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Zhang Q, Singh P, Peng DW, Peng EY, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. Proactive M2 blockade prevents cognitive decline in GRK5-deficient APP transgenic mice via enhancing cholinergic neuronal resilience. J Biol Chem 2024; 300:107619. [PMID: 39098530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2024.107619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) poses an immense challenge in healthcare, lacking effective therapies. This study investigates the potential of anthranilamide derivative (AAD23), a selective M2 receptor antagonist, in proactively preventing cognitive impairments and cholinergic neuronal degeneration in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient Swedish APP (GAP) mice. GAP mice manifest cognitive deficits by 7 months and develop senile plaques by 9 months. A 6-month AAD23 treatment was initiated at 5 months and stopped at 11 months before behavioral assessments without the treatment. AAD23-treated mice exhibited preserved cognitive abilities and improved cholinergic axonal health in the nucleus basalis of Meynert akin to wildtype mice. Conversely, vehicle-treated GAP mice displayed memory deficits and pronounced cholinergic axonal swellings in the nucleus basalis of Meynert. Notably, AAD23 treatment did not alter senile plaques and microgliosis. These findings highlight AAD23's efficacy in forestalling AD-related cognitive decline in G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5-deficient subjects, attributing its success to restoring cholinergic neuronal integrity and resilience, enhancing resistance against diverse degenerative insults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - David W Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Evelyn Y Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, Missouri, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; Department of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, Kansas, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
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2
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Ahmed MR, Zheng C, Dunning JL, Ahmed MS, Ge C, Pair FS, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral sensitization. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101623. [PMID: 38936368 PMCID: PMC11293330 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 06/05/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
In rodents with unilateral ablation of neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. This sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of these mice, we find that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescues behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation does not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in direct pathway striatal neurons, also fully rescues sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide does not. Behavioral rescue is accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity, as reflected by JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-assisted JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization upon dopamine depletion and chronic L-DOPA treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 121, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jeffery L Dunning
- Contet Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed S Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Connie Ge
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, 55 Lake Avenue North, Worcester, MA 01655, USA
| | - F Sanders Pair
- The University of Alabama at Birmingham, SHEL 121, 1825 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294-2182, USA
| | - Vsevolod V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, 2200 Pierce Avenue, PRB422, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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Ahmed MR, Zheng C, Dunning JL, Ahmed MS, Ge C, Sanders Pair F, Gurevich VV, Gurevich EV. Arrestin-3-assisted activation of JNK3 mediates dopaminergic behavioral and signaling plasticity in vivo. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.27.564447. [PMID: 37961199 PMCID: PMC10634923 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.27.564447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
In rodents with unilateral ablation of the substantia nigra neurons supplying dopamine to the striatum, chronic treatment with the dopamine precursor L-DOPA or dopamine agonists induces a progressive increase of behavioral responses, a process known as behavioral sensitization. The sensitization is blunted in arrestin-3 knockout mice. Using virus-mediated gene delivery to the dopamine-depleted striatum of arrestin-3 knockout mice, we found that the restoration of arrestin-3 fully rescued behavioral sensitization, whereas its mutant defective in JNK activation did not. A 25-residue arrestin-3-derived peptide that facilitates JNK3 activation in cells, expressed ubiquitously or selectively in the direct pathway striatal neurons, fully rescued sensitization, whereas an inactive homologous arrestin-2-derived peptide did not. Behavioral rescue was accompanied by the restoration of JNK3 activity and of JNK-dependent phosphorylation of the transcription factor c-Jun in the dopamine-depleted striatum. Thus, arrestin-3-dependent JNK3 activation in direct pathway neurons is a critical element of the molecular mechanism underlying sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed R. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | - Chen Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
| | | | - Mohamed S. Ahmed
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232
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Okyere AD, Song J, Patwa V, Carter RL, Enjamuri N, Lucchese AM, Ibetti J, de Lucia C, Schumacher SM, Koch WJ, Cheung JY, Benovic JL, Tilley DG. Pepducin ICL1-9-Mediated β2-Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Cardiomyocyte Contractility Occurs in a G i Protein/ROCK/PKD-Sensitive Manner. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2023; 37:245-256. [PMID: 34997361 PMCID: PMC9262991 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-021-07299-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE β-Adrenergic receptors (βAR) are essential targets for the treatment of heart failure (HF); however, chronic use of βAR agonists as positive inotropes to increase contractility in a Gs protein-dependent manner is associated with increased mortality. Alternatively, we previously reported that allosteric modulation of β2AR with the pepducin intracellular loop (ICL)1-9 increased cardiomyocyte contractility in a β-arrestin (βarr)-dependent manner, and subsequently showed that ICL1-9 activates the Ras homolog family member A (RhoA). Here, we aimed to elucidate both the proximal and downstream signaling mediators involved in the promotion of cardiomyocyte contractility in response to ICL1-9. METHODS We measured adult mouse cardiomyocyte contractility in response to ICL1-9 or isoproterenol (ISO, as a positive control) alone or in the presence of inhibitors of various potential components of βarr- or RhoA-dependent signaling. We also assessed the contractile effects of ICL1-9 on cardiomyocytes lacking G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinase 2 (GRK2) or 5 (GRK5). RESULTS Consistent with RhoA activation by ICL1-9, both Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) and protein kinase D (PKD) inhibition were able to attenuate ICL1-9-mediated contractility, as was inhibition of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). While neither GRK2 nor GRK5 deletion impacted ICL1-9-mediated contractility, pertussis toxin attenuated the response, suggesting that ICL1-9 promotes downstream RhoA-dependent signaling in a Gi protein-dependent manner. CONCLUSION Altogether, our study highlights a novel signaling modality that may offer a new approach to the promotion, or preservation, of cardiac contractility during HF via the allosteric regulation of β2AR to promote Gi protein/βarr-dependent activation of RhoA/ROCK/PKD signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ama Dedo Okyere
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jianliang Song
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Viren Patwa
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Rhonda L Carter
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Nitya Enjamuri
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Anna Maria Lucchese
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Claudio de Lucia
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Instituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri di Telese Terme, Telese Terme, Italy
| | - Sarah M Schumacher
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Joseph Y Cheung
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jeffrey L Benovic
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, 19107, USA
| | - Douglas G Tilley
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Room 945A MERB, 3500 N. Broad St, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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Gerhards J, Maerz LD, Matthees ESF, Donow C, Moepps B, Premont RT, Burkhalter MD, Hoffmann C, Philipp M. Kinase Activity Is Not Required for G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 4 Restraining mTOR Signaling during Cilia and Kidney Development. J Am Soc Nephrol 2023; 34:590-606. [PMID: 36810260 PMCID: PMC10103308 DOI: 10.1681/asn.0000000000000082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) regulates renal sodium and water reabsorption. Although GRK4 variants with elevated kinase activity have been associated with salt-sensitive or essential hypertension, this association has been inconsistent among different study populations. In addition, studies elucidating how GRK4 may modulate cellular signaling are sparse. In an analysis of how GRK4 affects the developing kidney, the authors found that GRK4 modulates mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling. Loss of GRK4 in embryonic zebrafish causes kidney dysfunction and glomerular cysts. Moreover, GRK4 depletion in zebrafish and cellular mammalian models results in elongated cilia. Rescue experiments suggest that hypertension in carriers of GRK4 variants may not be explained solely by kinase hyperactivity; instead, elevated mTOR signaling may be the underlying cause. BACKGROUND G protein-coupled receptor kinase 4 (GRK4) is considered a central regulator of blood pressure through phosphorylation of renal dopaminergic receptors and subsequent modulation of sodium excretion. Several nonsynonymous genetic variants of GRK4 have been only partially linked to hypertension, although these variants demonstrate elevated kinase activity. However, some evidence suggests that function of GRK4 variants may involve more than regulation of dopaminergic receptors alone. Little is known about the effects of GRK4 on cellular signaling, and it is also unclear whether or how altered GRK4 function might affect kidney development. METHODS To better understand the effect of GRK4 variants on the functionality of GRK4 and GRK4's actions in cellular signaling during kidney development, we studied zebrafish, human cells, and a murine kidney spheroid model. RESULTS Zebrafish depleted of Grk4 develop impaired glomerular filtration, generalized edema, glomerular cysts, pronephric dilatation, and expansion of kidney cilia. In human fibroblasts and in a kidney spheroid model, GRK4 knockdown produced elongated primary cilia. Reconstitution with human wild-type GRK4 partially rescues these phenotypes. We found that kinase activity is dispensable because kinase-dead GRK4 (altered GRK4 that cannot result in phosphorylation of the targeted protein) prevented cyst formation and restored normal ciliogenesis in all tested models. Hypertension-associated genetic variants of GRK4 fail to rescue any of the observed phenotypes, suggesting a receptor-independent mechanism. Instead, we discovered unrestrained mammalian target of rapamycin signaling as an underlying cause. CONCLUSIONS These findings identify GRK4 as novel regulator of cilia and of kidney development independent of GRK4's kinase function and provide evidence that the GRK4 variants believed to act as hyperactive kinases are dysfunctional for normal ciliogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Gerhards
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Lars D. Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Edda S. F. Matthees
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Cornelia Donow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Moepps
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ulm University Medical Center, Ulm, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Martin D. Burkhalter
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carsten Hoffmann
- Institute for Molecular Cell Biology, University Hospital Jena, Friedrich-Schiller University of Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Section of Pharmacogenomics, Department of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Zhang Y, Zhang J, Wang J, Chen H, Ouyang L, Wang Y. Targeting GRK2 and GRK5 for treating chronic degenerative diseases: Advances and future perspectives. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 243:114668. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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7
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Glaser KM, Tarrant TK, Lämmermann T. Combinatorial depletions of G-protein coupled receptor kinases in immune cells identify pleiotropic and cell type-specific functions. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1039803. [DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1039803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
G-protein coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) participate in the regulation of chemokine receptors by mediating receptor desensitization. They can be recruited to agonist-activated G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and phosphorylate their intracellular parts, which eventually blocks signal propagation and often induces receptor internalization. However, there is growing evidence that GRKs can also control cellular functions beyond GPCR regulation. Immune cells commonly express two to four members of the GRK family (GRK2, GRK3, GRK5, GRK6) simultaneously, but we have very limited knowledge about their interplay in primary immune cells. In particular, we are missing comprehensive studies comparing the role of this GRK interplay for (a) multiple GPCRs within one leukocyte type, and (b) one specific GPCR between several immune cell subsets. To address this issue, we generated mouse models of single, combinatorial and complete GRK knockouts in four primary immune cell types (neutrophils, T cells, B cells and dendritic cells) and systematically addressed the functional consequences on GPCR-controlled cell migration and tissue localization. Our study shows that combinatorial depletions of GRKs have pleiotropic and cell-type specific effects in leukocytes, many of which could not be predicted. Neutrophils lacking all four GRK family members show increased chemotactic migration responses to a wide range of GPCR ligands, whereas combinatorial GRK depletions in other immune cell types lead to pro- and anti-migratory responses. Combined depletion of GRK2 and GRK6 in T cells and B cells shows distinct functional outcomes for (a) one GPCR type in different cell types, and (b) different GPCRs in one cell type. These GPCR-type and cell-type specific effects reflect in altered lymphocyte chemotaxis in vitro and localization in vivo. Lastly, we provide evidence that complete GRK deficiency impairs dendritic cell homeostasis, which unexpectedly results from defective dendritic cell differentiation and maturation in vitro and in vivo. Together, our findings demonstrate the complexity of GRK functions in immune cells, which go beyond GPCR desensitization in specific leukocyte types. Furthermore, they highlight the need for studying GRK functions in primary immune cells to address their specific roles in each leukocyte subset.
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Jiang H, Galtes D, Wang J, Rockman HA. G protein-coupled receptor signaling: transducers and effectors. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C731-C748. [PMID: 35816644 PMCID: PMC9448338 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00210.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are of considerable interest due to their importance in a wide range of physiological functions and in a large number of Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved drugs as therapeutic entities. With continued study of their function and mechanism of action, there is a greater understanding of how effector molecules interact with a receptor to initiate downstream effector signaling. This review aims to explore the signaling pathways, dynamic structures, and physiological relevance in the cardiovascular system of the three most important GPCR signaling effectors: heterotrimeric G proteins, GPCR kinases (GRKs), and β-arrestins. We will first summarize their prominent roles in GPCR pharmacology before transitioning into less well-explored areas. As new technologies are developed and applied to studying GPCR structure and their downstream effectors, there is increasing appreciation for the elegance of the regulatory mechanisms that mediate intracellular signaling and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoran Jiang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Daniella Galtes
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jialu Wang
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
- Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Pepe M, Calcaprina B, Vaquer F, Laviola G, Adriani W. DAT-truncated epigenetics: heterozigosity of the grand-mother rat temperates the vulnerable phenotype in second-generation offspring. Int J Dev Neurosci 2022; 82:168-179. [PMID: 35156234 DOI: 10.1002/jdn.10172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral phenotype differs among epigenotypes of dopamine-transporter heterozygous (DAT-HET) rats. Epigenetic regulations act through trans-generational effects, referring to phenotypic variations emerging at second or third generation. To investigate trans-generational influences exerted by maternal grandmothers, we developed breeding schemes where only the genotype of maternal grandmothers varied. Heterozygous females, to serve as MAT vs MIX mothers, were generated, respectively, from WTxKO=MAT and MATxKO=MIX breeding, with KO males acting as grandfather. The HET experimental groups, generated from either MAT or MIX mothers, were called MIX-by-MAT and MIX2 (male-fathers KO; asset-M: wild\healthy-allele from dam); or SOT and SIX (male-fathers WT; asset-P: mutated-allele from dam). Thus, sequelae of first-encounter between wild\healthy and mutated DAT-alleles (in maternal-lineage) were compared at first- (MAT-dam, WT-grandmother) vs. at second- (MIX-dam, HET-grandmother) generation. We characterized, within these epigenotypes, (1) circadian home-cage activity; (2) preference for social stimuli. Marked alterations of circadian activity appeared in HETs, if offspring of MAT-dams, compared to MIX2 (HET offspring of MIX-dams) which, in turn, were undistinguishable from WT-controls. A clear-cut social preference by WT-rats was expressed towards SIX compared to SOT stimulus-rats, confirming reduced social motivations. In conclusion, significant epigenetic modulations took place in DAT-HET rats, as a function of maternal grandmother's genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Pepe
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Barbara Calcaprina
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Vaquer
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioural Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale "Uninettuno", Rome, Italy
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Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Causes Mild Cognitive Impairment due to Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 85:1399-1410. [PMID: 34958040 DOI: 10.3233/jad-215379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Prevention of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high priority mission while searching for a disease modifying therapy for AD, a devastating major public health crisis. Clinical observations have identified a prodromal stage of AD for which the patients have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) though do not yet meet AD diagnostic criteria. As an identifiable transitional stage before the onset of AD, MCI should become the high priority target for AD prevention, assuming successful prevention of MCI and/or its conversion to AD also prevents the subsequent AD. By pulling this string, one demonstrated cause of amnestic MCI appears to be the deficiency of G protein-coupled receptor-5 (GRK5). The most compelling evidence is that GRK5 knockout (GRK5KO) mice naturally develop into aMCI during aging. Moreover, GRK5 deficiency was reported to occur during prodromal stage of AD in CRND8 transgenic mice. When a GRK5KO mouse was crossbred with Tg2576 Swedish amyloid precursor protein transgenic mouse, the resulted double transgenic GAP mice displayed exaggerated behavioral and pathological changes across the spectrum of AD pathogenesis. Therefore, the GRK5 deficiency possesses unique features and advantage to serve as a prophylactic therapeutic target for MCI due to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease & Aging Research, VA Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS, USA
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11
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Brancato A, Lo Russo SLM, Liberati AS, Carbone C, Zelli S, Laviola G, Cannizzaro C, Adriani W. Social Interactions of Dat-Het Epi-Genotypes Differing for Maternal Origins: The Development of a New Preclinical Model of Socio-Sexual Apathy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:778. [PMID: 34356842 PMCID: PMC8301365 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interaction is essential for life but is impaired in many psychiatric disorders. We presently focus on rats with a truncated allele for dopamine transporter (DAT). Since heterozygous individuals possess only one non-mutant allele, epigenetic interactions may unmask latent genetic predispositions. Homogeneous "maternal" heterozygous offspring (termed MAT-HET) were born from dopamine-transporter knocked-out (DAT-KO) male rats and wild-type (WT) mothers; "mixed" heterozygous offspring (termed MIX-HET) were born from both DAT-heterozygous parents. Their social behavior was assessed by: partner-preference (PPT), social-preference (SPT) and elicited-preference (EPT) tests. During the PPT, focal MIX-HET and MAT-HET males had a choice between two WT females, one in estrous and the other not. In the SPT, they met as stimulus either a MIX-HET or a WT male. In the EPT, the preference of focal male WT rats towards either a MIX- or a MAT-HET stimulus was tested. MIX-HET focal males showed an abnormal behavior, seeming not interested in socializing either with a female in estrous or with another male if MIX-HET. Focal MAT-HET males, instead, were very attracted by the female in estrous, but totally ignored the MIX-HET male. We assessed the expression of noradrenaline transporter (NET) in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and hypothalamus, finding differences between the two offspring. MIX-HETs' hypothalamus and hippocampus showed less NET than MAT-HETs, while the latter, in turn, showed higher NET than WTs. These behavioral differences between heterozygous groups may be attributed to different maternal cares received. Results allow preclinical understanding of epigenetic factors involved in social-behavior abnormalities, typical of many psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Brancato
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Sara L. M. Lo Russo
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Anna Sara Liberati
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale “Uninettuno”, 00186 Rome, Italy;
| | - Cristiana Carbone
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Silvia Zelli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
| | - Carla Cannizzaro
- Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties of Excellence “G. D’Alessandro”, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (C.C.)
| | - Walter Adriani
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, 00161 Rome, Italy; (S.L.M.L.R.); (C.C.); (S.Z.); (G.L.)
- Faculty of Psychology, Università Telematica Internazionale “Uninettuno”, 00186 Rome, Italy;
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12
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Kienle K, Glaser KM, Eickhoff S, Mihlan M, Knöpper K, Reátegui E, Epple MW, Gunzer M, Baumeister R, Tarrant TK, Germain RN, Irimia D, Kastenmüller W, Lämmermann T. Neutrophils self-limit swarming to contain bacterial growth in vivo. Science 2021; 372:372/6548/eabe7729. [PMID: 34140358 DOI: 10.1126/science.abe7729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils communicate with each other to form swarms in infected organs. Coordination of this population response is critical for the elimination of bacteria and fungi. Using transgenic mice, we found that neutrophils have evolved an intrinsic mechanism to self-limit swarming and avoid uncontrolled aggregation during inflammation. G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) desensitization acts as a negative feedback control to stop migration of neutrophils when they sense high concentrations of self-secreted attractants that initially amplify swarming. Interference with this process allows neutrophils to scan larger tissue areas for microbes. Unexpectedly, this does not benefit bacterial clearance as containment of proliferating bacteria by neutrophil clusters becomes impeded. Our data reveal how autosignaling stops self-organized swarming behavior and how the finely tuned balance of neutrophil chemotaxis and arrest counteracts bacterial escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Korbinian Kienle
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Katharina M Glaser
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Mihlan
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Konrad Knöpper
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eduardo Reátegui
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.,William G. Lowrie Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Maximilian W Epple
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.,International Max Planck Research School for Immunobiology, Epigenetics and Metabolism (IMPRS-IEM), Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Gunzer
- Institute for Experimental Immunology and Imaging, University Hospital, University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Ralf Baumeister
- Bioinformatics and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology, Centre for Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine, Signalling Research Centres BIOSS and CIBSS, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Teresa K Tarrant
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Ronald N Germain
- Laboratory of Immune System Biology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Irimia
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Shriners Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wolfgang Kastenmüller
- Institute of Systems Immunology, University of Würzburg, Max Planck Research Group, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Lämmermann
- Max Planck Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Freiburg, Germany.
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13
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Targeting GRK5 for Treating Chronic Degenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22041920. [PMID: 33671974 PMCID: PMC7919044 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22041920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the largest family of cell-surface receptors and they are responsible for the transduction of extracellular signals, regulating almost all aspects of mammalian physiology. These receptors are specifically regulated by a family of serine/threonine kinases, called GPCR kinases (GRKs). Given the biological role of GPCRs, it is not surprising that GRKs are also involved in several pathophysiological processes. Particular importance is emerging for GRK5, which is a multifunctional protein, expressed in different cell types, and it has been found located in single or multiple subcellular compartments. For instance, when anchored to the plasma membrane, GRK5 exerts its canonical function, regulating GPCRs. However, under certain conditions (e.g., pro-hypertrophic stimuli), GRK5 translocates to the nucleus of cells where it can interact with non-GPCR-related proteins as well as DNA itself to promote “non-canonical” signaling, including gene transcription. Importantly, due to these actions, several studies have demonstrated that GRK5 has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of chronic-degenerative disorders. This is true in the cardiac cells, tumor cells, and neurons. For this reason, in this review article, we will inform the readers of the most recent evidence that supports the importance of targeting GRK5 to prevent the development or progression of cancer, cardiovascular, and neurological diseases.
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14
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Eguchi A, Coleman R, Gresham K, Gao E, Ibetti J, Chuprun JK, Koch WJ. GRK5 is a regulator of fibroblast activation and cardiac fibrosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2012854118. [PMID: 33500351 PMCID: PMC7865138 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2012854118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathological remodeling of the heart is a hallmark of chronic heart failure (HF) and these structural changes further perpetuate the disease. Cardiac fibroblasts are the critical cell type that is responsible for maintaining the structural integrity of the heart. Stress conditions, such as a myocardial infarction (MI), can activate quiescent fibroblasts into synthetic and contractile myofibroblasts. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) is an important mediator of cardiovascular homeostasis through dampening of GPCR signaling, and is expressed in the heart and up-regulated in human HF. Of note, GRK5 has been demonstrated to translocate to the nucleus in cardiomyocytes in a calcium-calmodulin (Ca2+-CAM)-dependent manner, promoting hypertrophic gene transcription through activation of nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT). Interestingly, NFAT is also involved in fibroblast activation. GRK5 is highly expressed and active in cardiac fibroblasts; however, its pathophysiological role in these crucial cardiac cells is unknown. We demonstrate using adult cardiac fibroblasts that genetic deletion of GRK5 inhibits angiotensin II (AngII)-mediated fibroblast activation. Fibroblast-specific deletion of GRK5 in mice led to decreased fibrosis and cardiac hypertrophy after chronic AngII infusion or after ischemic injury compared to nontransgenic littermate controls (NLCs). Mechanistically, we show that nuclear translocation of GRK5 is involved in fibroblast activation. These data demonstrate that GRK5 is a regulator of fibroblast activation in vitro and cardiac fibrosis in vivo. This adds to previously published data which demonstrate the potential beneficial effects of GRK5 inhibition in the context of cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akito Eguchi
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Ryan Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Kenneth Gresham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Erhe Gao
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Jessica Ibetti
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140;
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140
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15
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Abstract
ABSTRACT Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) are caused by an exaggerated inflammatory response arising from a wide variety of pulmonary and systemic insults. Lung tissue is composed of a variety of cell populations, including parenchymal and immune cells. Emerging evidence has revealed that multiple cell populations in the lung work in concert to regulate lung inflammation in response to both direct and indirect stimulations. To date, the question of how different types of pulmonary cells communicate with each other and subsequently regulate or modulate inflammatory cascades remains to be fully addressed. In this review, we provide an overview of current advancements in understanding the role of cell-cell interaction in the development of ALI and depict molecular mechanisms by which cell-cell interactions regulate lung inflammation, focusing on inter-cellular activities and signaling pathways that point to possible therapeutic opportunities for ALI/ARDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Institute of Pediatric Research, Children’s Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Erica K. Fan
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jie Fan
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
- McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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16
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Gurevich EV, Gurevich VV. GRKs as Modulators of Neurotransmitter Receptors. Cells 2020; 10:cells10010052. [PMID: 33396400 PMCID: PMC7823573 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Many receptors for neurotransmitters, such as dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and neuropeptides, belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). A general model posits that GPCRs undergo two-step homologous desensitization: the active receptor is phosphorylated by kinases of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, whereupon arrestin proteins specifically bind active phosphorylated receptors, shutting down G protein-mediated signaling, facilitating receptor internalization, and initiating distinct signaling pathways via arrestin-based scaffolding. Here, we review the mechanisms of GRK-dependent regulation of neurotransmitter receptors, focusing on the diverse modes of GRK-mediated phosphorylation of receptor subtypes. The immediate signaling consequences of GRK-mediated receptor phosphorylation, such as arrestin recruitment, desensitization, and internalization/resensitization, are equally diverse, depending not only on the receptor subtype but also on phosphorylation by GRKs of select receptor residues. We discuss the signaling outcome as well as the biological and behavioral consequences of the GRK-dependent phosphorylation of neurotransmitter receptors where known.
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17
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Rukavina Mikusic NL, Silva MG, Pineda AM, Gironacci MM. Angiotensin Receptors Heterodimerization and Trafficking: How Much Do They Influence Their Biological Function? Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:1179. [PMID: 32848782 PMCID: PMC7417933 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
G-protein–coupled receptors (GPCRs) are targets for around one third of currently approved and clinical prescribed drugs and represent the largest and most structurally diverse family of transmembrane signaling proteins, with almost 1000 members identified in the human genome. Upon agonist stimulation, GPCRs are internalized and trafficked inside the cell: they may be targeted to different organelles, recycled back to the plasma membrane or be degraded. Once inside the cell, the receptors may initiate other signaling pathways leading to different biological responses. GPCRs’ biological function may also be influenced by interaction with other receptors. Thus, the ultimate cellular response may depend not only on the activation of the receptor from the cell membrane, but also from receptor trafficking and/or the interaction with other receptors. This review is focused on angiotensin receptors and how their biological function is influenced by trafficking and interaction with others receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia L Rukavina Mikusic
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mauro G Silva
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Angélica M Pineda
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariela M Gironacci
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Dpto. Química Biológica, IQUIFIB (UBA-CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Khom S, Steinkellner T, Hnasko TS, Roberto M. Alcohol dependence potentiates substance P/neurokinin-1 receptor signaling in the rat central nucleus of amygdala. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz1050. [PMID: 32206720 PMCID: PMC7080445 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz1050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral and clinical studies suggest a critical role of substance P (SP)/neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1R) signaling in alcohol dependence. Here, we examined regulation of GABA transmission in the medial subdivision of the central amygdala (CeM) by the SP/NK-1R system, and its neuroadaptation following chronic alcohol exposure. In naïve rats, SP increased action potential-dependent GABA release, and the selective NK-1R antagonist L822429 decreased it, demonstrating SP regulation of CeM activity under basal conditions. SP induced a larger GABA release in alcohol-dependent rats accompanied by decreased NK-1R expression compared to naïve controls, suggesting NK-1R hypersensitivity which persisted during protracted alcohol withdrawal. The NK-1R antagonist blocked acute alcohol-induced GABA release in alcohol-dependent and withdrawn but not in naïve rats, indicating that dependence engages the SP/NK-1R system to mediate acute effects of alcohol. Collectively, we report long-lasting CeA NK-1R hypersensitivity corroborating that NK-1Rs are promising targets for the treatment of alcohol use disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Khom
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.R.); (S.K.)
| | - T. Steinkellner
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - T. S. Hnasko
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
- Research Service, VASDHS, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
| | - M. Roberto
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Scripps Research, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- Corresponding author. (M.R.); (S.K.)
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19
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A Standardized Anxiety Quotient in Elevated Open Platform Task Quantifies Rodent Anxiogenic Tendency with Improved Reliability and Sensitivity. Neuroscience 2019; 423:12-17. [PMID: 31704493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Sensitivity and reliability of animal behavioral assessment methods are critical for successful translation of in vitro findings to in vivo. Here we report a data transformation process in the elevated open platform task that generates a novel parameter, namely peak tolerance of fear (PTF) or its inversely correlated equivalent of anxiety quotient (AQ), to measure anxiogenic tendency in rodent. As compared to traditional parameters such as travel distance, time, or entries, PTF or AQ displays largely reduced data dispersion not only ingroup but also cross-study and cross-cohort, therefore representing a significant improvement of the methodology for rodent anxiety assessment.
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20
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Lieu M, Koch WJ. GRK2 and GRK5 as therapeutic targets and their role in maladaptive and pathological cardiac hypertrophy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2019; 23:201-214. [PMID: 30701991 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2019.1575363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION One in every four deaths in the United States is attributed to cardiovascular disease, hence the development and employment of novel and effective therapeutics are necessary to improve the quality of life and survival of affected patient. Pathological hypertrophy is a maladaptive response by the heart to relieve wall stress that could result from cardiovascular disease. Maladaptive hypertrophy can lead to further disease progression and complications such as heart failure; hence, efforts to target hypertrophy to prevent and treat further morbidity and mortality are necessary. Areas covered: This review summarizes the compelling literature that describes the mechanistic role of GRK2 and GRK5 in maladaptive cardiac hypertrophy; it examines the approaches to inhibit these kinases in hypertrophic animal models and furthermore, it assesses the potential of GRK2 and GRK5 as therapeutic targets for hypertrophy. Expert opinion: GRK2 and GRK5 are novel therapeutic targets for pathological hypertrophy and may have added benefits of ameliorating morbidity and mortality. Despite the lesser researched role of GRK2 in cardiac hypertrophy, it may be the advantageous strategy for treating cardiac hypertrophy because of its role in other maladaptive pathways. Anti-GRK2 therapy optimization and the discovery and development of specific GRK2 and GRK5 small-molecule inhibitors is necessary for the eventual application of successful, effective therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Lieu
- a Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
| | - Walter J Koch
- a Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine , Temple University , Philadelphia , PA , USA
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21
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Hendrickx JO, van Gastel J, Leysen H, Santos-Otte P, Premont RT, Martin B, Maudsley S. GRK5 - A Functional Bridge Between Cardiovascular and Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1484. [PMID: 30618771 PMCID: PMC6304357 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Complex aging-triggered disorders are multifactorial programs that comprise a myriad of alterations in interconnected protein networks over a broad range of tissues. It is evident that rather than being randomly organized events, pathophysiologies that possess a strong aging component such as cardiovascular diseases (hypertensions, atherosclerosis, and vascular stiffening) and neurodegenerative conditions (dementia, Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Parkinson's disease), in essence represent a subtly modified version of the intricate molecular programs already in place for normal aging. To control such multidimensional activities there are layers of trophic protein control across these networks mediated by so-called "keystone" proteins. We propose that these "keystones" coordinate and interconnect multiple signaling pathways to control whole somatic activities such as aging-related disease etiology. Given its ability to control multiple receptor sensitivities and its broad protein-protein interactomic nature, we propose that G protein coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) represents one of these key network controllers. Considerable data has emerged, suggesting that GRK5 acts as a bridging factor, allowing signaling regulation in pathophysiological settings to control the connectivity between both the cardiovascular and neurophysiological complications of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhana O. Hendrickx
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Jaana van Gastel
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hanne Leysen
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Paula Santos-Otte
- Institute of Biophysics, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Richard T. Premont
- Harrington Discovery Institute, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, GA, United States
| | - Bronwen Martin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical, Biomedical and Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stuart Maudsley
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Center for Molecular Neurology, University of Antwerp – Flanders Institute for Biotechnology (VIB), Antwerp, Belgium
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22
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Mangmool S, Parichatikanond W, Kurose H. Therapeutic Targets for Treatment of Heart Failure: Focus on GRKs and β-Arrestins Affecting βAR Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1336. [PMID: 30538631 PMCID: PMC6277550 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a heart disease that is classified into two main types: HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) and HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). Both types of HF lead to significant risk of mortality and morbidity. Pharmacological treatment with β-adrenergic receptor (βAR) antagonists (also called β-blockers) has been shown to reduce the overall hospitalization and mortality rates and improve the clinical outcomes in HF patients with HFrEF but not HFpEF. Although, the survival rate of patients suffering from HF continues to drop, the management of HF still faces several limitations and discrepancies highlighting the need to develop new treatment strategies. Overstimulation of the sympathetic nervous system is an adaptive neurohormonal response to acute myocardial injury and heart damage, whereas prolonged exposure to catecholamines causes defects in βAR regulation, including a reduction in the amount of βARs and an increase in βAR desensitization due to the upregulation of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in the heart, contributing in turn to the progression of HF. Several studies show that myocardial GRK2 activity and expression are raised in the failing heart. Furthermore, β-arrestins play a pivotal role in βAR desensitization and, interestingly, can mediate their own signal transduction without any G protein-dependent pathway involved. In this review, we provide new insight into the role of GRKs and β-arrestins on how they affect βAR signaling regarding the molecular and cellular pathophysiology of HF. Additionally, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting GRKs and β-arrestins for the treatment of HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supachoke Mangmool
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Hitoshi Kurose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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23
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Franco A, Zhang L, Matkovich SJ, Kovacs A, Dorn GW. G-protein receptor kinases 2, 5 and 6 redundantly modulate Smoothened-GATA transcriptional crosstalk in fetal mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 121:60-68. [PMID: 29969579 PMCID: PMC6178805 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) regulate adult hearts by modulating inotropic, chronotropic and hypertrophic signaling of 7-transmembrane spanning neurohormone receptors. GRK-mediated desensitization and downregulation of β-adrenergic receptors has been implicated in adult heart failure; GRKs are therefore a promising therapeutic target. However, germ-line (but not cardiomyocyte-specific) GRK2 deletion provoked lethal fetal heart defects, suggesting an unexplained role for GRKs in heart development. Here we undertook to better understand the consequences of GRK deficiency on fetal heart development by creating mice and cultured murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) having floxed GRK2 and GRK5 alleles on the GRK6 null background; simultaneous conditional deletion of these 3 GRK genes was achieved using Nkx2-5 Cre or adenoviral Cre, respectively. Phenotypes were related to GRK-modulated gene expression using whole-transcriptome RNA sequencing, RT-qPCR, and luciferase reporter assays. In cultured MEFs the atypical 7-transmembrane spanning protein and GRK2 substrate Smoothened (Smo) stimulated Gli-mediated transcriptional activity, which was interrupted by deleting GRK2/5/6. Mice with Nkx2-5 Cre mediated GRK2/5/6 ablation died between E15.5 and E16.5, whereas mice expressing any one of these 3 GRKs (i.e. GRK2/5, GRK2/6 or GRK5/6 deleted) were developmentally normal. GRK2/5/6 triple null mice at E14.5 exhibited left and right heart blood intermixing through single atrioventricular valves or large membranous ventricular septal defects. Hedgehog and GATA pathway gene expression promoted by Smo/Gli was suppressed in GRK2/5/6 deficient fetal hearts and MEFs. These data indicate that GRK2, GRK5 and GRK6 redundantly modulate Smo-GATA crosstalk in fetal mouse hearts, orchestrating transcriptional pathways previously linked to clinical and experimental atrioventricular canal defects. GRK modulation of Smo reflects convergence of conventional neurohormonal signaling and transcriptional regulation pathways, comprising an unanticipated mechanism for spatiotemporal orchestration of developmental gene expression in the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Franco
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
| | - Lihong Zhang
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Scot J Matkovich
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Attila Kovacs
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Gerald W Dorn
- Center for Pharmacogenomics, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States.
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24
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Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are classically known for their role in regulating the activity of the largest known class of membrane receptors, which influence diverse biological processes in every cell type in the human body. As researchers have tried to uncover how this family of kinases, containing only 7 members, achieves selective and coordinated control of receptors, they have uncovered a growing number of noncanonical activities for these kinases. These activities include phosphorylation of nonreceptor targets and kinase-independent molecular interactions. In particular, GRK2, GRK3, and GRK5 are the predominant members expressed in the heart. Their canonical and noncanonical actions within cardiac and other tissues have significant implications for cardiovascular function in healthy animals and for the development and progression of disease. This review summarizes what is currently known regarding the activity of these kinases, and particularly the role of GRK2 and GRK5 in the molecular alterations that occur during heart failure. This review further highlights areas of GRK regulation that remain poorly understood and how they may represent novel targets for therapeutic development.
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25
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GRK5 functions as an oncogenic factor in non-small-cell lung cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:295. [PMID: 29463786 PMCID: PMC5833409 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0299-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 80% of all cases, which is the major subgroup of lung cancer. G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5 (GRK5) has been demonstrated to play pivotal roles in both development and progression of several pathological conditions including cancer. Here, we found that GRK5 expression was significantly increased in 539 NSCLC cancerous tissues than that in 99 normal non-cancerous tissues by immunohistochemistry analysis; we also showed intensive higher positive staining percentage in female and adenocarcinoma (ADC) NSCLC patients than that in male and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) patients, respectively. In addition, GRK5 high expression NSCLC patients had a worse overall survival rate than the low expression patients. We provided evidence showing that both the mRNA and protein expression levels of GRK5 were increased in NSCLC cancerous cell lines (GLC-82, SPC-A-1, H520, H838, H358, A549, and H1299) comparing with that in normal human bronchial epithelium cell line (BEAS-2B), and identified many GRK5 mutations in NSCLC cancerous tissues. In addition, we found that depletion of GRK5 inhibited NSCLC cancerous cell proliferation, migration in vitro, and xenograft tumor formation in vivo. Furthermore, GRK5 knockdown promoted cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and induced cellular apoptosis. In summary, our data reveal an oncogenic role of GRK5 in NSCLC progression, indicating that GRK5 could be used as a new therapeutic target in future.
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Steury MD, McCabe LR, Parameswaran N. G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases in the Inflammatory Response and Signaling. Adv Immunol 2017; 136:227-277. [PMID: 28950947 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine kinases that regulate a large and diverse class of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Through GRK phosphorylation and β-arrestin recruitment, GPCRs are desensitized and their signal terminated. Recent work on these kinases has expanded their role from canonical GPCR regulation to include noncanonical regulation of non-GPCR and nonreceptor substrates through phosphorylation as well as via scaffolding functions. Owing to these and other regulatory roles, GRKs have been shown to play a critical role in the outcome of a variety of physiological and pathophysiological processes including chemotaxis, signaling, migration, inflammatory gene expression, etc. This diverse set of functions for these proteins makes them popular targets for therapeutics. Role for these kinases in inflammation and inflammatory disease is an evolving area of research currently pursued in many laboratories. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge on various GRKs pertaining to their role in inflammation and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura R McCabe
- Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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27
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Niu B, Liu P, Shen M, Liu C, Wang L, Wang F, Ma L. GRK5 Regulates Social Behavior Via Suppression of mTORC1 Signaling in Medial Prefrontal Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2017; 28:421-432. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
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28
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Nanjidsuren T, Park CW, Sim BW, Kim SU, Chang KT, Kang MH, Min KS. GRK5-Knockout Mice Generated by TALEN-Mediated Gene Targeting. Anim Biotechnol 2016; 27:223-30. [DOI: 10.1080/10495398.2016.1176032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tsevelmaa Nanjidsuren
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae-Won Park
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Woong Sim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Uk Kim
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu-Tae Chang
- National Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Ochang, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Hwa Kang
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Hoseo University, Asan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan-Sik Min
- Animal Biotechnology, Graduate School of Future Convergence Technology, Institute of Genetic Engineering, Hankyong National University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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29
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He M, Singh P, Cheng S, Zhang Q, Peng W, Ding X, Li L, Liu J, Premont RT, Morgan D, Burns JM, Swerdlow RH, Suo WZ. GRK5 Deficiency Leads to Selective Basal Forebrain Cholinergic Neuronal Vulnerability. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26116. [PMID: 27193825 PMCID: PMC4872166 DOI: 10.1038/srep26116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Why certain diseases primarily affect one specific neuronal subtype rather than another is a puzzle whose solution underlies the development of specific therapies. Selective basal forebrain cholinergic (BFC) neurodegeneration participates in cognitive impairment in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), yet the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Here, we report the first recapitulation of the selective BFC neuronal loss that is typical of human AD in a mouse model termed GAP. We created GAP mice by crossing Tg2576 mice that over-express the Swedish mutant human β-amyloid precursor protein gene with G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) knockout mice. This doubly defective mouse displayed significant BFC neuronal loss at 18 months of age, which was not observed in either of the singly defective parent strains or in the wild type. Along with other supporting evidence, we propose that GRK5 deficiency selectively renders BFC neurons more vulnerable to degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minchao He
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Shaowu Cheng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - XueFeng Ding
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, P.R. China
| | - Longxuan Li
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510120, P. R. China
| | - Richard T Premont
- Department of Medicine, Duke Univ. Med. Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Dave Morgan
- The Johnnie B. Byrd Alzheimer's Center &Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.,Deptment of Molecular Pharmacology &Physiology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Jeffery M Burns
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - Russell H Swerdlow
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA.,The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
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30
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Hullmann J, Traynham CJ, Coleman RC, Koch WJ. The expanding GRK interactome: Implications in cardiovascular disease and potential for therapeutic development. Pharmacol Res 2016; 110:52-64. [PMID: 27180008 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a global epidemic with the highest degree of mortality and morbidity of any disease presently studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are prominent regulators of cardiovascular function. Activated GPCRs are "turned off" by GPCR kinases (GRKs) in a process known as "desensitization". GRKs 2 and 5 are highly expressed in the heart, and known to be upregulated in HF. Over the last 20 years, both GRK2 and GRK5 have been demonstrated to be critical mediators of the molecular alterations that occur in the failing heart. In the present review, we will highlight recent findings that further characterize "non-canonical" GRK signaling observed in HF. Further, we will also present potential therapeutic strategies (i.e. small molecule inhibition, microRNAs, gene therapy) that may have potential in combating the deleterious effects of GRKs in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher J Traynham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Ryan C Coleman
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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31
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. G protein-coupled receptor kinases as regulators of dopamine receptor functions. Pharmacol Res 2016; 111:1-16. [PMID: 27178731 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Actions of the neurotransmitter dopamine in the brain are mediated by dopamine receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). Mammals have five dopamine receptor subtypes, D1 through D5. D1 and D5 couple to Gs/olf and activate adenylyl cyclase, whereas D2, D3, and D4 couple to Gi/o and inhibit it. Most GPCRs upon activation by an agonist are phosphorylated by GPCR kinases (GRKs). The GRK phosphorylation makes receptors high-affinity binding partners for arrestin proteins. Arrestin binding to active phosphorylated receptors stops further G protein activation and promotes receptor internalization, recycling or degradation, thereby regulating their signaling and trafficking. Four non- visual GRKs are expressed in striatal neurons. Here we describe known effects of individual GRKs on dopamine receptors in cell culture and in the two in vivo models of dopamine-mediated signaling: behavioral response to psychostimulants and L-DOPA- induced dyskinesia. Dyskinesia, associated with dopamine super-sensitivity of striatal neurons, is a debilitating side effect of L-DOPA therapy in Parkinson's disease. In vivo, GRK subtypes show greater receptor specificity than in vitro or in cultured cells. Overexpression, knockdown, and knockout of individual GRKs, particularly GRK2 and GRK6, have differential effects on signaling of dopamine receptor subtypes in the brain. Furthermore, deletion of GRK isoforms in select striatal neuronal types differentially affects psychostimulant-induced behaviors. In addition, anti-dyskinetic effect of GRK3 does not require its kinase activity: it is mediated by the binding of its RGS-like domain to Gαq/11, which suppresses Gq/11 signaling. The data demonstrate that the dopamine signaling in defined neuronal types in vivo is regulated by specific and finely orchestrated actions of GRK isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37221, USA.
| | - Raul R Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, 199034, Russia; Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology, Skolkovo, 143025, Moscow, Russia
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32
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Traynham CJ, Hullmann J, Koch WJ. "Canonical and non-canonical actions of GRK5 in the heart". J Mol Cell Cardiol 2016; 92:196-202. [PMID: 26829117 PMCID: PMC4789097 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2016.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Revised: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
As the average world-wide lifespan continues to increase, heart failure (HF) has dramatically increased in incidence leading to the highest degree of mortality and morbidity of any disease presently studied. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) play a prominent role in regulation of cardiovascular function. GPCRs are effectively "turned off" by GPCR kinases (GRKs) in a process known as "desensitization". GRKs 2 and 5 are highly expressed in the heart, and known to be upregulated in HF. Over the last 20years, the role of GRK2 in HF has been widely studied. However, until recently, the role of GRK5 in cardiac pathophysiology had yet to be elucidated. In the present review, we will focus on GRK5's role in the myocardium in normal physiology, and its apparent critical role in the progression of HF. Further, we will also present potential therapeutic strategies (i.e. small molecule inhibition, gene therapy) that may have potential in combating the deleterious effects of GRK5 in HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Traynham
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States
| | | | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine, Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, United States.
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33
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Grotegut CA, Mao L, Pierce SL, Swamy GK, Heine RP, Murtha AP. Enhanced Uterine Contractility and Stillbirth in Mice Lacking G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinase 6 (GRK6): Implications for Oxytocin Receptor Desensitization. Mol Endocrinol 2016; 30:455-68. [PMID: 26886170 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytocin is a potent uterotonic agent and is used clinically for induction and augmentation of labor, as well as for prevention and treatment of postpartum hemorrhage. Oxytocin increases uterine contractility by activating the oxytocin receptor (OXTR), a member of the G protein-coupled receptor family, which is prone to molecular desensitization. After oxytocin binding, the OXTR is phosphorylated by a member of the G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) family, which allows for recruitment of β-arrestin, receptor internalization, and desensitization. According to previous in vitro analyses, desensitization of calcium signaling by the OXTR is mediated by GRK6. The objective of this study was to determine the role of GRK6 in mediating uterine contractility. Here, we demonstrate that uterine GRK6 levels increase in pregnancy and using a telemetry device to measure changes in uterine contractility in live mice during labor, show that mice lacking GRK6 produce a phenotype of enhanced uterine contractility during both spontaneous and oxytocin-induced labor compared with wild-type or GRK5 knockout mice. In addition, the observed enhanced contractility was associated with high rates of term stillbirth. Lastly, using a heterologous in vitro model, we show that β-arrestin recruitment to the OXTR, which is necessary for homologous OXTR desensitization, is dependent on GRK6. Our findings suggest that GRK6-mediated OXTR desensitization in labor is necessary for normal uterine contractile patterns and optimal fetal outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad A Grotegut
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Lan Mao
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Stephanie L Pierce
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Geeta K Swamy
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - R Phillips Heine
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
| | - Amy P Murtha
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynecology (C.A.G., S.L.P., G.K.S., R.P.H., A.P.M.) and Medicine (L.M.), Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27710
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Singh P, Peng W, Zhang Q, Ding X, Suo WZ. GRK5 deficiency leads to susceptibility to intermittent hypoxia-induced cognitive impairment. Behav Brain Res 2016; 302:29-34. [PMID: 26778781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) leads to cognitive impairment in about 25% patients, though it remains elusive what makes one more susceptible than the other to be cognitively impaired. G protein-coupled receptor kinase-5 (GRK5) deficiency is recently found to render subjects more susceptible to cognitive impairment triggered by over-expression of Swedish mutant ß-amyloid precursor protein. This study is to determine whether GRK5 deficiency also renders subjects more susceptible to the OSA-triggered cognitive impairment. Both wild type (WT) and GRK5 knockout (KO) mice were placed in conditions absence and presence of intermittent hypoxia (IH) with 8%/21% O2 90-s cycle for 8h a day for a month, and then followed by behavioral assessments with battery of tasks. We found that the selected IH condition only induced marginally abnormal behavior (slightly elevated anxiety with most others unchanged) in the WT mice but it caused significantly more behavioral deficits in the KO mice, ranging from elevated anxiety, impaired balancing coordination, and impaired short-term spatial memory. These results suggest that GRK5 deficiency indeed makes the mice more susceptible to wide range of behavioral impairments, including cognitive impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Singh
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Wei Peng
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA
| | - XueFeng Ding
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; Department of Cognitive Sciences, Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing 100850, PR China
| | - William Z Suo
- Laboratory for Alzheimer's Disease and Aging Research, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO 64128, USA; Departments of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA; Departments of Physiology, University of Kansas Medical College, Kansas City, KS 66170, USA; The University of Kansas Alzheimer's Disease Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA.
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35
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Gurevich EV, Gainetdinov RR, Gurevich VV. Regulation of Dopamine-Dependent Behaviors by G Protein-Coupled Receptor Kinases. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3798-1_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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36
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“Barcode” and Differential Effects of GPCR Phosphorylation by Different GRKs. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3798-1_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) are serine/threonine protein kinases originally discovered for their role in G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) phosphorylation. Recent studies have demonstrated a much broader function for this kinase family including phosphorylation of cytosolic substrates involved in cell signaling pathways stimulated by GPCRs, as well as by non-GPCRs. In addition, GRKs modulate signaling via phosphorylation-independent functions. Because of these various biochemical functions, GRKs have been shown to affect critical physiological and pathophysiological processes, and thus are considered as drug targets in diseases such as heart failure. Role of GRKs in inflammation and inflammatory diseases is an evolving area of research and several studies including work from our lab in the recent years have demonstrated critical role of GRKs in the immune system. In this review, we discuss the classical and the newly emerging functions of GRKs in the immune system and their role in inflammation and disease processes.
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Bastide MF, Meissner WG, Picconi B, Fasano S, Fernagut PO, Feyder M, Francardo V, Alcacer C, Ding Y, Brambilla R, Fisone G, Jon Stoessl A, Bourdenx M, Engeln M, Navailles S, De Deurwaerdère P, Ko WKD, Simola N, Morelli M, Groc L, Rodriguez MC, Gurevich EV, Quik M, Morari M, Mellone M, Gardoni F, Tronci E, Guehl D, Tison F, Crossman AR, Kang UJ, Steece-Collier K, Fox S, Carta M, Angela Cenci M, Bézard E. Pathophysiology of L-dopa-induced motor and non-motor complications in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2015. [PMID: 26209473 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 343] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Involuntary movements, or dyskinesia, represent a debilitating complication of levodopa (L-dopa) therapy for Parkinson's disease (PD). L-dopa-induced dyskinesia (LID) are ultimately experienced by the vast majority of patients. In addition, psychiatric conditions often manifested as compulsive behaviours, are emerging as a serious problem in the management of L-dopa therapy. The present review attempts to provide an overview of our current understanding of dyskinesia and other L-dopa-induced dysfunctions, a field that dramatically evolved in the past twenty years. In view of the extensive literature on LID, there appeared a critical need to re-frame the concepts, to highlight the most suitable models, to review the central nervous system (CNS) circuitry that may be involved, and to propose a pathophysiological framework was timely and necessary. An updated review to clarify our understanding of LID and other L-dopa-related side effects was therefore timely and necessary. This review should help in the development of novel therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing the generation of dyskinetic symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu F Bastide
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wassilios G Meissner
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | - Barbara Picconi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology, Fondazione Santa Lucia, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Fasano
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Pierre-Olivier Fernagut
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michael Feyder
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Cristina Alcacer
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Yunmin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Riccardo Brambilla
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fisone
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - A Jon Stoessl
- Pacific Parkinson's Research Centre and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mathieu Bourdenx
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Michel Engeln
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Sylvia Navailles
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe De Deurwaerdère
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Wai Kin D Ko
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Nicola Simola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Micaela Morelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Section of Neuropsychopharmacology, Cagliari University, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Laurent Groc
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut Interdisciplinaire de neurosciences, UMR 5297, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Maria-Cruz Rodriguez
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitario Donostia and Neuroscience Unit, Bio Donostia Research Institute, San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Eugenia V Gurevich
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, CA 94025, USA
| | - Michele Morari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Manuela Mellone
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Gardoni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Tronci
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Dominique Guehl
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - François Tison
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Department of Neurology, University Hospital Bordeaux, France
| | | | - Un Jung Kang
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Kathy Steece-Collier
- Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Department of Translational Science and Molecular Medicine & The Udall Center of Excellence in Parkinson's Disease Research, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, Grand Rapids, MI 49503, USA
| | - Susan Fox
- Morton & Gloria Shulman Movement Disorders Center, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, Ontario M4T 2S8, Canada
| | - Manolo Carta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Physiology Section, Cagliari University, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Erwan Bézard
- Univ. de Bordeaux, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; CNRS, Institut des Maladies Neurodégénératives, UMR 5293, 33000 Bordeaux, France; Motac Neuroscience Ltd, Manchester, UK.
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GRK3 suppresses L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in the rat model of Parkinson's disease via its RGS homology domain. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10920. [PMID: 26043205 PMCID: PMC4455246 DOI: 10.1038/srep10920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of dopaminergic neurons causes Parkinson’s disease. Dopamine replacement therapy with L-DOPA is the best available treatment. However, patients develop L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In the hemiparkinsonian rat, chronic L-DOPA increases rotations and abnormal involuntary movements modeling LID, via supersensitive dopamine receptors. Dopamine receptors are controlled by G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs). Here we demonstrate that LID is attenuated by overexpression of GRK3 in the striatum, whereas knockdown of GRK3 by microRNA exacerbated it. Kinase-dead GRK3 and its separated RGS homology domain (RH) suppressed sensitization to L-DOPA, whereas GRK3 with disabled RH did not. RH alleviated LID without compromising anti-akinetic effect of L-DOPA. RH binds striatal Gq. GRK3, kinase-dead GRK3, and RH inhibited accumulation of ∆FosB, a marker of LID. RH-dead mutant was ineffective, whereas GRK3 knockdown exacerbated ∆FosB accumulation. Our findings reveal a novel mechanism of GRK3 control of the dopamine receptor signaling and the role of Gq in LID.
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Sato PY, Chuprun JK, Schwartz M, Koch WJ. The evolving impact of g protein-coupled receptor kinases in cardiac health and disease. Physiol Rev 2015; 95:377-404. [PMID: 25834229 PMCID: PMC4551214 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important regulators of various cellular functions via activation of intracellular signaling events. Active GPCR signaling is shut down by GPCR kinases (GRKs) and subsequent β-arrestin-mediated mechanisms including phosphorylation, internalization, and either receptor degradation or resensitization. The seven-member GRK family varies in their structural composition, cellular localization, function, and mechanism of action (see sect. II). Here, we focus our attention on GRKs in particular canonical and novel roles of the GRKs found in the cardiovascular system (see sects. III and IV). Paramount to overall cardiac function is GPCR-mediated signaling provided by the adrenergic system. Overstimulation of the adrenergic system has been highly implicated in various etiologies of cardiovascular disease including hypertension and heart failure. GRKs acting downstream of heightened adrenergic signaling appear to be key players in cardiac homeostasis and disease progression, and herein we review the current data on GRKs related to cardiac disease and discuss their potential in the development of novel therapeutic strategies in cardiac diseases including heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Y Sato
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - J Kurt Chuprun
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Mathew Schwartz
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Walter J Koch
- Center for Translational Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; and Advanced Institutes of Convergence Technology, Suwon, South Korea
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Taniuchi N, Niidome T, Sugimoto H. [Fundamental study of memory impairment and non-cognitive behavioral alterations in APPswe/PS1dE9 mice]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2015; 135:323-9. [PMID: 25747232 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.14-00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In addition to cognitive decline, Alzheimer's disease patients also exhibit non-cognitive symptoms commonly referred to as behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, or BPSD. These symptoms have a serious impact on the quality of life of these patients, as well as that of their caregivers, but there are currently no effective therapies. The amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) is suspected to play a central role in the cascade leading to Alzheimer's disease, but the precise mechanisms are still incompletely known. To assess the influence of Aβ pathology on cognitive and non-cognitive behaviors, we examined locomotor activity, motor coordination, and spatial memory in male and female APPswePS1dE9 mice (Alzheimer's disease model, double transgenic mice expressing an amyloid precursor protein with Swedish mutation and a presenilin-1 with deletion of exon 9) at 5 months of age, when the mice had subtle Aβ deposits, and again at 9 months of age, when the mice had numerous Aβ deposits. Compared to wild-type mice, the male and female APPswe/PS1dE9 mice showed normal motor coordination in the rotarod test at both 5 and 9 months. In the Morris water maze test, male and female APPswe/PS1dE9 mice showed impaired spatial memory at 9 months; however, no such deficits were found at 5 months. In a locomotor activity test, male APPswe/PS1dE9 mice exhibited locomotor hyperactivity at 9 months, while females exhibited locomotor hyperactivity at both 5 and 9 months compared to the control mice. Together, these results indicate that APPswe/PS1dE9 mice developed spatial memory impairment and BPSD-like behavioral alterations resulting from Aβ accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiko Taniuchi
- Department of Neuroscience for Drug Discovery, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University
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42
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Homan KT, Tesmer JJG. Molecular basis for small molecule inhibition of G protein-coupled receptor kinases. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:246-56. [PMID: 24984143 PMCID: PMC4301174 DOI: 10.1021/cb5003976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Small molecules that inhibit the protein kinase A, G, and C (AGC) family of serine/threonine kinases can exert profound effects on cell homeostasis and thereby regulate fundamental processes such as heart rate, blood pressure, and metabolism, but there is not yet a clinically approved drug in the United States selective for a member of this family. One subfamily of AGC kinases, the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) kinases (GRKs), initiates the desensitization of active GPCRs. Of these, GRK2 has been directly implicated in the progression of heart failure. Thus, there is great interest in the identification of GRK2-specific chemical probes that can be further developed into therapeutics. Herein, we compare crystal structures of small molecule inhibitors in complex with GRK2 to those of highly selective compounds in complex with Rho-associated coiled-coil containing kinase 1 (ROCK1), a closely related AGC kinase. This analysis suggests that reduced hydrogen-bond formation with the hinge of the kinase domain, occupation of the hydrophobic subsite, and, consequently, higher buried surface area are key drivers of potency and selectivity among GRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff T. Homan
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Life Sciences Institute,
Departments of Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Homan KT, Larimore KM, Elkins JM, Szklarz M, Knapp S, Tesmer JJG. Identification and structure-function analysis of subfamily selective G protein-coupled receptor kinase inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2015; 10:310-9. [PMID: 25238254 PMCID: PMC4301037 DOI: 10.1021/cb5006323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Selective inhibitors of individual subfamilies of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) would serve as useful chemical probes as well as leads for therapeutic applications ranging from heart failure to Parkinson's disease. To identify such inhibitors, differential scanning fluorimetry was used to screen a collection of known protein kinase inhibitors that could increase the melting points of the two most ubiquitously expressed GRKs: GRK2 and GRK5. Enzymatic assays on 14 of the most stabilizing hits revealed that three exhibit nanomolar potency of inhibition for individual GRKs, some of which exhibiting orders of magnitude selectivity. Most of the identified compounds can be clustered into two chemical classes: indazole/dihydropyrimidine-containing compounds that are selective for GRK2 and pyrrolopyrimidine-containing compounds that potently inhibit GRK1 and GRK5 but with more modest selectivity. The two most potent inhibitors representing each class, GSK180736A and GSK2163632A, were cocrystallized with GRK2 and GRK1, and their atomic structures were determined to 2.6 and 1.85 Å spacings, respectively. GSK180736A, developed as a Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase inhibitor, binds to GRK2 in a manner analogous to that of paroxetine, whereas GSK2163632A, developed as an insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor inhibitor, occupies a novel region of the GRK active site cleft that could likely be exploited to achieve more selectivity. However, neither compound inhibits GRKs more potently than their initial targets. This data provides the foundation for future efforts to rationally design even more potent and selective GRK inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoff T. Homan
- Life
Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological
Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Kelly M. Larimore
- Life
Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological
Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Jonathan M. Elkins
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Marta Szklarz
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Knapp
- Structural
Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Old Road Campus Research Building,
Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7DQ, United Kingdom
- Nuffield
Department of Clinical Medicine, Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, NDM Research Building, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford OX3 7FZ, United Kingdom
| | - John J. G. Tesmer
- Life
Sciences Institute and the Departments of Pharmacology and Biological
Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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Glück L, Loktev A, Moulédous L, Mollereau C, Law PY, Schulz S. Loss of morphine reward and dependence in mice lacking G protein-coupled receptor kinase 5. Biol Psychiatry 2014; 76:767-74. [PMID: 24629717 PMCID: PMC4119866 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical benefits of opioid drugs are counteracted by the development of tolerance and addiction. We provide in vivo evidence for the involvement of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) in opioid dependence in addition to their roles in agonist-selective mu-opioid receptor (MOR) phosphorylation. METHODS In vivo MOR phosphorylation was examined by immunoprecipitation and nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis. Using the hot-plate and conditioned place preference test, we investigated opioid-related antinociception and reward effects in mice lacking GRK3 or GRK5. RESULTS Etonitazene and fentanyl stimulated the in vivo phosphorylation of multiple carboxyl-terminal phosphate acceptor sites, including threonine 370, serine 375, and threonine 379, which was predominantly mediated by GRK3. By contrast, morphine promoted a selective phosphorylation of serine 375 that was predominantly mediated by GRK5. In contrast to GRK3 knockout mice, GRK5 knockout mice exhibited reduced antinociceptive responses after morphine administration and developed morphine tolerance similar to wild-type mice but fewer signs of physical dependence. Also, morphine was ineffective in inducing conditioned place preference in GRK5 knockout mice, whereas cocaine conditioned place preference was retained. However, the reward properties of morphine were evident in knock-in mice expressing a phosphorylation-deficient S375A mutation of the MOR. CONCLUSIONS These findings show for the first time that MOR phosphorylation is regulated by agonist-selective recruitment of distinct GRK isoforms that influence different opioid-related behaviors. Modulation of GRK5 function could serve as a new approach for preventing addiction to opioids, while maintaining the analgesic properties of opioid drugs at an effective level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Glück
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Straße 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Anastasia Loktev
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Drackendorfer Straße 1, D-07747 Jena, Germany
| | - Lionel Moulédous
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS/Université de Toulouse, UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Mollereau
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS/Université de Toulouse, UMR 5089, 205 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ping-Yee Law
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, 55455 USA
| | - Stefan Schulz
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.
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Funk AJ, Haroutunian V, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE. Increased G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) expression in the anterior cingulate cortex in schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2014; 159:130-5. [PMID: 25153362 PMCID: PMC4177355 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current pharmacological treatments for schizophrenia target G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including dopamine receptors. Ligand-bound GPCRs are regulated by a family of G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs), members of which uncouple the receptor from heterotrimeric G proteins, desensitize the receptor, and induce receptor internalization via the arrestin family of scaffolding and signaling molecules. GRKs initiate the activation of downstream signaling pathways, can regulate receptors and signaling molecules independent of GPCR phosphorylation, and modulate epigenetic regulators like histone deacetylases (HDACs). We hypothesize that the expression of GRK proteins is altered in schizophrenia, consistent with previous findings of alterations upstream and downstream from this family of molecules that facilitate intracellular signaling processes. METHODS In this study, we measured protein expression via Western blot analysis for GRKs 2, 3, 5, and 6 in the anterior cingulate cortex of patients with schizophrenia (n=36) and a comparison group (n=33). To control for antipsychotic treatment, we measured these same targets in haloperidol-treated vs. untreated rats (n=10 for both). RESULTS We found increased levels of GRK5 in schizophrenia. No changes were detected in GRK protein expression in rats treated with haloperidol decanoate for 9 months. CONCLUSION These data suggest that increased GRK5 expression may contribute to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia via abnormal regulation of the cytoskeleton, endocytosis, signaling, GPCRs, and histone modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Funk
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, CARE 5830, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0583
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1230, New York, NY 10029
| | - James H. Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama Birmingham, SC 560, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294,Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama Birmingham, Shelby 911, 1530 3 Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Robert E. McCullumsmith
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Cincinnati, CARE 5830, 231 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0583
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Selective deletion of GRK2 alters psychostimulant-induced behaviors and dopamine neurotransmission. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2450-62. [PMID: 24776686 PMCID: PMC4138757 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Revised: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
GRK2 is a G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) that is broadly expressed and is known to regulate diverse types of receptors. GRK2 null animals exhibit embryonic lethality due to a severe developmental heart defect, which has precluded the study of this kinase in the adult brain. To elucidate the specific role of GRK2 in the brain dopamine (DA) system, we used a conditional gene knockout approach to selectively delete GRK2 in DA D1 receptor (D1R)-, DA D2 receptor (D2R)-, adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR)-, or DA transporter (DAT)-expressing neurons. Here we show that select GRK2-deficient mice display hyperactivity, hyposensitivity, or hypersensitivity to the psychomotor effects of cocaine, altered striatal signaling, and DA release and uptake. Mice with GRK2 deficiency in D2R-expressing neurons also exhibited increased D2 autoreceptor activity. These findings reveal a cell-type-specific role for GRK2 in the regulation of normal motor behavior, sensitivity to psychostimulants, dopamine neurotransmission, and D2 autoreceptor function.
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48
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Chandrasekaran P, Moore V, Buckley M, Spurrier J, Kehrl JH, Venkatesan S. HIV-1 Nef down-modulates C-C and C-X-C chemokine receptors via ubiquitin and ubiquitin-independent mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86998. [PMID: 24489825 PMCID: PMC3906104 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human and Simian Immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1, HIV-2, and SIV) encode an accessory protein, Nef, which is a pathogenesis and virulence factor. Nef is a multivalent adapter that dysregulates the trafficking of many immune cell receptors, including chemokine receptors (CKRs). Physiological endocytic itinerary of agonist occupied CXCR4 involves ubiquitinylation of the phosphorylated receptor at three critical lysine residues and dynamin-dependent trafficking through the ESCRT pathway into lysosomes for degradation. Likewise, Nef induced CXCR4 degradation was critically dependent on the three lysines in the C-terminal -SSLKILSKGK- motif. Nef directly recruits the HECT domain E3 ligases AIP4 or NEDD4 to CXCR4 in the resting state. This mechanism was confirmed by ternary interactions of Nef, CXCR4 and AIP4 or NEDD4; by reversal of Nef effect by expression of catalytically inactive AIP4-C830A mutant; and siRNA knockdown of AIP4, NEDD4 or some ESCRT-0 adapters. However, ubiquitinylation dependent lysosomal degradation was not the only mechanism by which Nef downregulated CKRs. Agonist and Nef mediated CXCR2 (and CXCR1) degradation was ubiquitinylation independent. Nef also profoundly downregulated the naturally truncated CXCR4 associated with WHIM syndrome and engineered variants of CXCR4 that resist CXCL12 induced internalization via an ubiquitinylation independent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabha Chandrasekaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Victoria Moore
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Monica Buckley
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Joshua Spurrier
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John H. Kehrl
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sundararajan Venkatesan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Ubagai T, Nakano R, Kikuchi H, Ono Y. Gene expression analysis of TREM1 and GRK2 in polymorphonuclear leukocytes as the surrogate biomarkers of acute bacterial infections. Int J Med Sci 2014; 11:215-21. [PMID: 24465168 PMCID: PMC3894407 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.7231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In the acute stage of infectious diseases such as pneumonia and sepsis, sequelae hypercytokinemia and cytokine storm are often observed simultaneously. During bacterial infections, activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) cause inflammation and organ dysfunction in severely ill patients. Gene expression of the triggering receptor on myeloid cells (TREM)-1 and G-coupled-protein receptor kinase (GRK)-2 in PMNs isolated from patients was analysed to identify genes correlated with the severity of pathophysiological conditions. METHODS mRNA levels of TREM1 and GRK2 in the PMNs from 26 patients (13 with pneumonia, 5 with severe sepsis, and 8 with septic shock) were analysed by using quantitative real-time PCR. The synthesised soluble form (s)TREM-1 was incubated with normal PMNs to investigate its biological functions in vitro. RESULTS Copies of TREM1 transcript were 0.7- to 2.1-fold higher in patients with pneumonia compared to those of normal subjects; the average fold-change was 1.1-fold. The mRNA levels of patients suffering from severe sepsis and septic shock were 0.34- and 0.33-fold lower compared to those of healthy subjects, respectively. TREM1 mRNA levels in 5 of 26 patients in convalescent stages recovered to normal levels. The mRNA levels of GRK2 in the PMNs of patients were also downregulated. The synthesised sTREM-1 upregulated the mRNA levels of TREM1 in normal PMNs. CONCLUSIONS TREM1 mRNA levels were inversely correlated with the severity of pathophysiological conditions in acute bacterial infections. The gene expression levels of TREM1 in PMNs isolated from patients with bacterial infections may be used as a surrogate biomarker for determining the severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuneyuki Ubagai
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Teikyo University School of Medicine. Tokyo 173-8605, Japan
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Sun B, Hu X, Liu G, Ma B, Xu Y, Yang T, Shi J, Yang F, Li H, Zhang L, Zhao Y. Phosphatase Wip1 negatively regulates neutrophil migration and inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:1184-95. [PMID: 24395919 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neutrophils are critically involved in host defense and tissue damage. Intrinsic signal mechanisms controlling neutrophil activities are poorly defined. We found that the expression of wild-type p53-induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1) in mouse and human neutrophils was downregulated quickly after neutrophil activation through JNK-microRNA-16 pathway. Importantly, the Wip1 expression level was negatively correlated with inflammatory cytokine productions of neutrophils in sepsis patients. Wip1-deficient mice displayed increased bactericidal activities to Staphylococcus aureus and were hypersensitive to LPS-induced acute lung damage with increased neutrophil infiltration and inflammation. Mechanism studies showed that the enhanced inflammatory activity of neutrophils caused by Wip1 deficiency was mediated by p38 MAPK-STAT1 and NF-κB pathways. The increased migration ability of Wip1KO neutrophils was mediated by the decreased CXCR2 internalization and desensitization, which was directly regulated by p38 MAPK activity. Thus, our findings identify a previously unrecognized function of Wip1 as an intrinsic negative regulator for neutrophil proinflammatory cytokine production and migration through multiple signal pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Biomembrane and Membrane Biotechnology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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