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Stankewich MC, Peters LL, Morrow JS. The loss of βΙ spectrin alters synaptic size and composition in the ja/ja mouse. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1415115. [PMID: 39165342 PMCID: PMC11333264 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1415115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Deletion or mutation of members of the spectrin gene family contributes to many neurologic and neuropsychiatric disorders. While each spectrinopathy may generate distinct neuropathology, the study of βΙ spectrin's role (Sptb) in the brain has been hampered by the hematologic consequences of its loss. Methods Jaundiced mice (ja/ja) that lack βΙ spectrin suffer a rapidly fatal hemolytic anemia. We have used exchange transfusion of newborn ja/ja mice to blunt their hemolytic pathology, enabling an examination of βΙ spectrin deficiency in the mature mouse brain by ultrastructural and biochemical analysis. Results βΙ spectrin is widely utilized throughout the brain as the βΙΣ2 isoform; it appears by postnatal day 8, and concentrates in the CA1,3 region of the hippocampus, dentate gyrus, cerebellar granule layer, cortical layer 2, medial habenula, and ventral thalamus. It is present in a subset of dendrites and absent in white matter. Without βΙ spectrin there is a 20% reduction in postsynaptic density size in the granule layer of the cerebellum, a selective loss of ankyrinR in cerebellar granule neurons, and a reduction in the level of the postsynaptic adhesion molecule NCAM. While we find no substitution of another spectrin for βΙ at dendrites or synapses, there is curiously enhanced βΙV spectrin expression in the ja/ja brain. Discussion βΙΣ2 spectrin appears to be essential for refining postsynaptic structures through interactions with ankyrinR and NCAM. We speculate that it may play additional roles yet to be discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael C. Stankewich
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | | | - Jon S. Morrow
- Department of Pathology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department Molecular Cellular and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
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2
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Delling JP, Bauer HF, Gerlach-Arbeiter S, Schön M, Jacob C, Wagner J, Pedro MT, Knöll B, Boeckers TM. Combined expansion and STED microscopy reveals altered fingerprints of postsynaptic nanostructure across brain regions in ASD-related SHANK3-deficiency. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02559-9. [PMID: 38649753 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Synaptic dysfunction is a key feature of SHANK-associated disorders such as autism spectrum disorder, schizophrenia, and Phelan-McDermid syndrome. Since detailed knowledge of their effect on synaptic nanostructure remains limited, we aimed to investigate such alterations in ex11|SH3 SHANK3-KO mice combining expansion and STED microscopy. This enabled high-resolution imaging of mosaic-like arrangements formed by synaptic proteins in both human and murine brain tissue. We found distinct shape-profiles as fingerprints of the murine postsynaptic scaffold across brain regions and genotypes, as well as alterations in the spatial and molecular organization of subsynaptic domains under SHANK3-deficient conditions. These results provide insights into synaptic nanostructure in situ and advance our understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying synaptic dysfunction in neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Delling
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, 80804, Germany.
| | | | | | - Michael Schön
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Christian Jacob
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Jan Wagner
- Department of Neurology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | | | - Bernd Knöll
- Institute of Neurobiochemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany
| | - Tobias M Boeckers
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Ulm University, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
- Ulm Site, DZNE, Ulm, 89081, Germany.
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3
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Mittli D, Tukacs V, Ravasz L, Csősz É, Kozma T, Kardos J, Juhász G, Kékesi KA. LPS-induced acute neuroinflammation, involving interleukin-1 beta signaling, leads to proteomic, cellular, and network-level changes in the prefrontal cortex of mice. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 28:100594. [PMID: 36713475 PMCID: PMC9880243 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation induced by peripheral infections leads to various neuropsychiatric symptoms both in humans and laboratory animals, e.g., to the manifestation of sickness behavior that resembles some features of clinical depression. However, in addition to depression-like behavior, there are other symptoms of acute systemic inflammation that can be associated with the impairment of prefrontal cortex (PFC)-regulated cognitive functions. Thus, we investigated the electrophysiological and proteomic alterations of the PFC using brain slices and the lipopolysaccharide (LPS) model of acute peripheral infection in male mice. Based on the gene expression differences of the coreceptor (Il1rap) of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) between neuron types in our previous single-cell sequencing dataset, we first compared the electrophysiological effects of IL-1β on PFC pyramidal cells and interneurons. We found that pyramidal cells are more responsive to IL-1β, as could be presumed from our transcriptomic data. To examine the possible circuit-level correlates of the cellular changes, frontal electroencephalographic (EEG) activity and fronto-occipital functional connectivity were analyzed in LPS-treated mice and significant changes were found in the fronto-occipital EEG correlation and coherence in the delta and high-gamma frequency bands. The upregulation of the prefrontal IL-1 system (IL-1β and its receptor) after LPS treatment was revealed by immunoassays simultaneously with the observed EEG changes. Furthermore, we investigated the LPS-induced alterations of the synaptic proteome in the PFC using 2-D differential gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry and found 48 altered proteins mainly related to cellular signaling, cytoskeletal organization, and carbohydrate/energy metabolism. Thus, our results indicate remarkable electrophysiological and molecular changes in the PFC related to acute systemic inflammation that may explain some of the concomitant behavioral and physiological symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel Mittli
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vanda Tukacs
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Lilla Ravasz
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- CRU Hungary Ltd., Göd, Hungary
| | - Éva Csősz
- Proteomics Core Facility, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | | | - József Kardos
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- CRU Hungary Ltd., Göd, Hungary
- InnoScience Ltd., Mátranovák, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- InnoScience Ltd., Mátranovák, Hungary
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4
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Zhai RG. The Architecture of the Presynaptic Release Site. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2023; 33:1-21. [PMID: 37615861 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-34229-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
The architecture of the presynaptic release site is exquisitely designed to facilitate and regulate synaptic vesicle exocytosis. With the identification of some of the building blocks of the active zone and the advent of super resolution imaging techniques, we are beginning to understand the morphological and functional properties of synapses in great detail. Presynaptic release sites consist of the plasma membrane, the cytomatrix, and dense projections. These three components are morphologically distinct but intimately connected with each other and with postsynaptic specializations, ensuring the fidelity of synaptic vesicle tethering, docking, and fusion, as well as signal detection. Although the morphology and molecular compositions of active zones may vary among species, tissues, and cells, global architectural design of the release sites is highly conserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Grace Zhai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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5
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Weingarten DJ, Shrestha A, Juda-Nelson K, Kissiwaa SA, Spruston E, Jackman SL. Fast resupply of synaptic vesicles requires synaptotagmin-3. Nature 2022; 611:320-325. [PMID: 36261524 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sustained neuronal activity demands a rapid resupply of synaptic vesicles to maintain reliable synaptic transmission. Such vesicle replenishment is accelerated by submicromolar presynaptic Ca2+ signals by an as-yet unidentified high-affinity Ca2+ sensor1,2. Here we identify synaptotagmin-3 (SYT3)3,4 as that presynaptic high-affinity Ca2+ sensor, which drives vesicle replenishment and short-term synaptic plasticity. Synapses in Syt3 knockout mice exhibited enhanced short-term depression, and recovery from depression was slower and insensitive to presynaptic residual Ca2+. During sustained neuronal firing, SYT3 accelerated vesicle replenishment and increased the size of the readily releasable pool. SYT3 also mediated short-term facilitation under conditions of low release probability and promoted synaptic enhancement together with another high-affinity synaptotagmin, SYT7 (ref. 5). Biophysical modelling predicted that SYT3 mediates both replenishment and facilitation by promoting the transition of loosely docked vesicles to tightly docked, primed states. Our results reveal a crucial role for presynaptic SYT3 in the maintenance of reliable high-frequency synaptic transmission. Moreover, multiple forms of short-term plasticity may converge on a mechanism of reversible, Ca2+-dependent vesicle docking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amita Shrestha
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Kessa Juda-Nelson
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sarah A Kissiwaa
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Evan Spruston
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Skyler L Jackman
- Vollum Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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Qi C, Luo LD, Feng I, Ma S. Molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2022; 14:939793. [PMID: 36176941 PMCID: PMC9513053 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2022.939793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the basic units for information processing and storage in the nervous system. It is only when the synaptic connection is established, that it becomes meaningful to discuss the structure and function of a circuit. In humans, our unparalleled cognitive abilities are correlated with an increase in the number of synapses. Additionally, genes involved in synaptogenesis are also frequently associated with neurological or psychiatric disorders, suggesting a relationship between synaptogenesis and brain physiology and pathology. Thus, understanding the molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis is the key to the mystery of circuit assembly and neural computation. Furthermore, it would provide therapeutic insights for the treatment of neurological and psychiatric disorders. Multiple molecular events must be precisely coordinated to generate a synapse. To understand the molecular mechanisms underlying synaptogenesis, we need to know the molecular components of synapses, how these molecular components are held together, and how the molecular networks are refined in response to neural activity to generate new synapses. Thanks to the intensive investigations in this field, our understanding of the process of synaptogenesis has progressed significantly. Here, we will review the molecular mechanisms of synaptogenesis by going over the studies on the identification of molecular components in synapses and their functions in synaptogenesis, how cell adhesion molecules connect these synaptic molecules together, and how neural activity mobilizes these molecules to generate new synapses. Finally, we will summarize the human-specific regulatory mechanisms in synaptogenesis and results from human genetics studies on synaptogenesis and brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Qi
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Cai Qi,
| | - Li-Da Luo
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Program in Cellular Neuroscience, Neurodegeneration and Repair, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Irena Feng
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shaojie Ma
- Department of Neuroscience, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
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7
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Chen B, Qin G, Xiao J, Deng X, Lin A, Liu H. Transient neuroinflammation following surgery contributes to long-lasting cognitive decline in elderly rats via dysfunction of synaptic NMDA receptor. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:181. [PMID: 35831873 PMCID: PMC9281167 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02528-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) are considered the most common postoperative complication in geriatric patients. However, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. Surgery-triggered neuroinflammation is a major contributor to the development of PNDs. Neuroinflammation can influence N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) expression or function which is closely associated with cognition. We, therefore, hypothesized that the persistent changes in NMDAR expression or function induced by transient neuroinflammation after surgery were involved in the development of PNDs. Methods Eighteen-month-old male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to abdominal surgery with sevoflurane anesthesia to establish the PNDs animal model. Then, we determined the transient neuroinflammation by detecting the protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines and microglia activation using ELISA, western blot, immunohistochemistry, and microglial morphological analysis from postoperative days 1–20. Persistent changes in NMDAR expression were determined by detecting the protein levels of NMDAR subunits from postoperative days 1–59. Subsequently, the dysfunction of synaptic NMDAR was evaluated by detecting the structural plasticity of dendritic spine using Golgi staining. Pull-down assay and western blot were used to detect the protein levels of Rac1-GTP, phosphor-cofilin, and Arp3, which contribute to the regulation of the structural plasticity of dendritic spine. Finally, glycyrrhizin, an anti-inflammatory agent, was administered to further explore the role of synaptic NMDAR dysfunction induced by transient neuroinflammation in the neuropathogenesis of PNDs. Results We showed that transient neuroinflammation induced by surgery caused sustained downregulation of synaptic NR2A and NR2B subunits in the dorsal hippocampus and led to a selective long-term spatial memory deficit. Meanwhile, the detrimental effect of neuroinflammation on the function of synaptic NMDARs was shown by the impaired structural plasticity of dendritic spines and decreased activity of the Rac1 signaling pathways during learning. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory treatment reversed the downregulation and hypofunction of synaptic NR2A and NR2B and subsequently rescued the long-term spatial memory deficit. Conclusions Our results identify sustained synaptic NR2A and NR2B downregulation and hypofunction induced by transient neuroinflammation following surgery as important contributors to the development of PNDs in elderly rats. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02528-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangcheng Qin
- Laboratory Research Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Xiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyuan Deng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China
| | - Aolei Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, 400030, People's Republic of China.
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8
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Skoug C, Martinsson I, Gouras GK, Meissner A, Duarte JMN. Sphingosine 1-Phoshpate Receptors are Located in Synapses and Control Spontaneous Activity of Mouse Neurons in Culture. Neurochem Res 2022; 47:3114-3125. [PMID: 35781853 PMCID: PMC9470655 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is best known for its roles as vascular and immune regulator. Besides, it is also present in the central nervous system (CNS) where it can act as neuromodulator via five S1P receptors (S1PRs), and thus control neurotransmitter release. The distribution of S1PRs in the active zone and postsynaptic density of CNS synapses remains unknown. In the current study, we investigated the localization of S1PR1-5 in synapses of the mouse cortex. Cortical nerve terminals purified in a sucrose gradient were endowed with all five S1PRs. Further subcellular fractionation of cortical nerve terminals revealed S1PR2 and S1PR4 immunoreactivity in the active zone of presynaptic nerve terminals. Interestingly, only S1PR2 and S1PR3 immunoreactivity was found in the postsynaptic density. All receptors were present outside the active zone of nerve terminals. Neurons in the mouse cortex and primary neurons in culture showed immunoreactivity against all five S1PRs, and Ca2+ imaging revealed that S1P inhibits spontaneous neuronal activity in a dose-dependent fashion. When testing selective agonists for each of the receptors, we found that only S1PR1, S1PR2 and S1PR4 control spontaneous neuronal activity. We conclude that S1PR2 and S1PR4 are located in the active zone of nerve terminals and inhibit neuronal activity. Future studies need to test whether these receptors modulate stimulation-induced neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Skoug
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Isak Martinsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gunnar K Gouras
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Experimental Dementia Research Unit, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anja Meissner
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Physiology, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - João M N Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Knodel MM, Dutta Roy R, Wittum G. Influence of T-Bar on Calcium Concentration Impacting Release Probability. Front Comput Neurosci 2022; 16:855746. [PMID: 35586479 PMCID: PMC9108211 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2022.855746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The relation of form and function, namely the impact of the synaptic anatomy on calcium dynamics in the presynaptic bouton, is a major challenge of present (computational) neuroscience at a cellular level. The Drosophila larval neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a simple model system, which allows studying basic effects in a rather simple way. This synapse harbors several special structures. In particular, in opposite to standard vertebrate synapses, the presynaptic boutons are rather large, and they have several presynaptic zones. In these zones, different types of anatomical structures are present. Some of the zones bear a so-called T-bar, a particular anatomical structure. The geometric form of the T-bar resembles the shape of the letter “T” or a table with one leg. When an action potential arises, calcium influx is triggered. The probability of vesicle docking and neurotransmitter release is superlinearly proportional to the concentration of calcium close to the vesicular release site. It is tempting to assume that the T-bar causes some sort of calcium accumulation and hence triggers a higher release probability and thus enhances neurotransmitter exocytosis. In order to study this influence in a quantitative manner, we constructed a typical T-bar geometry and compared the calcium concentration close to the active zones (AZs). We compared the case of synapses with and without T-bars. Indeed, we found a substantial influence of the T-bar structure on the presynaptic calcium concentrations close to the AZs, indicating that this anatomical structure increases vesicle release probability. Therefore, our study reveals how the T-bar zone implies a strong relation between form and function. Our study answers the question of experimental studies (namely “Wichmann and Sigrist, Journal of neurogenetics 2010”) concerning the sense of the anatomical structure of the T-bar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus M. Knodel
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing (GCSC), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- *Correspondence: Markus M. Knodel ; orcid.org/0000-0001-8739-0803
| | | | - Gabriel Wittum
- Goethe Center for Scientific Computing (GCSC), Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
- Applied Mathematics and Computational Science, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
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10
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The Effect of Sleep Deprivation and Subsequent Recovery Period on the Synaptic Proteome of Rat Cerebral Cortex. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:1301-1319. [PMID: 34988919 PMCID: PMC8857111 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02699-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deprivation (SD) is commonplace in the modern way of life and has a substantial social, medical, and human cost. Sleep deprivation induces cognitive impairment such as loss of executive attention, working memory decline, poor emotion regulation, increased reaction times, and higher cognitive functions are particularly vulnerable to sleep loss. Furthermore, SD is associated with obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and a vast majority of psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders are accompanied by sleep disturbances. Despite the widespread scientific interest in the effect of sleep loss on synaptic function, there is a lack of investigation focusing on synaptic transmission on the proteome level. In the present study, we report the effects of SD and recovery period (RP) on the cortical synaptic proteome in rats. Synaptosomes were isolated after 8 h of SD performed by gentle handling and after 16 h of RP. The purity of synaptosome fraction was validated with western blot and electron microscopy, and the protein abundance alterations were analyzed by mass spectrometry. We observed that SD and RP have a wide impact on neurotransmitter-related proteins at both the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes. The abundance of synaptic proteins has changed to a greater extent in consequence of SD than during RP: we identified 78 proteins with altered abundance after SD and 39 proteins after the course of RP. Levels of most of the altered proteins were upregulated during SD, while RP showed the opposite tendency, and three proteins (Gabbr1, Anks1b, and Decr1) showed abundance changes with opposite direction after SD and RP. The functional cluster analysis revealed that a majority of the altered proteins is related to signal transduction and regulation, synaptic transmission and synaptic assembly, protein and ion transport, and lipid and fatty acid metabolism, while the interaction network analysis revealed several connections between the significantly altered proteins and the molecular processes of synaptic plasticity or sleep. Our proteomic data implies suppression of SNARE-mediated synaptic vesicle exocytosis and impaired endocytic processes after sleep deprivation. Both SD and RP altered GABA neurotransmission and affected protein synthesis, several regulatory processes and signaling pathways, energy homeostatic processes, and metabolic pathways.
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11
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Wichmann C, Kuner T. Heterogeneity of glutamatergic synapses: cellular mechanisms and network consequences. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:269-318. [PMID: 34727002 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemical synapses are commonly known as a structurally and functionally highly diverse class of cell-cell contacts specialized to mediate communication between neurons. They represent the smallest "computational" unit of the brain and are typically divided into excitatory and inhibitory as well as modulatory categories. These categories are subdivided into diverse types, each representing a different structure-function repertoire that in turn are thought to endow neuronal networks with distinct computational properties. The diversity of structure and function found among a given category of synapses is referred to as heterogeneity. The main building blocks for this heterogeneity are synaptic vesicles, the active zone, the synaptic cleft, the postsynaptic density, and glial processes associated with the synapse. Each of these five structural modules entails a distinct repertoire of functions, and their combination specifies the range of functional heterogeneity at mammalian excitatory synapses, which are the focus of this review. We describe synapse heterogeneity that is manifested on different levels of complexity ranging from the cellular morphology of the pre- and postsynaptic cells toward the expression of different protein isoforms at individual release sites. We attempt to define the range of structural building blocks that are used to vary the basic functional repertoire of excitatory synaptic contacts and discuss sources and general mechanisms of synapse heterogeneity. Finally, we explore the possible impact of synapse heterogeneity on neuronal network function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Wichmann
- Molecular Architecture of Synapses Group, Institute for Auditory Neuroscience, InnerEarLab and Institute for Biostructural Imaging of Neurodegeneration, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Kuner
- Department of Functional Neuroanatomy, Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Ghelani T, Montenegro-Venegas C, Fejtova A, Dresbach T. Nanoscopical Analysis Reveals an Orderly Arrangement of the Presynaptic Scaffold Protein Bassoon at the Golgi-Apparatus. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:744034. [PMID: 34867184 PMCID: PMC8632625 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.744034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bassoon is a core scaffold protein of the presynaptic active zone. In brain synapses, the C-terminus of Bassoon is oriented toward the plasma membrane and its N-terminus is oriented toward synaptic vesicles. At the Golgi-apparatus, Bassoon is thought to assemble active zone precursor structures, but whether it is arranged in an orderly fashion is unknown. Understanding the topology of this large scaffold protein is important for models of active zone biogenesis. Using stimulated emission depletion nanoscopy in cultured hippocampal neurons, we found that an N-terminal intramolecular tag of recombinant Bassoon, but not C-terminal tag, colocalized with markers of the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The N-terminus of Bassoon was located between 48 and 69 nm away from TGN38, while its C-terminus was located between 100 and 115 nm away from TGN38. Sequences within the first 95 amino acids of Bassoon were required for this arrangement. Our results indicate that, at the Golgi-apparatus, Bassoon is oriented with its N-terminus toward and its C-terminus away from the trans Golgi network membrane. Moreover, they suggest that Bassoon is an extended molecule at the trans Golgi network with the distance between amino acids 97 and 3,938, estimated to be between 46 and 52 nm. Our data are consistent with a model, in which the N-terminus of Bassoon binds to the membranes of the trans-Golgi network, while the C-terminus associates with active zone components, thus reflecting the topographic arrangement characteristic of synapses also at the Golgi-apparatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Ghelani
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Carolina Montenegro-Venegas
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical Faculty, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anna Fejtova
- Department of Neurochemistry and Molecular Biology, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,RG Presynaptic Plasticity, Leibniz Institute for Neurobiology, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Dresbach
- Institute of Anatomy and Embryology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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13
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Hyperbaric Oxygen Treatment: Effects on Mitochondrial Function and Oxidative Stress. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121827. [PMID: 34944468 PMCID: PMC8699286 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperbaric oxygen treatment (HBOT)—the administration of 100% oxygen at atmospheric pressure (ATA) greater than 1 ATA—increases the proportion of dissolved oxygen in the blood five- to twenty-fold. This increase in accessible oxygen places the mitochondrion—the organelle that consumes most of the oxygen that we breathe—at the epicenter of HBOT’s effects. As the mitochondrion is also a major site for the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), it is possible that HBOT will increase also oxidative stress. Depending on the conditions of the HBO treatment (duration, pressure, umber of treatments), short-term treatments have been shown to have deleterious effects on both mitochondrial activity and production of ROS. Long-term treatment, on the other hand, improves mitochondrial activity and leads to a decrease in ROS levels, partially due to the effects of HBOT, which increases antioxidant defense mechanisms. Many diseases and conditions are characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction and imbalance between ROS and antioxidant scavengers, suggesting potential therapeutic intervention for HBOT. In the present review, we will present current views on the effects of HBOT on mitochondrial function and oxidative stress, the interplay between them and the implications for several diseases.
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14
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Subsynaptic Distribution, Lipid Raft Targeting and G Protein-Dependent Signalling of the Type 1 Cannabinoid Receptor in Synaptosomes from the Mouse Hippocampus and Frontal Cortex. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226897. [PMID: 34833992 PMCID: PMC8621520 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have investigated the roles of the type 1 cannabinoid receptor (CB1) in glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons. Here, we used the cell-type-specific CB1 rescue model in mice to gain insight into the organizational principles of plasma membrane targeting and Gαi/o protein signalling of the CB1 receptor at excitatory and inhibitory terminals of the frontal cortex and hippocampus. By applying biochemical fractionation techniques and Western blot analyses to synaptosomal membranes, we explored the subsynaptic distribution (pre-, post-, and extra-synaptic) and CB1 receptor compartmentalization into lipid and non-lipid raft plasma membrane microdomains and the signalling properties. These data infer that the plasma membrane partitioning of the CB1 receptor and its functional coupling to Gαi/o proteins are not biased towards the cell type of CB1 receptor rescue. The extent of the canonical Gαi/o protein-dependent CB1 receptor signalling correlated with the abundance of CB1 receptor in the respective cell type (glutamatergic versus GABAergic neurons) both in frontal cortical and hippocampal synaptosomes. In summary, our results provide an updated view of the functional coupling of the CB1 receptor to Gαi/o proteins at excitatory and inhibitory terminals and substantiate the utility of the CB1 rescue model in studying endocannabinoid physiology at the subcellular level.
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15
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Traetta ME, Uccelli NA, Zárate SC, Gómez Cuautle D, Ramos AJ, Reinés A. Long-Lasting Changes in Glial Cells Isolated From Rats Subjected to the Valproic Acid Model of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:707859. [PMID: 34421599 PMCID: PMC8374432 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.707859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic alterations concomitant with neuroinflammation have been described in patients and experimental models of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, the role of microglia and astroglia in relation to synaptic changes is poorly understood. Male Wistar rats prenatally exposed to valproic acid (VPA, 450 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (control) at embryonic day 10.5 were used to study synapses, microglia, and astroglia in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) at postnatal days 3 and 35 (PND3 and PND35). Primary cultures of cortical neurons, microglia, and astroglia isolated from control and VPA animals were used to study each cell type individually, neuron-microglia and microglia-astroglia crosstalk. In the PFC of VPA rats, synaptic changes characterized by an increase in the number of excitatory synapses were evidenced at PND3 and persisted until PND35. At PND3, microglia and astroglia from VPA animals were morphologically similar to those of age-matched controls, whereas at PND35, reactive microgliosis and astrogliosis were observed in the PFC of VPA animals. Cortical neurons isolated from VPA rats mimicked in vitro the synaptic pattern seen in vivo. Cortical microglia and astroglia isolated from VPA animals exhibited reactive morphology, increased pro-inflammatory cytokines, and a compromised miRNA processing machinery. Microglia from VPA animals also showed resistance to a phagocytic challenge. In the presence of neurons from VPA animals, microglia isolated from VPA rats revealed a non-reactive morphology and promoted neurite outgrowth, while microglia from control animals displayed a reactive profile and promoted dendritic retraction. In microglia-astroglia co-cultures, microglia from VPA animals displayed a reactive profile and exacerbated astrocyte reactivity. Our study indicates that cortical microglia from VPA animals are insensitive or adapted to neuronal cues expressed by neurons from VPA animals. Further, long-term in vivo microgliosis could be the result of altered microglia-astroglia crosstalk in VPA animals. Thus, our study highlights cortical microglia-astroglia communication as a new mechanism implicated in neuroinflammation in ASD; consequently, we propose that this crosstalk is a potential target for interventions in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Evelyn Traetta
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nonthué Alejandra Uccelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Cristina Zárate
- Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Dante Gómez Cuautle
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Medicina, Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Reinés
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia "Prof. E. De Robertis" (IBCN), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Cátedra de Farmacología, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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16
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Postconditioning with Sevoflurane or Propofol Alleviates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Neuroinflammation but Exerts Dissimilar Effects on the NR2B Subunit and Cognition. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4251-4267. [PMID: 33970453 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02402-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation can cause cognitive deficits, and preexisting neuroinflammation is observed frequently in the clinic after trauma, surgery, and infection. Patients with preexisting neuroinflammation often need further medical treatment under general anesthesia. However, the effects of postconditioning with general anesthetics on preexisting neuroinflammation have not been determined. In this study, adult rats were posttreated with sevoflurane or propofol after intracerebroventricular administration of lipopolysaccharide. The effects of sevoflurane or propofol postconditioning on neuroinflammation-induced recognition memory deficits were detected. Our results found that postconditioning with sevoflurane but not propofol reversed the selective spatial recognition memory impairment induced by neuroinflammation, and these differential effects did not appear to be associated with the similar anti-neuroinflammatory responses of general anesthetics. However, postconditioning with propofol induced a selective long-lasting upregulation of extrasynaptic NR2B-containing N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the dorsal hippocampus, which downregulated the cAMP response element-binding signaling pathway and impaired spatial recognition memory. Additionally, the NR2B antagonists memantine and Ro25-6981 reversed this neurotoxicity induced by propofol postconditioning. Taken together, these results indicate that under preexisting neuroinflammation, postconditioning with sevoflurane can provide reliable neuroprotection by attenuating lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation, apoptosis, and neuronal loss and eventually improving spatial recognition deficits. However, although posttreatment with propofol also has the same anti-neuroinflammatory effects, the neurotoxicity caused by propofol postconditioning following neuroinflammation warrants further consideration.
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17
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Traetta ME, Codagnone MG, Uccelli NA, Ramos AJ, Zárate S, Reinés A. Hippocampal neurons isolated from rats subjected to the valproic acid model mimic in vivo synaptic pattern: evidence of neuronal priming during early development in autism spectrum disorders. Mol Autism 2021; 12:23. [PMID: 33676530 PMCID: PMC7937248 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00428-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are synaptopathies characterized by area-specific synaptic alterations and neuroinflammation. Structural and adhesive features of hippocampal synapses have been described in the valproic acid (VPA) model. However, neuronal and microglial contribution to hippocampal synaptic pattern and its time-course of appearance is still unknown. METHODS Male pups born from pregnant rats injected at embryonic day 10.5 with VPA (450 mg/kg, i.p.) or saline (control) were used. Maturation, exploratory activity and social interaction were assessed as autistic-like traits. Synaptic, cell adhesion and microglial markers were evaluated in the CA3 hippocampal region at postnatal day (PND) 3 and 35. Primary cultures of hippocampal neurons from control and VPA animals were used to study synaptic features and glutamate-induced structural remodeling. Basal and stimuli-mediated reactivity was assessed on microglia primary cultures isolated from control and VPA animals. RESULTS At PND3, before VPA behavioral deficits were evident, synaptophysin immunoreactivity and the balance between the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (NCAM) and its polysialylated form (PSA-NCAM) were preserved in the hippocampus of VPA animals along with the absence of microgliosis. At PND35, concomitantly with the establishment of behavioral deficits, the hippocampus of VPA rats showed fewer excitatory synapses and increased NCAM/PSA-NCAM balance without microgliosis. Hippocampal neurons from VPA animals in culture exhibited a preserved synaptic puncta number at the beginning of the synaptogenic period in vitro but showed fewer excitatory synapses as well as increased NCAM/PSA-NCAM balance and resistance to glutamate-induced structural synaptic remodeling after active synaptogenesis. Microglial cells isolated from VPA animals and cultured in the absence of neurons showed similar basal and stimuli-induced reactivity to the control group. Results indicate that in the absence of glia, hippocampal neurons from VPA animals mirrored the in vivo synaptic pattern and suggest that while neurons are primed during the prenatal period, hippocampal microglia are not intrinsically altered. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests microglial role is not determinant for developing neuronal alterations or counteracting neuronal outcome in the hippocampus and highlights the crucial role of hippocampal neurons and structural plasticity in the establishment of the synaptic alterations in the VPA rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianela Evelyn Traetta
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Martín Gabriel Codagnone
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nonthué Alejandra Uccelli
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alberto Javier Ramos
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Zárate
- Departamento de Histología, Embriología, Biología Celular y Genética, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas (INBIOMED), CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Reinés
- Instituto de Biología Celular y Neurociencia “Prof. E. De Robertis” (IBCN), Facultad de Medicina, CONICET - Universidad de Buenos Aires, Calle Paraguay 2155 3er piso, 1121 Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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18
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Pittaluga A. Presynaptic release-regulating NMDA receptors in isolated nerve terminals: A narrative review. Br J Pharmacol 2021; 178:1001-1017. [PMID: 33347605 PMCID: PMC9328659 DOI: 10.1111/bph.15349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The existence of presynaptic, release‐regulating NMDA receptors in the CNS has been long matter of discussion. Most of the reviews dedicated to support this conclusion have preferentially focussed on the results from electrophysiological studies, paying little or no attention to the data obtained with purified synaptosomes, even though this experimental approach has been recognized as providing reliable information concerning the presence and the role of presynaptic release‐regulating receptors in the CNS. To fill the gap, this review is dedicated to summarising the results from studies with synaptosomes published during the last 40 years, which support the existence of auto and hetero NMDA receptors controlling the release of transmitters such as glutamate, GABA, dopamine, noradrenaline, 5‐HT, acetylcholine and peptides, in the CNS of mammals. The review also deals with the results from immunochemical studies in isolated nerve endings that confirm the functional observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pittaluga
- Department of Pharmacology (DIFAR), School of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3Rs Center, University of Genova, Italy.,San Martino Hospital IRCCS, Genova, Italy
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19
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Right Place at the Right Time: How Changes in Protocadherins Affect Synaptic Connections Contributing to the Etiology of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. Cells 2020; 9:cells9122711. [PMID: 33352832 PMCID: PMC7766791 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
During brain development, neurons need to form the correct connections with one another in order to give rise to a functional neuronal circuitry. Mistakes during this process, leading to the formation of improper neuronal connectivity, can result in a number of brain abnormalities and impairments collectively referred to as neurodevelopmental disorders. Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), present on the cell surface, take part in the neurodevelopmental process regulating migration and recognition of specific cells to form functional neuronal assemblies. Among CAMs, the members of the protocadherin (PCDH) group stand out because they are involved in cell adhesion, neurite initiation and outgrowth, axon pathfinding and fasciculation, and synapse formation and stabilization. Given the critical role of these macromolecules in the major neurodevelopmental processes, it is not surprising that clinical and basic research in the past two decades has identified several PCDH genes as responsible for a large fraction of neurodevelopmental disorders. In the present article, we review these findings with a focus on the non-clustered PCDH sub-group, discussing the proteins implicated in the main neurodevelopmental disorders.
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20
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Györffy BA, Tóth V, Török G, Gulyássy P, Kovács RÁ, Vadászi H, Micsonai A, Tóth ME, Sántha M, Homolya L, Drahos L, Juhász G, Kékesi KA, Kardos J. Synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction and septin accumulation are linked to complement-mediated synapse loss in an Alzheimer's disease animal model. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:5243-5258. [PMID: 32034429 PMCID: PMC7671981 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03468-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic functional disturbances with concomitant synapse loss represent central pathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease. Excessive accumulation of cytotoxic amyloid oligomers is widely recognized as a key event that underlies neurodegeneration. Certain complement components are crucial instruments of widespread synapse loss because they can tag synapses with functional impairments leading to their engulfment by microglia. However, an exact understanding of the affected synaptic functions that predispose to complement-mediated synapse elimination is lacking. Therefore, we conducted systematic proteomic examinations on synaptosomes prepared from an amyloidogenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (APP/PS1). Synaptic fractions were separated according to the presence of the C1q-tag using fluorescence-activated synaptosome sorting and subjected to proteomic comparisons. The results raised the decline of mitochondrial functions in the C1q-tagged synapses of APP/PS1 mice based on enrichment analyses, which was verified using flow cytometry. Additionally, proteomics results revealed extensive alterations in the level of septin protein family members, which are known to dynamically form highly organized pre- and postsynaptic supramolecular structures, thereby affecting synaptic transmission. High-resolution microscopy investigations demonstrated that synapses with considerable amounts of septin-3 and septin-5 show increased accumulation of C1q in APP/PS1 mice compared to the wild-type ones. Moreover, a strong positive correlation was apparent between synaptic septin-3 levels and C1q deposition as revealed via flow cytometry and confocal microscopy examinations. In sum, our results imply that deterioration of synaptic mitochondrial functions and alterations in the organization of synaptic septins are associated with complement-dependent synapse loss in Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs A Györffy
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Vilmos Tóth
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - György Török
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biophysics and Radiation Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gulyássy
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Réka Á Kovács
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henrietta Vadászi
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - András Micsonai
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Melinda E Tóth
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Miklós Sántha
- Institute of Biochemistry, Biological Research Centre, Szeged, Hungary
| | - László Homolya
- Molecular Cell Biology Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Centre of Excellence, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MS Proteomics Research Group, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- CRU Hungary Ltd., Göd, Hungary
| | - Katalin A Kékesi
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Kardos
- ELTE NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary.
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21
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Gulyássy P, Puska G, Györffy BA, Todorov-Völgyi K, Juhász G, Drahos L, Kékesi KA. Proteomic comparison of different synaptosome preparation procedures. Amino Acids 2020; 52:1529-1543. [PMID: 33211194 PMCID: PMC7695668 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-020-02912-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Synaptosomes are frequently used research objects in neurobiology studies focusing on synaptic transmission as they mimic several aspects of the physiological synaptic functions. They contain the whole apparatus for neurotransmission, the presynaptic nerve ending with synaptic vesicles, synaptic mitochondria and often a segment of the postsynaptic membrane along with the postsynaptic density is attached to its outer surface. As being artificial functional organelles, synaptosomes are viable for several hours, retain their activity, membrane potential, and capable to store, release, and reuptake neurotransmitters. Synaptosomes are ideal subjects for proteomic analysis. The recently available separation and protein detection techniques can cope with the reduced complexity of the organelle and enable the simultaneous qualitative and quantitative analysis of thousands of proteins shaping the structural and functional characteristics of the synapse. Synaptosomes are formed during the homogenization of nervous tissue in the isoosmotic milieu and can be isolated from the homogenate by various approaches. Each enrichment method has its own benefits and drawbacks and there is not a single method that is optimal for all research purposes. For a proper proteomic experiment, it is desirable to preserve the native synaptic structure during the isolation procedure and keep the degree of contamination from other organelles or cell types as low as possible. In this article, we examined five synaptosome isolation methods from a proteomic point of view by the means of electron microscopy, Western blot, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry to compare their efficiency in the isolation of synaptosomes and depletion of contaminating subcellular structures. In our study, the different isolation procedures led to a largely overlapping pool of proteins with a fairly similar distribution of presynaptic, active zone, synaptic vesicle, and postsynaptic proteins; however, discrete differences were noticeable in individual postsynaptic proteins and in the number of identified transmembrane proteins. Much pronounced variance was observed in the degree of contamination with mitochondrial and glial structures. Therefore, we suggest that in selecting the appropriate isolation method for any neuroproteomics experiment carried out on synaptosomes, the degree and sort/source of contamination should be considered as a primary aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Gulyássy
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.
| | - Gina Puska
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Development Biology, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Department of Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest, 1078, Hungary.,MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Balázs A Györffy
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,ELTE-NAP Neuroimmunology Research Group, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Todorov-Völgyi
- MTA-ELTE NAP Laboratory of Molecular and Systems Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Hungarian Academy of Sciences and ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Gábor Juhász
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - László Drahos
- MTA-TTK NAP B MS Neuroproteomics Research Group, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,MS Proteomics Research Group, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Adrienna Kékesi
- Laboratory of Proteomics, Institute of Biology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary.,Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
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22
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Pensalfini A, Kim S, Subbanna S, Bleiwas C, Goulbourne CN, Stavrides PH, Jiang Y, Lee JH, Darji S, Pawlik M, Huo C, Peddy J, Berg MJ, Smiley JF, Basavarajappa BS, Nixon RA. Endosomal Dysfunction Induced by Directly Overactivating Rab5 Recapitulates Prodromal and Neurodegenerative Features of Alzheimer's Disease. Cell Rep 2020; 33:108420. [PMID: 33238112 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal endosomal dysfunction, the earliest known pathobiology specific to Alzheimer's disease (AD), is mediated by the aberrant activation of Rab5 triggered by APP-β secretase cleaved C-terminal fragment (APP-βCTF). To distinguish pathophysiological consequences specific to overactivated Rab5 itself, we activate Rab5 independently from APP-βCTF in the PA-Rab5 mouse model. We report that Rab5 overactivation alone recapitulates diverse prodromal and degenerative features of AD. Modest neuron-specific transgenic Rab5 expression inducing hyperactivation of Rab5 comparable to that in AD brain reproduces AD-related Rab5-endosomal enlargement and mistrafficking, hippocampal synaptic plasticity deficits via accelerated AMPAR endocytosis and dendritic spine loss, and tau hyperphosphorylation via activated glycogen synthase kinase-3β. Importantly, Rab5-mediated endosomal dysfunction induces progressive cholinergic neurodegeneration and impairs hippocampal-dependent memory. Aberrant neuronal Rab5-endosome signaling, therefore, drives a pathogenic cascade distinct from β-amyloid-related neurotoxicity, which includes prodromal and neurodegenerative features of AD, and suggests Rab5 overactivation as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pensalfini
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Seonil Kim
- Colorado State University, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA; Cellular and Molecular Biology Training Program, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Cynthia Bleiwas
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chris N Goulbourne
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Philip H Stavrides
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Ying Jiang
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ju-Hyun Lee
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sandipkumar Darji
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Monika Pawlik
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Chunfeng Huo
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - James Peddy
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Martin J Berg
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - John F Smiley
- Department of Neurochemistry, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA
| | - Balapal S Basavarajappa
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962, USA; Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Cell Biology, New York University Langone Health, New York, NY 10003, USA; NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York, NY 10003, USA.
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23
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Chronic stepwise cerebral hypoperfusion differentially induces synaptic proteome changes in the frontal cortex, occipital cortex, and hippocampus in rats. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15999. [PMID: 32994510 PMCID: PMC7524772 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72868-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH), the cerebral blood flow gradually decreases, leading to cognitive impairments and neurodegenerative disorders, such as vascular dementia. The reduced oxygenation, energy supply induced metabolic changes, and insufficient neuroplasticity could be reflected in the synaptic proteome. We performed stepwise bilateral common carotid occlusions on rats and studied the synaptic proteome changes of the hippocampus, occipital and frontal cortices. Samples were prepared and separated by 2-D DIGE and significantly altered protein spots were identified by HPLC–MS/MS. We revealed an outstanding amount of protein changes in the occipital cortex compared to the frontal cortex and the hippocampus with 94, 33, and 17 proteins, respectively. The high alterations in the occipital cortex are probably due to the hypoxia-induced retrograde degeneration of the primary visual cortex, which was demonstrated by electrophysiological experiments. Altered proteins have functions related to cytoskeletal organization and energy metabolism. As CCH could also be an important risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we investigated whether our altered proteins overlap with AD protein databases. We revealed a significant amount of altered proteins associated with AD in the two neocortical areas, suggesting a prominent overlap with the AD pathomechanism.
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24
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Argent L, Winter F, Prickett I, Carrasquero-Ordaz M, Olsen AL, Kramer H, Lancaster E, Becker EBE. Caspr2 interacts with type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor in the developing cerebellum and regulates Purkinje cell morphology. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:12716-12726. [PMID: 32675284 PMCID: PMC7476715 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.012655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2) is a neurexin-like protein that has been associated with numerous neurological conditions. However, the specific functional roles that Caspr2 plays in the central nervous system and their underlying mechanisms remain incompletely understood. Here, we report on a functional role for Caspr2 in the developing cerebellum. Using a combination of confocal microscopy, biochemical analyses, and behavioral testing, we show that loss of Caspr2 in the Cntnap2-/- knockout mouse results in impaired Purkinje cell dendritic development, altered intracellular signaling, and motor coordination deficits. We also find that Caspr2 is highly enriched at synaptic specializations in the cerebellum. Using a proteomics approach, we identify type 1 inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R1) as a specific synaptic interaction partner of the Caspr2 extracellular domain in the molecular layer of the developing cerebellum. The interaction of the Caspr2 extracellular domain with IP3R1 inhibits IP3R1-mediated changes in cellular morphology. Together, our work defines a mechanism by which Caspr2 controls the development and function of the cerebellum and advances our understanding of how Caspr2 dysfunction might lead to specific brain disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam Argent
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Friederike Winter
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Imogen Prickett
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Abby L Olsen
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Holger Kramer
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eric Lancaster
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Esther B E Becker
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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25
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Costa RO, Martins H, Martins LF, Cwetsch AW, Mele M, Pedro JR, Tomé D, Jeon NL, Cancedda L, Jaffrey SR, Almeida RD. Synaptogenesis Stimulates a Proteasome-Mediated Ribosome Reduction in Axons. Cell Rep 2020; 28:864-876.e6. [PMID: 31340150 PMCID: PMC6686882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes and a subset of cellular mRNAs are trafficked into axons of developing neurons. The axonal localization of translational machinery allows new proteins to be rapidly and locally synthesized during axonal growth and pathfinding. However, in mature neurons, axonal ribosomes are significantly reduced or even absent. The mechanism that elicits this removal is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that synapse formation is the trigger for ribosome reduction in mature axons. In vivo analysis shows that axonal ribosome levels decrease in rat brain at a developmental stage coincident with synapse formation. Next, we observe in vitro that different synaptogenic inducers trigger an overall decrease of ribosomal proteins and rRNA in the axons of spinal motor neurons. We further observe that this process is dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome system but not on autophagy. Together, these data identify synaptogenesis as the long missing biological trigger that leads to ribosome disappearance during axonal maturation. The mechanism behind the striking loss of ribosomes from axons during neuronal maturation is unknown. Using in vivo and in vitro models, including neuron-muscle co-cultures and combining biochemistry and imaging techniques, Costa et al. demonstrate that synapse formation triggers ribosome reduction by a mechanism involving the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui O Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Helena Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís F Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- NBT - Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Pedro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura Cancedda
- NBT - Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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26
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Chou VT, Johnson SA, Van Vactor D. Synapse development and maturation at the drosophila neuromuscular junction. Neural Dev 2020; 15:11. [PMID: 32741370 PMCID: PMC7397595 DOI: 10.1186/s13064-020-00147-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Synapses are the sites of neuron-to-neuron communication and form the basis of the neural circuits that underlie all animal cognition and behavior. Chemical synapses are specialized asymmetric junctions between a presynaptic neuron and a postsynaptic target that form through a series of diverse cellular and subcellular events under the control of complex signaling networks. Once established, the synapse facilitates neurotransmission by mediating the organization and fusion of synaptic vesicles and must also retain the ability to undergo plastic changes. In recent years, synaptic genes have been implicated in a wide array of neurodevelopmental disorders; the individual and societal burdens imposed by these disorders, as well as the lack of effective therapies, motivates continued work on fundamental synapse biology. The properties and functions of the nervous system are remarkably conserved across animal phyla, and many insights into the synapses of the vertebrate central nervous system have been derived from studies of invertebrate models. A prominent model synapse is the Drosophila melanogaster larval neuromuscular junction, which bears striking similarities to the glutamatergic synapses of the vertebrate brain and spine; further advantages include the simplicity and experimental versatility of the fly, as well as its century-long history as a model organism. Here, we survey findings on the major events in synaptogenesis, including target specification, morphogenesis, and the assembly and maturation of synaptic specializations, with a emphasis on work conducted at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian T Chou
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Seth A Johnson
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - David Van Vactor
- Department of Cell Biology and Program in Neuroscience, Blavatnik Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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27
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Haq N, Schmidt-Hieber C, Sialana FJ, Ciani L, Heller JP, Stewart M, Bentley L, Wells S, Rodenburg RJ, Nolan PM, Forsythe E, Wu MC, Lubec G, Salinas P, Häusser M, Beales PL, Christou-Savina S. Loss of Bardet-Biedl syndrome proteins causes synaptic aberrations in principal neurons. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000414. [PMID: 31479441 PMCID: PMC6743795 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS), a ciliopathy, is a rare genetic condition characterised by retinal degeneration, obesity, kidney failure, and cognitive impairment. In spite of progress made in our general understanding of BBS aetiology, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in BBS remain elusive. Here, we report that the loss of BBS proteins causes synaptic dysfunction in principal neurons, providing a possible explanation for the cognitive impairment phenotype observed in BBS patients. Using synaptosomal proteomics and immunocytochemistry, we demonstrate the presence of Bbs proteins in the postsynaptic density (PSD) of hippocampal neurons. Loss of Bbs results in a significant reduction of dendritic spines in principal neurons of Bbs mouse models. Furthermore, we show that spine deficiency correlates with events that destabilise spine architecture, such as impaired spine membrane receptor signalling, known to be involved in the maintenance of dendritic spines. Our findings suggest a role for BBS proteins in dendritic spine homeostasis that may be linked to the cognitive phenotype observed in BBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Haq
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christoph Schmidt-Hieber
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Fernando J. Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lorenza Ciani
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Janosch P. Heller
- Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michelle Stewart
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Bentley
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Sara Wells
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Rodenburg
- Radboud Center for Mitochondrial Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Department of Pediatrics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Patrick M. Nolan
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mary Lyon Centre, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Forsythe
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael C. Wu
- Neurodigitech, LLC, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Gert Lubec
- Programme in Proteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P. Salinas
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Häusser
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research and Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Philip L. Beales
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sofia Christou-Savina
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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28
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Zhuravin IA, Dubrovskaya NM, Vasilev DS, Postnikova TY, Zaitsev AV. Prenatal hypoxia produces memory deficits associated with impairment of long-term synaptic plasticity in young rats. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107066. [PMID: 31400467 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal hypoxia often results in dramatic alterations in developmental profiles and behavioral characteristics, including learning and memory, in later life. Despite the accumulation of considerable amounts of experimental data, the mechanisms underlying developmental deficits caused by prenatal hypoxia remain unclear. In the present study, we investigated whether prenatal hypoxia on embryonic day 14 (E14) affected synaptic properties in the hippocampus and hippocampal-related cognitive functions in young rats. We found that 20- to 30-d-old rats subjected to prenatal hypoxia had significantly disturbed basal synaptic transmission in CA3-CA1 synapses and a two-fold decrease in hippocampal long-term synaptic potentiation. These alterations were accompanied by a significant decline in the protein level of GluN2B but not GluN2A NMDA receptor subunits. In addition, the number of synaptopodin-positive dendritic spines in the CA1 area of the hippocampus was reduced in the rats exposed to prenatal hypoxia. These changes resulted in significant learning and memory deficits in a novel object recognition test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor A Zhuravin
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), 44, Toreza pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Nadezhda M Dubrovskaya
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), 44, Toreza pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Dmitry S Vasilev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), 44, Toreza pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Tatyana Yu Postnikova
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), 44, Toreza pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia
| | - Aleksey V Zaitsev
- Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of RAS (IEPhB), 44, Toreza pr., Saint Petersburg 194223, Russia; Institute of Experimental Medicine, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, 2 Akkuratova Street, Saint Petersburg 197341, Russia.
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29
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Chen JH, Blanpied TA, Tang AH. Quantification of trans-synaptic protein alignment: A data analysis case for single-molecule localization microscopy. Methods 2019; 174:72-80. [PMID: 31325491 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscale distribution of proteins and their relative positioning within a defined subcellular region are key to their physiological functions. Thanks to the super-resolution imaging methods, especially single-molecule localization microscopy (SMLM), mapping the three-dimensional distribution of multiple proteins has been easier and more efficient than ever. Nevertheless, in spite of the many tools available for efficient localization detection and image rendering, it has been a challenge to quantitatively analyze the 3D distribution and relative positioning of proteins in these SMLM data. Here, using heterogeneously distributed synaptic proteins as examples, we describe in detail a series of analytical methods including detection of nanoscale density clusters, quantification of the trans-synaptic alignment between these protein densities, and automatic en face projection and averaging. These analyses were performed within customized Matlab routines and we make the full scripts available. The concepts behind these analytical methods and the scripts can be adapted for quantitative analysis of spatial organization of other macromolecular complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Thomas A Blanpied
- Program in Neuroscience and Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Ai-Hui Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease and Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.
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30
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Sheng L, Chen M, Cai K, Song Y, Yu D, Zhang H, Xu G. Microglial Trem2 induces synaptic impairment at early stage and prevents amyloidosis at late stage in APP/PS1 mice. FASEB J 2019; 33:10425-10442. [PMID: 31219699 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201900527r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Triggering receptor expressed in myeloid cells (TREM)2 is a genetic high-risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is considered a potential target for AD diagnosis and therapy, although its role in the different stages of AD remains controversial. We generated an embryonic deletion of Trem2 (whole body deletion) and induced hippocampal- and cortical-specific knockdown of microglial Trem2 at different stages of the AD process in amyloid precursor protein/Psen1 mice by adeno-associated virus (AAV) infection. AAV infection induced microglial Trem2 overexpression in the hippocampus of wild-type (WT) and thymus cell antigen 1-enhanced green fluorescent protein mice. Mice were subjected to ethological and pathologic tests. Whole body genetic deletion of Trem2 exerted different electrophysiological outcomes between different AD pathologic stages, which results from a complex integration of synaptic loss and amyloid aggregation. Interestingly, knockdown of Trem2 at the early-middle stage of AD (2-6 mo) prevents synaptic loss through directly inhibiting microglial phagocytosis, whereas knockdown of Trem2 at the middle-late stage of AD (6-10 mo) accelerates synaptic dysfunction because of more severe amyloid deposition caused by the depression of microglial phagocytosis. Additionally, hippocampal overexpression of Trem2 in WT mice results in significant synaptic impairment. Here, with transgenic technology and electrophysiological assay, we revealed that TREM2 up-regulation promotes microglial phagocytosis equally against synapse and amyloid plaques and eventually results in different outcomes. During the early-middle pathologic stage, TREM2 enhancing microglial phagocytosis mainly causes synaptic loss. However, TREM2 up-regulating microglial phagocytosis gradually supports a positive role when amyloid deposition occupies the leading position at the middle-late pathologic stage. In this study, we highlighted that TREM2 triggers synaptic loss during AD pathology development.-Sheng, L., Chen, M., Cai, K., Song, Y., Yu, D., Zhang, H., Xu, G. Microglial Trem2 induces synaptic impairment at early stage and prevents amyloidosis at late stage in APP/PS1 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Sheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Screening, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Keshu Cai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yu Song
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Science, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Pharmacy College, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Guangxu Xu
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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31
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The second PDZ domain of scaffold protein Frmpd2 binds to GluN2A of NMDA receptors. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:63-67. [PMID: 31196628 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The scaffold proteins Frmpd2 is localized at the basolateral membranes of polarized epithelial cells and associated with tight junction formation. In this report, we found that the Frmpd2 is specifically expressed at postsynaptic membrane. By using of co-immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down, Frmpd2 was reported to interact with postsynaptic excitatory N-methyl-d-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptors in vivo and in vitro. In addition, we demonstrated that the second PDZ (PDZ2) domain but not the first or third PDZ domain of Frmpd2 binds to the C-terminus of GluN2A and GluN2B, two subunits of NMDA receptors. By surface plasmon resonance, the affinity of Frmpd2-isolated PDZ2 to GluN2A and GluN2B was identified, which indicates that the interaction of Frmpd2 to GluN2A subunit is more strongly than that to GluN2B subunit. The crystal structure of the PDZ2 domain of the mouse homologue of Frmpd2 was further solved. Some amino acid residues of the PDZ2 structure are supposed to associate with the GluN2A binding. Our study suggests that the scaffold protein Frmpd2 is probably involved in synaptic NMDA receptors-mediated neural excitatory and neurotoxicity in a PDZ2 domain-dependent manner.
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32
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Lopes JP, Cunha RA. What is the extracellular calcium concentration within brain synapses? J Neurochem 2019; 149:435-437. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- João Pedro Lopes
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
| | - Rodrigo A. Cunha
- CNC – Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
- FMUC – Faculty of Medicine University of Coimbra Coimbra Portugal
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33
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Zurawski Z, Thompson Gray AD, Brady LJ, Page B, Church E, Harris NA, Dohn MR, Yim YY, Hyde K, Mortlock DP, Jones CK, Winder DG, Alford S, Hamm HE. Disabling the Gβγ-SNARE interaction disrupts GPCR-mediated presynaptic inhibition, leading to physiological and behavioral phenotypes. Sci Signal 2019; 12:12/569/eaat8595. [PMID: 30783011 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aat8595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that couple to Gi/o proteins modulate neurotransmission presynaptically by inhibiting exocytosis. Release of Gβγ subunits from activated G proteins decreases the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels (VGCCs), decreasing excitability. A less understood Gβγ-mediated mechanism downstream of Ca2+ entry is the binding of Gβγ to SNARE complexes, which facilitate the fusion of vesicles with the cell plasma membrane in exocytosis. Here, we generated mice expressing a form of the SNARE protein SNAP25 with premature truncation of the C terminus and that were therefore partially deficient in this interaction. SNAP25Δ3 homozygote mice exhibited normal presynaptic inhibition by GABAB receptors, which inhibit VGCCs, but defective presynaptic inhibition by receptors that work directly on the SNARE complex, such as 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) 5-HT1b receptors and adrenergic α2a receptors. Simultaneously stimulating receptors that act through both mechanisms showed synergistic inhibitory effects. SNAP25Δ3 homozygote mice had various behavioral phenotypes, including increased stress-induced hyperthermia, defective spatial learning, impaired gait, and supraspinal nociception. These data suggest that the inhibition of exocytosis by Gi/o-coupled GPCRs through the Gβγ-SNARE interaction is a crucial component of numerous physiological and behavioral processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zack Zurawski
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | - Lillian J Brady
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Brian Page
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Emily Church
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Nicholas A Harris
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Michael R Dohn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Yun Young Yim
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Karren Hyde
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Douglas P Mortlock
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Danny G Winder
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Simon Alford
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Heidi E Hamm
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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34
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Pan H, Dohn MR, Kingston R, Carneiro AMD. Integrin αVβ3 Function Influences Citalopram Immobility Behavior in the Tail Suspension Test. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 30787865 PMCID: PMC6372549 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human studies first identified genetic and expression interactions between integrin β3 and serotonin (5-HT) transporter (SERT) genes. This association has been further strengthened by our discovery that integrin β3-containing receptors (αvβ3) physically interact with, and thereby define, a subpopulation of SERTs that may represent the main target of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). In this study, we examine how integrin αvβ3 function influences the behavioral response to the highly SSRI citalopram in the tail suspension test. Mice bearing a conditional deletion of the integrin β3 gene in neurons, or those expressing a constitutively active αvβ3 receptor, have decreased sensitivity to citalopram, when compared to wild-type littermates. To identify potential signaling pathways downstream of integrin αvβ3 that could be altered in these mouse lines, and consequently influence citalopram response in vivo, we performed antibody array analyses of midbrain synaptosomes isolated from mice bearing genetically altered integrin β3. We then pharmacologically targeted focal adhesion (FAK) and extracellular-signal-regulated (ERK) kinases and determined that FAK and ERK activity are critical for the actions of citalopram. Taken together, our studies have revealed a complex relationship between integrin αvβ3 function, SERT-dependent 5-HT uptake, and the effective dose of citalopram in the TST, thus implicating a role for integrin signaling pathways in the behavioral response to SSRIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hope Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Michael R Dohn
- Department of Pharmacology, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rody Kingston
- Department of Pharmacology, Nashville, TN, United States
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Rice HC, de Malmazet D, Schreurs A, Frere S, Van Molle I, Volkov AN, Creemers E, Vertkin I, Nys J, Ranaivoson FM, Comoletti D, Savas JN, Remaut H, Balschun D, Wierda KD, Slutsky I, Farrow K, De Strooper B, de Wit J. Secreted amyloid-β precursor protein functions as a GABA BR1a ligand to modulate synaptic transmission. Science 2019; 363:eaao4827. [PMID: 30630900 PMCID: PMC6366617 DOI: 10.1126/science.aao4827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid-β precursor protein (APP) is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease, yet its physiological function remains unresolved. Accumulating evidence suggests that APP has a synaptic function mediated by an unidentified receptor for secreted APP (sAPP). Here we show that the sAPP extension domain directly bound the sushi 1 domain specific to the γ-aminobutyric acid type B receptor subunit 1a (GABABR1a). sAPP-GABABR1a binding suppressed synaptic transmission and enhanced short-term facilitation in mouse hippocampal synapses via inhibition of synaptic vesicle release. A 17-amino acid peptide corresponding to the GABABR1a binding region within APP suppressed in vivo spontaneous neuronal activity in the hippocampus of anesthetized Thy1-GCaMP6s mice. Our findings identify GABABR1a as a synaptic receptor for sAPP and reveal a physiological role for sAPP in regulating GABABR1a function to modulate synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather C Rice
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Daniel de Malmazet
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - An Schreurs
- Brain & Cognition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Samuel Frere
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Inge Van Molle
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Alexander N Volkov
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
- Jean Jeener NMR Centre, VUB, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Creemers
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Irena Vertkin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Julie Nys
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Fanomezana M Ranaivoson
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Davide Comoletti
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, NJ, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Savas
- Department of Neurology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Han Remaut
- VIB-VUB Structural Biology Research Center, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Keimpe D Wierda
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inna Slutsky
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Karl Farrow
- Neuro-Electronics Research Flanders, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biology, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- VIB, Leuven, Belgium
- imec, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bart De Strooper
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- UK-Dementia Research Institute at University College London, UK
| | - Joris de Wit
- VIB Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium.
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Brain Institute, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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36
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Ogata Y, Nemoto W, Yamagata R, Nakagawasai O, Shimoyama S, Furukawa T, Ueno S, Tan‐No K. Anti‐hypersensitive effect of angiotensin (1‐7) on streptozotocin‐induced diabetic neuropathic pain in mice. Eur J Pain 2018; 23:739-749. [DOI: 10.1002/ejp.1341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Ogata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Aoba‐ku, Sendai Japan
- Department of Neurophysiology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Wataru Nemoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Aoba‐ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Ryota Yamagata
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Aoba‐ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Osamu Nakagawasai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Aoba‐ku, Sendai Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- Department of Neurophysiology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- Department of Neurophysiology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- Department of Neurophysiology Hirosaki University Graduate School of Medicine Hirosaki Japan
| | - Koichi Tan‐No
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Aoba‐ku, Sendai Japan
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Xie H, Huang H, Tang M, Wu Y, Huang R, Liu Z, Zhou M, Liao W, Zhou J. iTRAQ-Based Quantitative Proteomics Suggests Synaptic Mitochondrial Dysfunction in the Hippocampus of Rats Susceptible to Chronic Mild Stress. Neurochem Res 2018; 43:2372-2383. [PMID: 30350262 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-018-2664-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mounting studies show that hippocampal synaptic transmission and plasticity are abnormal in depression. It has been suggested that impairment of synaptic mitochondrial functions potentially occurs in the hippocampus. Thus, the synaptic mitochondria may be a crucial therapeutic target in the course of depression. Here, we investigated the potential dysregulation of synaptic mitochondrial proteins in the hippocampus of a chronic mild stress (CMS) rat model. Proteomic changes of hippocampal synaptosomes containing synaptic mitochondria were quantitatively examined using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation labeling combined with tandem mass spectrometry. 45 Proteins were identified to be differentially expressed, of which 21 were found to be putative synaptic mitochondrial proteins based on gene ontology component and SynaptomeDB analyses. Detailed investigations of protein functions and disease relevance support the importance of hippocampal synaptic mitochondria as a key substrate contributing to impairment in synaptic plasticity of stress-related disorders. Interestingly, eight synaptic mitochondrial proteins were specifically associated to the susceptible group, and might represent part of molecular basis of depression. Further analysis indicated that the synaptic mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system was heavily affected by CMS in the susceptible rats. The present results provide novel insights into the disease mechanism underlying the abnormal OXPHOS that is responsible for energy-demanding synaptic plasticity, and thereby increase our understanding of the role of hippocampal synaptic mitochondrial dysfunction in depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Xie
- Department of Pharmacy, The Fifth People's Hospital of Chongqing, Chongqing, 400062, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Haojun Huang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Min Tang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Yan Wu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rongzhong Huang
- ChuangXu Institute of Life Science, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Zhao Liu
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Mi Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Wei Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Institute of Neuroscience, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Yixue Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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Yin R, Rice SJ, Wang J, Gao L, Tsai J, Anvari RT, Zhou F, Liu X, Wang G, Tang Y, Mihm MC, Belani CP, Chen DB, Nelson JS, Tan W. Membrane trafficking and exocytosis are upregulated in port wine stain blood vessels. Histol Histopathol 2018; 34:479-490. [PMID: 30302745 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Port wine stain (PWS) is characterized as a progressive dilatation of immature venule-like vasculatures which result from differentiation-impaired endothelial cells. In this study, we aimed to identify the major biological pathways accounting for the pathogenesis of PWS. METHODS Sequential windowed acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion mass spectra (SWATH-MS) was used to identify differentially expressed proteins in PWS lesions, followed by confirmative studies with immunohistochemistry, immunoblot and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). RESULTS 107 out of 299 identified proteins showed differential expressions in PWS lesions as compared to normal skin, mainly involving the functions of biosynthesis, membrane trafficking, cytoskeleton and cell adhesion/migration. The confirmative studies showed that expressions of membrane trafficking/exocytosis related proteins such as VAT1, IQGAP1, HSC70, clathrin, perlecan, spectrin α1 and GDIR1 were significantly increased in PWS blood vessels as compared to normal ones; while collagen subtypes 6A1 and 6A3 were decreased in PWS skin. Furthermore, TEM studies showed there is a significant upregulation of extracellular vesicle exocytosis from PWS blood vessels as compared to control. CONCLUSIONS The biological process of membrane trafficking and exocytosis is enhanced in PWS blood vessels. Our results imply that the extracellular vesicles released by lesional endothelial cells may act as potential intercellular signaling mediators to contribute to the pathogenesis of PWS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Yin
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.,Department of Dermatology, the Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | | | - Jinwei Wang
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Urology, the Xiangya 3rd Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Lin Gao
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Joseph Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Radean T Anvari
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Fang Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Urology, the Xiangya 3rd Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xin Liu
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Xijing Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuxin Tang
- Department of Urology, the Xiangya 3rd Hospital, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Martin C Mihm
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Chandra P Belani
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Hershey, PA, USA.,Department of Medicine, Penn State College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Dong-Bao Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - J Stuart Nelson
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Wenbin Tan
- Department of Surgery, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA.
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39
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Ageta-Ishihara N, Konno K, Yamazaki M, Abe M, Sakimura K, Watanabe M, Kinoshita M. CDC42EP4, a perisynaptic scaffold protein in Bergmann glia, is required for glutamatergic tripartite synapse configuration. Neurochem Int 2018; 119:190-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Gómez de Salazar M, Grau C, Ciruela F, Altafaj X. Phosphoproteomic Alterations of Ionotropic Glutamate Receptors in the Hippocampus of the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:226. [PMID: 30140203 PMCID: PMC6095006 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), the main genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with an imbalance of excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmitter systems. The phenotypic assessment and pharmacotherapy interventions in DS murine models strongly pointed out glutamatergic neurotransmission alterations (specially affecting ionotropic glutamate receptors [iGluRs]) that might contribute to DS pathophysiology, which is in agreement with DS condition. iGluRs play a critical role in fast-mediated excitatory transmission, a process underlying synaptic plasticity. Neuronal plasticity is biochemically modulated by post-translational modifications, allowing rapid and reversible adaptation of synaptic strength. Among these modifications, phosphorylation/dephosphorylation processes strongly dictate iGluR protein–protein interactions, cell surface trafficking, and subsynaptic mobility. Hence, we hypothesized that dysregulation of phosphorylation/dephosphorylation balance might affect neuronal function, which in turn could contribute to the glutamatergic neurotransmitter alterations observed in DS. To address this point, we biochemically purified subsynaptic hippocampal fractions from adult Ts65Dn mice, a trisomic mouse model recapitulating DS phenotypic alterations. Proteomic analysis showed significant alterations of the molecular composition of subsynaptic compartments of hippocampal trisomic neurons. Further, we characterized iGluR phosphopattern in the hippocampal glutamatergic synapse of trisomic mice. Phosphoenrichment-coupled mass spectrometry analysis revealed specific subsynaptic- and trisomy-associated iGluR phosphorylation signature, concomitant with differential subsynaptic kinase and phosphatase composition of Ts65Dn hippocampal subsynaptic compartments. Furthermore, biochemical data were used to build up a genotype-kinome-iGluR phosphopattern matrix in the different subsynaptic compartments. Overall, our results provide a precise profile of iGluR phosphopattern alterations in the glutamatergic synapse of the Ts65Dn mouse model and support their contribution to DS-associated synaptopathy. The alteration of iGluR phosphoresidues in Ts65Dn hippocampi, together with the kinase/phosphatase signature, identifies potential novel therapeutic targets for the treatment of glutamatergic dysfunctions in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Macarena Gómez de Salazar
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Grau
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Ciruela
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Altafaj
- Neuropharmacology Unit, Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL)-University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Mestre-Francés N, Serratrice N, Gennetier A, Devau G, Cobo S, Trouche SG, Fontès P, Zussy C, De Deurwaerdere P, Salinas S, Mennechet FJ, Dusonchet J, Schneider BL, Saggio I, Kalatzis V, Luquin-Piudo MR, Verdier JM, Kremer EJ. Exogenous LRRK2G2019S induces parkinsonian-like pathology in a nonhuman primate. JCI Insight 2018; 3:98202. [PMID: 30046008 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.98202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease among the elderly. To understand its pathogenesis and to test therapies, animal models that faithfully reproduce key pathological PD hallmarks are needed. As a prelude to developing a model of PD, we tested the tropism, efficacy, biodistribution, and transcriptional effect of canine adenovirus type 2 (CAV-2) vectors in the brain of Microcebus murinus, a nonhuman primate that naturally develops neurodegenerative lesions. We show that introducing helper-dependent (HD) CAV-2 vectors results in long-term, neuron-specific expression at the injection site and in afferent nuclei. Although HD CAV-2 vector injection induced a modest transcriptional response, no significant adaptive immune response was generated. We then generated and tested HD CAV-2 vectors expressing leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) and LRRK2 carrying a G2019S mutation (LRRK2G2019S), which is linked to sporadic and familial autosomal dominant forms of PD. We show that HD-LRRK2G2019S expression induced parkinsonian-like motor symptoms and histological features in less than 4 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Mestre-Francés
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Serratrice
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Aurélie Gennetier
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Gina Devau
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Sandra Cobo
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Stéphanie G Trouche
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascaline Fontès
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Charleine Zussy
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Sara Salinas
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Franck Jd Mennechet
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
| | - Julien Dusonchet
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bernard L Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Isabella Saggio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "C. Darwin," Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Pasteur Institute, Cenci Bolognetti Foundation, Rome, Italy.,Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Kalatzis
- Institute of Neurosciences of Montpellier, INSERM, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - M Rosario Luquin-Piudo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neurology Department, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.,Neuroscience Division, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jean-Michel Verdier
- MMDN, University of Montpellier, Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes, INSERM, PSL University, Montpellier, France
| | - Eric J Kremer
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier, University of Montpellier, CNRS, Montpellier, France
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42
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Specific deletion connexin43 in astrocyte ameliorates cognitive dysfunction in APP/PS1 mice. Life Sci 2018; 208:175-191. [PMID: 30031059 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Emerging data indicate an important role for connexin43 (Cx43) in cognitive function, but there is a lack of direct evidence of the role of astroglial Cx43 in cognitive dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we evaluated the expression pattern of Cx43 in AD and found progressive upregulation of the mRNA and protein levels of Cx43. Subsequently, we generated an astroglial Cx43 knockout (KO) AD mouse model by crossbreeding Gfap (glial fibrillary acidic protein)-Cx43 KO mice with APP/PS1 mice. Then we assessed the cognitive function of 12-month-old APP (amyloid precursor protein)/PS1 (presenilin 1)/Gfap-Cx43 KO mice, which demonstrated that the deletion of astroglial Cx43 significantly ameliorated cognitive dysfunction. To further investigate the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated amyloid plaque formation, astrogliosis, and synaptic function. The number and area of amyloid plaques were not altered, but GFAP expression was significantly decreased and the number of synapses was markedly upregulated. These results suggest that deletion of astroglial Cx43 in APP/PS1 mice did not affect the formation of amyloid plaques but depressed astrogliosis and upregulated synaptic function. Moreover, levels of critical modulators of astroglial activation were also notably reduced, but those of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were not altered. Furthermore, Cx43 regulation of postsynaptic elements targets mainly NMDAR (N-methyl-d-aspartate). In addition, the prevention of AD pathology was reversed by Cx43 re-expression. In sum, specific deletion of astroglial Cx43 in APP/PS1 mice improved cognitive dysfunction by decreasing astrogliosis and increasing synaptic function without affecting amyloid plaque formation or the inflammatory response.
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43
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Koga K, Shimoyama S, Yamada A, Furukawa T, Nikaido Y, Furue H, Nakamura K, Ueno S. Chronic inflammatory pain induced GABAergic synaptic plasticity in the adult mouse anterior cingulate cortex. Mol Pain 2018; 14:1744806918783478. [PMID: 29956582 PMCID: PMC6096674 DOI: 10.1177/1744806918783478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Chronic pain is a persistent unpleasant sensation that produces pathological synaptic plasticity in the central nervous system. Both human imaging study and animal studies consistently demonstrate that the anterior cingulate cortex is a critical cortical area for nociceptive and chronic pain processing. Thus far, the mechanisms of excitatory synaptic transmission and plasticity have been well characterized in the anterior cingulate cortex for various models of chronic pain. By contrast, the potential contribution of inhibitory synaptic transmission in the anterior cingulate cortex, in models of chronic pain, is not fully understood. Methods Chronic inflammation was induced by complete Freund adjuvant into the adult mice left hindpaw. We performed in vitro whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from layer II/III pyramidal neurons in two to three days after the complete Freund adjuvant injection and examined if the model could cause plastic changes, including transient and tonic type A γ-aminobutyric acid (GABAA) receptor-mediated inhibitory synaptic transmission, in the anterior cingulate cortex. We analyzed miniature/spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents, GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents, and evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents. Finally, we studied if GABAergic transmission-related proteins in the presynapse and postsynapse of the anterior cingulate cortex were altered. Results The complete Freund adjuvant model reduced the frequency of both miniature and spontaneous inhibitory postsynaptic currents compared with control group. By contrast, the average amplitude of these currents was not changed between two groups. Additionally, the complete Freund adjuvant model did not change GABAA receptor-mediated tonic currents nor the set of evoked inhibitory postsynaptic currents when compared with control group. Importantly, protein expression of vesicular GABA transporter was reduced within the presynpase of the anterior cingulate cortex in complete Freund adjuvant model. In contrast, the complete Freund adjuvant model did not change the protein levels of GABAA receptors subunits such as α1, α5, β2, γ2, and δ. Conclusion Our results suggest that the induction phase of inflammatory pain involves spontaneous GABAergic plasticity at presynaptic terminals of the anterior cingulate cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Shuji Shimoyama
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan.,3 Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Akihiro Yamada
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Tomonori Furukawa
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Nikaido
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Hidemasa Furue
- 2 Department of Neurophysiology, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- 3 Research Center for Child Mental Development, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Shinya Ueno
- 1 Department of Neurophysiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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44
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Migh E, Götz T, Földi I, Szikora S, Gombos R, Darula Z, Medzihradszky KF, Maléth J, Hegyi P, Sigrist S, Mihály J. Microtubule organization in presynaptic boutons relies on the formin DAAM. Development 2018; 145:dev.158519. [PMID: 29487108 DOI: 10.1242/dev.158519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Regulation of the cytoskeleton is fundamental to the development and function of synaptic terminals, such as neuromuscular junctions. Despite the identification of numerous proteins that regulate synaptic actin and microtubule dynamics, the mechanisms of cytoskeletal control during terminal arbor formation have remained largely elusive. Here, we show that DAAM, a member of the formin family of cytoskeleton organizing factors, is an important presynaptic regulator of neuromuscular junction development in Drosophila We demonstrate that the actin filament assembly activity of DAAM plays a negligible role in terminal formation; rather, DAAM is necessary for synaptic microtubule organization. Genetic interaction studies consistently link DAAM with the Wg/Ank2/Futsch module of microtubule regulation and bouton formation. Finally, we provide evidence that DAAM is tightly associated with the synaptic active zone scaffold, and electrophysiological data point to a role in the modulation of synaptic vesicle release. Based on these results, we propose that DAAM is an important cytoskeletal effector element of the Wg/Ank2 pathway involved in the determination of basic synaptic structures, and, additionally, that DAAM may couple the active zone scaffold to the presynaptic cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ede Migh
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Torsten Götz
- Institut für Biologie/Genetik and NeuroCure, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - István Földi
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Szilárd Szikora
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Rita Gombos
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Zsuzsanna Darula
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - Katalin F Medzihradszky
- Laboratory of Proteomics Research, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
| | - József Maléth
- MTA-SZTE Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Szeged H-6725, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- MTA-SZTE Translational Gastroenterology Research Group, Szeged H-6725, Hungary.,Institute for Translational Medicine, University of Pecs, Pécs H-7624, Hungary
| | - Stephan Sigrist
- Institut für Biologie/Genetik and NeuroCure, Freie Universitat Berlin, Takustrasse 6, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - József Mihály
- Institute of Genetics, Biological Research Centre, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, MTA-SZBK NAP B Axon Growth and Regeneration Group, Temesvári krt. 62, Szeged H-6726, Hungary
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45
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Altered Intracellular Calcium Homeostasis Underlying Enhanced Glutamatergic Transmission in Striatal-Enriched Tyrosine Phosphatase (STEP) Knockout Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8084-8102. [PMID: 29508281 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0980-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP) is a brain-specific phosphatase involved in synaptic transmission. The current hypothesis on STEP function holds that it opposes synaptic strengthening by dephosphorylating and inactivating key neuronal proteins involved in synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling, such as the MAP kinases ERK1/2 and p38, as well as the tyrosine kinase Fyn. Although STEP has a predominant role at the post-synaptic level, it is also expressed in nerve terminals. To better investigate its physiological role at the presynaptic level, we functionally investigated brain synaptosomes and autaptic hippocampal neurons from STEP knockout (KO) mice. Synaptosomes purified from mutant mice were characterized by an increased basal and evoked glutamate release compared with wild-type animals. Under resting conditions, STEP KO synaptosomes displayed increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels accompanied by an enhanced basal activity of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII) and hyperphosphorylation of synapsin I at CaMKII sites. Moreover, STEP KO hippocampal neurons exhibit an increase of excitatory synaptic strength attributable to an increased size of the readily releasable pool of synaptic vesicles. These results provide new evidence that STEP plays an important role at nerve terminals in the regulation of Ca2+ homeostasis and neurotransmitter release.
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46
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Tao CL, Liu YT, Sun R, Zhang B, Qi L, Shivakoti S, Tian CL, Zhang P, Lau PM, Zhou ZH, Bi GQ. Differentiation and Characterization of Excitatory and Inhibitory Synapses by Cryo-electron Tomography and Correlative Microscopy. J Neurosci 2018; 38:1493-1510. [PMID: 29311144 PMCID: PMC5815350 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1548-17.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
As key functional units in neural circuits, different types of neuronal synapses play distinct roles in brain information processing, learning, and memory. Synaptic abnormalities are believed to underlie various neurological and psychiatric disorders. Here, by combining cryo-electron tomography and cryo-correlative light and electron microscopy, we distinguished intact excitatory and inhibitory synapses of cultured hippocampal neurons, and visualized the in situ 3D organization of synaptic organelles and macromolecules in their native state. Quantitative analyses of >100 synaptic tomograms reveal that excitatory synapses contain a mesh-like postsynaptic density (PSD) with thickness ranging from 20 to 50 nm. In contrast, the PSD in inhibitory synapses assumes a thin sheet-like structure ∼12 nm from the postsynaptic membrane. On the presynaptic side, spherical synaptic vesicles (SVs) of 25-60 nm diameter and discus-shaped ellipsoidal SVs of various sizes coexist in both synaptic types, with more ellipsoidal ones in inhibitory synapses. High-resolution tomograms obtained using a Volta phase plate and electron filtering and counting reveal glutamate receptor-like and GABAA receptor-like structures that interact with putative scaffolding and adhesion molecules, reflecting details of receptor anchoring and PSD organization. These results provide an updated view of the ultrastructure of excitatory and inhibitory synapses, and demonstrate the potential of our approach to gain insight into the organizational principles of cellular architecture underlying distinct synaptic functions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT To understand functional properties of neuronal synapses, it is desirable to analyze their structure at molecular resolution. We have developed an integrative approach combining cryo-electron tomography and correlative fluorescence microscopy to visualize 3D ultrastructural features of intact excitatory and inhibitory synapses in their native state. Our approach shows that inhibitory synapses contain uniform thin sheet-like postsynaptic densities (PSDs), while excitatory synapses contain previously known mesh-like PSDs. We discovered "discus-shaped" ellipsoidal synaptic vesicles, and their distributions along with regular spherical vesicles in synaptic types are characterized. High-resolution tomograms further allowed identification of putative neurotransmitter receptors and their heterogeneous interaction with synaptic scaffolding proteins. The specificity and resolution of our approach enables precise in situ analysis of ultrastructural organization underlying distinct synaptic functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Lu Tao
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Yun-Tao Liu
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Rong Sun
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
| | - Bin Zhang
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Lei Qi
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Sakar Shivakoti
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Chong-Li Tian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Peijun Zhang
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX37BN, United Kingdom
| | - Pak-Ming Lau
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease
- School of Life Sciences
| | - Z Hong Zhou
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale,
- School of Life Sciences
- The California NanoSystems Institute, and
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Guo-Qiang Bi
- National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale,
- School of Life Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Innovation Center for Cell Signaling Network, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China
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47
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Sialana FJ, Wang AL, Fazari B, Kristofova M, Smidak R, Trossbach SV, Korth C, Huston JP, de Souza Silva MA, Lubec G. Quantitative Proteomics of Synaptosomal Fractions in a Rat Overexpressing Human DISC1 Gene Indicates Profound Synaptic Dysregulation in the Dorsal Striatum. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:26. [PMID: 29467617 PMCID: PMC5808171 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Disrupted-in-schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) is a key protein involved in behavioral processes and various mental disorders, including schizophrenia and major depression. A transgenic rat overexpressing non-mutant human DISC1, modeling aberrant proteostasis of the DISC1 protein, displays behavioral, biochemical and anatomical deficits consistent with aspects of mental disorders, including changes in the dorsal striatum, an anatomical region critical in the development of behavioral disorders. Herein, dorsal striatum of 10 transgenic DISC1 (tgDISC1) and 10 wild type (WT) littermate control rats was used for synaptosomal preparations and for performing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics, using isobaric labeling (TMT10plex). Functional enrichment analysis was generated from proteins with level changes. The increase in DISC1 expression leads to changes in proteins and synaptic-associated processes including membrane trafficking, ion transport, synaptic organization and neurodevelopment. Canonical pathway analysis assigned proteins with level changes to actin cytoskeleton, Gαq, Rho family GTPase and Rho GDI, axonal guidance, ephrin receptor and dopamine-DARPP32 feedback in cAMP signaling. DISC1-regulated proteins proposed in the current study are also highly associated with neurodevelopmental and mental disorders. Bioinformatics analyses from the current study predicted that the following biological processes may be activated by overexpression of DISC1, i.e., regulation of cell quantities, neuronal and axonal extension and long term potentiation. Our findings demonstrate that the effects of overexpression of non-mutant DISC1 or its misassembly has profound consequences on protein networks essential for behavioral control. These results are also relevant for the interpretation of previous as well as for the design of future studies on DISC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando J Sialana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - An-Li Wang
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Benedetta Fazari
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Martina Kristofova
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Roman Smidak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Svenja V Trossbach
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Carsten Korth
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich-Heine University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | - Gert Lubec
- Department of Neuroproteomics, Paracelsus Private Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
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48
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Ehmann N, Owald D, Kittel RJ. Drosophila active zones: From molecules to behaviour. Neurosci Res 2018; 127:14-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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49
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Laghaei R, Ma J, Tarr TB, Homan AE, Kelly L, Tilvawala MS, Vuocolo BS, Rajasekaran HP, Meriney SD, Dittrich M. Transmitter release site organization can predict synaptic function at the neuromuscular junction. J Neurophysiol 2017; 119:1340-1355. [PMID: 29357458 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00168.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the impact of transmitter release site (active zone; AZ) structure on synaptic function by physically rearranging the individual AZ elements in a previously published frog neuromuscular junction (NMJ) AZ model into the organization observed in a mouse NMJ AZ. We have used this strategy, purposefully without changing the properties of AZ elements between frog and mouse models (even though there are undoubtedly differences between frog and mouse AZ elements in vivo), to directly test how structure influences function at the level of an AZ. Despite a similarly ordered ion channel array substructure within both frog and mouse AZs, frog AZs are much longer and position docked vesicles in a different location relative to AZ ion channels. Physiologically, frog AZs have a lower probability of transmitter release compared with mouse AZs, and frog NMJs facilitate strongly during short stimulus trains in contrast with mouse NMJs that depress slightly. Using our computer modeling approach, we found that a simple rearrangement of the AZ building blocks of the frog model into a mouse AZ organization could recapitulate the physiological differences between these two synapses. These results highlight the importance of simple AZ protein organization to synaptic function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY A simple rearrangement of the basic building blocks in the frog neuromuscular junction model into a mouse transmitter release site configuration predicted the major physiological differences between these two synapses, suggesting that transmitter release site structure and organization is a strong predictor of function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozita Laghaei
- Biomedical Applications Group, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Jun Ma
- Biomedical Applications Group, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler B Tarr
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Anne E Homan
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Lauren Kelly
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Megha S Tilvawala
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Blake S Vuocolo
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Harini P Rajasekaran
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen D Meriney
- Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Markus Dittrich
- Biomedical Applications Group, Pittsburgh Supercomputing Center, Carnegie Mellon University , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,Department of Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.,BioTeam Inc., Middleton , Massachusetts
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50
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Badawi Y, Nishimune H. Presynaptic active zones of mammalian neuromuscular junctions: Nanoarchitecture and selective impairments in aging. Neurosci Res 2017; 127:78-88. [PMID: 29221906 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neurotransmitter release occurs at active zones, which are specialized regions of the presynaptic membrane. A dense collection of proteins at the active zone provides a platform for molecular interactions that promote recruitment, docking, and priming of synaptic vesicles. At mammalian neuromuscular junctions (NMJs), muscle-derived laminin β2 interacts with presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels to organize active zones. The molecular architecture of presynaptic active zones has been revealed using super-resolution microscopy techniques that combine nanoscale resolution and multiple molecular identification. Interestingly, the active zones of adult NMJs are not stable structures and thus become impaired during aging due to the selective degeneration of specific active zone proteins. This review will discuss recent progress in the understanding of active zone nanoarchitecture and the mechanisms underlying active zone organization in mammalian NMJs. Furthermore, we will summarize the age-related degeneration of active zones at NMJs, and the role of exercise in maintaining active zones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yomna Badawi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Hiroshi Nishimune
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas School of Medicine, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA.
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