1
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Kuznetsov AV. The growth rate of senile plaques is determined by the competition between the rate of deposition of free Aβ aggregates into plaques and the autocatalytic production of free Aβ aggregates. J Theor Biol 2024; 593:111900. [PMID: 38992461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2024.111900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The formation of amyloid beta (Aβ) deposits (senile plaques) is one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study investigates what processes are primarily responsible for their formation. A model is developed to simulate the diffusion of amyloid beta (Aβ) monomers, the production of free Aβ aggregates through nucleation and autocatalytic processes, and the deposition of these aggregates into senile plaques. The model suggests that efficient degradation of Aβ monomers alone may suffice to prevent the growth of senile plaques, even without degrading Aβ aggregates and existing plaques. This is because the degradation of Aβ monomers interrupts the supply of reactants needed for plaque formation. The impact of Aβ monomer diffusivity is demonstrated to be small, enabling the application of the lumped capacitance approximation and the derivation of approximate analytical solutions for limiting cases with both small and large rates of Aβ aggregate deposition into plaques. It is found that the rate of plaque growth is governed by two competing processes. One is the deposition rate of free Aβ aggregates into senile plaques. If this rate is small, the plaque grows slowly. However, if the rate of deposition of Aβ aggregates into senile plaques is very large, the free Aβ aggregates are removed from the intracellular fluid by deposition into the plaques, leaving insufficient free Aβ aggregates to catalyze the production of new aggregates. This suggests that under certain conditions, Aβ plaques may offer neuroprotection and impede their own growth. Additionally, it indicates that there exists an optimal rate of deposition of free Aβ aggregates into the plaques, at which the plaques attain their maximum size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey V Kuznetsov
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695-7910, USA.
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2
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Meur S, Mukherjee S, Roy S, Karati D. Role of PIM Kinase Inhibitor in the Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024:10.1007/s12035-024-04257-7. [PMID: 38816674 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-04257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is the most prevalent form of senile dementia, causing progressive deterioration of cognition, behavior, and rational skills. Neuropathologically, AD is characterized by two hallmark proteinaceous aggregates: amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) formed of hyperphosphorylated tau. A significant study has been done to understand how Aβ and/or tau accumulation can alter signaling pathways that affect neuronal function. A conserved protein kinase known as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is essential for maintaining the proper balance between protein synthesis and degradation. Overwhelming evidence shows mTOR signaling's primary role in age-dependent cognitive decline and the pathogenesis of AD. Postmortem human AD brains consistently show an upregulation of mTOR signaling. Confocal microscopy findings demonstrated a direct connection between mTOR and intraneuronal Aβ42 through molecular processes of PRAS40 phosphorylation. By attaching to the mTORC1 complex, PRAS40 inhibits the activity of mTOR. Furthermore, inhibiting PRAS40 phosphorylation can stop the Aβ-mediated increase in mTOR activity, indicating that the accumulation of Aβ may aid in PRAS40 phosphorylation. Physiologically, PRAS40 is phosphorylated by PIM1 which is a serine/threonine kinase of proto-oncogene PIM kinase family. Pharmacological inhibition of PIM1 activity prevents the Aβ-induced mTOR hyperactivity in vivo by blocking PRAS40 phosphorylation and restores cognitive impairments by enhancing proteasome function. Recently identified small-molecule PIM1 inhibitors have been developed as potential therapeutic to reduce AD-neuropathology. This comprehensive study aims to address the activity of PIM1 inhibitor that has been tested for the treatment of AD, in addition to the pharmacological and structural aspects of PIM1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyasi Meur
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India
| | - Swarupananda Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, 124, B.L Saha Road, Kolkata, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Souvik Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, NSHM Knowledge Campus, Kolkata-Group of Institutions, 124, B.L Saha Road, Kolkata, 700053, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipanjan Karati
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmacy, Techno India University, Kolkata, 700091, West Bengal, India.
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3
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Babalola JA, Lang M, George M, Stracke A, Tam-Amersdorfer C, Itxaso I, Lucija D, Tadic J, Schilcher I, Loeffler T, Flunkert S, Prokesch M, Leitinger G, Lass A, Hutter-Paier B, Panzenboeck U, Hoefler G. Astaxanthin enhances autophagy, amyloid beta clearance and exerts anti-inflammatory effects in in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease-related blood brain barrier dysfunction and inflammation. Brain Res 2023; 1819:148518. [PMID: 37579986 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Defective degradation and clearance of amyloid-β as well as inflammation per se are crucial players in the pathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). A defective transport across the blood-brain barrier is causative for amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation in the brain, provoking amyloid plaque formation. Using primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells and murine organotypic hippocampal slice cultures as in vitro models of AD, we investigated the effects of the antioxidant astaxanthin (ASX) on Aβ clearance and neuroinflammation. We report that ASX enhanced the clearance of misfolded proteins in primary porcine brain capillary endothelial cells by inducing autophagy and altered the Aβ processing pathway. We observed a reduction in the expression levels of intracellular and secreted amyloid precursor protein/Aβ accompanied by an increase in ABC transporters ABCA1, ABCG1 as well as low density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mRNA levels. Furthermore, ASX treatment increased autophagic flux as evidenced by increased lipidation of LC3B-II as well as reduced protein expression of phosphorylated S6 ribosomal protein and mTOR. In LPS-stimulated brain slices, ASX exerted anti-inflammatory effects by reducing the secretion of inflammatory cytokines while shifting microglia polarization from M1 to M2 phenotype. Our data suggest ASX as potential therapeutic compound ameliorating AD-related blood brain barrier impairment and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Magdalena Lang
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Meekha George
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Anika Stracke
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | - Jelena Tadic
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Gerd Leitinger
- Division of Cell Biology, Histology and Embryology, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Achim Lass
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Ute Panzenboeck
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Division of Immunology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Gerald Hoefler
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
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4
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Ratan Y, Rajput A, Maleysm S, Pareek A, Jain V, Pareek A, Kaur R, Singh G. An Insight into Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying the Pathogenesis of Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11051398. [PMID: 37239068 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11051398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most prominent neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. It is characterized by cognitive decline, gradual neurodegeneration, and the development of amyloid-β (Aβ)-plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, which constitute hyperphosphorylated tau. The early stages of neurodegeneration in AD include the loss of neurons, followed by synaptic impairment. Since the discovery of AD, substantial factual research has surfaced that outlines the disease's causes, molecular mechanisms, and prospective therapeutics, but a successful cure for the disease has not yet been discovered. This may be attributed to the complicated pathogenesis of AD, the absence of a well-defined molecular mechanism, and the constrained diagnostic resources and treatment options. To address the aforementioned challenges, extensive disease modeling is essential to fully comprehend the underlying mechanisms of AD, making it easier to design and develop effective treatment strategies. Emerging evidence over the past few decades supports the critical role of Aβ and tau in AD pathogenesis and the participation of glial cells in different molecular and cellular pathways. This review extensively discusses the current understanding concerning Aβ- and tau-associated molecular mechanisms and glial dysfunction in AD. Moreover, the critical risk factors associated with AD including genetics, aging, environmental variables, lifestyle habits, medical conditions, viral/bacterial infections, and psychiatric factors have been summarized. The present study will entice researchers to more thoroughly comprehend and explore the current status of the molecular mechanism of AD, which may assist in AD drug development in the forthcoming era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yashumati Ratan
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aishwarya Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sushmita Maleysm
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aaushi Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vivek Jain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mohan Lal Sukhadia University, Udaipur 313001, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ashutosh Pareek
- Department of Pharmacy, Banasthali Vidyapith, Banasthali 304022, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ranjeet Kaur
- Adesh Institute of Dental Sciences and Research, Bathinda 151101, Punjab, India
| | - Gurjit Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, USA
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5
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Chavda V, Lu B. Reverse Electron Transport at Mitochondrial Complex I in Ischemic Stroke, Aging, and Age-Related Diseases. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040895. [PMID: 37107270 PMCID: PMC10135819 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. A main cause of brain damage by stroke is ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury due to the increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and energy failure caused by changes in mitochondrial metabolism. Ischemia causes a build-up of succinate in tissues and changes in the mitochondrial NADH: ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) activity that promote reverse electron transfer (RET), in which a portion of the electrons derived from succinate are redirected from ubiquinol along complex I to reach the NADH dehydrogenase module of complex I, where matrix NAD+ is converted to NADH and excessive ROS is produced. RET has been shown to play a role in macrophage activation in response to bacterial infection, electron transport chain reorganization in response to changes in the energy supply, and carotid body adaptation to changes in the oxygen levels. In addition to stroke, deregulated RET and RET-generated ROS (RET-ROS) have been implicated in tissue damage during organ transplantation, whereas an RET-induced NAD+/NADH ratio decrease has been implicated in aging, age-related neurodegeneration, and cancer. In this review, we provide a historical account of the roles of ROS and oxidative damage in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke, summarize the latest developments in our understanding of RET biology and RET-associated pathological conditions, and discuss new ways to target ischemic stroke, cancer, aging, and age-related neurodegenerative diseases by modulating RET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Chavda
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Bingwei Lu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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6
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Rajput S, Malviya R, Bahadur S, Puri D. Recent Updates on the Development of Therapeutics for the Targeted Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Pharm Des 2023; 29:2802-2813. [PMID: 38018199 DOI: 10.2174/0113816128274618231105173031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complicated, multifaceted, irreversible, and incurable neurotoxic old age illness. Although NMDA (N-methyl D-aspartate)-receptor antagonists, cholinesterase repressors, and their pairings have been approved for the treatment, they are useful for short symptomatic relief. Researchers throughout the globe have been constantly working to uncover the therapy of Alzheimer's disease as new candidates must be determined, and newer treatment medicines must be developed. The aim of this review is to address recent advances in medication research along with new Alzheimer's disease therapy for diverse targets. Information was gathered utilizing a variety of internet resources as well as websites, such as ALZFORUM (alzforum.org) and clinicaltrials.gov. In contrast to other domains, the proposed medicines target amyloids (secretases, A42 generation, neuroinflammation, amyloid precipitation, and immunization), tau proteins (tau phosphorylation/aggregation and immunotherapy), and amyloid deposition. Despite tremendous advancement in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease, the FDA (Food and Drug Administration) only approved aducanumab for diagnosis and treatment in 2003. Hence, novel treatment tactics are needed to find and develop therapeutic medicines to combat Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivam Rajput
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rishabha Malviya
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medical and Allied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shiv Bahadur
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura, India
| | - Dinesh Puri
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun, India
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7
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Iliyasu MO, Musa SA, Oladele SB, Iliya AI. Amyloid-beta aggregation implicates multiple pathways in Alzheimer's disease: Understanding the mechanisms. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1081938. [PMID: 37113145 PMCID: PMC10128090 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1081938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative condition characterized by tau pathology and accumulations of neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) along with amyloid-beta (Aβ). It has been associated with neuronal damage, synaptic dysfunction, and cognitive deficits. The current review explained the molecular mechanisms behind the implications of Aβ aggregation in AD via multiple events. Beta (β) and gamma (γ) secretases hydrolyzed amyloid precursor protein (APP) to produce Aβ, which then clumps together to form Aβ fibrils. The fibrils increase oxidative stress, inflammatory cascade, and caspase activation to cause hyperphosphorylation of tau protein into neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), which ultimately lead to neuronal damage. Acetylcholine (Ach) degradation is accelerated by upstream regulation of the acetylcholinesterase (AChE) enzyme, which leads to a deficiency in neurotransmitters and cognitive impairment. There are presently no efficient or disease-modifying medications for AD. It is necessary to advance AD research to suggest novel compounds for treatment and prevention. Prospectively, it might be reasonable to conduct clinical trials with unclean medicines that have a range of effects, including anti-amyloid and anti-tau, neurotransmitter modulation, anti-neuroinflammatory, neuroprotective, and cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musa O. Iliyasu
- Department of Anatomy, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Musa O. Iliyasu, ;
| | - Sunday A. Musa
- Department of Human Anatomy, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
| | - Sunday B. Oladele
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria
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8
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Yamamoto N, Tokumon T, Obuchi A, Kono M, Saigo K, Tanida M, Ikeda-Matsuo Y, Sobue K. Poly(I:C) promotes neurotoxic amyloid β accumulation through reduced degradation by decreasing neprilysin protein levels in astrocytes. J Neurochem 2022; 163:517-530. [PMID: 36321194 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation associated with viral infection of the nervous system has been involved in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and multiple sclerosis. Polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly[I:C]) is a Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) agonist that mimics the inflammatory response to systemic viral infections. Despite growing recognition of the role of glial cells in AD pathology, their involvement in the accumulation and clearance of amyloid β (Aβ) in the brain of patients with AD is poorly understood. Neprilysin (NEP) and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) are the main Aβ-degrading enzymes in the brain. This study investigated whether poly(I:C) regulated Aβ degradation and neurotoxicity by modulating NEP and IDE protein levels through TLR3 in astrocytes. To this aim, primary rat primary astrocyte cultures were treated with poly(I:C) and inhibitors of the TLR3 signaling. Protein levels were assessed by Western blot. Aβ toxicity to primary neurons was measured by lactate dehydrogenase release. Poly(I:C) induced a significant decrease in NEP levels on the membrane of astrocytes as well as in the culture medium. The degradation of exogenous Aβ was markedly delayed in poly(I:C)-treated astrocytes. This delay significantly increased the neurotoxicity of exogenous Aβ1-42. Altogether, these results suggest that viral infections induce Aβ neurotoxicity by decreasing NEP levels in astrocytes and consequently preventing Aβ degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Yamamoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan.,Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takuya Tokumon
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Ayako Obuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mari Kono
- Scientific Research, Scientific Affairs, Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Katsuyasu Saigo
- Faculty of Nursing, Himeji Dokkyo University, Himeji, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Mamoru Tanida
- Department of Physiology II, Kanazawa Medical University, Uchinada, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yuri Ikeda-Matsuo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuya Sobue
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City, Aichi, Japan
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9
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Peng Y, Zhang L, Zhou F, Wang Y, Zhang X, Fan J, Li S, Li X, Li Y. Scavenging Reactive Oxygen Species Decreases Amyloid-β Levels via Activation of PI3K/Akt/GLUT1 Pathway in N2a/APP695swe Cells. J Alzheimers Dis 2022; 90:185-198. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-220610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysregulated glucose metabolism in the brain is considered to be one of the key causes of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Abnormal glucose uptake in AD is tightly associated with decreased levels of glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) and GLUT3 in the brain, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Objective: We aimed to explore the cause and mechanism of impaired glucose uptake in AD. Methods: N2a/WT and N2a/APP695swe cells were cultured in vitro, and cellular glucose uptake and ATP content, as well as the expression of GLUT1, GLUT3, and PI3K/Akt pathway members, were detected. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were detected by flow cytometry. After treatment with the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC), the above indicators were detected again. Results: GLUT1 expression was significantly decreased (p = 0.0138) in N2a/APP695swe cells, while GLUT3 expression was no statistical difference (p > 0.05). After NAC treatment, PI3K and Akt phosphorylation levels, GLUT1 expression, glucose uptake and ATP levels were remarkably increased (p = 0.0006, p = 0.0008, p = 0.0009, p = 0.0001, p = 0.0013), while Aβ levels were significantly decreased (p = 0.0058, p = 0.0066). After addition of the PI3K inhibitor LY29004, GLUT1 expression was reduced (p = 0.0008), and Aβ levels were increased (p = 0.0009, p = 0.0117). In addition, increases in glucose uptake and ATP levels induced by the Akt activator SC79 were hindered by the GLUT1 inhibitor WZB117 (p = 0.0002, p = 0.0005). Aβ levels were decreased after SC79 treatment and increased after WZB117 treatment (p = 0.0212, p = 0.0006). Conclusion: Taken together, scavenging of ROS prevents from Aβ deposition via activation of the PI3K/Akt/GLUT1 pathway, and improved the impaired glucose uptake in N2a/APP695swe cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fanlin Zhou
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiong Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianing Fan
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Shijie Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaoju Li
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Yu Li
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Department of Pathology, Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing, China
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10
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Freire-Regatillo A, Diaz-Pacheco S, Frago LM, Arévalo MÁ, Argente J, Garcia-Segura LM, de Ceballos ML, Chowen JA. Sex Differences in Hypothalamic Changes and the Metabolic Response of TgAPP Mice to a High Fat Diet. Front Neuroanat 2022; 16:910477. [PMID: 35958733 PMCID: PMC9361789 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2022.910477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The propensity to develop neurodegenerative diseases is influenced by diverse factors including genetic background, sex, lifestyle, including dietary habits and being overweight, and age. Indeed, with aging, there is an increased incidence of obesity and neurodegenerative processes, both of which are associated with inflammatory responses, in a sex-specific manner. High fat diet (HFD) commonly leads to obesity and markedly affects metabolism, both peripherally and centrally. Here we analyzed the metabolic and inflammatory responses of middle-aged (11–12 months old) transgenic amyloid precursor protein (TgAPP) mice of both sexes to HFD for 18 weeks (starting at 7–8 months of age). We found clear sex differences with females gaining significantly more weight and fat mass than males, with a larger increase in circulating leptin levels and expression of inflammatory markers in visceral adipose tissue. Glycemia and insulin levels increased in HFD fed mice of both sexes, with TgAPP mice being more affected than wild type (WT) mice. In the hypothalamus, murine amyloid β (Aβ) levels were increased by HFD intake exclusively in males, reaching statistical significance in TgAPP males. On a low fat diet (LFD), TgAPP males had significantly lower mRNA levels of the anorexigenic neuropeptide proopiomelanocortin (POMC) than WT males, with HFD intake decreasing the expression of the orexigenic neuropeptides Agouti-related peptide (AgRP) and neuropeptide Y (NPY), especially in TgAPP mice. In females, HFD increased POMC mRNA levels but had no effect on AgRP or NPY mRNA levels, and with no effect on genotype. There was no effect of diet or genotype on the hypothalamic inflammatory markers analyzed or the astrogliosis marker glial acidic protein (GFAP); however, levels of the microglial marker Iba-1 increased selectively in male TgAPP mice. In summary, the response to HFD intake was significantly affected by sex, with fewer effects due to genotype. Hypothalamic inflammatory cytokine expression and astrogliosis were little affected by HFD in middle-aged mice, although in TgAPP males, which showed increased Aβ, there was microglial activation. Thus, excess intake of diets high in fat should be avoided because of its possible detrimental consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Freire-Regatillo
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Aútonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Laura M. Frago
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Aútonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - María-Ángeles Arévalo
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Jesús Argente
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Pediatrics, Universidad Aútonoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis M. Garcia-Segura
- Cajal Institute, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research for Frailty and Healthy Ageing (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Julie A. Chowen
- Department of Endocrinology, Instituto de Investigación la Princesa, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Madrid, Spain
- Centre for Biomedical Network Research for Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
- IMDEA Food Institute, CEI UAM + CSIC, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Julie A. Chowen
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11
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N-terminally truncated Aβ4-x proteoforms and their relevance for Alzheimer's pathophysiology. Transl Neurodegener 2022; 11:30. [PMID: 35641972 PMCID: PMC9158284 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-022-00303-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The molecular heterogeneity of Alzheimer’s amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits extends well beyond the classic Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42 dichotomy, substantially expanded by multiple post-translational modifications that increase the proteome diversity. Numerous truncated fragments consistently populate the brain Aβ peptidome, and their homeostatic regulation and potential contribution to disease pathogenesis are largely unknown. Aβ4-x peptides have been reported as major components of plaque cores and the limited studies available indicate their relative abundance in Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Methods Immunohistochemistry was used to assess the topographic distribution of Aβ4-x species in well-characterized AD cases using custom-generated monoclonal antibody 18H6—specific for Aβ4-x species and blind for full-length Aβ1-40/Aβ1-42—in conjunction with thioflavin-S and antibodies recognizing Aβx-40 and Aβx-42 proteoforms. Circular dichroism, thioflavin-T binding, and electron microscopy evaluated the biophysical and aggregation/oligomerization properties of full-length and truncated synthetic homologues, whereas stereotaxic intracerebral injections of monomeric and oligomeric radiolabeled homologues in wild-type mice were used to evaluate their brain clearance characteristics. Results All types of amyloid deposits contained the probed Aβ epitopes, albeit expressed in different proportions. Aβ4-x species showed preferential localization within thioflavin-S-positive cerebral amyloid angiopathy and cored plaques, strongly suggesting poor clearance characteristics and consistent with the reduced solubility and enhanced oligomerization of their synthetic homologues. In vivo clearance studies demonstrated a fast brain efflux of N-terminally truncated and full-length monomeric forms whereas their oligomeric counterparts—particularly of Aβ4-40 and Aβ4-42—consistently exhibited enhanced brain retention. Conclusions The persistence of aggregation-prone Aβ4-x proteoforms likely contributes to the process of amyloid formation, self-perpetuating the amyloidogenic loop and exacerbating amyloid-mediated pathogenic pathways.
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12
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Down-Regulation of Insulin Like Growth Factor 1 Involved in Alzheimer’s Disease via MAPK, Ras, and FoxO Signaling Pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:8169981. [PMID: 35571248 PMCID: PMC9096571 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8169981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The inability to halt or even delay the course of Alzheimer's disease (AD) forces the development of new molecular signatures and therapeutic strategies. Insulin like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is a promising target for AD treatment, yet exact mechanisms of AD ascribed to IGF1 remain elusive. Herein, gene expression profiles of 195 samples were analyzed and 19,245 background genes were generated, among which 4,424 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were overlapped between AD/control and IGF1-low/high groups. Based on such DEGs, seven co-expression modules were established by weight gene correlation network analysis (WGCNA). The turquoise module had the strongest correlation with AD and IGF1-low expression, the DEGs of which were enriched in GABAergic synapse, long-term potentiation, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), Ras, and forkhead box O (FoxO) signaling pathways. Furthermore, cross-talking pathways of IGF1, including MAPK, Ras, and FoxO signaling pathways were identified in the protein-protein interaction network. According to the area under the curve (AUC) analysis, down-regulation of IGF1 exhibited good diagnostic performance in AD prediction. Collectively, our findings highlight the involvement of low IGF1 in AD pathogenesis via MAPK, Ras, and FoxO signaling pathways, which might advance strategies for the prevention and therapy of AD based on IGF1 target.
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13
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Ma C, Hong F, Yang S. Amyloidosis in Alzheimer's Disease: Pathogeny, Etiology, and Related Therapeutic Directions. Molecules 2022; 27:1210. [PMID: 35209007 PMCID: PMC8876037 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease has long been the predominant theory, suggesting that Alzheimer's disease is caused by the accumulation of amyloid beta protein (Aβ) in the brain, leading to neuronal toxicity in the central nervous system (CNS). Because of breakthroughs in molecular medicine, the amyloid pathway is thought to be central to the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, it is believed that altered biochemistry of the Aβ cycle remains a central biological feature of AD and is a promising target for treatment. This review provides an overview of the process of amyloid formation, explaining the transition from amyloid precursor protein to amyloid beta protein. Moreover, we also reveal the relationship between autophagy, cerebral blood flow, ACHE, expression of LRP1, and amyloidosis. In addition, we discuss the detailed pathogenesis of amyloidosis, including oxidative damage, tau protein, NFTs, and neuronal damage. Finally, we list some ways to treat AD in terms of decreasing the accumulation of Aβ in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Ma
- Experimental Center of Pathogen Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
- Queen Marry College, School of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330036, China
| | - Fenfang Hong
- Experimental Center of Pathogen Biology, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China;
| | - Shulong Yang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, China
- Department of Physiology, Fuzhou Medical College, Nanchang University, Nanchang 344099, China
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14
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Gao W, Guo L, Yang Y, Wang Y, Xia S, Gong H, Zhang BK, Yan M. Dissecting the Crosstalk Between Nrf2 and NF-κB Response Pathways in Drug-Induced Toxicity. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:809952. [PMID: 35186957 PMCID: PMC8847224 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.809952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nrf2 and NF-κB are important regulators of the response to oxidative stress and inflammation in the body. Previous pharmacological and genetic studies have confirmed crosstalk between the two. The deficiency of Nrf2 elevates the expression of NF-κB, leading to increased production of inflammatory factors, while NF-κB can affect the expression of downstream target genes by regulating the transcription and activity of Nrf2. At the same time, many therapeutic drug-induced organ toxicities, including hepatotoxicity, nephrotoxicity, cardiotoxicity, pulmonary toxicity, dermal toxicity, and neurotoxicity, have received increasing attention from researchers in clinical practice. Drug-induced organ injury can destroy body function, reduce the patients’ quality of life, and even threaten the lives of patients. Therefore, it is urgent to find protective drugs to ameliorate drug-induced injury. There is substantial evidence that protective medications can alleviate drug-induced organ toxicity by modulating both Nrf2 and NF-κB signaling pathways. Thus, it has become increasingly important to explore the crosstalk mechanism between Nrf2 and NF-κB in drug-induced toxicity. In this review, we summarize the potential molecular mechanisms of Nrf2 and NF-κB pathways and the important effects on adverse effects including toxic reactions and look forward to finding protective drugs that can target the crosstalk between the two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Gong
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Miao Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Miao Yan,
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15
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Yun YJ, Park BH, Hou J, Oh JP, Han JH, Kim SC. Ginsenoside F1 Protects the Brain against Amyloid Beta-Induced Toxicity by Regulating IDE and NEP. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:58. [PMID: 35054451 PMCID: PMC8779788 DOI: 10.3390/life12010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside F1, the metabolite of Rg1, is one of the most important constituents of Panax ginseng. Although the effects of ginsenosides on amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation in the brain are known, the role of ginsenoside F1 remains unclear. Here, we investigated the protective effect of ginsenoside F1 against Aβ aggregation in vivo and in vitro. Treatment with 2.5 μM ginsenoside F1 reduced Aβ-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing Aβ aggregation in mouse neuroblastoma neuro-2a (N2a) and human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y neuronal cell lines. Western blotting, real-time PCR, and siRNA analysis revealed an increased level of insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) and neprilysin (NEP). Furthermore, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis confirmed that ginsenoside F1 could pass the blood-brain barrier within 2 h after administration. Immunostaining results indicate that ginsenoside F1 reduces Aβ plaques in the hippocampus of APPswe/PSEN1dE9 (APP/PS1) double-transgenic Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice. Consistently, increased levels of IDE and NEP protein and mRNA were observed after the 8-week administration of 10 mg/kg/d ginsenoside F1. These data indicate that ginsenoside F1 is a promising therapeutic candidate for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Jin Yun
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Bong-Hwan Park
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jingang Hou
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
| | - Jung-Pyo Oh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Jin-Hee Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
| | - Sun-Chang Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (Y.-J.Y.); (J.-P.O.); (J.-H.H.)
- Intelligent Synthetic Biology Center, Daejeon 34141, Korea; (B.-H.P.); (J.H.)
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16
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Kurz C, Walker L, Rauchmann BS, Perneczky R. Dysfunction of the blood-brain barrier in Alzheimer's disease: evidence from human studies. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2021; 48:e12782. [PMID: 34823269 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pathological processes leading to synapse loss, neuronal loss, brain atrophy and gliosis in Alzheimer´s disease (AD) and their relation to vascular disease and immunological changes are yet to be fully explored. Amyloid-β (Aβ) aggregation, vascular damage and altered immune response interact at the blood-brain-barrier (BBB), affecting the brain endothelium and fuelling neurodegeneration. The aim of the present systematic literature review was to critically appraise and to summarise the published evidence on the clinical correlations and pathophysiological concepts of BBB damage in AD, focusing on human data. The PubMed, Cochrane, Medline and Embase databases were searched for original research articles, systematic reviews and meta-analyses, published in English language from 01/2000 to 07/2021, using the keywords Alzheimer*, amyloid-β or β-amyloid or abeta and brain-blood barrier or BBB. This review shows that specific changes of intercellular structures, reduced expression of transendothelial carriers, induction of vasoactive mediators and activation of both astroglia and monocytes/macrophages characterise blood-brain barrier damage in human AD and AD models. BBB dysfunction on magnetic resonance imaging takes place early in the disease course in AD-specific brain regions. The toxic effects of Aβ and apolipoprotein E (ApoE) are likely to induce a non-cerebral-amyloid-angiopathy-related degeneration of endothelial cells, independently of cerebrovascular disease; however, some of the observed structural changes may just arise with age. Small vessel disease, ApoE, loss of pericytes, pro-inflammatory signalling and cerebral amyloid angiopathy enhance blood-brain-barrier damage. Novel therapeutic approaches for AD, including magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound, aim to open the BBB, potentially leading to an improved drainage of Aβ along perivascular channels and increased elimination from the brain. In vitro treatments with ApoE-modifying agents yielded promising effects on modulating BBB function. Reducing cardiovascular risk factors represents one of the most promising interventions for dementia prevention at present. However, further research is needed to elucidate the connection of BBB damage and tau pathology, the role of pro-inflammatory mediators in draining macromolecules and cells from the cerebral parenchyma, including their contribution to cerebral amyloid angiopathy. Improved insight into these pathomechanisms may allow to shed light on the role of Aβ deposition as a primary vs. a secondary event in the complex pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lauren Walker
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University
| | - Boris-Stephan Rauchmann
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Radiology, Department of Radiology, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders (DZNE) Munich, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Ageing Epidemiology (AGE) Research Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
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17
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Jeong A, Cheng S, Zhong R, Bennett DA, Bergö MO, Li L. Protein farnesylation is upregulated in Alzheimer's human brains and neuron-specific suppression of farnesyltransferase mitigates pathogenic processes in Alzheimer's model mice. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2021; 9:129. [PMID: 34315531 PMCID: PMC8314463 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-021-01231-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic mechanisms underlying the development of Alzheimer's disease (AD) remain elusive and to date there are no effective prevention or treatment for AD. Farnesyltransferase (FT) catalyzes a key posttranslational modification process called farnesylation, in which the isoprenoid farnesyl pyrophosphate is attached to target proteins, facilitating their membrane localization and their interactions with downstream effectors. Farnesylated proteins, including the Ras superfamily of small GTPases, are involved in regulating diverse physiological and pathological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that isoprenoids and farnesylated proteins may play an important role in the pathogenesis of AD. However, the dynamics of FT and protein farnesylation in human brains and the specific role of neuronal FT in the pathogenic progression of AD are not known. Here, using postmortem brain tissue from individuals with no cognitive impairment (NCI), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), or Alzheimer's dementia, we found that the levels of FT and membrane-associated H-Ras, an exclusively farnesylated protein, and its downstream effector ERK were markedly increased in AD and MCI compared with NCI. To elucidate the specific role of neuronal FT in AD pathogenesis, we generated the transgenic AD model APP/PS1 mice with forebrain neuron-specific FT knockout, followed by a battery of behavioral assessments, biochemical assays, and unbiased transcriptomic analysis. Our results showed that the neuronal FT deletion mitigates memory impairment and amyloid neuropathology in APP/PS1 mice through suppressing amyloid generation and reversing the pathogenic hyperactivation of mTORC1 signaling. These findings suggest that aberrant upregulation of protein farnesylation is an early driving force in the pathogenic cascade of AD and that targeting FT or its downstream signaling pathways presents a viable therapeutic strategy against AD.
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18
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Michno W, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Brinkmalm G. Refining the amyloid β peptide and oligomer fingerprint ambiguities in Alzheimer's disease: Mass spectrometric molecular characterization in brain, cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and plasma. J Neurochem 2021; 159:234-257. [PMID: 34245565 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Since its discovery, amyloid-β (Aβ) has been the principal target of investigation of in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Over the years however, no clear correlation was found between the Aβ plaque burden and location, and AD-associated neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Instead, diagnostic potential of specific Aβ peptides and/or their ratio, was established. For instance, a selective reduction in the concentration of the aggregation-prone 42 amino acid-long Aβ peptide (Aβ42) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was put forward as reflective of Aβ peptide aggregation in the brain. With time, Aβ oligomers-the proposed toxic Aβ intermediates-have emerged as potential drivers of synaptic dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the disease process. Oligomers are commonly agreed upon to come in different shapes and sizes, and are very poorly characterized when it comes to their composition and their "toxic" properties. The concept of structural polymorphism-a diversity in conformational organization of amyloid aggregates-that depends on the Aβ peptide backbone, makes the characterization of Aβ aggregates and their role in AD progression challenging. In this review, we revisit the history of Aβ discovery and initial characterization and highlight the crucial role mass spectrometry (MS) has played in this process. We critically review the common knowledge gaps in the molecular identity of the Aβ peptide, and how MS is aiding the characterization of higher order Aβ assemblies. Finally, we go on to present recent advances in MS approaches for characterization of Aβ as single peptides and oligomers, and convey our optimism, as to how MS holds a promise for paving the way for progress toward a more comprehensive understanding of Aβ in AD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Michno
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden.,Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL, London, UK
| | - Gunnar Brinkmalm
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden.,Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
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19
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Castillo CA, Ballesteros-Yáñez I, León-Navarro DA, Albasanz JL, Martín M. Early Effects of the Soluble Amyloid β 25-35 Peptide in Rat Cortical Neurons: Modulation of Signal Transduction Mediated by Adenosine and Group I Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126577. [PMID: 34205261 PMCID: PMC8234864 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The amyloid β peptide (Aβ) is a central player in the neuropathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The alteration of Aβ homeostasis may impact the fine-tuning of cell signaling from the very beginning of the disease, when amyloid plaque is not deposited yet. For this reason, primary culture of rat cortical neurons was exposed to Aβ25-35, a non-oligomerizable form of Aβ. Cell viability, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR) and adenosine receptors (AR) expression and signalling were assessed. Aβ25-35 increased mGluR density and affinity, mainly due to a higher gene expression and protein presence of Group I mGluR (mGluR1 and mGluR5) in the membrane of cortical neurons. Intriguingly, the main effector of group I mGluR, the phospholipase C β1 isoform, was less responsive. Also, the inhibitory action of group II and group III mGluR on adenylate cyclase (AC) activity was unaltered or increased, respectively. Interestingly, pre-treatment of cortical neurons with an antagonist of group I mGluR reduced the Aβ25-35-induced cell death. Besides, Aβ25-35 increased the density of A1R and A2AR, along with an increase in their gene expression. However, while A1R-mediated AC inhibition was increased, the A2AR-mediated stimulation of AC remained unchanged. Therefore, one of the early events that takes place after Aβ25-35 exposure is the up-regulation of adenosine A1R, A2AR, and group I mGluR, and the different impacts on their corresponding signaling pathways. These results emphasize the importance of deciphering the early events and the possible involvement of metabotropic glutamate and adenosine receptors in AD physiopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Alberto Castillo
- Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, School of Physiotherapy and Nursing, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 45071 Toledo, Spain;
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
| | - Inmaculada Ballesteros-Yáñez
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - David Agustín León-Navarro
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Luis Albasanz
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, School of Medicine of Ciudad Real, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
- Correspondence:
| | - Mairena Martín
- Regional Center for Biomedical Research (CRIB), University of Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain; (I.B.-Y.); (D.A.L.-N.); (M.M.)
- Department of Inorganic, Faculty of Chemical and Technological Sciences, Organic and Biochemistry, University of Castilla-La Mancha, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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20
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Daily oscillation of cognitive factors is modified in the temporal cortex of an amyloid β(1-42)-induced rat model of Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res Bull 2021; 170:106-114. [PMID: 33508401 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating disease characterized by loss of synapses and neurons in the elderly. Accumulation of the β-amyloid peptide (Aβ) in the brain is thought to be central to the pathogenesis of AD. ApoE plays a key role in normal and physiological clearance of Aß, since it facilitates the peptide intra- and extracellular proteolytic degradation. Besides the cognitive deficit, AD patients also show alterations in their circadian rhythms. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of an i.c.v. injection of Aβ (1-42) peptide on the 24 h rhythms of Apo E, BMAL1, RORα, Bdnf and trkB mRNA and Aβ levels in the rat temporal cortex. We found that an i.c.v. injection of Aβ aggregates phase shifts daily Bdnf expression as well as Apo E, BMAL1, RORα, Aβ and decreased the mesor of TrkB rhythms. Thus, elevated Aβ peptide levels might modify the temporal patterns of cognition-related factors, probably; by affecting the clock factors rhythms as well as in the 24 h rhythms of Apo E.
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21
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Syeda T, Cannon JR. Environmental exposures and the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of BACE1 as a critical neurotoxic target. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2021; 35:e22694. [PMID: 33393683 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major public health crisis due to devastating cognitive symptoms, a lack of curative treatments, and increasing prevalence. Most cases are sporadic (>95% of cases) after the age of 65 years, implicating an important role of environmental factors in disease pathogenesis. Environmental neurotoxicants have been implicated in neurodegenerative disorders including Parkinson's Disease and AD. Animal models of AD and in vitro studies have shed light on potential neuropathological mechanisms, yet the biochemical and molecular underpinnings of AD-relevant environmental neurotoxicity remain poorly understood. Beta-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a potentially critical pathogenic target of environmentally induced neurotoxicity. BACE1 clearly has a critical role in AD pathophysiology: It is required for amyloid beta production and expression and activity of BACE1 are increased in the AD brain. Though the literature on BACE1 in response to environmental insults is limited, current studies, along with extensive AD neurobiology literature suggest that BACE1 deserves attention as an important neurotoxic target. Here, we critically review research on environmental neurotoxicants such as metals, pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, polyfluoroalkyl substances, heterocyclic aromatic amines, advanced glycation end products, and acrolein that modulate BACE1 and potential mechanisms of action. Though more research is needed to clearly understand whether BACE1 is a critical mediator of AD-relevant neurotoxicity, available reports provide convincing evidence that BACE1 is altered by environmental risk factors associated with AD pathology, implying that BACE1 inhibition and its use as a biomarker should be considered in AD management and research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tauqeerunnisa Syeda
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Jason R Cannon
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA.,Purdue Institute for Integrative Neurosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
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22
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Recent advances on drug development and emerging therapeutic agents for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5629-5645. [PMID: 34181171 PMCID: PMC8236749 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06512-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative old age disease that is complex, multifactorial, unalterable, and progressive in nature. The currently approved therapy includes cholinesterase inhibitors, NMDA-receptor antagonists and their combination therapy provides only temporary symptomatic relief. Sincere efforts have been made by the researchers globally to identify new targets, discover, and develop novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of AD. This brief review article is intended to cover the recent advances in drug development and emerging therapeutic agents for AD acting at different targets. The article is compiled using various scientific online databases and by referring to clinicaltrials.gov and ALZFORUM (alzforum.org) websites. The upcoming therapies act on one or more targets including amyloids (secretases, Aβ42 production, amyloid deposition, and immunotherapy), tau proteins (tau phosphorylation/aggregation and immunotherapy) and neuroinflammation in addition to other miscellaneous targets. Despite the tremendous improvement in our understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of AD, only aducanumab was approved by FDA for the treatment of AD in 18 years i.e., since 2003. Hence, it is concluded that novel therapeutic strategies are required to discover and develop therapeutic agents to fight against the century old AD.
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He P, Schulz P, Sierks MR. A conformation-specific antibody against oligomeric β-amyloid restores neuronal integrity in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Biol Chem 2021; 296:100241. [PMID: 33376140 PMCID: PMC7948963 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.015327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Conformationally distinct aggregates of the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide accumulate in brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), but the roles of the different aggregates in disease progression are not clear. We previously isolated two single-chain variable domain antibody fragments (scFvs), C6T and A4, that selectively bind different toxic conformational variants of oligomeric Aβ. Here, we utilize these scFvs to localize the presence of these Aβ variants in human AD brain and to demonstrate their potential as therapeutic agents for treating AD. Both A4 and C6T label oligomeric Aβ in extracellular amyloid plaques, whereas C6T also labels intracellular oligomeric Aβ in human AD brain tissue and in an AD mouse model. For therapeutic studies, the A4 and C6T scFvs were expressed in the AD mice by viral infection of liver cells. The scFvs were administered at 2 months of age, and mice sacrificed at 9 months. The scFvs contained a peptide tag to facilitate transport across the blood brain barrier. While treatment with C6T only slightly decreased Aβ deposits and plaque-associated inflammation, it restored neuronal integrity to WT levels, significantly promoted growth of new neurons, and impressively rescued survival rates to WT levels. Treatment with A4 on the other hand significantly decreased Aβ deposits but did not significantly decrease neuroinflammation or promote neuronal integrity, neurogenesis, or survival rate. These results suggest that the specific Aβ conformation targeted in therapeutic applications greatly affects the outcome, and the location of the targeted Aβ variants may also play a critical factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping He
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Philip Schulz
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA
| | - Michael R Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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Agarwal M, Alam MR, Haider MK, Malik MZ, Kim DK. Alzheimer's Disease: An Overview of Major Hypotheses and Therapeutic Options in Nanotechnology. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 11:E59. [PMID: 33383712 PMCID: PMC7823376 DOI: 10.3390/nano11010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a progressively fatal neurodegenerative disorder, is the most prominent form of dementia found today. Patients suffering from Alzheimer's begin to show the signs and symptoms, like decline in memory and cognition, long after the cellular damage has been initiated in their brain. There are several hypothesis for the neurodegeneration process; however, the lack of availability of in vivo models makes the recapitulation of AD in humans impossible. Moreover, the drugs currently available in the market serve to alleviate the symptoms and there is no cure for the disease. There have been two major hurdles in the process of finding the same-the inefficiency in cracking the complexity of the disease pathogenesis and the inefficiency in delivery of drugs targeted for AD. This review discusses the different drugs that have been designed over the recent years and the drug delivery options in the field of nanotechnology that have been found most feasible in surpassing the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and reaching the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugdha Agarwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Jaypee Institute of Information Technology, Noida 201309, India;
| | - Mohammad Rizwan Alam
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
| | | | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational and Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Dae-Kwang Kim
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu 42601, Korea;
- Hanvit Institute for Medical Genetics, Daegu 42601, Korea
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Micera A, Bruno L, Cacciamani A, Rongioletti M, Squitti R. Alzheimer's Disease and Retinal Degeneration: A Glimpse at Essential Trace Metals in Ocular Fluids and Tissues. Curr Alzheimer Res 2020; 16:1073-1083. [PMID: 31642780 DOI: 10.2174/1567205016666191023114015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Life expectancy is increasing all over the world, although neurodegenerative disorders might drastically affect the individual activity of aged people. Of those, Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is one of the most social-cost age-linked diseases of industrialized countries. To date, retinal diseases seem to be more common in the developing world and characterize principally aged people. Agerelated Macular Degeneration (AMD) is a late-onset, neurodegenerative retinal disease that shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including stress stimuli such as oxidative stress, inflammation and amyloid formations. METHODS In both diseases, the detrimental intra/extra-cellular deposits have many similarities. Aging, hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, obesity, arteriosclerosis and smoking are risk factors to develop both diseases. Cellular aging routes have similar organelle and signaling patterns in retina and brain. The possibility to find out new research strategies represent a step forward to disclose potential treatment for both of them. Essential trace metals play critical roles in both physiological and pathological condition of retina, optic nerve and brain, by influencing metabolic processes chiefly upon complex multifactorial pathogenesis. CONCLUSION Hence, this review addresses current knowledge about some up-to-date investigated essential trace metals associated with AD and AMD. Changes in the levels of systemic and ocular fluid essential metals might reflect the early stages of AMD, possibly disclosing neurodegeneration pathways shared with AD, which might open to potential early detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bruno
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Cacciamani
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS - Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Rongioletti
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Research and Development Division, San Giovanni Calibita, Fatebenefratelli Hospital, Isola Tiberina, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosanna Squitti
- IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, BS, Italy
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Kabir MT, Uddin MS, Zaman S, Begum Y, Ashraf GM, Bin-Jumah MN, Bungau SG, Mousa SA, Abdel-Daim MM. Molecular Mechanisms of Metal Toxicity in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Tan X, Guan H, Yang Y, Luo S, Hou L, Chen H, Li J. Cu(II) disrupts autophagy-mediated lysosomal degradation of oligomeric Aβ in microglia via mTOR-TFEB pathway. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 401:115090. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Strunz M, Jarrell JT, Cohen DS, Rosin ER, Vanderburg CR, Huang X. Modulation of SPARC/Hevin Proteins in Alzheimer's Disease Brain Injury. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 68:695-710. [PMID: 30883351 PMCID: PMC6481539 DOI: 10.3233/jad-181032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related progressive form of dementia that features neuronal loss, intracellular tau, and extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) protein deposition. Neurodegeneration is accompanied by neuroinflammation mainly involving microglia, the resident innate immune cell population of the brain. During AD progression, microglia shift their phenotype, and it has been suggested that they express matricellular proteins such as secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and Hevin protein, which facilitate the migration of other immune cells, such as blood-derived dendritic cells. We have detected both SPARC and Hevin in postmortem AD brain tissues and confirmed significant alterations in transcript expression using real-time qPCR. We suggest that an infiltration of myeloid-derived immune cells occurs in the areas of diseased tissue. SPARC is highly expressed in AD brain and collocates to Aβ protein deposits, thus contributing actively to cerebral inflammation and subsequent tissue repair, and Hevin may be downregulated in the diseased state. However, further research is needed to reveal the exact roles of SPARC and Hevin proteins and associated signaling pathways in AD-related neuroinflammation. Nevertheless, normalizing SPARC/Hevin protein expression such as interdicting heightened SPARC protein expression may confer a novel therapeutic opportunity for modulating AD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Strunz
- Department of Neurology, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Advanced Tissue Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Juliet T Jarrell
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - David S Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Eric R Rosin
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Charles R Vanderburg
- Department of Neurology, Harvard NeuroDiscovery Center, Advanced Tissue Resource Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Xudong Huang
- Department of Psychiatry, Neurochemistry Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Protein kinases A and C regulate amyloid-β degradation by modulating protein levels of neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme in astrocytes. Neurosci Res 2020; 166:62-72. [PMID: 32512031 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The pathology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease is hallmarked by altered signal transduction via the neurotransmitter receptor-G-protein-mediated protein kinase A (PKA) and protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. Because the accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) depends on its rates of synthesis and clearance, the metabolic pathway of Aβ in the brain and the entire body warrants exploration. The two major enzymes involved in Aβ degradation in the brain are believed to be the neprilysin and insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE). This study investigated whether PKA and PKC regulate the degradation of Aβ by modulating the protein levels of neprilysin and IDE in astrocytes. Activation of PKA induced a significant decrease in neprilysin protein levels in cultured astrocytes, whereas activation of PKC induced a significant decrease in the protein level of neprilysin and an increase in the protein level of IDE. Following activation of PKC, the reduction of neprilysin was achieved by its secretion into the culture media. Moreover, PKA-activated astrocytes significantly delayed the degradation of exogenous Aβ, whereas PKC-activated astrocytes significantly facilitated its degradation. These results suggest that PKA and PKC regulate Aβ degradation in astrocytes through a decrease in the protein level of neprilysin and an increase in neprilysin secretion and protein levels of IDE, respectively.
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Investigating APOE, APP-Aβ metabolism genes and Alzheimer's disease GWAS hits in brain small vessel ischemic disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7103. [PMID: 32345996 PMCID: PMC7188838 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63183-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease and small vessel ischemic disease frequently co-exist in the aging brain. However, pathogenic links between these 2 disorders are yet to be identified. Therefore we used Taqman genotyping, exome and RNA sequencing to investigate Alzheimer’s disease known pathogenic variants and pathways: APOE ε4 allele, APP-Aβ metabolism and late-onset Alzheimer’s disease main genome-wide association loci (APOE, BIN1, CD33, MS4A6A, CD2AP, PICALM, CLU, CR1, EPHA1, ABCA7) in 96 early-onset small vessel ischemic disease Caucasian patients and 368 elderly neuropathologically proven controls (HEX database) and in a mouse model of cerebral hypoperfusion. Only a minority of patients (29%) carried APOE ε4 allele. We did not detect any pathogenic mutation in APP, PSEN1 and PSEN2 and report a burden of truncating mutations in APP-Aß degradation genes. The single-variant association test identified 3 common variants with a likely protective effect on small vessel ischemic disease (0.54>OR > 0.32, adj. p-value <0.05) (EPHA1 p.M900V and p.V160A and CD33 p.A14V). Moreover, 5/17 APP-Aß catabolism genes were significantly upregulated (LogFC > 1, adj. p-val<0.05) together with Apoe, Ms4a cluster and Cd33 during brain hypoperfusion and their overexpression correlated with the ischemic lesion size. Finally, the detection of Aβ oligomers in the hypoperfused hippocampus supported the link between brain ischemia and Alzheimer’s disease pathology.
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Taliyan R, Chandran SK, Kakoty V. Therapeutic Approaches to Alzheimer's Type of Dementia: A Focus on FGF21 Mediated Neuroprotection. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:2555-2568. [PMID: 31333086 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190716101411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders are the most devastating disorder of the nervous system. The pathological basis of neurodegeneration is linked with dysfunctional protein trafficking, mitochondrial stress, environmental factors and aging. With the identification of insulin and insulin receptors in some parts of the brain, it has become evident that certain metabolic conditions associated with insulin dysfunction like Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), dyslipidemia, obesity etc., are also known to contribute to neurodegeneration mainly Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Recently, a member of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) superfamily, FGF21 has proved tremendous efficacy in diseases like diabetes mellitus, obesity and insulin resistance (IR). Increased levels of FGF21 have been reported to exert multiple beneficial effects in metabolic syndrome. FGF21 receptors are present in certain areas of the brain involved in learning and memory. However, despite extensive research, its function as a neuroprotectant in AD remains elusive. FGF21 is a circulating endocrine hormone which is mainly secreted by the liver primarily in fasting conditions. FGF21 exerts its effects after binding to FGFR1 and co-receptor, β-klotho (KLB). It is involved in regulating energy via glucose and lipid metabolism. It is believed that aberrant FGF21 signalling might account for various anomalies like neurodegeneration, cancer, metabolic dysfunction etc. Hence, this review will majorly focus on FGF21 role as a neuroprotectant and potential metabolic regulator. Moreover, we will also review its potential as an emerging candidate for combating metabolic stress induced neurodegenerative abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Taliyan
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sarathlal K Chandran
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
| | - Violina Kakoty
- Department of Pharmacy, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani-333031, Rajasthan, India
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Kakuda N, Yamaguchi H, Akazawa K, Hata S, Suzuki T, Hatsuta H, Murayama S, Funamoto S, Ihara Y. γ-Secretase Activity Is Associated with Braak Senile Plaque Stages. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2020; 190:1323-1331. [PMID: 32201261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2020.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Amyloid β-proteins (Aβs) Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 are converted via two product lines of γ-secretase to Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40. This parallel stepwise processing model of γ-secretase predicts that Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43, and Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 are proportional to each other, respectively. To obtain further insight into the mechanisms of parenchymal Aβ deposition, these four Aβ species were quantified in insoluble fractions of human brains (Brodmann areas 9 to 11) at various Braak senile plaque (SP) stages, using specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. With advancing SP stages, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-43 in the brain increased proportionally to those of Aβ1-42. Similarly, the amounts of deposited Aβ1-38 correlated with those of Aβ1-40. Surprisingly, the ratios of deposited Aβ1-38/Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-40/Aβ1-43 were proportional and discriminated the Braak SP stages accurately. This result indicates that the generation of Aβ1-38 and Aβ1-40 decreased and the generation of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 increased with advancing SP stages. Thus, Aβs deposition might depend on γ-secretase activity, as it does in the cerebrospinal fluid. Here, the extracted γ-secretase from Alzheimer disease brains generates an amount of Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 compared with cognitively normal brains. This refractory γ-secretase localized in detergent-solubilized fractions from brain cortices. But activity modulated γ-secretase, which decreases Aβ1-42 and Aβ1-43 in the cerebrospinal fluid, localized in detergent-insoluble fractions. These drastic alterations reflect Aβ situation in Alzheimer disease brains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuto Kakuda
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Haruyasu Yamaguchi
- Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan
| | - Kohei Akazawa
- Department of Medical Informatics, Niigata University Medical and Dental Hospital, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Saori Hata
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Suzuki
- Department of Neuropathology, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Gerontology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Hatsuta
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shigeo Murayama
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Satoru Funamoto
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuo Ihara
- Department of Neuropathology, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Center for Neurologic Research in Neurodegenerative, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan; Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; Graduate School of Brain Science and Faculty of Life and Medical Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyoto, Japan.
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Ju Hwang C, Choi DY, Park MH, Hong JT. NF-κB as a Key Mediator of Brain Inflammation in Alzheimer's Disease. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:3-10. [PMID: 28782486 DOI: 10.2174/1871527316666170807130011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia. It is characterized by betaamyloid peptide fibrils which are extracellular deposition of a specific protein, accompanied by extensive neuroinflammation. Various studies show the presence of a number of inflammation markers in the AD brain: elevated inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and an accumulation of activated microglia in the damaged regions. NF-κB is a family of redox sensitive transcriptional factors, and it is known that NF-κB has binding sites in the promoter region of the genes involved in amyloidogenesis and inflammation. Long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs prevents progression of AD and delays its onset, suggesting that there is a close correlation between NF-κB and AD pathogenesis. This study aims to (1) assess the association between NF-κB activity and AD through discussion of a variety of experimental and clinical studies on AD and (2) review treatment strategies designed to treat or prevent AD with NF-κB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Ju Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Korea
| | - Dong-Young Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-ro, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Mi Hee Park
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Korea
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro 194-31, Osong-eup, Heungduk-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 361-951, Korea
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Insulin signaling pathway and related molecules: Role in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Int 2020; 135:104707. [PMID: 32092326 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2020.104707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. Its major pathological hallmarks, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), and amyloid-β plaques can result from dysfunctional insulin signaling. Insulin is an important growth factor that regulates cell growth, energy utilization, mitochondrial function, autophagy, oxidative stress, synaptic plasticity, and cognitive function. Insulin and its downstream signaling molecules are located majorly in the regions of cortex and hippocampus. The major molecules involved in impaired insulin signaling include IRS, PI3K, Akt, and GSK-3β. Activation or inactivation of these major molecules through increased or decreased phosphorylation plays a role in insulin signaling abnormalities or insulin resistance. Insulin resistance, therefore, is considered as a major culprit in generating the hallmarks of AD arising from neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, etc. Moreover, caspases, Nrf2, and NF-κB influence this pathway in an indirect way. Various studies also suggest a strong link between Diabetes Mellitus and AD due to the impairment of insulin signaling pathway. Moreover, studies also depict a strong correlation of other neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease with insulin resistance. Hence this review will provide an insight into the role of insulin signaling pathway and related molecules as therapeutic targets in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Patel D, Roy A, Pahan K. PPARα serves as a new receptor of aspirin for neuroprotection. J Neurosci Res 2019; 98:626-631. [PMID: 31797405 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Acetyl salicylic acid, commonly known as aspirin, has been being widely used as an anti-inflammatory drug for almost 100 years. However, there was no receptor known for this popular drug. Recently, we have established that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) acts as a novel receptor of aspirin. Activation of PPARα by aspirin stimulated a series of downstream signaling pathways that could potentially ameliorate different Alzheimer's disease (AD)-related pathologies. In this mini-review, we have discussed how aspirin-PPARα interaction plays a pivotal role in the amelioration of AD pathology via the stimulation of neurotrophic factors, upregulation of plasticity-associated genes, and removal of plaque burden in hippocampal neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruv Patel
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Avik Roy
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kalipada Pahan
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA.,Division of Research and Development, Jesse Brown Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
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36
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Gao Y, Liu EJ, Wang WJ, Wang YL, Li XG, Wang X, Li SH, Zhang SJ, Li MZ, Zhou QZ, Long XB, Zhang HQ, Wang JZ. Microglia CREB-Phosphorylation Mediates Amyloid-β-Induced Neuronal Toxicity. J Alzheimers Dis 2019; 66:333-345. [PMID: 30282353 DOI: 10.3233/jad-180286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) forming senile plaques is one of the hallmark pathologies in Alzheimer's disease (AD), while the mechanisms underlying the neuronal toxic effect of Aβ are not fully understood. Here, we found that intracerebroventricular infusion of the aged Aβ42 in mice only induces memory deficit at 24 h but not at 7 days. Interestingly, a remarkably increased CREB (cAMP response element-binding protein) Ser133-phosphorylation (pS133-CREB) with microglial activation was detected at 24 h but not at 7 days after Aβ infusion. Aβ treatment for 24 h increased pS133-CREB level in microglia of the hippocampal non-granular cell layers with remarkably decreased pS133-CREB immunoreactivity in neurons of the hippocampal granular cell layers, including CA1, CA3, and DG subsets. Inhibition of microglia activation by minocycline or CREB phosphorylation by H89, an inhibitor of protein kinase A (PKA), abolished Aβ-induced microglia CREB hyperphosphorylation with restoration of neuronal function and attenuation of inflammatory response, i.e., reduced levels of interleukin-6 (IL6) and pCREB binding of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP9) DNA. Finally, treatment of the primary hippocampal neurons with Aβ-potentiated microglia media decreased neuronal GluN1 and GluA2 levels, while simultaneous inhibition of PKA restored the levels. These novel findings reveal that intracerebroventricular infusion of Aβ only induces transient memory deficit in mice and the molecular mechanisms involve a stimulated microglial CREB phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - En-Jie Liu
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jin Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya-Li Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Guang Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shi-Hong Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Juan Zhang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Zhu Li
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiu-Zhi Zhou
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Bing Long
- Neurosurgery Department, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Qiu Zhang
- Neurosurgery Department, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Zhi Wang
- Pathophysiology Department, School of Basic Medicine, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education of China for Neurological Disorders, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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Milne R. The rare and the common: scale and the genetic imaginary in Alzheimer's disease drug development. NEW GENETICS AND SOCIETY 2019; 39:101-126. [PMID: 32256202 PMCID: PMC7077363 DOI: 10.1080/14636778.2019.1637718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this paper I examine how the promissory value of genetics is constituted through processes of scale and scaling, focussing on the relationship between "rare" and "common" forms of disease. I highlight the bodies and spaces involved in the production of post-genomic knowledge and technologies of Alzheimer's disease and the development of new disease-modifying drugs. I focus on the example of the development of a monoclonal antibody therapy for Alzheimer's disease. I argue that the process of therapeutic innovation, from genetic studies and animal models to phase III clinical trials, reflects the persistent importance of a genetic imaginary and a mutually constitutive relationship between the rare and the common in in shaping visions of Alzheimer's disease medicine. Approaching this relationship as a question of scale, I suggest the importance of attending to how and where genomic knowledge is "scaled" or proves resistant to scaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Milne
- Wellcome Genome Campus – Society and Ethics Research Group, Cambridge, UK
- Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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38
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Juul Rasmussen I, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Rasmussen KL, Nordestgaard BG, Frikke-Schmidt R. Blood-brain barrier transcytosis genes, risk of dementia and stroke: a prospective cohort study of 74,754 individuals. Eur J Epidemiol 2019; 34:579-590. [PMID: 30830563 PMCID: PMC6497814 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-019-00498-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To test whether genetic variants in PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, and RIN3-suggested to be involved in blood-brain barrier amyloid-β transcytosis pathways-associate with Alzheimer's disease, all dementia, suggested vascular dementia, and stroke, and whether such associations are independent of the strong ε4 APOE risk allele. In a prospective cohort study of 74,754 individuals from the general population we genotyped PICALM (rs10792832), BIN1 (rs6733839), CD2AP (rs10948363), and RIN3 (rs10498633), and generated a weighted and a simple allele score. Multifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for the fourth quartile versus the first quartile of the weighted allele score were 1.42 (95% confidence interval 1.22-1.64) for Alzheimer's disease, and 1.33 (1.19-1.48) for all dementia. For suggested vascular dementia and stroke the corresponding estimates were 1.71 (1.18-2.49) and 1.12 (1.04-1.22), respectively. Hazard ratios were similar after APOE adjustment. Genetic variants in PICALM, BIN1, CD2AP, and RIN3 are associated with increased risk of Alzheimer's disease, all dementia, and suggested vascular dementia independent of the strong APOE ε4 allele. These findings may suggest that clathrin-mediated endocytosis in clearance of amyloid-β across the blood-brain barrier is important for the integrity of both brain tissue and cerebral vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Juul Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB 3011, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Anne Tybjærg-Hansen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB 3011, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katrine Laura Rasmussen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB 3011, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Børge G Nordestgaard
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
- The Copenhagen City Heart Study, Frederiksberg Hospital, 2000, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Ruth Frikke-Schmidt
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry KB 3011, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
- The Copenhagen General Population Study, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev Ringvej 75, 2730, Herlev, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Li Y, Ba M, Du Y, Xia C, Tan S, Ng KP, Ma G. Aβ1-42 increases the expression of neural KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 via the NF-κB, p38 MAPK and PKC signal pathways in rat primary cholinergic neurons. Hum Exp Toxicol 2019; 38:665-674. [PMID: 30868916 DOI: 10.1177/0960327119833742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
ATP-sensitive potassium channels (KATP) may mediate a potential neuroprotective role in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Given that exposure to Aβ1-42 in cultured primary cholinergic neurons for 72 h significantly upregulates the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1, we aim to study the underlying signal transduction mechanisms that are involved in Aβ1-42-induced upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. In the present study, we first identified the primary cultured rat cortical and hippocampal neurons using immunocytochemistry. 0.5 μM NF-κB inhibitor SN-50, 2 μM p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580 or 2 μM PKC inhibitor Chelerythrine chloride (CTC) were then added in three separate groups, followed by 2 μM Aβ1-42 30 min later in all 3 groups. Western Blot was performed 72 h later to detect the expression of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1. We found that Aβ1-42 significantly increased the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h when compared with the control group ( p < 0.05). However, when compared with the Aβ1-42 group, the level of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression at 72 h significantly decreased in the SN50 + Aβ1-42 group, SB203580 + Aβ1-42 group, and the CTC + Aβ1-42 group ( p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that the NF-κB, p38 MAPK, and PKC signal pathways are partially involved in the upregulation of KATP subunits Kir6.2/SUR1 expression induced by Aβ1-42 cytotoxicity in neurons, which supports a potential theoretical basis of targeting these signal pathways in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Li
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - M Ba
- 2 Department of Neurology, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai City, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Y Du
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - C Xia
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - S Tan
- 1 Department of Neurology, Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - K P Ng
- 3 Department of Neurology, National Neuroscience Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - G Ma
- 4 Department of Neurology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), the most common cause of age-dependent dementia, is one of the most significant healthcare problems worldwide. Aggravating this situation, drugs that are currently US Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for AD treatment do not prevent or delay disease progression. Therefore, developing effective therapies for AD patients is of critical urgency. Human genetic and clinical studies over the past three decades have indicated that abnormal generation or accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides is a likely culprit in AD pathogenesis. Aβ is generated from amyloid precursor protein (APP) via proteolytic cleavage by β-site APP cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) (memapsin 2, β-secretase, Asp 2 protease) and γ-secretase. Mice deficient in BACE1 show abrogated production of Aβ. Therefore, pharmacological inhibition of BACE1 is being intensively pursued as a therapeutic approach to treat AD patients. Recent setbacks in clinical trials with BACE1 inhibitors have highlighted the critical importance of understanding how to properly inhibit BACE1 to treat AD patients. This review summarizes the recent studies on the role of BACE1 in synaptic functions as well as our views on BACE1 inhibition as an effective AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brati Das
- Department of Neuroscience, Room E4032, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3401, USA
| | - Riqiang Yan
- Department of Neuroscience, Room E4032, UConn Health, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT, 06030-3401, USA.
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41
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Kobayashi T, Nagai M, Da Silva JD, Galaburda AM, Rosenberg SH, Hatakeyama W, Kuwajima Y, Kondo H, Ishikawa-Nagai S. Retrograde transport of masseter muscle-derived neprilysin to hippocampus. Neurosci Lett 2019; 698:180-185. [PMID: 30639512 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although the effects of neprilysin (NEP), also called CD10, on the clearance of Alzheimer's disease (AD)-associated amyloid-β (Aβ) have been reported, NEP is not made in the brain, and the mechanism for the transport of NEP to the brain has not been investigated. Our hypothesis is that muscle packages NEP in exosomes in response to a neuromuscular signal and sends it to the brain via retrograde axonal transport. The masseter muscle (MM) and the trigeminal nerve (TGN) are good candidates for this mechanism by virtue of their proximity to the brain. The aim of this study was to trace the NEP protein from the MM, through the TGN, and to the hippocampus (HPC) in muscle contraction models in vitro and in vivo. NEP expression in mouse tissue lysates was analyzed by RT-PCR and Western blot. Four-week-old mice were perfused to remove blood NEP contamination. The MM expressed substantial levels of NEP protein and mRNA. On the other hand, a remarkably high level of NEP protein was measured in the TGN in the absence of mRNA. NEP protein, without the corresponding mRNA, was also detected in the HPC. These results suggested that the MM derived NEP was taken up by the TGN, which in turn permitted NEP access to the central nervous system and within it the HPC. When the MM was induced to contract by electric stimulation in freshly euthanized mice, NEP protein decreased in the MM in a stimulus time-dependent manner, while that in the TGN and the HPC increased sequentially. Furthermore, NIR-labeled exosomes tracked along the same route. Finally, carbachol induced secretion of exosomal NEP in C2C12-derived myotube cells. These results support our hypothesis that MM-derived NEP is transported along the TGN to reach the HPC following electrical or cholinergic stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kobayashi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Masazumi Nagai
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States.
| | - John D Da Silva
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Biomaterials Sciences Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Albert M Galaburda
- Department of Neurology Harvard Medical School and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Sara H Rosenberg
- Department of Restorative Dentistry University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Wataru Hatakeyama
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Yukinori Kuwajima
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Hisatomo Kondo
- Department of Prosthodontics and Oral Implantology School of Dentistry Iwate Medical University, 1-17 Uchimal, Morioka, Iwate, Japan
| | - Shigemi Ishikawa-Nagai
- Department of Oral Medicine, Infection, and Immunity Harvard School of Dental Medicine, 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, United States
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Abstract
Mechanisms for elimination of metabolites from ISF include metabolism, blood-brain barrier transport and non-selective, perivascular efflux, this last being assessed by measuring the clearance of markers like inulin. Clearance describes elimination. Clearance of a metabolite generated within the brain is determined as its elimination rate divided by its concentration in interstitial fluid (ISF). However, the more frequently measured parameter is the rate constant for elimination determined as elimination rate divided by amount present, which thus depends on both the elimination processes and the distribution of the metabolite in the brain. The relative importance of the various elimination mechanisms depends on the particular metabolite. Little is known about the effects of sleep on clearance via metabolism or blood-brain barrier transport, but studies with inulin in mice comparing perivascular effluxes during sleep and wakefulness reveal a 4.2-fold increase in clearance. Amongst the important brain metabolites considered, CO2 is eliminated so rapidly across the blood-brain barrier that clearance is blood flow limited and elimination quickly balances production. Glutamate is removed from ISF primarily by uptake into astrocytes and conversion to glutamine, but also by transport across the blood-brain barrier. Both lactate and amyloid-β are eliminated by metabolism, blood-brain barrier transport and perivascular efflux and both show decreased production, decreased ISF concentration and increased perivascular clearance during sleep. Taken altogether available data indicate that sleep increases perivascular and non-perivascular clearances for amyloid-β which reduces its concentration and may have long-term consequences for the formation of plaques and cerebral arterial deposits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen B Hladky
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK.
| | - Margery A Barrand
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 1PD, UK
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43
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Wells C, Brennan SE, Keon M, Saksena NK. Prionoid Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:271. [PMID: 31780895 PMCID: PMC6861308 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a growing body of evidence that prionoid protein behaviors are a core element of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) that afflict humans. Common elements in pathogenesis, pathological effects and protein-level behaviors exist between Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Parkinson's Disease (PD), Huntington's Disease (HD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These extend beyond the affected neurons to glial cells and processes. This results in a complicated system of disease progression, which often takes advantage of protective processes to promote the propagation of pathological protein aggregates. This review article provides a current snapshot of knowledge on these proteins and their intrinsic role in the pathogenesis and disease progression seen across NDs.
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Tan C, Dong Y, Wang J, Yang X. Vanadyl acetylacetonate attenuates Aβ pathogenesis in APP/PS1 transgenic mice depending on the intervention stage. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj00820a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
VAC treatment caused different Grp75 responses before and after Aβ plaque formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Tan
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Yaqiong Dong
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Jing Wang
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
| | - Xiaoda Yang
- The State Key Laboratories of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Chemical Biology
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Peking University Health Science Center
- Beijing 100191
- China
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45
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Zou Z, Cai J, Zhong A, Zhou Y, Wang Z, Wu Z, Yang Y, Li X, Cheng X, Tan J, Fan Y, Zhang X, Lu Y, Zhou Y, Yang L, Zhang C, Zhao Q, Fu D, Shen Q, Chen J, Bai S, Wu L, Chen Y, Chen X, Chen J, Zheng H, Wang H, Lou Y, Ding Y, Shen S, Ye Y, Chen L, Lin Y, Huang J, Zou K, Zhang J, Bian B, Huang C, Rong C, Dai L, Xu Y, Cheng L, Chen Y, Luo Y, Zhang S, Li L. Using the synthesized peptide HAYED (5) to protect the brain against iron catalyzed radical attack in a naturally senescence Kunming mouse model. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 130:458-470. [PMID: 30448512 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of the brain. It cannot be cured currently, and those suffering from AD place a great burden on their caregivers and society. AD is characterized by high levels of iron ions in the brain, which catalyze radicals that damage the neurons. Knowing that the Aβ42 peptide precipitates iron by binding iron ions at amino acid residues D1, E3, H11, H13, and H14, we synthesized a 5-repeat (HAYED) sequence peptide. By treating iron-stressed SH-SY5Y cells with it and injecting it into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of naturally senescence Kunming mouse, which displaying AD-similar symptoms such as learning and memory dysfunction, neuron degeneration and high level of iron in brain, we found that HAYED (5) decreased the iron and radical levels in the cell culture medium and in the CSF. Specially, the synthesized peptide prevented cell and brain damage. Furthermore, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), Morris water maze and passive avoidance tests demonstrated that the peptide ameliorated brain blood-oxygen metabolism and slowed cognitive loss in the experimental senescence mice, and clinical and blood tests showed that HAYED (5) was innoxious to the kidney, the liver and blood and offset the AD-associated inflammation and anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyou Zou
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China; Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China; Biochemistry Department, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47906, USA.
| | - Jing Cai
- Genetic Department of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, JS 210000, China
| | - Aiguo Zhong
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yong Zhou
- Clinical Laboratory of Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China.
| | - Zengxian Wang
- Medical Image Center of Affiliated Hospital of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China.
| | - Zhongmin Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yue Yang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xin Li
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xiaoying Cheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jie Tan
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
| | - Yihao Fan
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yuxiang Lu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Liu Yang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | | | - Qiang Zhao
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Derong Fu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Qiqiong Shen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shi Bai
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lijuan Wu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yongfeng Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jiaren Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Hongjie Zheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Hongdian Wang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yingjie Lou
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yarong Ding
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shiyi Shen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Ying Ye
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lifen Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yukai Lin
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Jue Huang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Kechun Zou
- Shangli Teacher Training School, Pingxiang, JX 337009, China
| | - Jianxing Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Baohua Bian
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Chengbo Huang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Cuiping Rong
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
| | - Limiao Dai
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yali Xu
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Lin Cheng
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Ye Chen
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Yewen Luo
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Medical School of Taizhou University, Taizhou, ZJ 318000, China
| | - Liangxian Li
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Neuroscience, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, GX 541199, China
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Fernandez A, Santi A, Torres Aleman I. Insulin Peptides as Mediators of the Impact of Life Style in Alzheimer's disease. Brain Plast 2018; 4:3-15. [PMID: 30564544 PMCID: PMC6297900 DOI: 10.3233/bpl-180071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The search for the cause of Alzheimer's disease (AD), that affects millions of people worldwide, is currently one of the most important scientific endeavors from a clinical perspective. There are so many mechanisms proposed, and so disparate changes observed, that it is becoming a challenging task to provide a comprehensive view of possible pathogenic processes in AD. Tauopathy (intracellular neurofibrillary tangles) and amyloidosis (extracellular amyloid plaques) are the anatomical hallmarks of the disease, and the formation of these proteinaceous aggregates in specific brain areas is widely held as the ultimate pathogenic mechanism. However, the triggers of this dysproteostasis process remain unknown. Further, neurofibrillary tangles and plaques may only constitute the last stages of a process of still uncertain origin. Thus, without an established knowledge of its etiology, and no cure in the horizon, prevention - or merely delaying its development, has become a last-resort goal in AD research. As with other success stories in preventive medicine, epidemiological studies have provided basic knowledge of risk factors in AD that may contribute to understand its etiology. Disregarding old age, gender, and ApoE4 genotype as non preventable risk factors, there are diverse life-style traits - many of them closely related to cardiovascular health, that have been associated to AD risk. Most prominent among them are diet, physical and mental activity, exposure to stress, and sleep/wake patterns. We argue that all these life-style factors engage insulinergic pathways that affect brain function, providing a potentially unifying thread for life-style and AD risk. Although further studies are needed to firmly establish a link between faulty insulinergic function and AD, we herein summarize the evidence that this link should be thoroughly considered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - A. Santi
- Cajal Institute and Ciberned, Madrid, Spain
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47
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Alzheimer's Aβ
1‐40
peptide degradation by thermolysin: evidence of inhibition by a C‐terminal Aβ product. FEBS Lett 2018; 593:128-137. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Song F, Liu T, Meng S, Li F, Zhang Y, Jiang L. Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Alleviates Expression of Aβ 1-40 and α-, β-, and γ-Secretases in the Cortex and Hippocampus of APP/PS1 Double Transgenic Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 66:595-603. [PMID: 30414017 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-018-1201-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
To examine the effect of subcutaneous injection of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) on the expression of the amyloid protein (Aβ1-40), α-secretase (ADAM10), β-secretase (BACE1), and γ-secretase (PS1) in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. APP/PS1 double transgenic mice and wild-type mice were divided into wild-type group, wild-type therapy group, transgenome group, and transgenic therapy group. Subcutaneous injection of IGF-1 (50 μg/kg day) was administered once daily to the wild-type therapy group and transgenic therapy group for 8 weeks, respectively. The expression of the Aβ1-40 in the cortex and hippocampus was detected by immunohistochemistry 8 weeks after administration. The levels of Aβ1-40, DAM10, BACE1, and PS1 were analysed by Western blot. The expression of the Aβ1-40 in the cortex of the gene therapy group was significantly lower than that of the transgenome group (p < 0.05). In APP/PS1 double transgenic mice, BACE1 expression was markedly higher in both the hippocampus (p < 0.001, p = 0.00009) and the cortex (p = 0.001), compared to that of the wild-type mice. The treatment of IGF-1 markedly reduced ADAM10 expression in the hippocampus in both transgenic mice and wild-type mice (p < 0.05), whereas the treatment mainly decreased BACE1 expression in transgenic mice but not in the wild-type mice (p < 0.05). No significant differences in PS1 levels were detected in all groups. IGF decreased Aβ1-40 over-expression in the cortex and hippocampus and might inhibit the damage induced by Aβ1-40 in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice. Our study suggests that IGF-1 should inhibit Aβ production through α-secretase and β-secretase but not γ-secretase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Song
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Liu
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyan Meng
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengqing Li
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yina Zhang
- Department of Geriatric, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lihong Jiang
- Department of General Practice, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang District, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China.
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Storck SE, Hartz AM, Bernard J, Wolf A, Kachlmeier A, Mahringer A, Weggen S, Pahnke J, Pietrzik CU. The concerted amyloid-beta clearance of LRP1 and ABCB1/P-gp across the blood-brain barrier is linked by PICALM. Brain Behav Immun 2018; 73:21-33. [PMID: 30041013 PMCID: PMC7748946 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2018.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of neurotoxic amyloid-beta (Aβ) in the brain is a characteristic hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) provides a large surface area and has been shown to be an important mediator for removal of brain Aβ. Both, the ABC transporter P-glycoprotein (ABCB1/P-gp) and the receptor low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1) have been implicated to play crucial roles in Aβ efflux from brain. Here, with immunoprecipitation experiments, co-immunostainings and dual inhibition of ABCB1/P-gp and LRP1, we show that both proteins are functionally linked, mediating a concerted transcytosis of Aβ through endothelial cells. Late-onset AD risk factor Phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) is associated with both ABCB1/P-gp and LRP1 representing a functional link and guiding both proteins through the brain endothelium. Together, our results give more mechanistic insight on Aβ transport across the BBB and show that the functional interplay of different clearance proteins is needed for the rapid removal of Aβ from the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen E. Storck
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anika M.S. Hartz
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Nutritional Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Jessica Bernard
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Andrea Wolf
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Minnesota, Duluth, MN, United States
| | - André Kachlmeier
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anne Mahringer
- Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sascha Weggen
- Department of Neuropathology, Heinrich Heine University Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Jens Pahnke
- University of Oslo (UiO) & Oslo University Hospital (OUS), Department of Neuro-/Pathology, Oslo, Norway,University of Lübeck (UzL), LIED, Lübeck, Germany,Leibniz-Institute of Plant Biochemistry (IPB), Department for Bioorganic Chemistry, Halle, Germany,University of Latvia (UL), Department of Pharmacology, Riga, Latvia
| | - Claus U. Pietrzik
- Institute for Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany,Corresponding author at: University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg-University of Mainz, Institute for Pathobiochemistry, Molecular Neurodegeneration, Duesbergweg 6, 55099 Mainz, Germany. (C.U. Pietrzik)
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50
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Stefanidis L, Fusco ND, Cooper SE, Smith-Carpenter JE, Alper BJ. Molecular Determinants of Substrate Specificity in Human Insulin-Degrading Enzyme. Biochemistry 2018; 57:4903-4914. [PMID: 30004674 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Insulin-degrading enzyme (IDE) is a 110 kDa chambered zinc metalloendopeptidase that degrades insulin, amyloid β, and other intermediate-sized aggregation prone peptides that adopt β-structures. Structural studies of IDE in complex with multiple physiological substrates have suggested a role for hydrophobic and aromatic residues of the IDE active site in substrate binding and catalysis. Here, we examine functional requirements for conserved hydrophobic and aromatic IDE active site residues that are positioned within 4.5 Å of IDE-bound insulin B chain and amyloid β peptides in the reported crystal structures for the respective enzyme-substrate complexes. Charge, size, hydrophobicity, aromaticity, and other functional group requirements for substrate binding IDE active site residues were examined through mutational analysis of the recombinant human enzyme and enzyme kinetic studies conducted using native and fluorogenic derivatives of human insulin and amyloid β peptides. A functional requirement for IDE active site residues F115, A140, F141, Y150, W199, F202, F820, and Y831 was established, and specific contributions of residue charge, size, and hydrophobicity to substrate binding, specificity, and proteolysis were demonstrated. IDE mutant alleles that exhibited enhanced or diminished proteolytic activity toward insulin or amyloid β peptides and derivative substrates were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lazaros Stefanidis
- Department of Chemistry , Sacred Heart University , Fairfield , Connecticut 06825 , United States
| | - Nicholas D Fusco
- Department of Chemistry , Sacred Heart University , Fairfield , Connecticut 06825 , United States
| | - Samantha E Cooper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Fairfield University , Fairfield , Connecticut 06824 , United States
| | - Jillian E Smith-Carpenter
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Fairfield University , Fairfield , Connecticut 06824 , United States
| | - Benjamin J Alper
- Department of Chemistry , Sacred Heart University , Fairfield , Connecticut 06825 , United States
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