MK-801 decreased GAD67 and parvalbumin levels while vortioxetine increased these protein levels compared to MK-801. Herein, we first suggested a potential therapeutic effect of vortioxetine, a new multimodal antidepressant, on negative and cognitive symptoms and neurobiological deficits including GAD67 and parvalbumin low expression in the MK-801 model in rats. It would be beneficial to confirm our results in different rodent models and to shed light on the possible mechanisms underlying these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuh Mehmet Bozkurt
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Türkiye; Erciyes University, Experimental Research, and Application Center (DEKAM), Brain Research Unit, Kayseri, Türkiye
| | - Gokhan Unal
- Erciyes University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology, Kayseri, Türkiye; Erciyes University, Experimental Research, and Application Center (DEKAM), Brain Research Unit, Kayseri, Türkiye.
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4
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Loureiro CM, Fachim HA, Harte MK, Dalton CF, Reynolds GP. Subchronic PCP effects on DNA methylation and protein expression of NMDA receptor subunit genes in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of female rats. J Psychopharmacol 2022; 36:238-244. [PMID: 35102781 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211069109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction is implicated in schizophrenia, and NMDAR antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP), can induce behaviours that mimic aspects of the disorder. AIMS We investigated DNA methylation of Grin1, Grin2a and Grin2b promoter region and NR1 and NR2 protein expression in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus of adult female Lister-hooded rats following subchronic PCP (scPCP) administration. We also determined whether any alterations were tissue-specific. METHODS Rats were divided into two groups that received vehicle (0.9% saline) or 2 mg/kg PCP twice a day for 7 days (n = 10 per group). After behavioural testing (novel object recognition), to confirm a cognitive deficit, brains were dissected and NMDAR subunit DNA methylation and protein expression were analysed by pyrosequencing and ELISA. Line-1 methylation was determined as a measure of global methylation. Data were analysed using Student's t-test and Pearson correlation. RESULTS The scPCP administration led to Grin1 and Grin2b hypermethylation and reduction in NR1 protein in both PFC and hippocampus. No significant differences were observed in Line-1 or Grin2a methylation and NR2 protein. CONCLUSIONS The scPCP treatment resulted in increased DNA methylation at promoter sites of Grin1 and Grin2b NMDAR subunits in two brain areas implicated in schizophrenia, independent of any global change in DNA methylation, and are similar to our observations in a neurodevelopmental animal model of schizophrenia - social isolation rearing post-weaning. Moreover, these alterations may contribute to the changes in protein expression for NMDAR subunits demonstrating the potential importance of epigenetic mechanisms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila M Loureiro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Clinical Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.,Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Helene A Fachim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Salford, UK
| | - Michael K Harte
- Division of Pharmacy & Optometry, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Caroline F Dalton
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
| | - Gavin P Reynolds
- Biomolecular Sciences Research Centre, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, UK
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5
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Tanqueiro SR, Mouro FM, Ferreira CB, Freitas CF, Fonseca-Gomes J, Simões do Couto F, Sebastião AM, Dawson N, Diógenes MJ. Sustained NMDA receptor hypofunction impairs brain-derived neurotropic factor signalling in the PFC, but not in the hippocampus, and disturbs PFC-dependent cognition in mice. J Psychopharmacol 2021; 35:730-743. [PMID: 34008450 DOI: 10.1177/02698811211008560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits profoundly impact on the quality of life of patients with schizophrenia. Alterations in brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) signalling, which regulates synaptic function through the activation of full-length tropomyosin-related kinase B receptors (TrkB-FL), are implicated in the aetiology of schizophrenia, as is N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA-R) hypofunction. However, whether NMDA-R hypofunction contributes to the disrupted BDNF signalling seen in patients remains unknown. AIMS The purpose of this study was to characterise BDNF signalling and function in a preclinical rodent model relevant to schizophrenia induced by prolonged NMDA-R hypofunction. METHODS Using the subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) model, we performed electrophysiology approaches, molecular characterisation and behavioural analysis. RESULTS The data showed that prolonged NMDA-R antagonism, induced by subchronic PCP treatment, impairs long-term potentiation (LTP) and the facilitatory effect of BDNF upon LTP in the medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) of adult mice. Additionally, TrkB-FL receptor expression is decreased in the PFC of these animals. By contrast, these changes were not present in the hippocampus of PCP-treated mice. Moreover, BDNF levels were not altered in the hippocampus or PFC of PCP-treated mice. Interestingly, these observations are paralleled by impaired performance in PFC-dependent cognitive tests in mice treated with PCP. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these data suggest that NMDA-R hypofunction induces dysfunctional BDNF signalling in the PFC, but not in the hippocampus, which may contribute to the PFC-dependent cognitive deficits seen in the subchronic PCP model. Additionally, these data suggest that targeting BDNF signalling may be a mechanism to improve PFC-dependent cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara R Tanqueiro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Francisco M Mouro
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Catarina B Ferreira
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Céline F Freitas
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - João Fonseca-Gomes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Frederico Simões do Couto
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Serviço de Psiquiatria e Saúde Mental, Hospital de Santa Maria - Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Norte, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana M Sebastião
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Neil Dawson
- Division of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medicine, Lancaster University, Lancaster, UK
| | - Maria J Diógenes
- Instituto de Farmacologia e Neurociências, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.,Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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6
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Noda Y, Uchida M, Mouri A, Yamada S, Goto S, Kitagaki S, Mamiya T, Kushima I, Arioka Y, Ozaki N, Yoshimi A. Involvement of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in behavioral abnormalities and psychological dependence in schizophrenia-like model mice. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 41:92-105. [PMID: 33109433 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2020.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The smoking incentive in patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) depends on stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in the central nervous system. To detect potential predictor genes for nicotine responses in SCZ, we explored common factor using research data in human and animal samples. In lymphoblastoid cell lines from SCZ, the mRNA expression level of α7 nAChR subunit was decreased. In SCZ-like model mice of phencyclidine (PCP; 10 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously for 14 days)-administered mice, the mRNA expression level of α7 nAChR subunit and protein expression level of α7 or α4 nAChR subunit were significantly decreased in the prefrontal cortex during PCP withdrawal. Protein, but not mRNA, expression levels of α7, α4, and β2 nAChR subunits were significantly increased in the nucleus accumbens. Acute (-)-nicotine [(-)-NIC: 0.3 mg/kg, s.c.] treatment attenuated impairments of social behaviors and visual recognition memory. These effects of (-)-NIC were completely blocked by both methyllycaconitine, a selective α7 nAChR antagonist, and dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE), a selective α4β2 nAChR antagonist. (-)-NIC did not induce conditioned place preference, but enhanced sensitivity to methamphetamine-induced hyperactivity. These findings suggest that α7 nAChR is associated with development of disease and is implicated in the therapeutic effect of nicotine in SCZ. The smoking incentive in SCZ might be attributed to treat their own symptoms, rather than a result of (-)-NIC dependence, by stimulating α7 and/or α4β2 nAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Noda
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Uchida
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Akihiro Mouri
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shokuro Yamada
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Sakika Goto
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
| | - Shinji Kitagaki
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Itaru Kushima
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Medical Genomics Center, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuko Arioka
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Norio Ozaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akira Yoshimi
- Division of Clinical Sciences and Neuropsychopharmacology, Faculty and Graduate School of Pharmacy, Meijo University, 150 Yagotoyama, Tempaku-ku, Nagoya 468-8503, Japan
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7
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Mouri A, Lee HJ, Mamiya T, Aoyama Y, Matsumoto Y, Kubota H, Huang WJ, Chiou LC, Nabeshima T. Hispidulin attenuates the social withdrawal in isolated disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 mutant and chronic phencyclidine-treated mice. Br J Pharmacol 2020; 177:3210-3224. [PMID: 32133633 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hispidulin is a flavonoid isolated from Clerodendrum inerme that was found to inhibit intractable motor tics. Previously, we found that hispidulin attenuates hyperlocomotion and the disrupted prepulse inhibition induced by methamphetamine and N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists, two phenotypes of schizophrenia resembling positive symptoms. Hispidulin can inhibit COMT, a dopamine-metabolizing enzyme in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) that is important for social interaction. Here, we investigated whether hispidulin would affect social withdrawal, one of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We examined whether acute administration of hispidulin would attenuate social withdrawal in two mice models, juvenile isolated disrupted-in-schizophrenia-1 mutant (mutDISC1) mice and chronic phencyclidine (PCP)-treated naïve mice. KEY RESULTS In chronic PCP-treated mice, hispidulin (10 mg·kg-1 , i.p.) attenuated social withdrawal similar to that observed with dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH-23390, 0.02 mg·kg-1 , i.p.) and was mimicked by the selective COMT inhibitor, OR-486 (10 mg·kg-1 , i.p.). Hispidulin increased extracellular dopamine levels in the PFC of chronic PCP-treated mice. In isolated mutDISC1 mice, hispidulin also reversed social withdrawal. In both models, intra-PFC microinjection of a D1 agonist (SKF-81297: 10 nmol/mouse/bilateral) reversed the impairment of Ser897 phosphorylation at the GluN1 subunit of NMDA receptors, suggesting the association between GluN1 Ser897 -phosphorylation and D1 activation in the PFC exits in both models. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Hispidulin attenuated social withdrawal by activating D1 receptors indirectly through elevated dopamine levels in the PFC by COMT inhibition. This nature of hispidulin suggests that it a potential novel therapeutic candidate for the treatment of negative symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Takayoshi Mamiya
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Aoyama
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yurie Matsumoto
- Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Kubota
- Department of Regulatory Science for Evaluation and Development of Pharmaceuticals and Devices, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Wei-Jan Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Acupuncture Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Toyoake, Japan.,Department of Chemical Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Meijo University, Nagoya, Japan.,Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate Use and Research, Nagoya, Japan
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8
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Lee G, Zhou Y. NMDAR Hypofunction Animal Models of Schizophrenia. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:185. [PMID: 31417356 PMCID: PMC6685005 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction hypothesis has been proposed to help understand the etiology and pathophysiology of schizophrenia. This hypothesis was based on early observations that NMDAR antagonists could induce a full range of symptoms of schizophrenia in normal human subjects. Accumulating evidence in humans and animal studies points to NMDAR hypofunctionality as a convergence point for various symptoms of schizophrenia. Here we review animal models of NMDAR hypofunction generated by pharmacological and genetic approaches, and how they relate to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. In addition, we discuss the limitations of animal models of NMDAR hypofunction and their potential utility for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yi Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Florida State University College of Medicine, Tallahassee, FL, United States
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9
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Macpherson T, Hikida T. Role of basal ganglia neurocircuitry in the pathology of psychiatric disorders. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 73:289-301. [PMID: 30734985 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.12830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few decades, advances in human and animal-based techniques have greatly enhanced our understanding of the neural mechanisms underlying psychiatric disorders. Many of these studies have indicated connectivity between and alterations within basal ganglia structures to be particularly pertinent to the development of symptoms associated with several of these disorders. Here we summarize the connectivity, molecular composition, and function of sites within basal ganglia neurocircuits. Then we review the current literature from both human and animal studies concerning altered basal ganglia function in five common psychiatric disorders: obsessive-compulsive disorder, substance-related and addiction disorders, major depressive disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and schizophrenia. Finally, we present a model based upon the findings of these studies that highlights the striatum as a particularly attractive target for restoring normal function to basal ganglia neurocircuits altered within psychiatric disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macpherson
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Hikida
- Laboratory for Advanced Brain Functions, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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10
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Arenas MC, Navarro-Francés CI, Montagud-Romero S, Miñarro J, Manzanedo C. Baseline prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex predicts the sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine in male and female mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:2651-2663. [PMID: 29955900 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-4959-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex is a model of pre-attentional inhibitory function. The dopamine baseline in the nucleus accumbens plays a key role in PPI regulation as well as in the rewarding effects of cocaine. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive ability of PPI to identify the more vulnerable mice of both sexes to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine. METHODS Male and female OF1 mice were first tested in the PPI paradigm to classify them as high or low PPI. Afterwards, they were evaluated in the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm induced by cocaine (1, 6 and 12 mg/kg). Moreover, the D1R and D2R protein expressions in the striatum of high and low PPI animals were analysed by Western blot. RESULTS Only high-PPI mice acquired CPP induced by low doses of cocaine (1 and 6 mg/kg), while the low-PPI mice needed a higher dose of cocaine (12 mg/kg) to acquire the CPP, but once mice were conditioned, males did not extinguish the conditioned preference and females reinstated the preference with lower doses of cocaine than their control counterparts. Low-PPI animals, especially females, showed higher basal levels of D2R than those with a higher PPI. CONCLUSIONS Low-PPI mice presented a lower sensitivity to the conditioned rewarding effects of cocaine, but once they were conditioned with a higher dose, they displayed a stronger, perseverant conditioned preference. The predictive capacity of PPI to detect the more vulnerable mice to the conditioned effects of cocaine is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Arenas
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain.
| | - C I Navarro-Francés
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - S Montagud-Romero
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Miñarro
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Manzanedo
- Unidad de investigación Psicobiología de las Drogodependencias, Departamento de Psicobiología, Facultad de Psicología, Universitat de València, Avda. Blasco Ibañez, 21, 46010, Valencia, Spain
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11
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The role of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors and metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 in the prepulse inhibition paradigms for studying schizophrenia: pharmacology, neurodevelopment, and genetics. Behav Pharmacol 2018; 29:13-27. [DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Unal G, Ates A, Aricioglu F. Agmatine-attenuated cognitive and social deficits in subchronic MK-801 model of schizophrenia in rats. PSYCHIAT CLIN PSYCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/24750573.2018.1426696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gokhan Unal
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Alpay Ates
- Department of Psychiatry, GATA Haydarpaşa Training Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Feyza Aricioglu
- Department of Pharmacology and Psychopharmacology Research Unit, Faculty of Pharmacy, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
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13
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Asif-Malik A, Dautan D, Young AMJ, Gerdjikov TV. Altered cortico-striatal crosstalk underlies object recognition memory deficits in the sub-chronic phencyclidine model of schizophrenia. Brain Struct Funct 2017; 222:3179-3190. [PMID: 28293729 PMCID: PMC5585296 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-017-1393-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The neural mechanisms underlying cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are poorly understood. Sub-chronic treatment with the NMDA antagonist phencyclidine (PCP) produces cognitive abnormalities in rodents that reliably model aspects of the neurocognitive alterations observed in schizophrenia. Given that network activity across regions encompassing medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays a significant role in motivational and cognitive tasks, we measured activity across cortico-striatal pathways in PCP-treated rats to characterize neural enabling and encoding of task performance in a novel object recognition task. We found that PCP treatment impaired task performance and concurrently (1) reduced tonic NAc neuronal activity, (2) desynchronized cross-activation of mPFC and NAc neurons, and (3) prevented the increase in mPFC and NAc neural activity associated with the exploration of a novel object in relation to a familiar object. Taken together, these observations reveal key neuronal and network-level adaptations underlying PCP-induced cognitive deficits, which may contribute to the emergence of cognitive abnormalities in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aman Asif-Malik
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Daniel Dautan
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Andrew M J Young
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Todor V Gerdjikov
- Department of Neuroscience, Psychology and Behaviour, University of Leicester, Leicester, LE1 9HN, UK.
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14
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Zhang M, Li M. Behavioral and pharmacological validation of an integrated fear-potentiated startle and prepulse inhibition paradigm. Behav Brain Res 2016; 307:176-85. [PMID: 27059335 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Fear-potentiated startle (FPS) and prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle are two widely used paradigms specifically designed to capture the impact of negative emotion (e.g. fear) and preattentive function on startle response. Currently, there is no single paradigm that incorporates both FPS and PPI, making it impossible to examine the potential interactions between fear and attention in the regulation of startle response. In this study, we developed an integrated FPS and PPI test protocol and validated it with psychoactive drugs. In Experiment 1, male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to one of five groups, receiving either Light -Shock conditioning trials, non-overlapping Lights and Shocks, Light alone, Shock alone, or no Light and Shock. They were then tested for startle response and PPI concurrently, under the Light or No Light. FPS was observed only in rats subjected to fear conditioning, whereas all rats showed PPI and startle habituation. Experiment 2 used this paradigm and demonstrated a dissociative effect between diazepam (an anxiolytic drug) and phencyclidine (a nonselective NMDA receptor antagonist) on FPS and PPI. Diazepam suppressed both FPS and PPI, while PCP selectively disrupted PPI but not FPS. The diazepam's anxiolytic effect on FPS was further confirmed in the elevated plus maze test. Together, our findings indicate that our paradigm combines FPS and PPI into a single paradigm, and that is useful to examine potential interactions between multiple psychological processes, to identify the common neural substrates and to screen new drugs with multiple psychoactive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjiao Zhang
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
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15
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Grayson B, Barnes SA, Markou A, Piercy C, Podda G, Neill JC. Postnatal Phencyclidine (PCP) as a Neurodevelopmental Animal Model of Schizophrenia Pathophysiology and Symptomatology: A Review. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2016; 29:403-428. [PMID: 26510740 DOI: 10.1007/7854_2015_403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms of schizophrenia remain an unmet clinical need. Therefore, it is essential that new treatments and approaches are developed to recover the cognitive and social impairments that are seen in patients with schizophrenia. These may only be discovered through the use of carefully validated, aetiologically relevant and translational animal models. With recent renewed interest in the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia, postnatal administration of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) has been proposed as a model that can mimic aspects of schizophrenia pathophysiology. The purpose of the current review is to examine the validity of this model and compare it with the adult subchronic PCP model. We review the ability of postnatal PCP administration to produce behaviours (specifically cognitive deficits) and neuropathology of relevance to schizophrenia and their subsequent reversal by pharmacological treatments. We review studies investigating effects of postnatal PCP on cognitive domains in schizophrenia in rats. Morris water maze and delayed spontaneous alternation tasks have been used for working memory, attentional set-shifting for executive function, social novelty discrimination for selective attention and prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle for sensorimotor gating. In addition, we review studies on locomotor activity and neuropathology. We also include two studies using dual hit models incorporating postnatal PCP and two studies on social behaviour deficits following postnatal PCP. Overall, the evidence we provide supports the use of postnatal PCP to model cognitive and neuropathological disturbances of relevance to schizophrenia. To date, there is a lack of evidence to support a significant advantage of postnatal PCP over the adult subchronic PCP model and full advantage has not been taken of its neurodevelopmental component. When thoroughly characterised, it is likely that it will provide a useful neurodevelopmental model to complement other models such as maternal immune activation, particularly when combined with other manipulations to produce dual or triple hit models. However, the developmental trajectory of behavioural and neuropathological changes induced by postnatal PCP and their relevance to schizophrenia must be carefully mapped out. Overall, we support further development of dual (or triple) hit models incorporating genetic, neurodevelopmental and appropriate environmental elements in the search for more aetiologically valid animal models of schizophrenia and neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Grayson
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
| | - S A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - A Markou
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92093-0603, USA
| | - C Piercy
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - G Podda
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - J C Neill
- Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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16
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Gomes FV, Issy AC, Ferreira FR, Viveros MP, Del Bel EA, Guimarães FS. Cannabidiol attenuates sensorimotor gating disruption and molecular changes induced by chronic antagonism of NMDA receptors in mice. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2015; 18:pyu041. [PMID: 25618402 PMCID: PMC4376539 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Preclinical and clinical data suggest that cannabidiol (CBD), a major non-psychotomimetic compound from Cannabis sativa, induces antipsychotic-like effects. However, the antipsychotic properties of repeated CBD treatment have been poorly investigated. Behavioral changes induced by repeated treatment with glutamate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) antagonists have been proposed as an animal model of schizophrenia-like signs. In the present study, we evaluated if repeated treatment with CBD would attenuate the behavioral and molecular modifications induced by chronic administration of one of these antagonists, MK-801. METHODS Male C57BL/6J mice received daily i.p. injections of MK-801 (0.1, 0.5, or 1mg/kg) for 14, 21, or 28 days. Twenty-four hours after the last injection, animals were submitted to the prepulse inhibition (PPI) test. After that, we investigated if repeated treatment with CBD (15, 30, and 60mg/kg) would attenuate the PPI impairment induced by chronic treatment with MK-801 (1mg/kg; 28 days). CBD treatment began on the 6th day after the start of MK-801 administration and continued until the end of the treatment. Immediately after the PPI, the mice brains were removed and processed to evaluate the molecular changes. We measured changes in FosB/ΔFosB and parvalbumin (PV) expression, a marker of neuronal activity and a calcium-binding protein expressed in a subclass of GABAergic interneurons, respectively. Changes in mRNA expression of the NMDAR GluN1 subunit gene (GRN1) were also evaluated. CBD effects were compared to those induced by the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. RESULTS MK-801 administration at the dose of 1mg/kg for 28 days impaired PPI responses. Chronic treatment with CBD (30 and 60mg/kg) attenuated PPI impairment. MK-801 treatment increased FosB/ΔFosB expression and decreased PV expression in the medial prefrontal cortex. A decreased mRNA level of GRN1 in the hippocampus was also observed. All the molecular changes were attenuated by CBD. CBD by itself did not induce any effect. Moreover, CBD effects were similar to those induced by repeated clozapine treatment. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that repeated treatment with CBD, similar to clozapine, reverses the psychotomimetic-like effects and attenuates molecular changes observed after chronic administration of an NMDAR antagonist. These data support the view that CBD may have antipsychotic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe V Gomes
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros).
| | - Ana Carolina Issy
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros)
| | - Frederico R Ferreira
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros)
| | - Maria-Paz Viveros
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros)
| | - Elaine A Del Bel
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros)
| | - Francisco S Guimarães
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes and Guimarães); Department of Physiology, Faculty of Odontology of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Issy and Del Bel); Center for Interdisciplinary Research on Applied Neurosciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil (Gomes, Issy, Del Bel, and Guimarães); Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Ferreira); Department of Physiology (Animal Physiology II), Faculty of Biology, Complutense University of Madrid, Spain (Viveros)
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17
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Barnes SA, Sawiak SJ, Caprioli D, Jupp B, Buonincontri G, Mar AC, Harte MK, Fletcher PC, Robbins TW, Neill JC, Dalley JW. Impaired limbic cortico-striatal structure and sustained visual attention in a rodent model of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 18:pyu010. [PMID: 25552430 PMCID: PMC4368881 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyu010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) dysfunction is thought to contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Accordingly, NMDAR antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) are used widely in experimental animals to model cognitive impairment associated with this disorder. However, it is unclear whether PCP disrupts the structural integrity of brain areas relevant to the profile of cognitive impairment in schizophrenia. METHODS Here we used high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging and voxel-based morphometry to investigate structural alterations associated with sub-chronic PCP treatment in rats. RESULTS Sub-chronic exposure of rats to PCP (5mg/kg twice daily for 7 days) impaired sustained visual attention on a 5-choice serial reaction time task, notably when the attentional load was increased. In contrast, sub-chronic PCP had no significant effect on the attentional filtering of a pre-pulse auditory stimulus in an acoustic startle paradigm. Voxel-based morphometry revealed significantly reduced grey matter density bilaterally in the hippocampus, anterior cingulate cortex, ventral striatum, and amygdala. PCP-treated rats also exhibited reduced cortical thickness in the insular cortex. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that sub-chronic NMDA receptor antagonism is sufficient to produce highly-localized morphological abnormalities in brain areas implicated in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia. Furthermore, PCP exposure resulted in dissociable impairments in attentional function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Barnes
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Stephen J Sawiak
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Bianca Jupp
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Guido Buonincontri
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Adam C Mar
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Michael K Harte
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Paul C Fletcher
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Trevor W Robbins
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Jo C Neill
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill)
| | - Jeffrey W Dalley
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA (Dr Barnes); Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing St, Cambridge UK (Drs Sawiak, Caprioli, Jupp, Mar, Fletcher, Robbins, and Dalley); Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Sawiak and Buonincontri); Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK (Drs Fletcher and Dalley); Manchester Pharmacy School, University of Manchester, UK (Drs Harte and Neill).
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Shu Q, Hu G, Li M. Adult response to olanzapine or clozapine treatment is altered by adolescent antipsychotic exposure: a preclinical test in the phencyclidine hyperlocomotion model. J Psychopharmacol 2014; 28:363-75. [PMID: 24257809 PMCID: PMC4818982 DOI: 10.1177/0269881113512039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study examined how repeated olanzapine (OLZ) or clozapine (CLZ) treatment in adolescence alters sensitivity to the same drug in adulthood in the phencyclidine (PCP) hyperlocomotion model. Male adolescent Sprague-Dawley rats (postnatal day (P) 44-48) were first treated with OLZ (1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg, subcutaneously (sc)) or CLZ (10.0 or 20.0 mg/kg, sc) and tested in the PCP (3.2 mg/kg, sc)-induced hyperlocomotion model for five consecutive days. Then a challenge test with OLZ (0.5 mg/kg) or CLZ (5.0 mg/kg) was administered either during adolescence (~P 51) or after the rats matured into adults (~P 76 and 91). During adolescence, repeated OLZ or CLZ treatment produced a persistent inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion across the five test days. In the challenge test during adolescence, rats previously treated with OLZ did not show a significantly stronger inhibition of PCP-induced hyperlocomotion than those previously treated with vehicle (VEH). In contrast, those previously treated with CLZ showed a weaker inhibition than the VEH controls. When assessed in adulthood, the enhanced sensitivity to OLZ and the decreased sensitivity to CLZ were detected on ~P 76, even on ~P 91 in the case of OLZ. These findings suggest that adolescent OLZ or CLZ exposure can induce long-term alterations in antipsychotic response that persist into adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Shu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China,Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Gang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
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Miyamoto Y, Nitta A. Behavioral Phenotypes for Negative Symptoms in Animal Models of Schizophrenia. J Pharmacol Sci 2014; 126:310-20. [DOI: 10.1254/jphs.14r02cr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
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Mouri A, Nagai T, Ibi D, Yamada K. Animal models of schizophrenia for molecular and pharmacological intervention and potential candidate molecules. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 53:61-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2012.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Petrovszki Z, Adam G, Tuboly G, Kekesi G, Benedek G, Keri S, Horvath G. Characterization of gene–environment interactions by behavioral profiling of selectively bred rats: The effect of NMDA receptor inhibition and social isolation. Behav Brain Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Sani G, Serra G, Kotzalidis GD, Romano S, Tamorri SM, Manfredi G, Caloro M, Telesforo CL, Caltagirone SS, Panaccione I, Simonetti A, Demontis F, Serra G, Girardi P. The role of memantine in the treatment of psychiatric disorders other than the dementias: a review of current preclinical and clinical evidence. CNS Drugs 2012; 26:663-90. [PMID: 22784018 DOI: 10.2165/11634390-000000000-00000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Memantine, a non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist approved for Alzheimer's disease with a good safety profile, is increasingly being studied in a variety of non-dementia psychiatric disorders. We aimed to critically review relevant literature on the use of the drug in such disorders. We performed a PubMed search of the effects of memantine in animal models of psychiatric disorders and its effects in human studies of specific psychiatric disorders. The bulk of the data relates to the effects of memantine in major depressive disorder and schizophrenia, although more recent studies have provided data on the use of the drug in bipolar disorder as an add-on. Despite interesting preclinical data, results in major depression are not encouraging. Animal studies investigating the possible usefulness of memantine in schizophrenia are controversial; however, interesting findings were obtained in open studies of schizophrenia, but negative placebo-controlled, double-blind studies cast doubt on their validity. The effects of memantine in anxiety disorders have been poorly investigated, but data indicate that the use of the drug in obsessive-compulsive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder holds promise, while findings relating to generalized anxiety disorder are rather disappointing. Results in eating disorders, catatonia, impulse control disorders (pathological gambling), substance and alcohol abuse/dependence, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder are inconclusive. In most psychiatric non-Alzheimer's disease conditions, the clinical data fail to support the usefulness of memantine as monotherapy or add-on treatment However, recent preclinical and clinical findings suggest that add-on memantine may show antimanic and mood-stabilizing effects in treatment-resistant bipolar disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sani
- NeSMOS Department (Neurosciences, Mental Health, and Sensory Organs), School of Medicine and Psychology, Sapienza University, UOC Psychiatry, SantAndrea Hospital, Rome, Italy.
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23
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Hickey AJ, Reynolds JN, Beninger RJ. Post-weaning social isolation and subchronic NMDA glutamate receptor blockade: effects on locomotor activity and GABA signaling in the rat suggest independent mechanisms. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2012; 101:231-8. [PMID: 22293110 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2012.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Animal models of schizophrenia symptoms include administration of noncompetitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) glutamate receptor antagonists, such as MK-801, and post-weaning social isolation (SI). We tested the hypothesis that a "double-hit" model, in which MK-801 administration during adulthood [post-natal day (P) 56-62] and SI are combined, produces greater behavioral and neurochemical effects than either insult alone. Rats obtained at weaning (P21) were either SI (n=21) or group housed (n=16) for the duration of the experiment. Subgroups received subchronic treatment with MK-801 (0.5 mg/kg i.p., 2 times daily for 7 days) or saline injections from P56-62. At P70, all groups were tested for locomotor activity and subsequently sacrificed to assess GAT-1 activity and GABA(A) receptor expression in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. SI resulted in increased locomotor activity, GAT-1 activity in frontal cortex and hippocampus and GABA(A) receptor expression in the frontal cortex; MK-801 increased GABA(A) receptor expression in the hippocampus. Activity changes were correlated with changes in hippocampal GAT-1 and frontocortical GABA(A) receptor number. There was no evidence that the double-hit produced a greater effect. Increased GAT-1 activity may be associated with suppression of GABA-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission and increased GABA(A) receptor expression may be a compensatory response to decreased availability of GABA. Results suggest that SI and subchronic MK-801 may act through independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea J Hickey
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada K7L 3N6
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Jones CA, Watson DJG, Fone KCF. Animal models of schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 164:1162-94. [PMID: 21449915 PMCID: PMC3229756 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01386.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2010] [Revised: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 03/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing reliable, predictive animal models for complex psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, is essential to increase our understanding of the neurobiological basis of the disorder and for the development of novel drugs with improved therapeutic efficacy. All available animal models of schizophrenia fit into four different induction categories: developmental, drug-induced, lesion or genetic manipulation, and the best characterized examples of each type are reviewed herein. Most rodent models have behavioural phenotype changes that resemble 'positive-like' symptoms of schizophrenia, probably reflecting altered mesolimbic dopamine function, but fewer models also show altered social interaction, and learning and memory impairment, analogous to negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia respectively. The negative and cognitive impairments in schizophrenia are resistant to treatment with current antipsychotics, even after remission of the psychosis, which limits their therapeutic efficacy. The MATRICS initiative developed a consensus on the core cognitive deficits of schizophrenic patients, and recommended a standardized test battery to evaluate them. More recently, work has begun to identify specific rodent behavioural tasks with translational relevance to specific cognitive domains affected in schizophrenia, and where available this review focuses on reporting the effect of current and potential antipsychotics on these tasks. The review also highlights the need to develop more comprehensive animal models that more adequately replicate deficits in negative and cognitive symptoms. Increasing information on the neurochemical and structural CNS changes accompanying each model will also help assess treatments that prevent the development of schizophrenia rather than treating the symptoms, another pivotal change required to enable new more effective therapeutic strategies to be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Jones
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, The University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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25
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Li M, He W, Chen J. Time course of prepulse inhibition disruption induced by dopamine agonists and NMDA antagonists: effects of drug administration regimen. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011; 99:509-18. [PMID: 21600239 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2011.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) of acoustic startle response is impaired in patients with schizophrenia and in animals acutely treated with dopamine agonists and NMDA antagonists. In this study, we investigated the time course of PPI disruption induced by repeated amphetamine, quinpirole, phencyclidine (PCP), and dizocilpine (MK-801) treatment. We focused on how PPI disruption development was influenced by drug administration regimens, comparing a constant versus an escalating dosing regimen. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were repeatedly treated with amphetamine (1.25-5.0 mg/kg, or constant 5.0 mg/kg, sc), PCP (0.50-2.0 mg/kg, or constant 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 mg/kg, sc), quinpirole (0.03-0.12 mg/kg, or constant 0.12 mg/kg, sc), MK-801 (0.025-0.10 mg/kg, or constant 0.10 mg/kg, sc) or vehicle (saline) and tested for PPI once daily for 6 consecutive days. When amphetamine 5.0 mg/kg or quinpirole 0.12 mg/kg was administrated on a constant dosing schedule, both drugs disrupted PPI upon acute administration, but had no effect after repeated treatment and testing (days 2-5). However, when amphetamine 5.0 mg/kg or quinpirole 0.12 mg/kg was preceded by two lower doses in an escalating dosing regimen, both drugs still disrupted PPI on days 5 and 6 when the constant amphetamine and quinpirole had no effect. For PCP and MK-801, repeated treatment under both regimens produced a stable and persistent disruption of PPI. Startle magnitude increased progressively and dose-dependently under both regimens for all drugs except for quinpirole, which caused a decrease. These results suggest that the drug dosing schedule, rather than the absolute amount of drug that an animal receives, has a greater impact on the development of PPI-disruptive effect of dopamine agonists than NMDA antagonists. Thus, in order to mimic the emerging process of PPI deficit with dopamine agonists, an escalating dosing regimen should be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Department of Psychology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588-0308, USA.
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26
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Shuto T, Nishi A. Treatment of the psychostimulant-sensitized animal model of schizophrenia. CNS Neurosci Ther 2010; 17:133-9. [PMID: 21159151 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00218.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral sensitization to psychostimulants in rodents is associated with the alteration of dopaminergic neurotransmission, and has been proposed as a useful model of schizophrenia due to its progressively intensifying, easily relapsing, and long-lasting features. Pharmacological treatments that reverse the established sensitization may have potential therapeutic values for schizophrenia. The present aim is to review pharmacological treatments that induce the reversal of established sensitization to psychostimulants. In addition, we discuss possible mechanisms for the reversal of sensitization. Reversal of sensitization is induced by chronic dopamine D1 receptor agonism, D2 or D1/D2 receptor agonism combined with mild N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonism or serotonin (5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(3) ) receptor antagonism, 5-HT(1A) receptor agonism, and 5-HT(2A) or 5-HT(3) receptor antagonism. Chronic treatments with these drugs likely adjust altered dopaminergic neurotransmission in sensitized animals. Especially, chronic dopamine D1 receptor agonism, which may adjust mesolimbic hyperdopaminergic and mesocortical hypodopaminergic functions in sensitized animals, is an attractive therapeutic approach for schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahide Shuto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan.
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27
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Barkus E, Murray RM. Substance use in adolescence and psychosis: clarifying the relationship. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2010; 6:365-89. [PMID: 20192802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.121208.131220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of exploration of the self, and this exploration may involve the use of alcohol and drugs. Sadly, for some, adolescence also marks the first signs of a psychosis. The temporal proximity between the onset of substance use and of psychosis has been the cause of much debate. Here we review the association of alcohol, cannabis, stimulants, and other drugs with psychosis, and we conclude that the use of cannabis and the amphetamines significantly contributes to the risk of psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Barkus
- Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, SE58A4 London, United Kingdom.
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Bellesi M, Conti F. The mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effects of GLT-1 upregulation on prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1253-60. [PMID: 20072121 PMCID: PMC3055342 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2009.225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The main glutamate transporter GLT-1 is responsible for clearing synaptically released glutamate from the extracellular space and contributes to the shaping of glutamatergic transmission. Recently, it has been shown that ceftriaxone (CEF)-induced GLT-1 upregulation is associated with an impairment of the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the startle reflex, a simple form of information processing that is reduced in schizophrenia, and determines a strong reduction in hippocampal metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR)2/3-dependent long-term depression. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that administration of the mGluR2/3 agonist LY379268 blocks the effect of GLT-1 upregulation on PPI of the startle. We showed that administration of LY379268 (1 mg/kg) prevented PPI alterations associated with GLT-1 upregulation, suggesting that CEF-induced PPI impairment was mGluR2/3 dependent. In addition, we showed that CEF-induced GLT-1 upregulaton did not alter the expression of mGluR2/3, and also that it occurred at sites of mGluR2/3 expression. These results indicate a novel mechanism by which GLT-1 upregulation modulates PPI of the startle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellesi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Fiorenzo Conti
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
- Fondazione di Medicina Molecolare, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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29
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Thomsen MS, Hansen HH, Mikkelsen JD. Opposite effect of phencyclidine on activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) in juvenile and adult limbic rat brain regions. Neurochem Int 2009; 56:270-5. [PMID: 19897002 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2009.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Revised: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 10/28/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The psychotomimetic effect of NMDA antagonists such as phencyclidine (PCP) in humans spurred the hypoglutamatergic theory of schizophrenia. This theory is supported by animal studies demonstrating schizophrenia-like behavioral and molecular changes following PCP administration to adult or neonatal animals. However, schizophrenia is believed to develop in part due to neurodevelopmental dysfunction during adolescence. Therefore, the effects of PCP in juvenile animals may better reflect the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Here, we compare the effect of PCP (5mg/kg/day for 5 days) on activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) and parvalbumin mRNA expression in juvenile and adult rats. Arc is a marker for excitatory neurotransmission. Parvalbumin is a marker for GABAergic neurotransmission, known to be reduced in postmortem brains of schizophrenics. PCP reduced parvalbumin mRNA expression in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), ventrolateral orbitofrontal cortex (VLO) and shell of the nucleus accumbens (ACCshell) in both juvenile and adult rats. Contrarily, PCP produced opposite effects on Arc mRNA expression in the mPFC, VLO and ACCshell, leading to decreased expression in juvenile and increased expression in adult rats. The differential effect of PCP in juvenile and adult rats may be caused by the immature functional state of the prefrontal cortex in juvenile rats. These results demonstrate differences between the effects of PCP in juvenile and adult rats. The decrease in Arc mRNA in juvenile rats corresponds best with the proposed "hypofrontality" in schizophrenia, suggesting the merits of using PCP in juvenile animals as a model for schizophrenia, as this would relate better to the typical onset and clinical features of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morten S Thomsen
- Copenhagen University Hospital, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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30
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Dissanayake DW, Zachariou M, Marsden CA, Mason R. Effects of phencyclidine on auditory gating in the rat hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex. Brain Res 2009; 1298:153-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 08/07/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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31
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Leussis MP, Frayne ML, Saito M, Berry EM, Aldinger KA, Rockwell GN, Hammer RP, Baskin-Hill AE, Singer JB, Nadeau JH, Sklar P, Petryshen TL. Genomic survey of prepulse inhibition in mouse chromosome substitution strains. GENES BRAIN AND BEHAVIOR 2009; 8:806-16. [PMID: 19694817 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-183x.2009.00526.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Prepulse inhibition (PPI) is a measure of sensorimotor gating, a pre-attentional inhibitory brain mechanism that filters extraneous stimuli. Prepulse inhibition is correlated with measures of cognition and executive functioning, and is considered an endophenotype of schizophrenia and other psychiatric illnesses in which patients show PPI impairments. As a first step toward identifying genes that regulate PPI, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) screen of PPI phenotypes in a panel of mouse chromosome substitution strains (CSSs). We identified five CSSs with altered PPI compared with the host C57BL/6J strain: CSS-4 exhibited decreased PPI, whereas CSS-10, -11, -16 and -Y exhibited higher PPI compared with C57BL/6J. These data indicate that A/J chromosomes 4, 10, 11, 16 and Y harbor at least one QTL region that modulates PPI in these CSSs. Quantitative trait loci for the acoustic startle response were identified on seven chromosomes. Like PPI, habituation of the startle response is also disrupted in schizophrenia, and in the present study CSS-7 and -8 exhibited deficits in startle habituation. Linkage analysis of an F(2) intercross identified a highly significant QTL for PPI on chromosome 11 between positions 101.5 and 114.4 Mb (peak LOD = 4.54). Future studies will map the specific genes contributing to these QTLs using congenic strains and other genomic approaches. Identification of genes that modulate PPI will provide insight into the neural mechanisms underlying sensorimotor gating, as well as the psychopathology of disorders characterized by gating deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Leussis
- Psychiatric and Neurodevelopmental Genetics Unit, Center for Human Genetic Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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32
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Bellesi M, Melone M, Gubbini A, Battistacci S, Conti F. GLT-1 upregulation impairs prepulse inhibition of the startle reflex in adult rats. Glia 2009; 57:703-13. [PMID: 18985735 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that glutamate transporter GLT-1 (also known as EAAT2) plays a role in the regulation of prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex, a simple form of information processing which is reduced in schizophrenia. To do this, we studied PPI in rats treated with ceftriaxone (200 mg/kg/day for 8 days), an antibiotic that selectively enhances GLT-1 expression and activity. We showed that ceftriaxone-induced GLT-1 upregulation is associated with impaired PPI of the startle, that this effect is reversed by dihydrokainate, a GLT-1 antagonist, that GLT-1 expression correlates negatively with PPI, and that PPI normalizes when GLT-1a levels return to baseline. Our data indicate that GLT-1 regulates PPI of the startle reflex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Bellesi
- Dipartimento di Neuroscienze, Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
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33
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Abstract
Reduced prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle provides evidence of deficient sensorimotor gating in several disorders, including schizophrenia. The role of NMDA neurotransmission in the regulation of PPI is unclear, due to cross-species differences in the effects of NMDA antagonists on PPI. Recent reports suggest that drug effects on PPI differ in subgroups of normal humans that differ in the levels of baseline PPI or specific personality domains; here, we tested the effects of these variables on the sensitivity of PPI to the NMDA antagonist, memantine. PPI was measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats, after treatment with memantine (0, 10 or 20 mg/kg, s.c.). Baseline PPI was then measured in 37 healthy adult men. Next, subjects were tested twice, in a double-blind crossover design, comparing either (1) placebo vs 20 mg of the NMDA antagonist memantine (n=19) or (2) placebo vs 30 mg memantine (n=18). Tests included measures of acoustic startle amplitude, PPI, autonomic indices and subjective self-rating scales. Memantine had dose- and interval-dependent effects on PPI in rats. Compared with vehicle, 10 mg/kg increased short-interval (10-20 ms) PPI, and 20 mg/kg decreased long-interval (120 ms) PPI. In humans, memantine caused dose-dependent effects on psychological and somatic measures: 20 mg was associated with increased ratings of happiness, and 30 mg was associated with increased ratings of dizziness. PPI at the 120 ms prepulse interval was increased by 20 mg, but not 30 mg of memantine. Subgroups most sensitive to the PPI-enhancing effects of memantine were those with low baseline PPI, or with personality scale scores suggestive of high novelty seeking, high sensation seeking, or high disinhibition. NMDA blockade with memantine appears to have dose- and interval-dependent effects on sensorimotor gating in rats and humans, particularly among specific subgroups of normal human subjects. These findings are discussed as they relate to consistencies across other studies in humans, as well as apparent inconsistencies in the NMDA regulation of PPI across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R Swerdlow
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
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Tunstall B, Beckett S, Mason R. Ultrasonic vocalisations explain unexpected effects on pre-pulse inhibition responses in rats chronically pre-treated with phencyclidine. Behav Brain Res 2009; 202:184-91. [PMID: 19463700 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/20/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in pre-pulse inhibition (PPI-indicative of psychosis in humans) can be replicated in rats using the NMDA receptor antagonist phencyclidine (PCP). Ultrasonic vocalisations (USVs) produced by rats in response to acoustic startle are indicative of heightened anxiety; here we tested the predictive validity of USVs as an indicator of PPI. Male juvenile Sprague-Dawley rats (n=10) were treated for 14 days with either PCP (5mg/kg i.p.) or saline controls (1 ml/kg i.p.). PPI responses and USVs were recorded on days 16 and 19. PCP-treated rats showed decreased PPI performance on day 16 compared to controls; an observation that was unexpectedly reversed on day 19. Call parameters indicated that both treatment groups experienced similar levels of anxiety in response to the PPI paradigm on day 16. On day 19, the controls showed increased call duration and latency to onset (LtO) of calling, but decreased in the total number of calls produced compared to day 16. The calling period was significantly reduced compared to PCP-treated animals on say 19, whilst the LtO and duration were significantly increased. These changes were considered indicative of heightened levels of anxiety, most likely due to inadvertent fear conditioning (supported by reduced PPI performance) acquired during PPI testing. In contrast, the stability of USV characteristics emitted by PCP treated animals likely signified the detrimental effects of chronic PCP treatment on working memory. These results suggest that USVs are a valuable additional measure during PPI testing, helping to explain the unexpected results from our control group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Tunstall
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, United Kingdom.
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35
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Rasmussen BA, Perry DC, O’Neil J, Manaye KF, Tizabi Y. Effects of nicotine on sensorimotor gating impairment induced by long-term treatment with neurotoxic NMDA antagonism. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:151-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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36
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Wedzony K, Fijal K, Mackowiak M, Chocyk A, Zajaczkowski W. Impact of postnatal blockade of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors on rat behavior: A search for a new developmental model of schizophrenia. Neuroscience 2008; 153:1370-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2008.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2008] [Revised: 02/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/08/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Tizabi Y. Nicotine and nicotinic system in hypoglutamatergic models of schizophrenia. Neurotox Res 2008; 12:233-46. [PMID: 18201951 DOI: 10.1007/bf03033907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder with devastating consequences. It is characterized by thought fragmentation, hallucination and delusion, collectively referred to as positive symptoms. In addition, mood changes or affective disorders, referred to as negative symptoms, as well as cognitive impairments can be manifested in these patients. Arguably, modeling such a disorder in its entirety in animals might not be feasible. Despite this limitation, various models with significant construct, predictive and some face validity have been developed. One such model, based on hypoglutamatergic hypothesis of schizophrenia, makes use of administering NMDA receptor antagonists and evaluating behavioral paradigms such as sensorimotor gating. Because of very high incidence of smoking among schizophrenic patients, it has been postulated that some of these patients may actually be self medicating with tobacco's nicotine. Research on nicotinic-glutamatergic interactions using various animal models has yielded conflicting results. In this review, some of these models and possible confounding factors are discussed. Overall, a therapeutic potential for nicotinic agonists in schizophrenia can be suggested. Moreover, it is evident that various experimental paradigms or models of schizophrenia symptoms need to be combined to provide a wider spectrum of the behavioral phenotype, as each model has its inherent limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Tizabi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Howard University, Washington, DC 20059, USA.
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38
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Harich S, Koch M, Schwabe K. Effects of repeated dizocilpine treatment on adult rat behavior after neonatal lesions of the entorhinal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2008; 32:816-27. [PMID: 18221827 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2007.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 12/03/2007] [Accepted: 12/16/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disturbed cortical development is implicated in some psychiatric diseases, e.g. in schizophrenia. Additionally, N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists like ketamine or phencyclidine have been reported to exacerbate schizophrenic symptoms. We here investigated the effects of neonatal entorhinal cortex (EC) lesions on adult rat behavior before and after repeated high-dose treatment with the NMDA antagonist dizocilpine, in order to combine these etiopathogenetical factors in an animal model. Bilateral neonatal (postnatal day 7) lesions were induced by microinjection of ibotenic acid (1.3 microg/0.2 microl PBS) into the EC. Naive and sham-lesioned rats served as controls. Adult rats were tested for behavioral flexibility on a cross maze, for locomotor activity in the open field and for sensorimotor gating using prepulse inhibition (PPI) of startle. Rats were then treated with dizocilpine (0.5 mg/kg b.i.d. for 7 days) and retested 1 week after withdrawal using the same behavioral tests as before. PPI was additionally measured after acute low-dose challenge with dizocilpine (0.15 mg/kg). EC lesions reduced behavioral flexibility as shown by impaired switching between spatial (allocentric) and non-spatial (egocentric) maze strategies. High-dose dizocilpine treatment disturbed switching to the egocentric strategy in all groups, which added to the effect of EC lesions. Neonatal EC lesions did not alter locomotor activity or PPI, but high-dose dizocilpine treatment reduced motor activity of all groups without changing PPI. The combination of neonatal EC lesions and adult dizocilpine treatment does not lead to super-additive effects on behavior. However, both treatments may serve to model certain aspects of psychiatric symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Harich
- Brain Research Institute, Department of Neuropharmacology, University of Bremen, P.O. Box 33 04 40, 28334 Bremen, Germany.
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Seo T, Sumiyoshi T, Tsunoda M, Tanaka K, Uehara T, Matsuoka T, Itoh H, Kurachi M. T-817MA, a novel neurotrophic compound, ameliorates phencyclidine-induced disruption of sensorimotor gating. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2008; 197:457-64. [PMID: 18251012 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-1057-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Accepted: 12/18/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Neurodegenerative changes have been suggested to provide a basis for the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. T-817MA (1-{3-[2-(1-benzothiophen-5-yl) ethoxy] propyl} azetidin-3-ol maleate) is a novel compound with neuroprotective and neurite-outgrowth effects, as elicited in rat primary cultured neurons. OBJECTIVES We examined the effect of T-817MA on phencyclidine (PCP)-induced disruption of prepulse inhibition (PPI), a measure of sensorimotor gating, in male Wistar rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS In chronic experiments, male Wistar rats were injected intermittently with PCP (2.0 mg/kg, i.p., three times per week) or vehicle (saline, 2.0 ml/kg) for 1 month. T-817MA (0.21 or 0.07 mg/ml, p.o.) or distilled water was administered throughout the study period. In an acute experiment, T-817MA (8.4 mg/kg, p.o.) or distilled water was administered, followed by treatment with PCP (2.0 mg/kg, i.p.) or vehicle (saline, 2.0 ml/kg), before PPI measurements. RESULTS Intermittent administration of PCP for 1 month induced persistent disruption of PPI. Coadministration of T-817MA at 0.21 mg/ml but not 0.07 mg/ml completely blocked PCP-induced disruption of PPI, whereas T-817MA (0.21 mg/ml) by itself did not show a significant effect on PPI in control rats. On the other hand, single administration of T-817MA did not affect PPI disruption by acute treatment with PCP. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that T-817MA is effective in ameliorating sensorimotor gating deficits caused by chronic PCP treatment, possibly via neuroprotective actions. Our findings provide a novel therapeutic approach for patients with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Seo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, University of Toyama Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Toyama, Japan
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Amitai N, Semenova S, Markou A. Cognitive-disruptive effects of the psychotomimetic phencyclidine and attenuation by atypical antipsychotic medications in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 193:521-37. [PMID: 17497138 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0808-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2006] [Accepted: 04/20/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits in schizophrenia are severe and do not respond well to available treatments. The development and validation of animal models of cognitive deficits characterizing schizophrenia are crucial for clarifying the underlying neuropathology and discovery of improved treatments for such deficits. MATERIALS AND METHODS We investigated whether single and repeated administrations of the psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) disrupt performance in the five-choice serial reaction time task (5-CSRTT), a test of attention and impulsivity. We also examined whether PCP-induced disruptions in this task are attenuated by atypical antipsychotic medications. RESULTS A single injection of PCP (1.5-3 mg/kg, s.c., 30-min pre-injection time) had nonspecific response-depressing effects. Repeated PCP administration (2 mg/kg for two consecutive days followed by five consecutive days, s.c., 30-min pre-injection time) resulted in decreased accuracy, increased premature and timeout responding, and increased response latencies. The atypical antipsychotic medications clozapine, risperidone, quetiapine, and olanzapine and the typical antipsychotic medication haloperidol did not disrupt 5-CSRTT performance under baseline conditions except at high doses. The response depression induced by a single PCP administration was exacerbated by acute clozapine or risperidone and was unaffected by chronic clozapine. Importantly, chronic clozapine partially attenuated the performance disruptions induced by repeated PCP administration, significantly reducing both the accuracy impairment and the increase in premature responding. CONCLUSIONS Disruptions in 5-CSRTT performance induced by repeated PCP administration are prevented by chronic clozapine treatment and may constitute a useful animal model of some cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurith Amitai
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, Mail Code 0603, La Jolla, CA 92093-0603, USA
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Enomoto T, Nabeshima T. Phencyclidine animal models of schizophrenia: Approaches from abnormality of glutamatergic neurotransmission and neurodevelopment. Neurochem Int 2007; 51:173-84. [PMID: 17669558 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2007.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 06/05/2007] [Accepted: 06/07/2007] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In humans, phencyclidine (PCP), a non-competitive N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, reproduces a schizophrenia-like psychosis including positive symptoms, negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction. Thus, the glutamatergic neuronal dysfunction hypothesis is one of the main explanatory hypotheses and PCP-treated animals have been utilized as an animal model of schizophrenia. The adult rodents treated with PCP repeatedly exhibit hyperlocomotion as an index of positive symptoms, a social behavioral deficit in a social interaction test and enhanced immobility in a forced swimming test as indices of negative symptoms. They also show a sensorimotor gating deficits and cognitive dysfunctions in several learning and memory tests. Some of these behavioral changes endure after withdrawal from repeated PCP treatment. Furthermore, repeated PCP treatment induces some neurochemical and neuroanatomical changes. On the other hand, the exposure to viral or environmental insult in the second trimester of pregnancy increases the probability of subsequently developing schizophrenia as an adult. NMDA receptor has been implicated in controlling the structure and plasticity of developing brain circuitry. Based on neurodevelopment hypothesis of schizophrenia, schizophrenia model rats treated with PCP at the perinatal stage is developed. Perinatal PCP treatment impairs neuronal development and induces long-lasting schizophrenia-like behaviors in adult period. Many findings suggest that these PCP animal models would be useful for evaluating novel therapeutic candidates and for confirming pathological mechanisms of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihiro Mouri
- Department of Neuropsychopharmacology and Hospital Pharmacy, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8560, Japan
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Abdul-Monim Z, Neill JC, Reynolds GP. Sub-chronic psychotomimetic phencyclidine induces deficits in reversal learning and alterations in parvalbumin-immunoreactive expression in the rat. J Psychopharmacol 2007; 21:198-205. [PMID: 17329300 DOI: 10.1177/0269881107067097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Acute administration of the psychotomimetic phencyclidine (PCP) can mimic some features of schizophrenia, while a repeated treatment regimen of PCP may provide a more effective way to model in animals the enduring cognitive dysfunction observed in many schizophrenic patients. The present study aims to investigate behavioural and neuropathological effects of sub-chronic PCP administration. The cognitive deficit induced by sub-chronic PCP was examined using a previously established operant reversal-learning paradigm. Subsequently, the effect of sub-chronic PCP on parvalbumin-immunoreactive (parvalbumin-IR) neurons was assessed using immunohistochemical techniques. Rats were trained to respond for food in an operant reversal-learning paradigm for approximately 6 weeks, followed by sub-chronic administration of PCP (2mg/kg) or vehicle twice daily for 7 days followed 7 days later by behavioural testing. Six weeks post PCP, brains were analysed using immunohistochemical techniques to determine the size and density of parvalbumin-IR in the frontal cortex and hippocampus. Sub-chronic PCP significantly reduced (p <0.001) percentage correct responding in the reversal phase relative to the initial phase, an effect that persisted throughout the experimental period (4 weeks). The density of parvalbumin-IR neurons was reduced in the hippocampus, with significant reductions in the dentate gyrus and CA2/3 regions (p <0.001). There were significant changes in the frontal cortex, with a reduction (p <0.01) in the M1 (motor area 1) region and increases in the M2 (motor area 2) region and cingulate cortex (p <0.01-p <0.001). These results parallel findings of profound hippocampal and more subtle cortical deficits of parvalbumin-IR neurons in schizophrenia, and provide evidence to suggest that sub-chronic PCP can induce a lasting cognitive deficit, an effect that may be related to the observed neuronal deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Abdul-Monim
- Bradford School of Pharmacy, University of Bradford, Bradford, UK
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43
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Rasmussen BA, O'Neil J, Manaye KF, Perry DC, Tizabi Y. Long-term effects of developmental PCP administration on sensorimotor gating in male and female rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 190:43-9. [PMID: 17047931 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-006-0584-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2006] [Accepted: 08/13/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Acutely administered N-methyl-D-asparate (NMDA) antagonists are used to model schizophrenia, as measured by impairments in sensorimotor gating reflected in decreases in prepulse inhibition of the startle response (PPI). Aspects of acute NMDA receptor antagonism limit the applications of these models. OBJECTIVE The aim of this paper is to determine the long-term effects of developmental phencyclidine (PCP) treatment on sensorimotor gating in both male and female rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Male and female Sprague Dawley rats were injected with PCP (10 mg/kg s.c.) on postnatal days (PN) 7, 9, and 11 and were tested for PPI on PN 32-34. The groups were then divided and some of the animals received a single dose of PCP (10 mg/kg s.c.) on PN 45. The animals were tested again for PPI at approximately 1, 4, and 6 weeks after the treatment. RESULTS There were no significant effects of neonatal-only treatment. One week after the PN 45 treatment, animals that were treated as neonates and as adolescents (PCP/PCP) were significantly impaired in PPI in both sexes. Male and female PCP/PCP rats also had significant increases in acoustic startle response 4 weeks posttreatment, which subsequently declined. PPI impairments in both sexes recovered over time and the adolescent-only treated females showed significant increases (improvement) in PPI approximately 6 weeks posttreatment. CONCLUSION These data suggest that treatment with an NMDA receptor antagonist during adolescence or early adulthood can produce a relatively long-term impairment of PPI (approximately 1 week) and that this effect is more pronounced in male animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A Rasmussen
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, George Washington School of Medicine, Washington DC, USA
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Mouri A, Noda Y, Mizoguchi H, Nabeshima T. [Dysfunction of glutamatergic systems and potential animal models of schizophrenia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2006; 127:4-8. [PMID: 16508216 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.127.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Takahashi M, Kakita A, Futamura T, Watanabe Y, Mizuno M, Sakimura K, Castren E, Nabeshima T, Someya T, Nawa H. Sustained brain-derived neurotrophic factor up-regulation and sensorimotor gating abnormality induced by postnatal exposure to phencyclidine: comparison with adult treatment. J Neurochem 2006; 99:770-80. [PMID: 16903871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is involved in synaptic development and plasticity, and alterations in BDNF expression or signaling are implicated in drug addiction and psychiatric diseases, such as depression and schizophrenia. In this study, we administered phencyclidine to postnatal and adult rats with different time schedules, and determined the correlations between BDNF expression and the behavioral effects. Both single and repeated phencyclidine injections into adult rats induced BDNF up-regulation in the corticolimbic system and a decrease in prepulse inhibition, both of which were transient. In contrast, subchronic postnatal administration increased BDNF protein and mRNA levels in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, which were sustained until 8 weeks of age. In parallel, the postnatal rats treated with phencyclidine developed a persistent decrease in prepulse inhibition at the adult stage. The chronic BDNF increase appeared to contribute to the prepulse inhibition abnormality, as subchronic BDNF infusion into the hippocampus of normal rats mimicked the prepulse inhibition deficits. This study suggests that phencyclidine exposure during brain development induces sustained BDNF up-regulation in the limbic system with a biological link to sensorimotor gating deficits.
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MESH Headings
- Aging/physiology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn/physiology
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/pathology
- Brain Chemistry/drug effects
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/pharmacology
- Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/physiology
- Hallucinogens/pharmacology
- Hippocampus
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Microinjections
- Phencyclidine/pharmacology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/biosynthesis
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/drug effects
- Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/genetics
- Reflex, Startle/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/drug effects
- Up-Regulation/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata, Japan
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Audet MC, Goulet S, Doré FY. Repeated subchronic exposure to phencyclidine elicits excessive atypical grooming in rats. Behav Brain Res 2006; 167:103-10. [PMID: 16257455 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2005.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2005] [Revised: 08/20/2005] [Accepted: 08/26/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Self-grooming in rodents is stereotypically sequenced and naturally occurs after arousal, novelty, or stress. Grooming expression and syntax resulting from stressful and appetitive conditions were assessed in male Long Evans rats treated daily with 10mg/kg of phencyclidine (PCP) for 15 days. Approximately 20 h after the 1st, the 8th, and/or the 15th injection, grooming was induced with water sprays, a loud sound, or smearing food. Behaviors expressed during the seconds or minutes that followed induction were videotaped and codified. Results showed that subchronic treatment with PCP amplified the grooming response in all stressful and appetitive conditions, but provoked a disorganization of grooming sequences only under the stressful, water condition. Thus, PCP enhanced grooming expression indiscriminately. However, this behavior had to serve both hygienic and stress managing purposes in order for chain sequencing to become disorganized as a consequence of drug treatment. These results suggest that the detailed examination of grooming expression and organization is an appropriate tool to measure stress-induced behavioral sensitization and motor functions in animal models of neuropsychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia.
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Tenn CC, Kapur S, Fletcher PJ. Sensitization to amphetamine, but not phencyclidine, disrupts prepulse inhibition and latent inhibition. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2005; 180:366-76. [PMID: 15856186 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-005-2253-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Accepted: 12/16/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Schizophrenia has been linked to dysregulation of dopamine and glutamate transmitter systems. Attempts to model aspects of schizophrenia in animals have made use of treatments that primarily affect dopaminergic (e.g., amphetamine, Amp) and glutamatergic (e.g., phencyclidine, PCP) function. In addition to exerting short-term acute effects, these agents also induce long-term effects, as seen, for example, in neurochemical and behavioural sensitization. OBJECTIVES The goal of this work was to compare Amp- and PCP-sensitized states on two measures of information processing that are impaired in schizophrenia, prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex and latent inhibition (LI). METHODS Rats received injections of Amp, PCP or saline 3 days per week for 3 weeks. The Amp dose increased from 1 to 3 mg/kg, at the rate of 1 mg/kg each week. The PCP dose was 3 mg/kg throughout. After various periods of withdrawal rats were tested for PPI and LI. RESULTS Repeated intermittent treatment with Amp or PCP resulted in augmented locomotor responses to challenge with each drug, providing an operational index that sensitization had occurred. Rats sensitized to Amp showed disrupted PPI when tested drug free at 3, 21 and 60 days of withdrawal. Amp-sensitized rats also showed abolition of the LI effect. Rats sensitized to PCP did not show deficits in any of these behaviours when tested drug free. CONCLUSIONS Because disrupted PPI and LI have both been reported in schizophrenic patients, these results suggest that the Amp-sensitized state may represent a useful model for investigating the neural bases of information processing deficits in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine C Tenn
- Schizophrenia/PET Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Schwabe K, Brosda J, Wegener N, Koch M. Clozapine enhances disruption of prepulse inhibition after sub-chronic dizocilpine- or phencyclidine-treatment in Wistar rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2005; 80:213-9. [PMID: 15680174 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2004] [Revised: 11/04/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Sensitisation (i.e. progressive enhancement) of behavioural abnormalities induced by repeated treatment with non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists in animals is considered an animal model for schizophrenia. Here, male Wistar rats were treated for 11 days with either dizocilpine (0.1 mg/kg), phencyclidine (PCP, 2 mg/kg), or saline and tested for prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle response (ASR). The aims of this study were twofold: First, we tested whether sensitisation of PPI deficits previously found in Sprague-Dawley rats were also found in Wistar rats, and, second, whether these effects can be ameliorated by the atypical antipsychotic clozapine. PPI is a paradigm for the assessment of sensorimotor gating (and its deficits) and is impaired in schizophrenic patients. After the sub-chronic treatment the rats were tested drug-free (day 12), and on the following days after drug challenge by PCP (2 mg/kg), combinations of PCP (2 mg/kg) and clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg), or clozapine (5 mg/kg) alone. PPI was significantly reduced by both NMDA receptor antagonists. This effect was not further enhanced by the daily treatment. Startle magnitude was increased after eight days of dizocilpine-treatment only, indicating sensitisation of startle-potentiation by this drug. Testing the rats drug-free on day 12 revealed enhanced PPI and reduced startle (compared to the matching test on day 0) irrespective of previous treatment. Drug challenge with PCP (2 mg/kg) again reduced PPI in all groups. Clozapine (5 and 10 mg/kg) failed to antagonise the PPI-disruptive effects of PCP and even enhanced the PCP-induced PPI-deficits in rats pretreated with PCP or dizocilpine. These findings suggest: (1) that PPI and startle are influenced differently by non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, (2) that PCP and dizocilpine reduce PPI in Wistar rats, but do not lead to a sensitisation of this effect; and (3) that under the present schedule of treatments, the antipsychotic compound clozapine does not antagonise but rather enhances PPI-disruptive effects of non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonists, pointing towards a complex interaction of the brain processes underlying the action of psychotomimetic and atypical antipsychotic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Schwabe
- Department of Neuropharmacology, Brain Research Institute, University of Bremen, P.O.B 330440, 28334 Bremen, Germany
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Becker A, Peters B, Schroeder H, Mann T, Huether G, Grecksch G. Ketamine-induced changes in rat behaviour: A possible animal model of schizophrenia. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2003; 27:687-700. [PMID: 12787858 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-5846(03)00080-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
It was investigated whether subchronic application of 30 mg/kg ketamine (Ket) induces reliable changes in behaviour and parameters of dopaminergic, glutamatergic, and serotonergic neurotransmissions, which might be the basis of an animal model in schizophrenia research. To test this, rats were injected with 30 mg/kg ip Ket daily for five consecutive days. In response to the first Ket injection, there was a decrease in activity time representing an acute Ket effect. Following the fifth injection, there were no differences between Ket- and saline (sal)-injected control rats in activity time, which might be a tolerance reaction. The following experiments were performed 2 or 4 weeks after Ket treatment. There were no effects on anxiety in either vehicle or Ket-treated rats using either low or high illumination levels in the elevated plus-maze. In the social interaction test, both groups of rats spent comparable times in social contact. The percentage of nonaggressive behaviour was decreased in Ket-treated rats. Two weeks after completion of the treatment, there was no effect on prepulse inhibition (PPI). Four weeks after the final Ket injection, latent inhibition (LI) was disrupted. There was no difference in the animals' activity in reaction to apomorphine (Apo) administration. Ket-treated rats injected with 0.1 mg/kg MK-801 showed an enhancement in locomotor activity. Ket treatment leads to an increase in D2 receptor binding in the hippocampus and a decrease in glutamate receptor binding in the frontal cortex. The authors did not find any changes in D1 receptor binding. The density of dopamine transporters was increased in the striatum. The density of 5-HT transporters was increased in the striatum, the hippocampus, and the frontal cortex. The results suggest that subchronic treatment with subanaesthetic doses of Ket induce schizophrenia-related alterations, which might be a useful animal model in the study of this disease.
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MESH Headings
- Anesthetics, Dissociative/administration & dosage
- Anesthetics, Dissociative/adverse effects
- Anesthetics, Dissociative/pharmacology
- Animals
- Anxiety
- Disease Models, Animal
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- Ketamine/administration & dosage
- Ketamine/adverse effects
- Ketamine/pharmacology
- Locomotion
- Male
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Dopamine/drug effects
- Receptors, Dopamine/physiology
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/drug effects
- Receptors, Neurotransmitter/physiology
- Receptors, Serotonin/drug effects
- Receptors, Serotonin/physiology
- Schizophrenia/physiopathology
- Synaptic Transmission
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Becker
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, Leipziger Strasse 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Balla A, Sershen H, Serra M, Koneru R, Javitt DC. Subchronic continuous phencyclidine administration potentiates amphetamine-induced frontal cortex dopamine release. Neuropsychopharmacology 2003; 28:34-44. [PMID: 12496938 DOI: 10.1038/sj.npp.1300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Functional dopaminergic hyperactivity is a key feature of schizophrenia. Etiology of this dopaminergic hyperactivity, however, is unknown. We have recently demonstrated that subchronic phencyclidine (PCP) treatment in rodents induces striatal dopaminergic hyperactivity similar to that observed in schizophrenia. The present study investigates the ability of PCP to potentiate amphetamine-induced dopamine release in prefrontal cortex (PFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) shell. Prefrontal dopaminergic hyperactivity is postulated to underlie cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. In contrast, the degree of NAc involvement is unknown and recent studies have suggested that PCP-induced hyperactivity in rodents may correlate with PFC, rather than NAc, dopamine levels. Rats were treated with 5-20 mg/kg/day PCP for 3-14 days by osmotic minipump. PFC and NAc dopamine release to amphetamine challenge (1 mg/kg) was monitored by in vivo microdialysis and HPLC-EC. Doses of 10 mg/kg/day and above produced serum PCP concentrations (50-150 ng/ml) most associated with PCP psychosis in humans. PCP-treated rats showed significant, dose-dependent enhancement in amphetamine-induced dopamine release in PFC but not NAc, along with significantly enhanced locomotor activity. Enhanced response was observed following 3-day, as well as 14-day, treatment and resolved within 4 days of PCP treatment withdrawal. These findings support the concept that endogenous NMDA receptor dysfunction could account for the pattern of dopaminergic dysfunction observed in schizophrenia, and suggest that even short duration abuse of PCP-like agents may greatly potentiate behavioral effects of psychostimulants in drug abuse situations. Finally, these studies provide a model system in which to evaluate effects of potential psychotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balla
- Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, New York University School of Medicine, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
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