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Jure FA, Spaich EG, Petrini L, Malešević J, Kostić M, Štrbac M, Došen S. Improving electrotactile communication with a multi-pad electrode under cognitive load. Artif Organs 2024; 48:626-635. [PMID: 38149317 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electrotactile systems are compact interfaces that can be used to convey information through the skin by producing a range of haptic sensations. In many applications, however, the user needs to perceive and interpret haptic stimulation while being engaged in parallel activities. Developing methods that ensure reliable recognition of electrotactile messages despite additional cognitive load is, therefore, an important step for the practical application of electrotactile displays. METHODS This study investigated if a simple strategy of repeating electrotactile messages can improve message identification during multitasking. Ten participants identified 36 spatiotemporal electrotactile messages delivered through a 3 × 2 pad-matrix electrode placed on the torso while performing a concomitant cognitive task in three conditions: the messages were presented once (No-REP), and each message was repeated three (REP3) and five (REP5) times. The main outcome measure was the success rate (SR) of message identification. RESULTS During multitasking, in the No-REP condition, the SR (median (IQR)) dropped to 56.25% (22.62%), demonstrating that the cognitive task decreased performance. However, the SR significantly improved with message repetitions, reaching 72.92% (21.87%) and 81.25% (18.66%) in REP3 and REP5 conditions respectively, without a statistically significant difference between REP3 and REP5. CONCLUSIONS Multitasking affected the efficacy of haptic communication, but message repetition was shown to be an effective strategy for improving performance. Additionally, only three repetitions were enough, as an additional increase in the duration of message transmission (5 repetitions) did not lead to further improvement. This study is an important step toward delivering electrotactile communication that can cope with the demands of real-world applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabricio A Jure
- Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Erika G Spaich
- Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Laura Petrini
- Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Strahinja Došen
- Neurorehabilitation Systems, Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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Abstract
Historically, the human sense of smell has been regarded as the odd stepchild of the senses, especially compared to the sensory bravado of seeing, touching, and hearing. The idea that the human olfaction has little to contribute to our experience of the world is commonplace, though with the emergence of COVID-19 there has rather been a sea change in this understanding. An ever increasing body of work has convincingly highlighted the keen capabilities of the human nose and the sophistication of the human olfactory system. Here, we provide a concise overview of the neuroscience of human olfaction spanning the last 10-15 years, with focus on the peripheral and central mechanisms that underlie how odor information is processed, packaged, parceled, predicted, and perturbed to serve odor-guided behaviors. We conclude by offering some guideposts for harnessing the next decade of olfactory research in all its shapes and forms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jay A Gottfried
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA; ,
- Department of Psychology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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3
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Saurels BW, Johnston A, Yarrow K, Arnold DH. Event Probabilities Have a Different Impact on Early and Late Electroencephalographic Measures Regarded as Metrics of Prediction. J Cogn Neurosci 2024; 36:187-199. [PMID: 37902587 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_02076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The oddball protocol has been used to study the neural and perceptual consequences of implicit predictions in the human brain. The protocol involves presenting a sequence of identical repeated events that are eventually broken by a novel "oddball" presentation. Oddball presentations have been linked to increased neural responding and to an exaggeration of perceived duration relative to repeated events. Because the number of repeated events in such protocols is circumscribed, as more repeats are encountered, the conditional probability of a further repeat decreases-whereas the conditional probability of an oddball increases. These facts have not been appreciated in many analyses of oddballs; repeats and oddballs have rather been treated as binary event categories. Here, we show that the human brain is sensitive to conditional event probabilities in an active, visual oddball paradigm. P300 responses (a relatively late component of visually evoked potentials measured with EEG) tended to be greater for less likely oddballs and repeats. By contrast, P1 responses (an earlier component) increased for repeats as a goal-relevant target presentation neared, but this effect occurred even when repeat probabilities were held constant, and oddball P1 responses were invariant. We also found that later, more likely oddballs seemed to last longer, and this effect was largely independent of the number of preceding repeats. These findings speak against a repetition suppression account of the temporal oddball effect. Overall, our data highlight an impact of event probability on later, rather than earlier, electroencephalographic measures previously related to predictive processes-and the importance of considering conditional probabilities in sequential presentation paradigms.
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Schwartenbeck P, Baram A, Liu Y, Mark S, Muller T, Dolan R, Botvinick M, Kurth-Nelson Z, Behrens T. Generative replay underlies compositional inference in the hippocampal-prefrontal circuit. Cell 2023; 186:4885-4897.e14. [PMID: 37804832 PMCID: PMC10914680 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Human reasoning depends on reusing pieces of information by putting them together in new ways. However, very little is known about how compositional computation is implemented in the brain. Here, we ask participants to solve a series of problems that each require constructing a whole from a set of elements. With fMRI, we find that representations of novel constructed objects in the frontal cortex and hippocampus are relational and compositional. With MEG, we find that replay assembles elements into compounds, with each replay sequence constituting a hypothesis about a possible configuration of elements. The content of sequences evolves as participants solve each puzzle, progressing from predictable to uncertain elements and gradually converging on the correct configuration. Together, these results suggest a computational bridge between apparently distinct functions of hippocampal-prefrontal circuitry and a role for generative replay in compositional inference and hypothesis testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Schwartenbeck
- University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany; Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Alon Baram
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Yunzhe Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Shirley Mark
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
| | - Timothy Muller
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Raymond Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China; Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK; Department of Psychiatry, Universitätsmedizin Berlin (Campus Charité Mitte), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthew Botvinick
- Google DeepMind, London, UK; Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Zeb Kurth-Nelson
- Max Planck University College London Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, University College London, London, UK; Google DeepMind, London, UK
| | - Timothy Behrens
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK; Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; Sainsbury Wellcome Centre for Neural Circuits and Behaviour, UCL, London W1T 4JG, UK
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5
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Saurels BW, Yarrow K, Lipp OV, Arnold DH. The temporal visual oddball effect is not caused by repetition suppression. Atten Percept Psychophys 2023; 85:1755-1760. [PMID: 37415058 PMCID: PMC10545560 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-023-02730-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The oddball paradigm is commonly used to investigate human time perception. Trains of identical repeated events ('standards') are presented, only to be interrupted by a different 'oddball' that seems to have a relatively protracted duration. One theoretical account has been that this effect is driven by repetition suppression for repeated standards. The idea is that repeated events seem shorter as they incur a progressively reduced neural response, which is supported by the finding that oddball perceived duration increases linearly with the number of preceding repeated standards. However, typical oddball paradigms confound the probability of oddball presentations with variable numbers of standard repetitions on each trial, allowing people to increasingly anticipate an oddball presentation as more standards are presented. We eliminated this by making participants aware of what fixed number of standards they would encounter before a final test input and tested different numbers of standards in separate experimental sessions. The final event of sequences, the test event, was equally likely to be an oddball or another repeat. We found a positive linear relationship between the number of preceding repeated standards and the perceived duration of oddball test events. However, we also found this for repeat tests events, which speaks against the repetition suppression account of the temporal oddball effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blake W Saurels
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.
| | - Kielan Yarrow
- Department of Psychology, City, University of London, London, UK
| | - Ottmar V Lipp
- School of Psychology and Counselling, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Derek H Arnold
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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Katus L, Blasi A, McCann S, Mason L, Mbye E, Touray E, Ceesay M, de Haan M, Moore SE, Elwell CE, Lloyd-Fox S, Team TBS. Longitudinal fNIRS and EEG metrics of habituation and novelty detection are correlated in 1-18-month-old infants. Neuroimage 2023; 274:120153. [PMID: 37146782 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION . Habituation and novelty detection are two fundamental and widely studied neurocognitive processes. Whilst neural responses to repetitive and novel sensory input have been well-documented across a range of neuroimaging modalities, it is not yet fully understood how well these different modalities are able to describe consistent neural response patterns. This is particularly true for infants and young children, as different assessment modalities might show differential sensitivity to underlying neural processes across age. Thus far, many neurodevelopmental studies are limited in either sample size, longitudinal scope or breadth of measures employed, impeding investigations of how well common developmental trends can be captured via different methods. METHOD . This study assessed habituation and novelty detection in N = 204 infants using EEG and fNIRS measured in two separate paradigms, but within the same study visit, at 1, 5 and 18 months of age in an infant cohort in rural Gambia. EEG was acquired during an auditory oddball paradigm during which infants were presented with Frequent, Infrequent and Trial Unique sounds. In the fNIRS paradigm, infants were familiarised to a sentence of infant-directed speech, novelty detection was assessed via a change in speaker. Indices for habituation and novelty detection were extracted for both EEG and NIRS RESULTS: . We found evidence for weak to medium positive correlations between responses on the fNIRS and the EEG paradigms for indices of both habituation and novelty detection at most age points. Habituation indices correlated across modalities at 1 month and 5 months but not 18 months of age, and novelty responses were significantly correlated at 5 months and 18 months, but not at 1 month. Infants who showed robust habituation responses also showed robust novelty responses across both assessment modalities. DISCUSSION . This study is the first to examine concurrent correlations across two neuroimaging modalities across several longitudinal age points. Examining habituation and novelty detection, we show that despite the use of two different testing modalities, stimuli and timescale, it is possible to extract common neural metrics across a wide age range in infants. We suggest that these positive correlations might be strongest at times of greatest developmental change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Katus
- School of Human Sciences, University of Greenwich; Centre for Family Research, University of Cambridge.
| | - Anna Blasi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London
| | - Sam McCann
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Kings College London
| | - Luke Mason
- Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, King's College London
| | - Ebrima Mbye
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Ebou Touray
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Muhammed Ceesay
- MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Michelle de Haan
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London
| | - Sophie E Moore
- Department of Women and Children's Health, Kings College London; MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine
| | - Clare E Elwell
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, University College London
| | | | - The Bright Study Team
- The BRIGHT Study team are (in alphabetical order): Lena Acolatse, Chiara Bulgarelli, Maria-Magdalena Crespo Llado, Momodou K. Darboe, Saikou Drammeh, Tijan Fadera, Giulia Ghillia, Buba Jobarteh, Marta Perapoch Amado, Andrew M. Prentice, Maria Rozhko, Mariama Saidykhan
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7
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Bradley-Garcia M, Winocur G, Sekeres MJ. Episodic Memory and Recollection Network Disruptions Following Chemotherapy Treatment in Breast Cancer Survivors: A Review of Neuroimaging Findings. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14194752. [PMID: 36230678 PMCID: PMC9563268 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14194752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Memory disturbances are amongst the most common and disruptive symptoms of chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment. Chemotherapy treatments commonly cause neurotoxicity within the hippocampus, creating a vulnerability to memory impairment. Most clinical assessments of long-term memory in breast cancer survivors assess basic verbal and visual memory processing, and do not capture the complexities of everyday event memories, including episodic and autobiographical memory. This review focuses on structural and functional neuroimaging studies identifying disruptions in the hippocampus and recollection network, and related episodic memory impairments in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors. We argue for the need to better characterize memory dysfunction following chemotherapy treatments. Given the importance of episodic and autobiographical memory to a person’s personal history and quality of life, an under-appreciation of how this memory domain is impacted by standard cancer treatments potentially diminishes the negative experiences of breast cancer survivors, and neglects cognitive problems that could benefit from intervention strategies. Abstract Long-term memory disturbances are amongst the most common and disruptive cognitive symptoms experienced by breast cancer survivors following chemotherapy. To date, most clinical assessments of long-term memory dysfunction in breast cancer survivors have utilized basic verbal and visual memory tasks that do not capture the complexities of everyday event memories. Complex event memories, including episodic memory and autobiographical memory, critically rely on hippocampal processing for encoding and retrieval. Systemic chemotherapy treatments used in breast cancer commonly cause neurotoxicity within the hippocampus, thereby creating a vulnerability to memory impairment. We review structural and functional neuroimaging studies that have identified disruptions in the recollection network and related episodic memory impairments in chemotherapy-treated breast cancer survivors, and argue for the need to better characterize hippocampally mediated memory dysfunction following chemotherapy treatments. Given the importance of autobiographical memory for a person’s sense of identity, ability to plan for the future, and general functioning, under-appreciation of how this type of memory is impacted by cancer treatment can lead to overlooking or minimizing the negative experiences of breast cancer survivors, and neglecting a cognitive domain that may benefit from intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gordon Winocur
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Centre, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G3, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Trent University, Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada
| | - Melanie J. Sekeres
- School of Psychology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Berlot E, Popp NJ, Grafton ST, Diedrichsen J. Combining Repetition Suppression and Pattern Analysis Provides New Insights into the Role of M1 and Parietal Areas in Skilled Sequential Actions. J Neurosci 2021; 41:7649-7661. [PMID: 34312223 PMCID: PMC8425980 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0863-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
How does the brain change during learning? In functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies, both multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) and repetition suppression (RS) have been used to detect changes in neuronal representations. In the context of motor sequence learning, the two techniques have provided discrepant findings: pattern analysis showed that only premotor and parietal regions, but not primary motor cortex (M1), develop a representation of trained sequences. In contrast, RS suggested trained sequence representations in all these regions. Here, we applied both analysis techniques to a five-week finger sequence training study, in which participants executed each sequence twice before switching to a different sequence. Both RS and pattern analysis indicated learning-related changes for parietal areas, but only RS showed a difference between trained and untrained sequences in M1. A more fine-grained analysis, however, revealed that the RS effect in M1 reflects a fundamentally different process than in parietal areas. On the first execution, M1 represents especially the first finger of each sequence, likely reflecting preparatory processes. This effect dramatically reduces during the second execution. In contrast, parietal areas represent the identity of a sequence, and this representation stays relatively stable on the second execution. These results suggest that the RS effect does not reflect a trained sequence representation in M1, but rather a preparatory signal for movement initiation. More generally, our study demonstrates that across regions RS can reflect different representational changes in the neuronal population code, emphasizing the importance of combining pattern analysis and RS techniques.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Previous studies using pattern analysis have suggested that primary motor cortex (M1) does not represent learnt sequential actions. However, a study using repetition suppression (RS) has reported M1 changes during motor sequence learning. Combining both techniques, we first replicate the discrepancy between them, with learning-related changes in M1 in RS, but not pattern dissimilarities. We further analyzed the representational changes with repetition, and found that the RS effects differ across regions. M1's activity represents the starting finger of the sequence, an effect that vanishes with repetition. In contrast, activity patterns in parietal areas exhibit sequence dependency, which persists with repetition. These results demonstrate the importance of combining RS and pattern analysis to understand the function of brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Berlot
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Nicola J Popp
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Scott T Grafton
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
- Institute for Collaborative Biotechnologies, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106
| | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- The Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Statistical and Actuarial Sciences, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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9
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Szczepaniak M, Chowdury A, Soloff PH, Diwadkar VA. Stimulus valence, episodic memory, and the priming of brain activation profiles in borderline personality disorder. Psychol Med 2021; 52:1-11. [PMID: 33858552 PMCID: PMC9275123 DOI: 10.1017/s0033291721001136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterized by instability in affective regulation that can result in a loss of cognitive control. Triggers may be neuronal responses to emotionally valenced context and/or stimuli. 'Neuronal priming' indexes the familiarity of stimuli, and may capture the obligatory effects of affective valence on the brain's processing system, and how such valence mediates responses to the repeated presentation of stimuli. We investigated the effects of affective valence of stimuli on neuronal priming (i.e. changes in activation to repeated presentation of stimuli), and if these effects distinguished BPD patients from controls. METHODS Forty BPD subjects and 25 control subjects (age range: 18-44) participated in an episodic memory task during fMRI. Stimuli were presented in alternating epochs of encoding (six images of positive, negative, and neutral valence) and recognition (six images for 'old' v. 'new' recognition). Analyses focused on inter-group differences in the change in activation to repeated stimuli (presented during Encoding and Recognition). RESULTS Relative to controls, BPD showed greater priming (generally greater decrease from encoding to recognition) for negatively valenced stimuli. Conversely, BPD showed less priming for positively valenced stimuli (generally greater increase from encoding to recognition). CONCLUSION Plausibly, the relative familiarity of negative valence to patients with BPD exerts an influence on obligatory responses to repeated stimuli leading to repetition priming of neuronal profiles. The specific effects of valence on memory and/or attention, and consequently on priming can inform the understanding of mechanisms of altered salience for affective stimuli in BPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan Szczepaniak
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Asadur Chowdury
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
| | - Paul H. Soloff
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, USA
| | - Vaibhav A. Diwadkar
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neurosciences, Wayne State University, Detroit, USA
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10
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Eskinazi M, Giannopulu I. Continuity in intuition and insight: from real to naturalistic virtual environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1876. [PMID: 33479440 PMCID: PMC7820251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81532-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Intuition and insight can be deployed on the same continuum. Intuition is the unconscious ability to create links between information; insight is a process by which a sudden comprehension and resolution of a situation arises (i.e. euréka). In the present study, real and virtual environments were used to trigger intuition and insight. The study hypothesised that immersion in real primed environments would facilitate the emergence of intuition and insight in a virtual environment. Forty nine healthy participants were randomly assigned to two groups: “primed” and “non primed.” “Primed” participants were immersed in a real environment with olfactory and visual cues; “non primed” participants did not receive any cues. All participants were exposed to a 3D naturalistic virtual environment which represented a district in Paris via a Head Mounted Display (HMD). Locations presented in the virtual scene (i.e. café places) were related to both olfactory and visual primes (i.e. café) and were based on the continuity between real and virtual environments. Once immersed in the virtual environment, all participants were instructed to use their intuition to envision the selected locations during which Skin Conductance Responses (SCRs) and verbal declarations were recorded. When initiation (a) and immersion (b) phases in the virtual environment were considered, “primed” participants had higher SCRs during the immersion phase than the initiation phase in the virtual environment. They showed higher SRCs during the first part of the virtual immersion than “non primed” participants. During the phenomenological interview, “primed” participants reported a higher number of correct intuitive answers than “non primed” participants. Moreover, “primed” participants “with” insight had higher SCRs during real environment immersion than “primed” participants “without” insight. The findings are consistent with the idea that intuitive decisions in various tasks are based on the activation of pre-existing knowledge, which is unconsciously retrieved, but nevertheless can elicit an intuitive impression of coherence and can generate insight.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - I Giannopulu
- Interdisciplinary Centre for the Artificial Mind (iCAM), FSD, Bond University, 14 University Drive, Gold Coast, QLD, 4226, Australia.
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11
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Pelekanos V, Mok RM, Joly O, Ainsworth M, Kyriazis D, Kelly MG, Bell AH, Kriegeskorte N. Rapid event-related, BOLD fMRI, non-human primates (NHP): choose two out of three. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7485. [PMID: 32366956 PMCID: PMC7198564 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-64376-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) typically employs the blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) contrast mechanism. In non-human primates (NHP), contrast enhancement is possible using monocrystalline iron-oxide nanoparticles (MION) contrast agent, which has a more temporally extended response function. However, using BOLD fMRI in NHP is desirable for interspecies comparison, and the BOLD signal’s faster response function promises to be beneficial for rapid event-related (rER) designs. Here, we used rER BOLD fMRI in macaque monkeys while viewing real-world images, and found visual responses and category selectivity consistent with previous studies. However, activity estimates were very noisy, suggesting that the lower contrast-to-noise ratio of BOLD, suboptimal behavioural performance, and motion artefacts, in combination, render rER BOLD fMRI challenging in NHP. Previous studies have shown that rER fMRI is possible in macaques with MION, despite MION’s prolonged response function. To understand this, we conducted simulations of the BOLD and MION response during rER, and found that no matter how fast the design, the greater amplitude of the MION response outweighs the contrast loss caused by greater temporal smoothing. We conclude that although any two of the three elements (rER, BOLD, NHP) have been shown to work well, the combination of all three is particularly challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilis Pelekanos
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK. .,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. .,School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Robert M Mok
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Olivier Joly
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Matthew Ainsworth
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Diana Kyriazis
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maria G Kelly
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew H Bell
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nikolaus Kriegeskorte
- Medical Research Council, Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, USA
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12
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DiNicola LM, Braga RM, Buckner RL. Parallel distributed networks dissociate episodic and social functions within the individual. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1144-1179. [PMID: 32049593 PMCID: PMC7099479 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00529.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Association cortex is organized into large-scale distributed networks. One such network, the default network (DN), is linked to diverse forms of internal mentation, opening debate about whether shared or distinct anatomy supports multiple forms of cognition. Using within-individual analysis procedures that preserve idiosyncratic anatomical details, we probed whether multiple tasks from two domains, episodic projection and theory of mind (ToM), rely on the same or distinct networks. In an initial experiment (6 subjects, each scanned 4 times), we found evidence that episodic projection and ToM tasks activate separate regions distributed throughout the cortex, with adjacent regions in parietal, temporal, prefrontal, and midline zones. These distinctions were predicted by the hypothesis that the DN comprises two parallel, interdigitated networks. One network, linked to parahippocampal cortex (PHC), is preferentially recruited during episodic projection, including both remembering and imagining the future. A second juxtaposed network, which includes the temporoparietal junction (TPJ), is differentially engaged during multiple forms of ToM. In two prospectively acquired independent experiments, we replicated and triplicated the dissociation (each with 6 subjects scanned 4 times). Furthermore, the dissociation was found in all zones when analyzed independently, including robustly in midline regions previously described as hubs. The TPJ-linked network is interwoven with the PHC-linked network across the cortex, making clear why it is difficult to fully resolve the two networks in group-averaged or lower-resolution data. These results refine our understanding of the functional-anatomical organization of association cortex and raise fundamental questions about how specialization might arise in parallel, juxtaposed association networks.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Two distributed, interdigitated networks exist within the bounds of the canonical default network. Here we used repeated scanning of individuals, across three independent samples, to provide evidence that tasks requiring episodic projection or theory of mind differentially recruit the two networks across multiple cortical zones. The two distributed networks thus appear to preferentially subserve distinct functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M DiNicola
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Rodrigo M Braga
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Randy L Buckner
- Department of Psychology, Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, Massachusetts
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
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13
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Sauer A, Grent-'t-Jong T, Wibral M, Grube M, Singer W, Uhlhaas PJ. A MEG Study of Visual Repetition Priming in Schizophrenia: Evidence for Impaired High-Frequency Oscillations and Event-Related Fields in Thalamo-Occipital Cortices. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:561973. [PMID: 33329101 PMCID: PMC7719679 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.561973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cognitive dysfunctions represent a core feature of schizophrenia and a predictor for clinical outcomes. One possible mechanism for cognitive impairments could involve an impairment in the experience-dependent modifications of cortical networks. Methods: To address this issue, we employed magnetoencephalography (MEG) during a visual priming paradigm in a sample of chronic patients with schizophrenia (n = 14), and in a group of healthy controls (n = 14). We obtained MEG-recordings during the presentation of visual stimuli that were presented three times either consecutively or with intervening stimuli. MEG-data were analyzed for event-related fields as well as spectral power in the 1-200 Hz range to examine repetition suppression and repetition enhancement. We defined regions of interest in occipital and thalamic regions and obtained virtual-channel data. Results: Behavioral priming did not differ between groups. However, patients with schizophrenia showed prominently reduced oscillatory response to novel stimuli in the gamma-frequency band as well as significantly reduced repetition suppression of gamma-band activity and reduced repetition enhancement of beta-band power in occipital cortex to both consecutive repetitions as well as repetitions with intervening stimuli. Moreover, schizophrenia patients were characterized by a significant deficit in suppression of the C1m component in occipital cortex and thalamus as well as of the late positive component (LPC) in occipital cortex. Conclusions: These data provide novel evidence for impaired repetition suppression in cortical and subcortical circuits in schizophrenia. Although behavioral priming was preserved, patients with schizophrenia showed deficits in repetition suppression as well as repetition enhancement in thalamic and occipital regions, suggesting that experience-dependent modification of neural circuits is impaired in the disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Sauer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Singer Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation With Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tineke Grent-'t-Jong
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Michael Wibral
- Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August University, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Grube
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy-Psychosomatics, Municipal Clinic, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf Singer
- Department of Neurophysiology, Max Planck Institute for Brain Research, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Singer Lab, Ernst Strüngmann Institute (ESI) for Neuroscience in Cooperation With Max Planck Society, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies (FIAS), Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Peter J Uhlhaas
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, University of Glasgow, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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14
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Fishell AK, Burns-Yocum TM, Bergonzi KM, Eggebrecht AT, Culver JP. Mapping brain function during naturalistic viewing using high-density diffuse optical tomography. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11115. [PMID: 31366956 PMCID: PMC6668456 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-45555-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Naturalistic stimuli, such as movies, more closely recapitulate "real life" sensory processing and behavioral demands relative to paradigms that rely on highly distilled and repetitive stimulus presentations. The rich complexity inherent in naturalistic stimuli demands an imaging system capable of measuring spatially distributed brain responses, and analysis tools optimized for unmixing responses to concurrently presented features. In this work, the combination of passive movie viewing with high-density diffuse optical tomography (HD-DOT) is developed as a platform for naturalistic brain mapping. We imaged healthy young adults during free viewing of a feature film using HD-DOT and observed reproducible, synchronized cortical responses across a majority of the field-of-view, most prominently in hierarchical cortical areas related to visual and auditory processing, both within and between individuals. In order to more precisely interpret broad patterns of cortical synchronization, we extracted visual and auditory features from the movie stimulus and mapped the cortical responses to the features. The results demonstrate the sensitivity of HD-DOT to evoked responses during naturalistic viewing, and that feature-based decomposition strategies enable functional mapping of naturalistic stimulus processing, including human-generated speech.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew K Fishell
- Washington University School of Medicine, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, St. Louis, USA
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, USA
| | - Tracy M Burns-Yocum
- Indiana University, Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Bloomington, USA
| | - Karla M Bergonzi
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Philadelphia, USA
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Physics, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Adam T Eggebrecht
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, USA
| | - Joseph P Culver
- Washington University School of Medicine, Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, St. Louis, USA.
- Washington University, Department of Physics, St. Louis, USA.
- Washington University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, St. Louis, USA.
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15
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Cardoso MMB, Lima B, Sirotin YB, Das A. Task-related hemodynamic responses are modulated by reward and task engagement. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000080. [PMID: 31002659 PMCID: PMC6493772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic recordings from visual cortex contain powerful endogenous task-related responses that may reflect task-related arousal, or "task engagement" distinct from attention. We tested this hypothesis with hemodynamic measurements (intrinsic-signal optical imaging) from monkey primary visual cortex (V1) while the animals' engagement in a periodic fixation task over several hours was varied through reward size and as animals took breaks. With higher rewards, animals appeared more task-engaged; task-related responses were more temporally precise at the task period (approximately 10-20 seconds) and modestly stronger. The 2-5 minute blocks of high-reward trials led to ramp-like decreases in mean local blood volume; these reversed with ramp-like increases during low reward. The blood volume increased even more sharply when the animal shut his eyes and disengaged completely from the task (5-10 minutes). We propose a mechanism that controls vascular tone, likely along with local neural responses in a manner that reflects task engagement over the full range of timescales tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana M. B. Cardoso
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Bruss Lima
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Yevgeniy B. Sirotin
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Identity and Data Science Laboratory of Science Applications International Corporation, Annapolis Junction, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Aniruddha Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Zuckerman Mind Brain and Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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16
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Li M, Newton AT, Anderson AW, Ding Z, Gore JC. Characterization of the hemodynamic response function in white matter tracts for event-related fMRI. Nat Commun 2019; 10:1140. [PMID: 30850610 PMCID: PMC6408456 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-09076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Accurate estimates of the BOLD hemodynamic response function (HRF) are crucial for the interpretation and analysis of event-related functional MRI data. To date, however, there have been no comprehensive measurements of the HRF in white matter (WM) despite increasing evidence that BOLD signals in WM change after a stimulus. We performed an event-related cognitive task (Stroop color-word interference) to measure the HRF in selected human WM pathways. The task was chosen in order to produce robust, distributed centers of activity throughout the cortex. To measure the HRF in WM, fiber tracts were reconstructed between each pair of activated cortical areas. We observed clear task-specific HRFs with reduced magnitudes, delayed onsets and prolonged initial dips in WM tracts compared with activated grey matter, thus calling for significant changes to current standard models for accurately characterizing the HRFs in WM and for modifications of standard methods of analysis of functional imaging data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muwei Li
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Allen T Newton
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA
| | - Adam W Anderson
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA
| | - Zhaohua Ding
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA. .,Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
| | - John C Gore
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, AA-1105, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, 1161 21st Ave. S, Medical Center North, Nashville, TN, 37232, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, 2301 Vanderbilt Place, Nashville, TN, 37235, USA.
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17
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Bensmann W, Vahid A, Beste C, Stock AK. The Intensity of Early Attentional Processing, but Not Conflict Monitoring, Determines the Size of Subliminal Response Conflicts. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:53. [PMID: 30842733 PMCID: PMC6391363 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Response conflicts hamper goal-directed behavior and may be evoked by both consciously and subliminally (unconsciously) processed information. Yet, not much is known about the mechanisms and brain regions driving the size of subliminally induced conflicts. We hence combined a response conflict paradigm featuring subliminal primes and conscious flankers with in-depth neurophysiological (EEG) analyses, including source localization in a sample of N = 243 healthy subjects. Intra-individual differences in the size of subliminal conflicts were reflected both during early attentional stimulus processing (prime-associated N1 and target-associated P1 and N1 amplitudes) and conflict monitoring (N2 amplitudes). On the neuroanatomical level, this was reflected by activity modulations in the TPJ (BA39, BA40) and V2 (BA18), which are known to be involved in attentional stimulus processing and task set maintenance. In addition to a "standard" analysis of event-related potentials, we also conducted a purely data-driven machine learning approach using support vector machines (SVM) in order to identify neurophysiological features which do not only reflect the size of subliminal conflict, but actually allow to classify/predict it. This showed that only extremely early information processing (about 65 ms after the onset of the prime) was predictive of subliminal conflict size. Importantly, this predictive feature occurred before target information could even be processed and was reflected by activity in the left middle frontal gyrus (BA6) and insula (BA13). We conclude that differences in task set maintenance and potentially also in subliminal attentional processing of task-relevant features, but not conflict monitoring, determine the size of subliminally induced response conflicts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiebke Bensmann
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Amirali Vahid
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christian Beste
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ann-Kathrin Stock
- Cognitive Neurophysiology, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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18
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Gilmore AW, Kalinowski SE, Milleville SC, Gotts SJ, Martin A. Identifying task-general effects of stimulus familiarity in the parietal memory network. Neuropsychologia 2019; 124:31-43. [PMID: 30610842 PMCID: PMC6728150 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Studies of human memory have implicated a "parietal memory network" in the recognition of familiar stimuli. However, the automatic vs. top-down nature of information processing within this network is not yet understood. If the network processes stimuli automatically, one can expect repetition-related changes both when familiarity is central to an ongoing task and when it is task-irrelevant. Here, we tested this prediction in a group of 40 human subjects using fMRI. Subjects initially named 100 objects aloud in the scanner. They then repeated the same task with novel and previously-named objects intermixed (where familiarity was not task-relevant) and separately were asked to make old/new recognition decisions in response to pictures of novel and previously-named objects (where familiarity was central to task completion). Accuracy was matched across conditions, and voice reaction times reflected typical behavioral priming effects. Repetition enhancement effects were restricted primarily to parietal cortex-and in particular, the parietal memory network-and were task-general in nature, whereas repetition suppression effects were task-dependent and occurred primarily in frontal and ventral temporal cortex. Task context effects were also present in the parietal memory network and impacted responses to both novel and familiar items. We conclude by discussing implications of these findings with respect to current hypotheses regarding parietal contributions to memory retrieval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Gilmore
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States.
| | - Sarah E Kalinowski
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Shawn C Milleville
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Stephen J Gotts
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Alex Martin
- Section on Cognitive Neuropsychology, Laboratory of Brain and Cognition, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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19
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Larsen KM, Mørup M, Birknow MR, Fischer E, Olsen L, Didriksen M, Baaré WFC, Werge TM, Garrido MI, Siebner HR. Individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome show intact prediction but reduced adaptation in responses to repeated sounds: Evidence from Bayesian mapping. Neuroimage Clin 2019; 22:101721. [PMID: 30785050 PMCID: PMC6383326 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.101721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
One of the most common copy number variants, the 22q11.2 microdeletion, confers an increased risk for schizophrenia. Since schizophrenia has been associated with an aberrant neural response to repeated stimuli through both reduced adaptation and prediction, we here hypothesized that this may also be the case in nonpsychotic individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion. We recorded high-density EEG from 19 individuals with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (12-25 years), as well as 27 healthy volunteers with comparable age and sex distribution, while they listened to a sequence of sounds arranged in a roving oddball paradigm. Using posterior probability maps and dynamic causal modelling we tested three different models accounting for repetition dependent changes in cortical responses as well as in effective connectivity; namely an adaptation model, a prediction model, and a model including both adaptation and prediction. Repetition-dependent changes were parametrically modulated by a combination of adaptation and prediction and were apparent in both cortical responses and in the underlying effective connectivity. This effect was reduced in individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion and was negatively correlated with negative symptom severity. Follow-up analysis showed that the reduced effect of the combined adaptation and prediction model seen in individuals with 22q11.2 deletion was driven by reduced adaptation rather than prediction failure. Our findings suggest that adaptation is reduced in individuals with a 22q11.2 deletion, which can be interpreted in light of the framework of predictive coding as a failure to suppress prediction errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit Melissa Larsen
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; DTU Compute, Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark; Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia.
| | - Morten Mørup
- DTU Compute, Cognitive Systems, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Michelle Rosgaard Birknow
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - Elvira Fischer
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Line Olsen
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Didriksen
- Synaptic Transmission, H. Lundbeck A/S, Ottiliavej 9, DK-2500, Valby, Denmark
| | - William Frans Christiaan Baaré
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Thomas Mears Werge
- Institute of Biological Psychiatry, Mental Health Centre Sct. Hans, Copenhagen University Hospital, Boserupvej 2, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; iPSYCH, The Lundbeck Foundation Initiative for Integrative Psychiatric Research, Aarhus and Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marta Isabel Garrido
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia; Centre for Advanced Imaging, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia; Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia; School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, 4072 Brisbane, Australia
| | - Hartwig Roman Siebner
- Danish Research Centre for Magnetic Resonance, Centre for Functional and Diagnostic Imaging and Research, Copenhagen University Hospital Hvidovre, Hvidovre, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Neurology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Tang MF, Smout CA, Arabzadeh E, Mattingley JB. Prediction error and repetition suppression have distinct effects on neural representations of visual information. eLife 2018; 7:33123. [PMID: 30547881 PMCID: PMC6312401 DOI: 10.7554/elife.33123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Predictive coding theories argue that recent experience establishes expectations in the brain that generate prediction errors when violated. Prediction errors provide a possible explanation for repetition suppression, where evoked neural activity is attenuated across repeated presentations of the same stimulus. The predictive coding account argues repetition suppression arises because repeated stimuli are expected, whereas non-repeated stimuli are unexpected and thus elicit larger neural responses. Here, we employed electroencephalography in humans to test the predictive coding account of repetition suppression by presenting sequences of visual gratings with orientations that were expected either to repeat or change in separate blocks of trials. We applied multivariate forward modelling to determine how orientation selectivity was affected by repetition and prediction. Unexpected stimuli were associated with significantly enhanced orientation selectivity, whereas selectivity was unaffected for repeated stimuli. Our results suggest that repetition suppression and expectation have separable effects on neural representations of visual feature information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Tang
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Victoria, Australia
| | - Cooper A Smout
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ehsan Arabzadeh
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Victoria, Australia.,Eccles Institute of Neuroscience, John Curtin School of Medical Research, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Jason B Mattingley
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia.,Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence for Integrative Brain Function, Victoria, Australia.,School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Australia
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21
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Andreau JM, Torres Batán S. Exploring lateralization during memory through hemispheric pre-activation: Differences based on the stimulus type. Laterality 2018; 24:393-416. [PMID: 30290713 DOI: 10.1080/1357650x.2018.1531422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The original approach of the Hemispheric Encoding/Retrieval Asymmetry model (HERA) was aimed at the operations of encoding and retrieving episodic memories. However, whether HERA presumptions can apply to different types of stimuli (e.g., words and pictures) continues to be a matter of debate. Therefore, in order to analyse the effects of brain pre-activation on subsequent memory, HERA was tested through a hand-clenching paradigm using four types of stimuli: words, fractal images, silhouettes of common objects, and pseudowords. Results revealed that only the memory of words and pseudowords was enhanced by hand-clenching pre-activation, according to HERA predictions. Since the cognitive processes underlying recognition of verbal stimuli are considered to follow a cognitive route involving grapheme-morpheme conversion, it could be hypothesized that hand-clenching pre-activation might be associated with a selective pre-activation of the brain circuits participating in that pathway. Hence, the present work broadens possible interpretations behind the effects of hand-clenching on memory, based on the process engaged and the type of stimulus to be remembered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Mario Andreau
- a Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía , Universidad del Salvador , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento , Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
| | - Santiago Torres Batán
- a Instituto de Investigación, Facultad de Psicología y Psicopedagogía , Universidad del Salvador , Buenos Aires , Argentina.,b Laboratorio de Biología del Comportamiento , Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IBYME) , Buenos Aires , Argentina
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22
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Iwasaki M, Noguchi Y, Kakigi R. Two-Stage Processing of Aesthetic Information in the Human Brain Revealed by Neural Adaptation Paradigm. Brain Topogr 2018; 31:1001-1013. [PMID: 29882034 DOI: 10.1007/s10548-018-0654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Some researchers in aesthetics assume visual features related to aesthetic perception (e.g. golden ratio and symmetry) commonly embedded in masterpieces. If this is true, an intriguing hypothesis is that the human brain has neural circuitry specialized for the processing of visual beauty. We presently tested this hypothesis by combining a neuroimaging technique with the repetition suppression (RS) paradigm. Subjects (non-experts in art) viewed two images of sculptures sequentially presented. Some sculptures obeyed the golden ratio (canonical images), while the golden proportion were impaired in other sculptures (deformed images). We found that the occipito-temporal cortex in the right hemisphere showed the RS when a canonical sculpture (e.g. Venus de Milo) was repeatedly presented, but not when its deformed version was repeated. Furthermore, the right parietal cortex showed the RS to the canonical proportion even when two sculptures had different identities (e.g. Venus de Milo as the first stimulus and David di Michelangelo as the second), indicating that this region encodes the golden ratio as an abstract rule shared by different sculptures. Those results suggest two separate stages of neural processing for aesthetic information (one in the occipito-temporal and another in the parietal regions) that are hierarchically arranged in the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Iwasaki
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuki Noguchi
- Department of Psychology, Graduate School of Humanities, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai-cho, Nada, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, 38 Nishigonaka, Myodaiji, Okazaki, 444-8585, Japan
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Yu J, Li R, Jiang Y, Broster LS, Li J. Altered Brain Activities Associated with Neural Repetition Effects in Mild Cognitive Impairment Patients. J Alzheimers Dis 2018; 53:693-704. [PMID: 27176074 DOI: 10.3233/jad-160086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Older adults with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) manifest impaired explicit memory. However, studies on implicit memory such as repetition effects in persons with MCI have been limited. In the present study, 17 MCI patients and 16 healthy normal controls (NC) completed a modified delayed-match-to-sample task while undergoing functional magnetic resonance imaging. We aim to examine the neural basis of repetition; specifically, to elucidate whether and how repetition-related brain responses are altered in participants with MCI. When repeatedly rejecting distracters, both NC and MCI showed similar behavioral repetition effects; however, in both whole-brain and region-of-interest analyses of functional data, persons with MCI showed reduced repetition-driven suppression in the middle occipital and middle frontal gyrus. Further, individual difference analysis found that activation in the left middle occipital gyrus was positively correlated with rejecting reaction time and negatively correlated with accuracy rate, suggesting a predictor of repetition behavioral performance. These findings provide new evidence to support the view that neural mechanisms of repetition effect are altered in MCI who manifests compensatory repetition-related brain activities along with their neuropathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yu
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Faculty of Psychology, Southwest University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Jiang
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lucas S Broster
- University of Kentucky, College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Juan Li
- Center on Aging Psychology, Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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Barron HC, Garvert MM, Behrens TEJ. Repetition suppression: a means to index neural representations using BOLD? Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0355. [PMID: 27574308 PMCID: PMC5003856 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding how the human brain gives rise to complex cognitive processes remains one of the biggest challenges of contemporary neuroscience. While invasive recording in animal models can provide insight into neural processes that are conserved across species, our understanding of cognition more broadly relies upon investigation of the human brain itself. There is therefore an imperative to establish non-invasive tools that allow human brain activity to be measured at high spatial and temporal resolution. In recent years, various attempts have been made to refine the coarse signal available in functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), providing a means to investigate neural activity at the meso-scale, i.e. at the level of neural populations. The most widely used techniques include repetition suppression and multivariate pattern analysis. Human neuroscience can now use these techniques to investigate how representations are encoded across neural populations and transformed by relevant computations. Here, we review the physiological basis, applications and limitations of fMRI repetition suppression with a brief comparison to multivariate techniques. By doing so, we show how fMRI repetition suppression holds promise as a tool to reveal complex neural mechanisms that underlie human cognitive function. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Interpreting BOLD: a dialogue between cognitive and cellular neuroscience’.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen C Barron
- MRC Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TH, UK Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Mona M Garvert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Timothy E J Behrens
- Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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Yousefi A, Dougherty DD, Eskandar EN, Widge AS, Eden UT. Estimating Dynamic Signals From Trial Data With Censored Values. COMPUTATIONAL PSYCHIATRY (CAMBRIDGE, MASS.) 2017; 1:58-81. [PMID: 29601047 PMCID: PMC5774187 DOI: 10.1162/cpsy_a_00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Censored data occur commonly in trial-structured behavioral experiments and many other forms of longitudinal data. They can lead to severe bias and reduction of statistical power in subsequent analyses. Principled approaches for dealing with censored data, such as data imputation and methods based on the complete data's likelihood, work well for estimating fixed features of statistical models but have not been extended to dynamic measures, such as serial estimates of an underlying latent variable over time. Here we propose an approach to the censored-data problem for dynamic behavioral signals. We developed a state-space modeling framework with a censored observation process at the trial timescale. We then developed a filter algorithm to compute the posterior distribution of the state process using the available data. We showed that special cases of this framework can incorporate the three most common approaches to censored observations: ignoring trials with censored data, imputing the censored data values, or using the full information available in the data likelihood. Finally, we derived a computationally efficient approximate Gaussian filter that is similar in structure to a Kalman filter, but that efficiently accounts for censored data. We compared the performances of these methods in a simulation study and provide recommendations of approaches to use, based on the expected amount of censored data in an experiment. These new techniques can broadly be applied in many research domains in which censored data interfere with estimation, including survival analysis and other clinical trial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Yousefi
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA
| | - Darin D. Dougherty
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Emad N. Eskandar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alik S. Widge
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
- Picower Institute for Learning & Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA
| | - Uri T. Eden
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Boston University, Boston, MA
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Hattori D, Aso Y, Swartz KJ, Rubin GM, Abbott LF, Axel R. Representations of Novelty and Familiarity in a Mushroom Body Compartment. Cell 2017; 169:956-969.e17. [PMID: 28502772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2017.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 02/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Animals exhibit a behavioral response to novel sensory stimuli about which they have no prior knowledge. We have examined the neural and behavioral correlates of novelty and familiarity in the olfactory system of Drosophila. Novel odors elicit strong activity in output neurons (MBONs) of the α'3 compartment of the mushroom body that is rapidly suppressed upon repeated exposure to the same odor. This transition in neural activity upon familiarization requires odor-evoked activity in the dopaminergic neuron innervating this compartment. Moreover, exposure of a fly to novel odors evokes an alerting response that can also be elicited by optogenetic activation of α'3 MBONs. Silencing these MBONs eliminates the alerting behavior. These data suggest that the α'3 compartment plays a causal role in the behavioral response to novel and familiar stimuli as a consequence of dopamine-mediated plasticity at the Kenyon cell-MBONα'3 synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hattori
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yoshinori Aso
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - Kurtis J Swartz
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Gerald M Rubin
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA 20147, USA
| | - L F Abbott
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Richard Axel
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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Aarabi A, Osharina V, Wallois F. Effect of confounding variables on hemodynamic response function estimation using averaging and deconvolution analysis: An event-related NIRS study. Neuroimage 2017; 155:25-49. [PMID: 28450140 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow and rapid event-related designs are used in fMRI and functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) experiments to temporally characterize the brain hemodynamic response to discrete events. Conventional averaging (CA) and the deconvolution method (DM) are the two techniques commonly used to estimate the Hemodynamic Response Function (HRF) profile in event-related designs. In this study, we conducted a series of simulations using synthetic and real NIRS data to examine the effect of the main confounding factors, including event sequence timing parameters, different types of noise, signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), temporal autocorrelation and temporal filtering on the performance of these techniques in slow and rapid event-related designs. We also compared systematic errors in the estimates of the fitted HRF amplitude, latency and duration for both techniques. We further compared the performance of deconvolution methods based on Finite Impulse Response (FIR) basis functions and gamma basis sets. Our results demonstrate that DM was much less sensitive to confounding factors than CA. Event timing was the main parameter largely affecting the accuracy of CA. In slow event-related designs, deconvolution methods provided similar results to those obtained by CA. In rapid event-related designs, our results showed that DM outperformed CA for all SNR, especially above -5 dB regardless of the event sequence timing and the dynamics of background NIRS activity. Our results also show that periodic low-frequency systemic hemodynamic fluctuations as well as phase-locked noise can markedly obscure hemodynamic evoked responses. Temporal autocorrelation also affected the performance of both techniques by inducing distortions in the time profile of the estimated hemodynamic response with inflated t-statistics, especially at low SNRs. We also found that high-pass temporal filtering could substantially affect the performance of both techniques by removing the low-frequency components of HRF profiles. Our results emphasize the importance of characterization of event timing, background noise and SNR when estimating HRF profiles using CA and DM in event-related designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ardalan Aarabi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens 80036, France; GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France.
| | - Victoria Osharina
- GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France
| | - Fabrice Wallois
- GRAMFC-Inserm U1105, University Research Center (CURS), University Hospital, Amiens, 80054 France; EFSN Pediatric (Pediatric Nervous System Functional Investigation Unit), CHU AMIENS - SITE SUD, Amiens, France
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I know I've seen you before: Distinguishing recent-single-exposure-based familiarity from pre-existing familiarity. Brain Res 2017; 1658:11-24. [PMID: 28073651 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Revised: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examines how individuals differentiate recent-single-exposure-based familiarity from pre-existing familiarity. If these are two distinct cognitive processes, are they supported by the same neural bases? This study examines how recent-single-exposure-based familiarity and multiple-previous-exposure-based familiarity are supported and represented in the brain using functional MRI. In a novel approach, we first behaviorally show that subjects can divide retrieval of items in pre-existing memory into judgments of recollection and familiarity. Then, using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we examine the differences in blood oxygen level dependent activity and regional connectivity during judgments of recent-single-exposure-based and pre-existing familiarity. Judgments of these two types of familiarity showed distinct regions of activation in a whole-brain analysis, in medial temporal lobe (MTL) substructures, and in MTL substructure functional-correlations with other brain regions. Specifically, within the MTL, perirhinal cortex showed increased activation during recent-single-exposure-based familiarity while parahippocampal cortex showed increased activation during judgments of pre-existing familiarity. We find that recent-single-exposure-based and pre-existing familiarity are represented as distinct neural processes in the brain; this is supported by differing patterns of brain activation and regional correlations. This spatially distinct regional brain involvement suggests that the two separate experiences of familiarity, recent-exposure-based familiarity and pre-existing familiarity, may be cognitively distinct.
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Okamoto H, Kakigi R. Modulation of Auditory Evoked Magnetic Fields Elicited by Successive Frequency-Modulated (FM) Sweeps. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:36. [PMID: 28220066 PMCID: PMC5292620 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In our daily life, we are successively exposed to frequency-modulated (FM) sounds that play an important role in speech and species-specific communication. Previous studies demonstrated that repetitive exposure to identical pure tones resulted in decreased neural activity. However, the effects of repetitively presented FM sounds on neural activity in the human auditory cortex remain unclear. In the present study, we used magnetoencephalography to investigate auditory evoked N1m responses elicited by four successive temporally repeated and superimposed FM sweeps in three sequences: (1) four FM sweeps were identical, (2) four FM sweeps had the same FM direction and rate, but different carrier frequencies, (3) four FM sweeps differed with respect to the FM rate and/or direction and their carrier frequencies. In contrast to our expectations, the results obtained demonstrated that N1m responses were maximal when the four FM sweeps were identical and minimal when they were distinct. These results suggest that the neural processing of repetitive FM sweeps in the human auditory cortex may differ from that of repetitive pure tones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidehiko Okamoto
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced StudiesHayama, Japan
- *Correspondence: Hidehiko Okamoto
| | - Ryusuke Kakigi
- Department of Integrative Physiology, National Institute for Physiological SciencesOkazaki, Japan
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced StudiesHayama, Japan
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Baran B, Karahanoğlu FI, Agam Y, Mantonakis L, Manoach DS. Failure to mobilize cognitive control for challenging tasks correlates with symptom severity in schizophrenia. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2016; 12:887-893. [PMID: 27872811 PMCID: PMC5109850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Deficits in the adaptive, flexible control of behavior contribute to the clinical manifestations of schizophrenia. We used functional MRI and an antisaccade paradigm to examine the neural correlates of cognitive control deficits and their relations to symptom severity. Thirty-three chronic medicated outpatients with schizophrenia and 31 healthy controls performed an antisaccade paradigm. We examined differences in recruitment of the cognitive control network and task performance for Hard (high control) versus Easy (low control) antisaccade trials within and between groups. We focused on the key regions involved in ‘top-down’ control of ocular motor structures – dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, dorsolateral and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. In patients, we examined whether difficulty implementing cognitive control correlated with symptom severity. Patients made more errors overall, and had shorter saccadic latencies than controls on correct Hard vs. Easy trials. Unlike controls, patients failed to increase activation in the cognitive control network for Hard vs. Easy trials. Reduced activation for Hard vs. Easy trials predicted higher error rates in both groups and increased symptom severity in schizophrenia. These findings suggest that patients with schizophrenia are impaired in mobilizing cognitive control when presented with challenges and that this contributes to deficits suppressing prepotent but contextually inappropriate responses, to behavior that is stimulus-bound and error-prone rather than flexibly guided by context, and to symptom expression. Therapies aimed at increasing cognitive control may improve both cognitive flexibility and reduce the impact of symptoms. Patients with schizophrenia fail to mobilize the cognitive control network during a challenging cognitive task. This deficit results in behavior that is stimulus-bound and error-prone rather than flexibly guided by context. Therapies aimed at increasing cognitive control may improve both cognitive flexibility and reduce the impact of symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengi Baran
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - F Işık Karahanoğlu
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Yigal Agam
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Leonidas Mantonakis
- Psychiatry Department, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Dara S Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States; Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States
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Kark SM, Slotnick SD, Kensinger EA. Repetition Enhancement of Amygdala and Visual Cortex Functional Connectivity Reflects Nonconscious Memory for Negative Visual Stimuli. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 28:1933-1946. [PMID: 27676616 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Most studies using a recognition memory paradigm examine the neural processes that support the ability to consciously recognize past events. However, there can also be nonconscious influences from the prior study episode that reflect repetition suppression effects-a reduction in the magnitude of activity for repeated presentations of stimuli-that are revealed by comparing neural activity associated with forgotten items to correctly rejected novel items. The present fMRI study examined the effect of emotional valence (positive vs. negative) on repetition suppression effects. Using a standard recognition memory task, 24 participants viewed line drawings of previously studied negative, positive, and neutral photos intermixed with novel line drawings. For each item, participants made an old-new recognition judgment and a sure-unsure confidence rating. Collapsed across valence, repetition suppression effects were found in ventral occipital-temporal cortex and frontal regions. Activity levels in the majority of these regions were not modulated by valence. However, repetition enhancement of the amygdala and ventral occipital-temporal cortex functional connectivity reflected nonconscious memory for negative items. In this study, valence had little effect on activation patterns but had a larger effect on functional connectivity patterns that were markers of nonconscious memory. Beyond memory and emotion, these findings are relevant to other cognitive and social neuroscientists that utilize fMRI repetition effects to investigate perception, attention, social cognition, and other forms of learning and memory.
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Nordt M, Hoehl S, Weigelt S. The use of repetition suppression paradigms in developmental cognitive neuroscience. Cortex 2016; 80:61-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Abstract
This human neuroimaging review aims to determine the degree to which visual memory evokes activity in neural regions that have been associated with visual perception. A visual perception framework is proposed to identify cortical regions associated with modality-specific processing (i.e., visual, auditory, motor, or olfactory), visual domain-specific processing (i.e., “what” versus “where,” or face versus visual context), and visual feature-specific processing (i.e., color, motion, or spatial location). Independent assessments of visual item memory studies and visual working memory studies revealed activity in the appropriate cortical regions associated with each of the three levels of visual perception processing. These results provide compelling evidence that visual memory and visual perception are associated with common neural substrates. Furthermore, as with visual perception, they support the view that visual memory is a constructive process, in which features or components from disparate cortical regions bind together to form a coherent whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott D Slotnick
- Department of Psychology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA.
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36
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Marsolek CJ. Dissociable Neural Subsystems Underlie Abstract and Specific Object Recognition. Psychol Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1111/1467-9280.00117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Participants named objects presented in the left or right visual field during a test phase, after viewing centrally presented same-exemplar objects, different-exemplar objects, and words that name objects during an initial encoding phase. In two experiments, repetition priming was exemplar-abstract yet visual when test objects were presented directly to the left cerebral hemisphere, but exemplar-specific when test objects were presented directly to the right cerebral hemisphere, contrary to predictions from single-system theories of object recognition. In two other experiments, stimulus degradation during encoding and task demands during test modulated these results in predicted ways. The results support the theory that dissociable neural subsystems operate in parallel (not in sequence) to underlie visual object recognition: An abstract-category subsystem operates more effectively than a specific-exemplar subsystem in the left hemisphere, and a specific-exemplar subsystem operates more effectively than an abstract-category subsystem in the right hemisphere.
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Thakral PP, Kensinger EA, Slotnick SD. Familiarity and priming are mediated by overlapping neural substrates. Brain Res 2016; 1632:107-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Zander T, Horr NK, Bolte A, Volz KG. Intuitive decision making as a gradual process: investigating semantic intuition-based and priming-based decisions with fMRI. Brain Behav 2016; 6:e00420. [PMID: 27110441 PMCID: PMC4834943 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intuition has been defined as the instantaneous, experience-based impression of coherence elicited by cues in the environment. In a context of discovery, intuitive decision-making processes can be conceptualized as occurring within two stages, the first of which comprises an implicit perception of coherence that is not (yet) verbalizable. Through a process of spreading activation, this initially non-conscious perception gradually crosses over a threshold of awareness and thereby becomes explicable. Because of its experiential basis, intuition shares conceptual similarities with implicit memory processes. Based on these, the study addresses two research questions: (1) Is the gradual nature of intuitive processes reflected on a neural level? (2) Do intuition-based decisions differ neurally from priming-based decisions? METHODS To answer these questions, we conducted an fMRI study using the triads task and presented participants with coherent word triads that converge on a common fourth concept, and incoherent word triads that do not converge on a common fourth concept. Participants had to perform semantic coherence judgments as well as to indicate whether they immediately knew the fourth concept. To enable investigating intuition-based and priming-based decisions within the same task and with the same participants, we implemented a conceptual priming procedure into the coherence judgment task. We realized this by priming participants with concepts associated with incoherent triads in separate priming blocks prior to the coherence judgments. RESULTS For intuition-based decisions, imaging results mainly revealed activity within the orbitofrontal cortex, within the inferior frontal gyrus and the middle temporal gyrus. Activity suppression in the right temporo-occipital complex was observed for priming-based decisions. CONCLUSIONS With respect to research question 1, our data support a continuity model of intuition because the two intuitive stages show quantitatively distinct brain activation patterns. Regarding research question 2, we can draw the preliminary conclusion of a qualitative difference between intuition-based and priming-based decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Zander
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- International Max Planck Research SchoolTübingenGermany
- Department of PsychologyUniversity of BaselSwitzerland
| | - Ninja K. Horr
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
- Research Centre for Computational Neuroscience and Cognitive RoboticsUniversity of BirminghamBirminghamUK
| | | | - Kirsten G. Volz
- Werner Reichardt Centre for Integrative NeuroscienceUniversity of TübingenTübingenGermany
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Jiang X, Jiang Y, Parasuraman R. The Visual Priming of Motion-Defined 3D Objects. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144730. [PMID: 26658496 PMCID: PMC4684376 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The perception of a stimulus can be influenced by previous perceptual experience, a phenomenon known as perceptual priming. However, there has been limited investigation on perceptual priming of shape perception of three-dimensional object structures defined by moving dots. Here we examined the perceptual priming of a 3D object shape defined purely by motion-in-depth cues (i.e., Shape-From-Motion, SFM) using a classic prime-target paradigm. The results from the first two experiments revealed a significant increase in accuracy when a “cloudy” SFM stimulus (whose object structure was difficult to recognize due to the presence of strong noise) was preceded by an unambiguous SFM that clearly defined the same transparent 3D shape. In contrast, results from Experiment 3 revealed no change in accuracy when a “cloudy” SFM stimulus was preceded by a static shape or a semantic word that defined the same object shape. Instead, there was a significant decrease in accuracy when preceded by a static shape or a semantic word that defined a different object shape. These results suggested that the perception of a noisy SFM stimulus can be facilitated by a preceding unambiguous SFM stimulus—but not a static image or a semantic stimulus—that defined the same shape. The potential neural and computational mechanisms underlying the difference in priming are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Jiang
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, 20007, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Yang Jiang
- Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, 40506, United States of America
| | - Raja Parasuraman
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA, 22030, United States of America
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Heim S, McMillan CT, Clark R, Baehr L, Ternes K, Olm C, Min NE, Grossman M. How the brain learns how few are "many": An fMRI study of the flexibility of quantifier semantics. Neuroimage 2015; 125:45-52. [PMID: 26481678 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.10.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work has shown that the meaning of a quantifier such as "many" or "few" depends in part on quantity. However, the meaning of a quantifier may vary depending on the context, e.g. in the case of common entities such as "many ants" (perhaps several thousands) compared to endangered species such as "many pandas" (perhaps a dozen). In a recent study (Heim et al., 2015 Front. Psychol.) we demonstrated that the relative meaning of "many" and "few" may be changed experimentally. In a truth value judgment task, displays with 40% of circles in a named color initially had a low probability of being labeled "many". After a training phase, the likelihood of acceptance 40% as "many" increased. Moreover, the semantic learning effect also generalized to the related quantifier "few" which had not been mentioned in the training phase. Thus, fewer 40% arrays were considered "few." In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that this semantic adaptation effect was supported by cytoarchitectonic Brodmann area (BA) 45 in Broca's region which may contribute to semantic evaluation in the context of language and quantification. In an event-related fMRI study, 17 healthy volunteers performed the same paradigm as in the previous behavioral study. We found a relative signal increase when comparing the critical, trained proportion to untrained proportions. This specific effect was found in left BA 45 for the trained quantifier "many", and in left BA 44 for both quantifiers, reflecting the semantic adjustment for the untrained but related quantifier "few." These findings demonstrate the neural basis for processing the flexible meaning of a quantifier, and illustrate the neuroanatomical structures that contribute to variable meanings that can be associated with a word when used in different contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Heim
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany;; Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Jülich, Germany; JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Corey T McMillan
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Robin Clark
- University of Pennsylvania, Department of Linguistics, USA
| | - Laura Baehr
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kylie Ternes
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Christopher Olm
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Nam Eun Min
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, USA
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Yu M, Mo C, Li Y, Mo L. Distinct representations of syllables and phonemes in Chinese production: Evidence from fMRI adaptation. Neuropsychologia 2015; 77:253-9. [PMID: 26334943 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Existing linguistic theories have converged on the fundamental role of syllable and phoneme as the phonological production units that drive articulation in most alphabetic languages, while much remains controversial concerning the logographic Chinese because there is no conclusive evidence of the neural correlates of syllabic and phonemic processing during Chinese speech production. Here, fMRI adaptation paradigm was used to explore the possibility of distinctive neural representations of phonemes and syllables when native Chinese speakers pronounced Chinese pseudowords. We found that bilateral basal ganglia (BG) exhibited evident neural adaptation effect for phonemic repetition, indicating independent neural representation of phonemes in the speech production network in Chinese speakers. Moreover, neural adaptation effect for syllabic repetition was found in bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STg). These findings thus suggest that, similar to alphabetic languages, both phonemes and syllables are phonological production units associated with distinctive neural representations in Mandarin Chinese and further implicate the universality of hierarchical phonological coding across different linguistic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxia Yu
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Ce Mo
- Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - You Li
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Lei Mo
- Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China.
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Sawaki R, Luck SJ, Raymond JE. How Attention Changes in Response to Incentives. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:2229-39. [PMID: 26151604 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Although the performance of simple cognitive tasks can be enhanced if an incentive is provided, the mechanisms enabling such motivational control are not known. This study sought to uncover how mechanisms of attention and readiness are altered by reward-associated incentive stimuli. We measured EEG/ERP activity as human adults viewed a high- or low-incentive cue, experienced a short preparation interval, and then performed a simple visual search task to gain the predicted reward. Search performance was faster with high versus low incentives, and this was accompanied by distinct incentive-related EEG/ERP patterns at each phase of the task (incentive, preparation, and search). First, and most surprisingly, attention to high but not low incentive cues was actively suppressed, as indexed by a PD component in response to the incentive display. During the subsequent preparation interval, neural oscillations in the alpha frequency range were reduced after high-incentive cues, indicating heightened visual readiness. Finally, attentional orienting to the target in the search array was deployed with relatively little effort on high-incentive trials, as indexed by a reduced N2pc component. These results reveal the chain of events by which the brain's executive control mechanisms respond to incentives by altering the operation of multiple processing systems to produce optimal performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risa Sawaki
- University of California, Davis.,University of Birmingham
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An electrophysiological insight into visual attention mechanisms underlying schizotypy. Biol Psychol 2015; 109:206-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Garvert MM, Moutoussis M, Kurth-Nelson Z, Behrens TEJ, Dolan RJ. Learning-induced plasticity in medial prefrontal cortex predicts preference malleability. Neuron 2015; 85:418-28. [PMID: 25611512 PMCID: PMC4306543 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Learning induces plasticity in neuronal networks. As neuronal populations contribute to multiple representations, we reasoned plasticity in one representation might influence others. We used human fMRI repetition suppression to show that plasticity induced by learning another individual’s values impacts upon a value representation for oneself in medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), a plasticity also evident behaviorally in a preference shift. We show this plasticity is driven by a striatal “prediction error,” signaling the discrepancy between the other’s choice and a subject’s own preferences. Thus, our data highlight that mPFC encodes agent-independent representations of subjective value, such that prediction errors simultaneously update multiple agents’ value representations. As the resulting change in representational similarity predicts interindividual differences in the malleability of subjective preferences, our findings shed mechanistic light on complex human processes such as the powerful influence of social interaction on beliefs and preferences. Learning the values of another causes plasticity in a mPFC value representation This plasticity predicts how much subjects’ own preferences change Plasticity is explained by a striatal surprise signal Value coding in mPFC occurs independently of the agent for whom a decision is made
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona M Garvert
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK.
| | - Michael Moutoussis
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Zeb Kurth-Nelson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
| | - Timothy E J Behrens
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Oxford Centre for Functional MRI of the Brain, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9D, UK
| | - Raymond J Dolan
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK; Max Planck UCL Centre for Computational Psychiatry and Ageing Research, Russell Square House, 10-12 Russell Square, London WC1B 5EH, UK
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McNorgan C, Booth JR. Skill dependent audiovisual integration in the fusiform induces repetition suppression. BRAIN AND LANGUAGE 2015; 141:110-123. [PMID: 25585276 PMCID: PMC4303511 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandl.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Learning to read entails mapping existing phonological representations to novel orthographic representations and is thus an ideal context for investigating experience driven audiovisual integration. Because two dominant brain-based theories of reading development hinge on the sensitivity of the visual-object processing stream to phonological information, we were interested in how reading skill relates to audiovisual integration in this area. Thirty-two children between 8 and 13 years of age spanning a range of reading skill participated in a functional magnetic resonance imaging experiment. Participants completed a rhyme judgment task to word pairs presented unimodally (auditory- or visual-only) and cross-modally (auditory followed by visual). Skill-dependent sub-additive audiovisual modulation was found in left fusiform gyrus, extending into the putative visual word form area, and was correlated with behavioral orthographic priming. These results suggest learning to read promotes facilitatory audiovisual integration in the ventral visual-object processing stream and may optimize this region for orthographic processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James R Booth
- Northwestern University, United States; The University of Texas at Austin, United States
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Abstract
Odors are surprisingly difficult to name, but the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is poorly understood. In experiments using event-related potentials (ERPs) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), we investigated the physiological basis of odor naming with a paradigm where olfactory and visual object cues were followed by target words that either matched or mismatched the cue. We hypothesized that word processing would not only be affected by its semantic congruency with the preceding cue, but would also depend on the cue modality (olfactory or visual). Performance was slower and less precise when linking a word to its corresponding odor than to its picture. The ERP index of semantic incongruity (N400), reflected in the comparison of nonmatching versus matching target words, was more constrained to posterior electrode sites and lasted longer on odor-cue (vs picture-cue) trials. In parallel, fMRI cross-adaptation in the right orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and the left anterior temporal lobe (ATL) was observed in response to words when preceded by matching olfactory cues, but not by matching visual cues. Time-series plots demonstrated increased fMRI activity in OFC and ATL at the onset of the odor cue itself, followed by response habituation after processing of a matching (vs nonmatching) target word, suggesting that predictive perceptual representations in these regions are already established before delivery and deliberation of the target word. Together, our findings underscore the modality-specific anatomy and physiology of object identification in the human brain.
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Abstract
Familiar stimuli are typically accompanied by decreases in neural response relative to the presentation of novel items, but these studies often include explicit instructions to discriminate old and new items; this creates difficulties in partialling out the contribution of top-down intentional orientation to the items based on recognition goals. Here, we used an incidental recognition functional MRI paradigm to compare response to repetition of novel and familiar stimuli in the absence of any ongoing memory task demand. The inferior frontal gyrus and hippocampus both displayed enhanced response to novelty and suppressed response to familiar stimuli, notably, under conditions which did not encourage intentional orientation to recognize novel or old items. Functional connectivity analyses additionally suggested that familiarity processing is associated with a network incorporating the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex. We conclude that recognition memory substrates can be fractionated even in the absence of memory goals.
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Gillis MM, Hampstead BM. A two-part preliminary investigation of encoding-related activation changes after moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: hyperactivation, repetition suppression, and the role of the prefrontal cortex. Brain Imaging Behav 2014; 9:801-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s11682-014-9337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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49
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Qiao F, Zheng L, Li L, Zhu L, Wang Q. Reduced repetition suppression in the occipital visual cortex during repeated negative Chinese personality-trait word processing. Scand J Psychol 2014; 55:533-7. [PMID: 25251564 DOI: 10.1111/sjop.12164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Reduced neural activation have been consistently observed during repeated items processing, a phenomenon termed repetition suppression. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate whether and how stimuli of emotional valence affects repetition suppression by adopting Chinese personality-trait words as materials. Seventeen participants were required to read the negative and neutral Chinese personality-trait words silently. And then they were presented with repeated and novel items during scanning. Results showed significant repetition suppression in the inferior occipital gyrus only for neutral personality-trait words, whereas similar repetition suppression in the left inferior temporal gyrus and left middle temporal gyrus was revealed for both the word types. These results indicated common and distinct neural substrates during processing Chinese repeated negative and neutral personality-trait words.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Qiao
- School of Psychology and Cognitive Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, China
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Kwok SC, Shallice T, Macaluso E. Set-relevance Determines the Impact of Distractors on Episodic Memory Retrieval. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:2070-86. [DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
We investigated the interplay between stimulus-driven attention and memory retrieval with a novel interference paradigm that engaged both systems concurrently on each trial. Participants encoded a 45-min movie on Day 1 and, on Day 2, performed a temporal order judgment task during fMRI. Each retrieval trial comprised three images presented sequentially, and the task required participants to judge the temporal order of the first and the last images (“memory probes”) while ignoring the second image, which was task irrelevant (“attention distractor”). We manipulated the content relatedness and the temporal proximity between the distractor and the memory probes, as well as the temporal distance between two probes. Behaviorally, short temporal distances between the probes led to reduced retrieval performance. Distractors that at encoding were temporally close to the first probe image reduced these costs, specifically when the distractor was content unrelated to the memory probes. The imaging results associated the distractor probe temporal proximity with activation of the right ventral attention network. By contrast, the precuneus was activated for high-content relatedness between distractors and probes and in trials including a short distance between the two memory probes. The engagement of the right ventral attention network by specific types of distractors suggests a link between stimulus-driven attention control and episodic memory retrieval, whereas the activation pattern of the precuneus implicates this region in memory search within knowledge/content-based hierarchies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tim Shallice
- 2SISSA, Trieste, Italy
- 3University College London
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