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Yoshimaru K, Matsuura T, Uchida Y, Sonoda S, Maeda S, Kajihara K, Kawano Y, Shirai T, Toriigahara Y, Kalim AS, Zhang XY, Takahashi Y, Kawakubo N, Nagata K, Yamaza H, Yamaza T, Taguchi T, Tajiri T. Cutting-edge regenerative therapy for Hirschsprung disease and its allied disorders. Surg Today 2024; 54:977-994. [PMID: 37668735 DOI: 10.1007/s00595-023-02741-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
Hirschsprung disease (HSCR) and its associated disorders (AD-HSCR) often result in severe hypoperistalsis caused by enteric neuropathy, mesenchymopathy, and myopathy. Notably, HSCR involving the small intestine, isolated hypoganglionosis, chronic idiopathic intestinal pseudo-obstruction, and megacystis-microcolon-intestinal hypoperistalsis syndrome carry a poor prognosis. Ultimately, small-bowel transplantation (SBTx) is necessary for refractory cases, but it is highly invasive and outcomes are less than optimal, despite advances in surgical techniques and management. Thus, regenerative therapy has come to light as a potential form of treatment involving regeneration of the enteric nervous system, mesenchyme, and smooth muscle in affected areas. We review the cutting-edge regenerative therapeutic approaches for managing HSCR and AD-HSCR, including the use of enteric nervous system progenitor cells, embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and mesenchymal stem cells as cell sources, the recipient intestine's microenvironment, and transplantation methods. Perspectives on the future of these treatments are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Yoshimaru
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Uchida
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Soichiro Sonoda
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shohei Maeda
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kajihara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yuki Kawano
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takeshi Shirai
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Miyazaki Prefectural Miyazaki Hospital, 5-30 Kitatakamatsu-cho, Miyazaki, Miyazaki, 880-8510, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Toriigahara
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Alvin Santoso Kalim
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Xiu-Ying Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757, Asahimachi-dori, Chuo-ku, Niigata, Japan
| | - Naonori Kawakubo
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kouji Nagata
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Haruyoshi Yamaza
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Yamaza
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Oral Anatomy, Kyushu University Graduate School of Dental Science, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Taguchi
- Fukuoka College of Health Sciences, 2-15-1 Tamura, Sawara-ku, Fukuoka, 814-0193, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Tajiri
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Reproductive and Developmental Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1, Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
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Llorente C. Isolation of Myenteric and Submucosal Plexus from Mouse Gastrointestinal Tract and Subsequent Co-Culture with Small Intestinal Organoids. Cells 2024; 13:815. [PMID: 38786037 PMCID: PMC11120043 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Intestinal homeostasis results from the proper interplay among epithelial cells, the enteric nervous system (ENS), interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs), smooth muscle cells, the immune system, and the microbiota. The disruption of this balance underpins the onset of gastrointestinal-related diseases. The scarcity of models replicating the intricate interplay between the ENS and the intestinal epithelium highlights the imperative for developing novel methods. We have pioneered a sophisticated tridimensional in vitro technique, coculturing small intestinal organoids with myenteric and submucosal neurons. Notably, we have made significant advances in (1) refining the isolation technique for culturing the myenteric plexus, (2) enhancing the isolation of the submucosal plexus-both yielding mixed cultures of enteric neurons and glial cells from both plexuses, and (3) subsequently co-culturing myenteric and submucosal neurons with small intestinal organoids. This co-culture system establishes neural innervations with intestinal organoids, allowing for the investigation of regulatory interactions in the context of gastrointestinal diseases. Furthermore, we have developed a method for microinjecting the luminal space of small intestinal organoids with fluorescently labeled compounds. This technique possesses broad applicability such as the assessment of intestinal permeability, transcytosis, and immunocytochemical and immunofluorescence applications. This microinjection method could be extended to alternative experimental setups, incorporating bacterial species, or applying treatments to study ENS-small intestinal epithelium interactions. Therefore, this technique serves as a valuable tool for evaluating the intricate interplay between neuronal and intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and shows great potential for drug screening, gene editing, the development of novel therapies, the modeling of infectious diseases, and significant advances in regenerative medicine. The co-culture establishment process spans twelve days, making it a powerful asset for comprehensive research in this critical field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Llorente
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
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Yao H, Shi H, Jiang C, Fan M, Zhang Y, Qian W, Lin R. L-Fucose promotes enteric nervous system regeneration in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting SMAD2 signaling pathway in enteric neural precursor cells. Cell Commun Signal 2023; 21:273. [PMID: 37798789 PMCID: PMC10552466 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-023-01311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes can lead to extensive damage to the enteric nervous system (ENS), causing gastrointestinal motility disorders. However, there is currently a lack of effective treatments for diabetes-induced ENS damage. Enteric neural precursor cells (ENPCs) closely regulate the structural and functional integrity of the ENS. L-Fucose, is a dietary sugar that has been showed to effectively ameliorate central nervous system injuries, but its potential for ameliorating ENS damage and the involvement of ENPCs in this process remains uncertain. METHODS Genetically engineered mice were generated for lineage tracing of ENPCs in vivo. Using diabetic mice in vivo and high glucose-treated primary ENPCs in vitro, the effects of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs was evaluated by assessing gastrointestinal motility, ENS structure, and the differentiation of ENPCs. The key signaling pathways in regulating neurogenesis and neural precursor cells properties, transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) and its downstream signaling pathways were further examined to clarify the potential mechanism of L-Fucose on the injured ENS and ENPCs. RESULTS L-Fucose improved gastrointestinal motility in diabetic mice, including increased defecation frequency (p < 0.05), reduced total gastrointestinal transmission time (p < 0.001) and bead expulsion time (p < 0.05), as well as enhanced spontaneous contractility and electric field stimulation-induced contraction response in isolated colonic muscle strips (p < 0.001). The decrease in the number of neurons and glial cells in the ENS of diabetic mice were reversed by L-Fucose treatment. More importantly, L-Fucose treatment significantly promoted the proportion of ENPCs differentiated into neurons and glial cells both in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibiting SMAD2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS L-Fucose could promote neurogenesis and gliogenesis derived from ENPCs by inhibiting the SMAD2 signaling, thus facilitating ENS regeneration and gastrointestinal motility recovery in type 1 diabetic mice. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailing Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Huiying Shi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Mengke Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Rong Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China.
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Chen JC, Yang W, Tseng LY, Chang HL. Enteric neurospheres retain the capacity to assemble neural networks with motile and metamorphic gliocytes and ganglia. Stem Cell Res Ther 2023; 14:290. [PMID: 37798638 PMCID: PMC10557225 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-023-03517-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neurosphere medium (NSM) and self-renewal medium (SRM) were widely used to isolate enteric neural stem cells (ENSCs) in the form of neurospheres. ENSCs or their neurosphere forms were neurogenic and gliogenic, but the compelling evidence for their capacity of assembling enteric neural networks remained lacking, raising the question of their aptitude for rebuilding the enteric nervous system (ENS) in ENSC therapeutics. It prompted us to explore an effective culture protocol or strategy for assembling ENS networks, which might also be employed as an in vitro model to simplify the biological complexity of ENS embedded in gut walls. METHODS NSM and SRM were examined for their capacity to generate neurospheres in mass culture of dispersed murine fetal enterocytes at serially diluted doses and assemble enteric neural networks in two- and three-dimensional cell culture systems and ex vivo on gut explants. Time-lapse microphotography was employed to capture cell activities of assembled neural networks. Neurosphere transplantation was performed via rectal submucosal injection. RESULTS In mass culture of dispersed enterocytes, NSM generated discrete units of neurospheres, whereas SRM promoted neural network assembly with neurospheres akin to enteric ganglia. Both were highly affected by seeding cell doses. SRM had similar ENSC mitosis-driving capacity to NSM, but was superior in driving ENSC differentiation in company with heightened ENSC apoptosis. Enteric neurospheres were motile, capable of merging together. It argued against their clonal entities. When nurtured in SRM, enteric neurospheres proved competent to assemble neural networks on two-dimensional coverslips, in three-dimensional hydrogels and on gut explants. In the course of neural network assembly from enteric neurospheres, neurite extension was preceded by migratory expansion of gliocytes. Assembled neural networks contained motile ganglia and gliocytes that constantly underwent shapeshift. Neurospheres transplanted into rectal submucosa might reconstitute myenteric plexuses of recipients' rectum. CONCLUSION Enteric neurospheres mass-produced in NSM might assemble neural networks in SRM-immersed two- or three-dimensional environments and on gut explants, and reconstitute myenteric plexuses of the colon after rectal submucosal transplantation. Our results also shed first light on the dynamic entity of ENS and open the experimental avenues to explore cellular activities of ENS and facilitate ENS demystification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Chang Chen
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Shin Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan.
| | - Wendy Yang
- Department of Surgery, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, 5, Fu-Shin Street, Kweishan, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 100, Taiwan
| | - Li-Yun Tseng
- Pediatric Research Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ling Chang
- Pediatric Research Center, Chang Gung Children's Hospital, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 333, Taiwan
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Windster JD, Sacchetti A, Schaaf GJ, Bindels EM, Hofstra RM, Wijnen RM, Sloots CE, Alves MM. A combinatorial panel for flow cytometry-based isolation of enteric nervous system cells from human intestine. EMBO Rep 2023; 24:e55789. [PMID: 36852936 PMCID: PMC10074091 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202255789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Efficient isolation of neurons and glia from the human enteric nervous system (ENS) is challenging because of their rare and fragile nature. Here, we describe a staining panel to enrich ENS cells from the human intestine by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). We find that CD56/CD90/CD24 co-expression labels ENS cells with higher specificity and resolution than previous methods. Surprisingly, neuronal (CD24, TUBB3) and glial (SOX10) selective markers appear co-expressed by all ENS cells. We demonstrate that this contradictory staining pattern is mainly driven by neuronal fragments, either free or attached to glial cells, which are the most abundant cell types. Live neurons can be enriched by the highest CD24 and CD90 levels. By applying our protocol to isolate ENS cells for single-cell RNA sequencing, we show that these cells can be obtained with high quality, enabling interrogation of the human ENS transcriptome. Taken together, we present a selective FACS protocol that allows enrichment and discrimination of human ENS cells, opening up new avenues to study this complex system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Windster
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Sacchetti
- Department of Pathology, Josephine Nefkens Institute, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Gerben J Schaaf
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Center for Lysosomal and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Mj Bindels
- Department of Hematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Mw Hofstra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rene Mh Wijnen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelius Ej Sloots
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria M Alves
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Enteric neurosphere cells injected into rectal submucosa might migrate caudorostrally to reconstitute enteric ganglia along the entire length of postnatal colon. STEM CELL RESEARCH & THERAPY 2022; 13:498. [PMID: 36210457 PMCID: PMC9549611 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-022-03187-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background In enteric neural stem cell (ENSC) therapy for enteric neuropathy, the gut is ostensibly accessible via laparotomy, laparoscopy or endoscopy, whereas its elongated configuration and multilayered structures substantially complicate the targeting of ENSC delivery. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility of ENSC delivery via trans-anal rectal submucosal injection. Methods ENSC transplantation was conducted in an immunologically compatible model of FVB/NCrl-Tg(Pgk1-EGFP)01Narl into FVB/N murine strain combination. Enteric neurospheres were mass-produced by the cultivation of dispersed enterocytes harvested from gestational day 14 FVB/NCrl-Tg(Pgk1-EGFP)01Narl murine fetuses. Dissociated neurosphere cells were injected into rectal submucosa of adult FVB/N mice after artificial prolapse of rectal mucosa. Ganglion reconstitution in recipients’ colon was examined by immunohistochemcal and immunofluorescence staining. Results Cell spreading and ganglion assembly in recipients’ colorectum were examined one week after transplantation. Donor ENSCs migrated rostrally within the colonic wall to intermuscularly repopulate the neighboring colorectum and assemble myenteric ganglia. It contributed to a chimeric state of myenteric plexuses with donor-origin ganglia of 41.2–67.5%. Two months later, transplanted ENSCs had undergone long-distance caudorostral migration almost up to the cecum to reconstitute myenteric and submucosal ganglia along the entire length of the colon. Conclusion This proof-of-principle study provided a viable justification for minimally invasive rectal ENSC transplantation to create long-term and long-range reconstitution of enteric ganglia. It opens up the new approach to ENSC delivery in laboratory animals and casts light on the feasibility of replacing damaged or replenishing missing enteric neurons by trans-anal rectal ENSC transplantation. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13287-022-03187-2.
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Enteric Neural Network Assembly Was Promoted by Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor and Vitamin A but Inhibited by Epidermal Growth Factor. Cells 2022; 11:cells11182841. [PMID: 36139415 PMCID: PMC9496868 DOI: 10.3390/cells11182841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extending well beyond the original use of propagating neural precursors from the central nervous system and dorsal root ganglia, neurosphere medium (NSM) and self-renewal medium (SRM) are two distinct formulas with widespread popularity in enteric neural stem cell (ENSC) applications. However, it remains unknown what growth factors or nutrients are crucial to ENSC development, let alone whether the discrepancy in their components may affect the outcomes of ENSC culture. Dispersed enterocytes from murine fetal gut were nurtured in NSM, SRM or their modifications by selective component elimination or addition to assess their effects on ENSC development. NSM generated neuriteless neurospheres, whereas SRM, even deprived of chicken embryo extract, might wire ganglia together to assemble neural networks. The distinct outcomes came from epidermal growth factor, which inhibited enteric neuronal wiring in NSM. In contrast, basic fibroblast growth factor promoted enteric neurogenesis, gangliogenesis, and neuronal wiring. Moreover, vitamin A derivatives might facilitate neuronal maturation evidenced by p75 downregulation during ENSC differentiation toward enteric neurons to promote gangliogenesis and network assembly. Our results might help to better manipulate ENSC propagation and differentiation in vitro, and open a new avenue for the study of enteric neuronal neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis.
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Leven P, Schneider R, Siemens KD, Jackson WS, Wehner S. Application of a RiboTag-based approach to generate and analyze mRNA from enteric neural cells. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2022; 34:e14309. [PMID: 34939271 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcriptional profiling of specific intestinal cell populations under health and disease is generally based on traditional sorting approaches followed by gene expression analysis. Therein, specific cell populations are identified either by expressing reporter genes under a cell type-specific promotor or by specific surface antigens. This method provides adequate results for blood-derived and tissue-resident immune cells. However, in stromal cell analysis, cellular stress due to digestion often results in degraded RNA. Particularly, ramified cells integrated into the tissue, such as enteric neurons and glial cells, suffer from these procedures. These cell types are involved in various intestinal processes, including a prominent immune-regulatory role, which requires suitable approaches to generate cell-specific transcriptional profiles. METHODS Sox10iCreERT2 and choline acetyltransferase (ChATCre ) mice were crossed with mice labeling the ribosomal Rpl22 protein upon Cre activity with a hemagglutinin tag (Rpl22-HA, termed RiboTag). This approach enabled cellular targeting of enteric glia and neurons and the immediate isolation of cell-specific mRNA from tissue lysates without the need for cell sorting. KEY RESULTS We verified the specific expression of Rpl22-HA in enteric glia and neurons and provided gene expression data demonstrating a successful enrichment of either Sox-10+ glial or ChAT+ neuronal mRNAs by the RiboTag-mRNA procedure using qPCR and RNA-Seq analysis. CONCLUSIONS AND INFERENCES We present a robust and selective protocol that allows the generation of cell type-specific transcriptional in vivo snapshots of distinct enteric cell populations that will be especially useful for various intestinal disease models involving peripheral neural cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Leven
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Kevin D Siemens
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Walker S Jackson
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sven Wehner
- Department of Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wang Y, Xu X, Lin L. Prucalopride might improve intestinal motility by promoting the regeneration of the enteric nervous system in diabetic rats. Int J Mol Med 2022; 50:87. [PMID: 35543167 PMCID: PMC9162040 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2022.5143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate whether prucalopride, as a 5-hydroxytryptamine 4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist, improved intestinal motility by promoting the regeneration of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in rats with diabetes mellitus (DM). A rat model of DM was established using an intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin. The rats were randomly divided into four groups of 6 rats/group: Control, DM (DM model), DM + A (5 µg/kg prucalopride) and DM + B (10 µg/kg prucalopride). The rats in the Control group were given an equal volume of citric acid solvent. After successful model establishment, high blood glucose levels were maintained for 2 weeks before administration of prucalopride. The colonic transit time was measured using the glass bead discharge method. It was revealed that the colonic transit time of diabetic rats was the longest, and this was significantly shortened in the DM + B group. Subsequently, the colons were collected. The expression levels of Nestin, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), SOX10, RNA-binding protein human antigen D (HuD) and ubiquitin thiolesterase (PGP9.5) were determined via immunohistochemical analysis. Immunofluorescence double staining of 5-HT4 + Nestin and Ki67 + Nestin was performed. The 5-HT level was measured using ELISA. Compared with that in the control group, Nestin expression was significantly increased in the DM and DM + A groups, and it was concentrated in columnar epithelial cells and the mesenchyme. Furthermore, the expression levels of Nestin in the DM + A group were higher than those in the DM group. No difference was observed in the expression levels of Nestin between the DM + B group and the Control group. The expression levels of 5-HT protein were highest in the Control group; however, the expression levels of 5-HT protein in the DM group, DM + A group and DM + B group exhibited an increasing trend. Similar trends in the expression of 5-HT4 and Nestin were not observed; however, similar trends in the expression of Nestin and Ki67 were observed. The expression levels of GFAP, SOX10, PGP9.5 and Ki67 in the DM + A and DM + B groups were higher compared with those in the DM group. In the DM + A group, HuD expression was decreased compared with that in the Control group but it was markedly higher compared with that in the DM group. In conclusion, prucalopride may improve intestinal motility by promoting ENS regeneration in rats with DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
| | - Xinyu Xu
- Department of Spleen and Stomach Disease, Nanjing Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210014, P.R. China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, P.R. China
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Abstract
The carotid body (CB) is a bilateral arterial chemoreceptor located in the carotid artery bifurcation with an essential role in cardiorespiratory homeostasis. It is composed of highly perfused cell clusters, or glomeruli, innervated by sensory fibers. Glomus cells, the most abundant in each glomerulus, are neuron-like multimodal sensory elements able to detect and integrate changes in several physical and chemical parameters of the blood, in particular O2 tension, CO2 and pH, as well as glucose, lactate, or blood flow. Activation of glomus cells (e.g., during hypoxia or hypercapnia) stimulates the afferent fibers which impinge on brainstem neurons to elicit rapid compensatory responses (hyperventilation and sympathetic activation). This chapter presents an updated view of the structural organization of the CB and the mechanisms underlying the chemosensory responses of glomus cells, with special emphasis on the molecular processes responsible for acute O2 sensing. The properties of the glomus cell-sensory fiber synapse as well as the organization of CB output are discussed. The chapter includes the description of recently discovered CB stem cells and progenitor cells, and their role in CB growth during acclimatization to hypoxemia. Finally, the participation of the CB in the mechanisms of disease is briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- José López-Barneo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC)/Universidad de Sevilla, Seville, Spain; Biomedical Research Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain.
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Farina AR, Cappabianca LA, Zelli V, Sebastiano M, Mackay AR. Mechanisms involved in selecting and maintaining neuroblastoma cancer stem cell populations, and perspectives for therapeutic targeting. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:685-736. [PMID: 34367474 PMCID: PMC8316860 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pediatric neuroblastomas (NBs) are heterogeneous, aggressive, therapy-resistant embryonal tumours that originate from cells of neural crest (NC) origin and in particular neuroblasts committed to the sympathoadrenal progenitor cell lineage. Therapeutic resistance, post-therapeutic relapse and subsequent metastatic NB progression are driven primarily by cancer stem cell (CSC)-like subpopulations, which through their self-renewing capacity, intermittent and slow cell cycles, drug-resistant and reversibly adaptive plastic phenotypes, represent the most important obstacle to improving therapeutic outcomes in unfavourable NBs. In this review, dedicated to NB CSCs and the prospects for their therapeutic eradication, we initiate with brief descriptions of the unique transient vertebrate embryonic NC structure and salient molecular protagonists involved NC induction, specification, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and migratory behaviour, in order to familiarise the reader with the embryonic cellular and molecular origins and background to NB. We follow this by introducing NB and the potential NC-derived stem/progenitor cell origins of NBs, before providing a comprehensive review of the salient molecules, signalling pathways, mechanisms, tumour microenvironmental and therapeutic conditions involved in promoting, selecting and maintaining NB CSC subpopulations, and that underpin their therapy-resistant, self-renewing metastatic behaviour. Finally, we review potential therapeutic strategies and future prospects for targeting and eradication of these bastions of NB therapeutic resistance, post-therapeutic relapse and metastatic progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Lucia Annamaria Cappabianca
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Veronica Zelli
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Michela Sebastiano
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila 67100, AQ, Italy.
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12
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Ritter KE, Buehler DP, Asher SB, Deal KK, Zhao S, Guo Y, Southard-Smith EM. 5-HT3 Signaling Alters Development of Sacral Neural Crest Derivatives That Innervate the Lower Urinary Tract. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136838. [PMID: 34202161 PMCID: PMC8269166 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The autonomic nervous system derives from the neural crest (NC) and supplies motor innervation to the smooth muscle of visceral organs, including the lower urinary tract (LUT). During fetal development, sacral NC cells colonize the urogenital sinus to form pelvic ganglia (PG) flanking the bladder neck. The coordinated activity of PG neurons is required for normal urination; however, little is known about the development of PG neuronal diversity. To discover candidate genes involved in PG neurogenesis, the transcriptome profiling of sacral NC and developing PG was performed, and we identified the enrichment of the type 3 serotonin receptor (5-HT3, encoded by Htr3a and Htr3b). We determined that Htr3a is one of the first serotonin receptor genes that is up-regulated in sacral NC progenitors and is maintained in differentiating PG neurons. In vitro cultures showed that the disruption of 5-HT3 signaling alters the differentiation outcomes of sacral NC cells, while the stimulation of 5-HT3 in explanted fetal pelvic ganglia severely diminished neurite arbor outgrowth. Overall, this study provides a valuable resource for the analysis of signaling pathways in PG development, identifies 5-HT3 as a novel regulator of NC lineage diversification and neuronal maturation in the peripheral nervous system, and indicates that the perturbation of 5-HT3 signaling in gestation has the potential to alter bladder function later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Elaine Ritter
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.E.R.); (D.P.B.); (S.B.A.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Dennis P. Buehler
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.E.R.); (D.P.B.); (S.B.A.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Stephanie B. Asher
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.E.R.); (D.P.B.); (S.B.A.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Karen K. Deal
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.E.R.); (D.P.B.); (S.B.A.); (K.K.D.)
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yan Guo
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (S.Z.); (Y.G.)
| | - E Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; (K.E.R.); (D.P.B.); (S.B.A.); (K.K.D.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Höving AL, Windmöller BA, Knabbe C, Kaltschmidt B, Kaltschmidt C, Greiner JFW. Between Fate Choice and Self-Renewal-Heterogeneity of Adult Neural Crest-Derived Stem Cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:662754. [PMID: 33898464 PMCID: PMC8060484 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.662754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Stem cells of the neural crest (NC) vitally participate to embryonic development, but also remain in distinct niches as quiescent neural crest-derived stem cell (NCSC) pools into adulthood. Although NCSC-populations share a high capacity for self-renewal and differentiation resulting in promising preclinical applications within the last two decades, inter- and intrapopulational differences exist in terms of their expression signatures and regenerative capability. Differentiation and self-renewal of stem cells in developmental and regenerative contexts are partially regulated by the niche or culture condition and further influenced by single cell decision processes, making cell-to-cell variation and heterogeneity critical for understanding adult stem cell populations. The present review summarizes current knowledge of the cellular heterogeneity within NCSC-populations located in distinct craniofacial and trunk niches including the nasal cavity, olfactory bulb, oral tissues or skin. We shed light on the impact of intrapopulational heterogeneity on fate specifications and plasticity of NCSCs in their niches in vivo as well as during in vitro culture. We further discuss underlying molecular regulators determining fate specifications of NCSCs, suggesting a regulatory network including NF-κB and NC-related transcription factors like SLUG and SOX9 accompanied by Wnt- and MAPK-signaling to orchestrate NCSC stemness and differentiation. In summary, adult NCSCs show a broad heterogeneity on the level of the donor and the donors' sex, the cell population and the single stem cell directly impacting their differentiation capability and fate choices in vivo and in vitro. The findings discussed here emphasize heterogeneity of NCSCs as a crucial parameter for understanding their role in tissue homeostasis and regeneration and for improving their applicability in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna L. Höving
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
| | - Beatrice A. Windmöller
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Cornelius Knabbe
- Institute for Laboratory- and Transfusion Medicine, Heart and Diabetes Centre North Rhine-Westphalia (NRW), Ruhr University Bochum, Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Barbara Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
- Molecular Neurobiology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Christian Kaltschmidt
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Johannes F. W. Greiner
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Bielefeld, Bielefeld, Germany
- Forschungsverbund BioMedizin Bielefeld FBMB e.V., Bielefeld, Germany
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14
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Pilon N. Treatment and Prevention of Neurocristopathies. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:451-468. [PMID: 33627291 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurocristopathies form a heterogeneous group of rare diseases caused by abnormal development of neural crest cells. Heterogeneity of neurocristopathies directly relates to the nature of these migratory and multipotent cells, which generate dozens of specialized cell types throughout the body. Neurocristopathies are thus characterized by congenital malformations of tissues/organs that otherwise appear to have very little in common, such as the craniofacial skeleton and enteric nervous system. Treatment options are currently very limited, mainly consisting of corrective surgeries. Yet, as reviewed here, analyses of normal and pathological neural crest development in model organisms have opened up the possibility for better treatment options involving cellular and molecular approaches. These approaches provide hope that some neurocristopathies might soon be curable or preventable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Pilon
- Molecular Genetics of Development Laboratory, Département des Sciences Biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal H3C 3P8, Québec, Canada; Centre d'Excellence en Recherche sur les Maladies Orphelines - Fondation Courtois (CERMO-FC), Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal H2X 3Y7, Québec, Canada; Département de Pédiatrie, Université de Montréal, Montréal H3T 1C5, Québec, Canada.
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15
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Tandukar B, Kalapurakal E, Hornyak TJ. B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice: A standardized mouse model for in vivo characterization of melanocyte development and stem cell differentiation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:905-917. [PMID: 33544968 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are key components of the hair follicle (HF) stem cell system that regenerate differentiated melanocytes during successive HF cycles. To facilitate continued research on melanocyte development and differentiation and McSCs, we backcrossed inducible Dct-H2BGFP mice into the C57BL/6J background (B6-Dct-H2BGFP). We compared the expression pattern of B6-Dct-H2BGFP to that of Dct-H2BGFP mice on a mixed genetic background reported previously. To characterize B6-Dct-H2BGFP mice, we confirmed not only the expression of GFP in all melanocyte lineage cells, but also doxycycline regulation of GFP expression. Furthermore, ex vivo culture of the McSC subsets isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) showed the propensity of bulge/CD34+ McSCs to differentiate with expression of non-melanocytic, neural crest lineage markers including glia (Gfap and CNPase, 73 ± 1% and 77 ± 2%, respectively), neurons (Tuj1 26 ± 5%), and smooth muscle (α-Sma, 31 ± 9%). In contrast, CD34-/secondary hair germ (SHG) McSCs differentiated into pigmented melanocytes, with higher expression of melanogenic markers Tyr (71 ± 1%), Tyrp1 (68 ± 4%), and Mitf (75 ± 7%). These results establish the utility of B6-Dct-H2BGFP bitransgenic mice for future in vivo studies of melanocytes requiring a defined genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Emmanual Kalapurakal
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, Baltimore, MD, USA
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16
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Soto J, Ding X, Wang A, Li S. Neural crest-like stem cells for tissue regeneration. Stem Cells Transl Med 2021; 10:681-693. [PMID: 33533168 PMCID: PMC8046096 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are a transient population of cells that arise during early vertebrate development and harbor stem cell properties, such as self‐renewal and multipotency. These cells form at the interface of non‐neuronal ectoderm and neural tube and undergo extensive migration whereupon they contribute to a diverse array of cell and tissue derivatives, ranging from craniofacial tissues to cells of the peripheral nervous system. Neural crest‐like stem cells (NCLSCs) can be derived from pluripotent stem cells, placental tissues, adult tissues, and somatic cell reprogramming. NCLSCs have a differentiation capability similar to NCSCs, and possess great potential for regenerative medicine applications. In this review, we present recent developments on the various approaches to derive NCLSCs and the therapeutic application of these cells for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Soto
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Xili Ding
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Aijun Wang
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California Davis, Sacramento, California, USA.,Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, California, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Song Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA
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17
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Masood MI, Naseem M, Warda SA, Tapia-Laliena MÁ, Rehman HU, Nasim MJ, Schäfer KH. Environment permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water can influence the fate of neural stem cells from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 270:116179. [PMID: 33348142 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The developing nervous system is highly vulnerable to environmental toxicants especially pesticides. Glyphosate pesticide induces neurotoxicity both in humans and rodents, but so far only when exposed to higher concentrations. A few studies, however, have also reported the risk of general toxicity of glyphosate at concentrations comparable to allowable limits set up by environmental protection authorities. In vitro data regarding glyphosate neurotoxicity at concentrations comparable to maximum permissible concentrations in drinking water is lacking. In the present study, we established an in vitro assay based upon neural stem cells (NSCs) from the subventricular zone of the postnatal mouse to decipher the effects of two maximum permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water on the basic neurogenesis processes. Our results demonstrated that maximum permissible concentrations of glyphosate recognized by environmental protection authorities significantly reduced the cell migration and differentiation of NSCs as demonstrated by the downregulation of the expression levels of the neuronal ß-tubulin III and the astrocytic S100B genes. The expression of the cytoprotective gene CYP1A1 was downregulated whilst the expression of oxidative stresses indicator gene SOD1 was upregulated. The concentration comparable to non-toxic human plasma concentration significantly induced cytotoxicity and activated Ca2+ signalling in the differentiated culture. Our findings demonstrated that the permissible concentrations of glyphosate in drinking water recognized by environmental protection authorities are capable of inducing neurotoxicity in the developing nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany; Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany; Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, 87550, Pakistan
| | - Salam A Warda
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany
| | | | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Jawad Nasim
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, D-66123, Germany
| | - Karl Herbert Schäfer
- Working Group Enteric Nervous System, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Campus Zweibrücken, 66482, Germany; Department of Pediatric Surgery Mannheim, University Medicine Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, 68167, Germany.
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18
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Tian DH, Qin CH, Xu WY, Pan WK, Zhao YY, Zheng BJ, Chen XL, Liu Y, Gao Y, Yu H. Phenotypic and functional comparison of rat enteric neural crest-derived cells during fetal and early-postnatal stages. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:2310-2315. [PMID: 33818517 PMCID: PMC8354115 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.310701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In our previous study, we showed that with increasing time in culture, the growth characteristics of enteric neural crest-derived cells (ENCCs) change, and that the proliferation, migration and neural differentiation potential of these cells in vitro notably diminish. However, there are no studies on the developmental differences in these characteristics between fetal and early-postnatal stages in vitro or in vivo. In this study, we isolated fetal (embryonic day 14.5) and postnatal (postnatal day 2) ENCCs from the intestines of rats. Fetal ENCCs had greater maximum cross-sectional area of the neurospheres, stronger migration ability, and reduced apoptosis, compared with postnatal ENCCs. However, fetal and postnatal ENCCs had a similar differentiation ability. Fetal and postnatal ENCCs both survived after transplant into a rat model of Hirschsprung's disease. In these rats with Hirschsprung's disease, the number of ganglionic cells in the myenteric plexus was higher and the distal intestinal pressure change was greater in animals treated with fetal ENCCs compared with those treated with postnatal ENCCs. These findings suggest that, compared with postnatal ENCCs, fetal ENCCs exhibit higher survival and proliferation and migration abilities, and are therefore a more appropriate seed cell for the treatment of Hirschsprung's disease. This study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University (approval No. 2016086) on March 3, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hao Tian
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Chuan-Hui Qin
- Department of Anorectal, Suizhou Central Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wen-Yao Xu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Wei-Kang Pan
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yu-Ying Zhao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Bai-Jun Zheng
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xin-Lin Chen
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yong Liu
- Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Ya Gao
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Hui Yu
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital; Institute of Neurobiology, Environment and Genes Related to Diseases Key Laboratory of Chinese Ministry of Education, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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Sox10 Is a Specific Biomarker for Neural Crest Stem Cells in Immunohistochemical Staining in Wistar Rats. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:8893703. [PMID: 32908618 PMCID: PMC7477616 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8893703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Objective Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) are prototypically migratory cells immigrating from the dorsal neural tube to specific embryonic sites where they generate a variety of cell types. A lot of biomarkers for NCSCs have been identified. However, which biomarkers are the most specific is still unclear. Methods The rat embryos harvested in embryonic day 9 (E9), E9.5, E10, E10.5, E11, E12, E13, and E14 were paraffin-embedded and sectioned in transverse. NCSCs were spatiotemporally demonstrated by immunohistochemical staining with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. NCSCs were isolated, cultured, and stained with RET, p75NTR, Pax7, and Sox10. Results In the paraffin sections of rat embryos, the immunohistochemical staining of RET, p75NTR, and Sox10 can all be used in demonstrating NCSCs. Sox10 was positive mainly in NCSCs while RET and p75NTR were positive not only in NCSCs but also in other tissue cells. In primary culture cells, Sox10 was mainly in the nucleus of NCSCs, RET was mainly in the membrane, and p75NTR was positive in cytoplasm and membrane. Conclusions Sox10 is the specific marker for immunohistochemical staining of NCSCs in paraffin sections. In cultured cells, Sox10, p75NTR, and RET presented a similar staining effect.
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20
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Masood MI, Schäfer KH, Naseem M, Weyland M, Meiser P. Troxerutin flavonoid has neuroprotective properties and increases neurite outgrowth and migration of neural stem cells from the subventricular zone. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0237025. [PMID: 32797057 PMCID: PMC7428079 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0237025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Troxerutin (TRX) is a water-soluble flavonoid which occurs commonly in the edible plants. Recent studies state that TRX improves the functionality of the nervous system and neutralizes Amyloid-ß induced neuronal toxicity. In this study, an in vitro assay based upon Neural stem cell (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone of the postnatal balb/c mice was established to explore the impact of TRX on individual neurogenesis processes in general and neuroprotective effect against ß-amyloid 1-42 (Aß42) induced inhibition in differentiation in particular. NSCs were identified exploiting immunostaining of the NSCs markers. Neurosphere clonogenic assay and BrdU/Ki67 immunostaining were employed to unravel the impact of TRX on proliferation. Differentiation experiments were carried out for a time span lasting from 48 h to 7 days utilizing ß-tubulin III and GFAP as neuronal and astrocyte marker respectively. Protective effects of TRX on Aß42 induced depression of NSCs differentiation were determined after 48 h of application. A neurosphere migration assay was carried out for 24 h in the presence and absence of TRX. Interestingly, TRX enhanced neuronal differentiation of NSCs in a dose-dependent manner after 48 h and 7 days of incubation and significantly enhanced neurite growth. A higher concentration of TRX also neutralized the inhibitory effects of Aß42 on neurite outgrowth and length after 48 h of incubation. TRX significantly stimulated cell migration. Overall, TRX not only promoted NSCs differentiation and migration but also neutralized the inhibitory effects of Aß42 on NSCs. TRX, therefore, offers an interesting lead structure from the perspective of drug design especially to promote neurogenesis in neurological disorders i.e. Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Irfan Masood
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Saarland University, Saarbrücken, Germany
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Mahrukh Naseem
- Department of Zoology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Maximilian Weyland
- ENS Group, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Zweibrücken, Germany
| | - Peter Meiser
- Medical Scientific Department GM, URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbrücken, Germany
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21
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Yu W, Ishan M, Yao Y, Stice SL, Liu HX. SOX10- Cre-Labeled Cells Under the Tongue Epithelium Serve as Progenitors for Taste Bud Cells That Are Mainly Type III and Keratin 8-Low. Stem Cells Dev 2020; 29:638-647. [PMID: 32098606 PMCID: PMC7232695 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Taste bud cells are specialized epithelial cells that undergo continuous turnover, and thus require active progenitors for their renewal and an intact taste function. Our previous studies suggested that a population of taste bud cells originates from outside of the surrounding tongue epithelium-previously regarded sole source of taste bud progenitors. In this study, we demonstrated that SOX10 (SRY-related HMG-box gene 10)-expressing cells, known to be in the migrating neural crest, were also distributed in taste bud-surrounding tissue compartments under the tongue epithelium, that is, the connective tissue core of taste papillae and von Ebner's glands. By lineage tracing of SOX10-expressing cells using SOX10-Cre, a Cre model driven by the endogenous SOX10 promoter, crossing with a Cre reporter line R26-tdTomato (tdT), we found SOX10-Cre-labeled tdT+ cells within taste buds in all three types of taste papillae (fungiform, circumvallate, and foliate) as well as in the soft palate in postnatal mice. The tdT+ taste bud cells were progressively more abundant along the developmental stages, from virtually zero at birth to over 35% in adults. Most of tdT+ taste bud cells had a low intensity of immunosignals of Keratin 8 (a widely used taste bud cell marker). In circumvallate taste buds, tdT signals were co-localized principally with a type III taste bud cell marker, less so with type I and II cell makers. Together, our data demonstrate a novel progenitor source for taste buds of postnatal mice-SOX10-Cre-labeled cells in the connective tissue core and/or von Ebner's glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Yu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Mohamed Ishan
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Steven L. Stice
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
| | - Hong-Xiang Liu
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, Department of Animal and Dairy Science, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, USA
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22
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Joshi SS, Tandukar B, Pan L, Huang JM, Livak F, Smith BJ, Hodges T, Mahurkar AA, Hornyak TJ. CD34 defines melanocyte stem cell subpopulations with distinct regenerative properties. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008034. [PMID: 31017901 PMCID: PMC6481766 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) are the undifferentiated melanocytic cells of the mammalian hair follicle (HF) responsible for recurrent generation of a large number of differentiated melanocytes during each HF cycle. HF McSCs reside in both the CD34+ bulge/lower permanent portion (LPP) and the CD34- secondary hair germ (SHG) regions of the HF during telogen. Using Dct-H2BGFP mice, we separate bulge/LPP and SHG McSCs using FACS with GFP and anti-CD34 to show that these two subsets of McSCs are functionally distinct. Genome-wide expression profiling results support the distinct nature of these populations, with CD34- McSCs exhibiting higher expression of melanocyte differentiation genes and with CD34+ McSCs demonstrating a profile more consistent with a neural crest stem cell. In culture and in vivo, CD34- McSCs regenerate pigmentation more efficiently whereas CD34+ McSCs selectively exhibit the ability to myelinate neurons. CD34+ McSCs, and their counterparts in human skin, may be useful for myelinating neurons in vivo, leading to new therapeutic opportunities for demyelinating diseases and traumatic nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep S. Joshi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Bishal Tandukar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Li Pan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jennifer M. Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ferenc Livak
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara J. Smith
- Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Theresa Hodges
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anup A. Mahurkar
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Hornyak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Marlene and Stuart Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Research & Development Service, VA Maryland Health Care System, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Sobrino V, Annese V, Navarro-Guerrero E, Platero-Luengo A, Pardal R. The carotid body: a physiologically relevant germinal niche in the adult peripheral nervous system. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:1027-1039. [PMID: 30498994 PMCID: PMC11105339 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-018-2975-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen constitutes a vital element for the survival of every single cell in multicellular aerobic organisms like mammals. A complex homeostatic oxygen-sensing system has evolved in these organisms, including detectors and effectors, to guarantee a proper supply of the element to every cell. The carotid body represents the most important peripheral arterial chemoreceptor organ in mammals and informs about hypoxemic situations to the effectors at the brainstem cardiorespiratory centers. To optimize organismal adaptation to maintained hypoxemic situations, the carotid body has evolved containing a niche of adult tissue-specific stem cells with the capacity to differentiate into both neuronal and vascular cell types in response to hypoxia. These neurogenic and angiogenic processes are finely regulated by the niche and by hypoxia itself. Our recent data on the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the functioning of this niche might help to comprehend a variety of different diseases coursing with carotid body failure, and might also improve our capacity to use these stem cells for the treatment of neurological disease. Herein, we review those data about the recent characterization of the carotid body niche, focusing on the study of the phenotype and behavior of multipotent stem cells within the organ, comparing them with other well-documented neural stem cells within the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Sobrino
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratory 103, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Avda, Manuel Siurot, s/n., 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Valentina Annese
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratory 103, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Avda, Manuel Siurot, s/n., 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Elena Navarro-Guerrero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratory 103, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Avda, Manuel Siurot, s/n., 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Aida Platero-Luengo
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratory 103, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Avda, Manuel Siurot, s/n., 41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ricardo Pardal
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Laboratory 103, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla, Dpto. de Fisiología Médica y Biofísica, Avda, Manuel Siurot, s/n., 41013, Sevilla, Spain.
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24
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Replogle MR, Sreevidya VS, Lee VM, Laiosa MD, Svoboda KR, Udvadia AJ. Establishment of a murine culture system for modeling the temporal progression of cranial and trunk neural crest cell differentiation. Dis Model Mech 2018; 11:dmm.035097. [PMID: 30409814 PMCID: PMC6307900 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.035097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a transient population of embryonic progenitors that are implicated in a diverse range of congenital birth defects and pediatric syndromes. The broad spectrum of NC-related disorders can be attributed to the wide variety of differentiated cell types arising from the NC. In vitro models of NC development provide a powerful platform for testing the relative contributions of intrinsic and extrinsic factors mediating NC differentiation under normal and pathogenic conditions. Although differentiation is a dynamic process that unfolds over time, currently, there is no well-defined chronology that characterizes the in vitro progression of NC differentiation towards specific cell fates. In this study, we have optimized culture conditions for expansion of primary murine NC cells that give rise to both ectodermal and mesoectodermal derivatives, even after multiple passages. Significantly, we have delineated highly reproducible timelines that include distinct intermediate stages for lineage-specific NC differentiation in vitro. In addition, isolating both cranial and trunk NC cells from the same embryos enabled us to make direct comparisons between the two cell populations over the course of differentiation. Our results define characteristic changes in cell morphology and behavior that track the temporal progression of NC cells as they differentiate along the neuronal, glial and chondrogenic lineages in vitro. These benchmarks constitute a chronological baseline for assessing how genetic or environmental disruptions may facilitate or impede NC differentiation. Introducing a temporal dimension substantially increases the power of this platform for screening drugs or chemicals for developmental toxicity or therapeutic potential.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper. Summary: A novel method for isolating and expanding primary neural crest cells, and establishment of reproducible temporal benchmarks of differentiation, provides a potential screening platform for developmental toxicity or therapeutic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Replogle
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Virinchipuram S Sreevidya
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Vivian M Lee
- STEMCELL Technologies, Vancouver, BC V6A 1BC, Canada
| | - Michael D Laiosa
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Kurt R Svoboda
- Joseph J. Zilber School of Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
| | - Ava J Udvadia
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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25
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Le Douarin NM, Dupin E. The “beginnings” of the neural crest. Dev Biol 2018; 444 Suppl 1:S3-S13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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26
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Hu H, Ding Y, Mu W, Li Y, Wang Y, Jiang W, Fu Y, Tou J, Chen W. DRG-Derived Neural Progenitors Differentiate into Functional Enteric Neurons Following Transplantation in the Postnatal Colon. Cell Transplant 2018; 28:157-169. [PMID: 30442032 PMCID: PMC6362519 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718811061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy has great promise for treating gastrointestinal motility disorders caused by intestinal nervous system (ENS) diseases. However, appropriate sources, other than enteric neural stem cells and human embryonic stem cells, are seldom reported. Here, we show that neural progenitors derived from the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) of EGFP mice survived, differentiated into enteric neurons and glia cells, migrated widely from the site of injection, and established neuron-muscle connections following transplantation into the distal colon of postnatal mice. The exogenous EGFP+ neurons were physiologically functional as shown by the activity of calcium imaging. This study shows that that other tissues besides the postnatal bowel harbor neural crest stem cells or neural progenitors that have the potential to differentiate into functional enteric neurons in vivo and can potentially be used for intestinal nerve regeneration. These DRG-derived neural progenitor cells may be a choice for cell therapy of ENS disease as an allograft. The new knowledge provided by our study is important for the development of neural crest stem cell and cell therapy for the treatment of intestinal neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Hu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ding
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wenbo Mu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Ying Li
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yanpeng Wang
- 3 Department of Gynecology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, China
| | - Weifang Jiang
- 4 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Yong Fu
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,5 Otolaryngological Department, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Jinfa Tou
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,4 Department of Neonatal Surgery, Children's Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
| | - Wei Chen
- 1 Children's Hospital Affiliated and Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment of Neonatal Diseases of Zhejiang Province, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,2 Institute of Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China.,6 Department of Neurobiology, Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology of Ministry of Health of China, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, China
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27
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Shibata S, Hayashi R, Okubo T, Kudo Y, Katayama T, Ishikawa Y, Toga J, Yagi E, Honma Y, Quantock AJ, Sekiguchi K, Nishida K. Selective Laminin-Directed Differentiation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells into Distinct Ocular Lineages. Cell Rep 2018; 25:1668-1679.e5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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28
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Efficient derivation of sympathetic neurons from human pluripotent stem cells with a defined condition. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12865. [PMID: 30150715 PMCID: PMC6110806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31256-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Sympathetic neurons (SNs) are an essential component of the autonomic nervous system. They control vital bodily functions and are responsible for various autonomic disorders. However, obtaining SNs from living humans for in vitro study has not been accomplished. Although human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC)-derived SNs could be useful for elucidating the pathophysiology of human autonomic neurons, the differentiation efficiency remains low and reporter-based cell sorting is usually required for the subsequent pathophysiological analysis. To improve the efficiency, we refined each differentiation stage using PHOX2B::eGFP reporter hPSC lines to establish a robust and efficient protocol to derive functional SNs via neuromesodermal progenitor-like cells and trunk neural crest cells. Sympathetic neuronal progenitors could be expanded and stocked during differentiation. Our protocol can selectively enrich sympathetic lineage-committed cells at high-purity (≈80%) from reporter-free hPSC lines. Our system provides a platform for diverse applications, such as developmental studies and the modeling of SN-associated diseases.
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29
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Kosykh A, Beilin A, Sukhinich K, Vorotelyak E. Postnatal neural crest stem cells from hair follicle interact with nerve tissue in vitro and in vivo. Tissue Cell 2018; 54:94-104. [PMID: 30309515 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 08/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest stem cells that located in the postnatal hair follicle (HF-NCSC) are considered a promising tool for treatment of nervous system diseases and injuries. It is well known that HF-NCSC can be used in the spinal cord and sciatic nerve reparation but their ability to restore brain structures is poorly studied. In this article we are investigating the interaction between HF-NCSC and a nerve tissue (embryonic and adult). We have found out that HF-NCSC isolated from adult mice grow and differentiate in accordance with the mouse embryo developmental stage when co-cultured with the embryonic nerve tissue. The HF-NCSC migration is slower in the late embryonic tissue co-culture system compared to the early one. This phenomenon is related to the motor function of the cells but not to their proliferation level. We have demonstrated that the embryonic nerve tissue maintains HF-NCSC an undifferentiated status, while an adult brain tissue inhibits the cell proliferation and activates the differentiation processes. Besides, HF-NCSC pre-differentiated into the neuronal direction shows a higher survival and migration rate after the transplantation into the adult brain tissue compared to the undifferentiated HF-NCSC. Thus, we have investigated the postnatal HF-NCSC response to the nerve tissue microenvironment to analyze their possible application to the brain repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasiia Kosykh
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation.
| | - Arkadii Beilin
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Kirill Sukhinich
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Vorotelyak
- Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova 26, 119334, Moscow, Russian Federation; Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovitianova 1, 117997, Moscow, Russian Federation; Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, Moscow, Russian Federation
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30
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Obermayr F, Seitz G. Recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration - a short review. Innov Surg Sci 2018; 3:93-99. [PMID: 31579772 PMCID: PMC6604576 DOI: 10.1515/iss-2018-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapeutic options to treat neurogenic motility disorders of the gastrointestinal tract are usually limited to symptomatic treatment. The capacity of the enteric nervous system (ENS) to regenerate and the fact that progenitor cells of the enteric nervous system reside in the postnatal and adult gut led to the idea to develop cell-based strategies to treat ENS related disorders. This short review focuses on recent developments in cell-based ENS regeneration, discussing advantages and disadvantages of various cell sources, functional impact of transplanted cells and highlights the challenges of translation of small animal studies to human application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Baldingerstrasse, 35043 Marburg, Germany, Phone: +49-6421-5864117
| | - Guido Seitz
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Marburg, UKGM, Marburg, Germany
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31
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Ogawa R, Fujita K, Ito K. Mouse embryonic dorsal root ganglia contain pluripotent stem cells that show features similar to embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Biol Open 2017; 6:602-618. [PMID: 28373172 PMCID: PMC5450311 DOI: 10.1242/bio.021758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we showed that the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in the mouse embryo contains pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) that have developmental capacities equivalent to those of embryonic stem (ES) cells and induced pluripotent stem cells. Mouse embryonic DRG cells expressed pluripotency-related transcription factors [octamer-binding transcription factor 4, SRY (sex determining region Y)-box containing gene (Sox) 2, and Nanog] that play essential roles in maintaining the pluripotency of ES cells. Furthermore, the DRG cells differentiated into ectoderm-, mesoderm- and endoderm-derived cells. In addition, these cells produced primordial germ cell-like cells and embryoid body-like spheres. We also showed that the combination of leukemia inhibitor factor/bone morphogenetic protein 2/fibroblast growth factor 2 effectively promoted maintenance of the pluripotency of the PSCs present in DRGs, as well as that of neural crest-derived stem cells (NCSCs) in DRGs, which were previously shown to be present there. Furthermore, the expression of pluripotency-related transcription factors in the DRG cells was regulated by chromodomain helicase DNA-binding protein 7 and Sox10, which are indispensable for the formation of NCSCs, and vice versa. These findings support the possibility that PSCs in mouse embryonic DRGs are NCSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuhei Ogawa
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kyohei Fujita
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ito
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, 1-1 Machikaneyama, Toyonaka, Osaka 560-0043, Japan
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32
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Kulkarni S, Micci MA, Leser J, Shin C, Tang SC, Fu YY, Liu L, Li Q, Saha M, Li C, Enikolopov G, Becker L, Rakhilin N, Anderson M, Shen X, Dong X, Butte MJ, Song H, Southard-Smith EM, Kapur RP, Bogunovic M, Pasricha PJ. Adult enteric nervous system in health is maintained by a dynamic balance between neuronal apoptosis and neurogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E3709-E3718. [PMID: 28420791 PMCID: PMC5422809 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1619406114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
According to current dogma, there is little or no ongoing neurogenesis in the fully developed adult enteric nervous system. This lack of neurogenesis leaves unanswered the question of how enteric neuronal populations are maintained in adult guts, given previous reports of ongoing neuronal death. Here, we confirm that despite ongoing neuronal cell loss because of apoptosis in the myenteric ganglia of the adult small intestine, total myenteric neuronal numbers remain constant. This observed neuronal homeostasis is maintained by new neurons formed in vivo from dividing precursor cells that are located within myenteric ganglia and express both Nestin and p75NTR, but not the pan-glial marker Sox10. Mutation of the phosphatase and tensin homolog gene in this pool of adult precursors leads to an increase in enteric neuronal number, resulting in ganglioneuromatosis, modeling the corresponding disorder in humans. Taken together, our results show significant turnover and neurogenesis of adult enteric neurons and provide a paradigm for understanding the enteric nervous system in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhash Kulkarni
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Maria-Adelaide Micci
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Jenna Leser
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Changsik Shin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | | | - Ya-Yuan Fu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Liansheng Liu
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Qian Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Monalee Saha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Cuiping Li
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Grigori Enikolopov
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 11724
- Center for Developmental Genetics, Department of Anesthesiology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794
| | - Laren Becker
- Division of Gastroenterology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305
| | - Nikolai Rakhilin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Michael Anderson
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Xiling Shen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Xinzhong Dong
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Department of Dermatology, Center for Sensory Biology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | - Manish J Butte
- Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
| | - Hongjun Song
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
- Institute for Cellular Engineering, Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205
| | | | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA 98105
| | - Milena Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, PA 17033
| | - Pankaj J Pasricha
- Center for Neurogastroenterology, Department of Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205;
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33
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Stamp LA. Cell therapy for GI motility disorders: comparison of cell sources and proposed steps for treating Hirschsprung disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2017; 312:G348-G354. [PMID: 28209600 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00018.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cell therapeutic approaches to treat a range of congenital and degenerative neuropathies are under intense investigation. There have been recent significant advancements in the development of cell therapy to treat disorders of the enteric nervous system (ENS), enteric neuropathies. These advances include the efficient generation of enteric neural progenitors from pluripotent stem cells and the rescue of a Hirschsprung disease model mouse following their transplantation into the bowel. Furthermore, a recent study provides evidence of functional innervation of the bowel muscle by neurons derived from transplanted ENS-derived neural progenitors. This mini-review discusses these recent findings, compares endogenous ENS-derived progenitors and pluripotent stem cell-derived progenitors as a cell source for therapy, and proposes the key steps for cell therapy to treat Hirschsprung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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34
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35
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Wang X, Astrof S. Isolation of Mouse Cardiac Neural Crest Cells and Their Differentiation into Smooth Muscle Cells. Bio Protoc 2017; 7:e2530. [PMID: 28979923 DOI: 10.21769/bioprotoc.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac neural crest cells (CNCCs) originate at the dorsal edge of the neural tube between the otic pit and the caudal edge of the 3rd somite, and migrate into the pharyngeal arches and the heart. We have shown that fibronectin (Fn1) plays an important role in the development of the CNCC by regulating the differentiation of CNCCs into vascular smooth muscle cells around pharyngeal arch arteries (Wang and Astrof, 2016). This protocol describes the isolation of CNCCs from the neural tube and from the caudal pharyngeal arches, and the differentiation of neural crest-derived cells into smooth muscle cells. This protocol was adapted from (Newgreen and Murphy, 2000; Pfaltzgraff et al., 2012).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Wang
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sophie Astrof
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine, Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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S100β-Positive Cells of Mesenchymal Origin Reside in the Anterior Lobe of the Embryonic Pituitary Gland. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163981. [PMID: 27695124 PMCID: PMC5047643 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The anterior and intermediate lobes of the pituitary gland develop through invagination of the oral ectoderm and as they are endocrine tissues, they participate in the maintenance of vital functions via the synthesis and secretion of numerous hormones. We recently observed that several extrapituitary cells invade the anterior lobe of the developing pituitary gland. This raised the question of the origin(s) of these S100β-positive cells, which are not classic endocrine cells but instead comprise a heterogeneous cell population with plural roles, especially as stem/progenitor cells. To better understand the roles of these S100β-positive cells, we performed immunohistochemical analysis using several markers in S100β/GFP-TG rats, which express GFP in S100β-expressing cells under control of the S100β promoter. GFP-positive cells were present as mesenchymal cells surrounding the developing pituitary gland and at Atwell's recess but were not present in the anterior lobe on embryonic day 15.5. These cells were negative for SOX2, a pituitary stem/progenitor marker, and PRRX1, a mesenchyme and pituitary stem/progenitor marker. However, three days later, GFP-positive and PRRX1-positive (but SOX2-negative) cells were observed in the parenchyma of the anterior lobe. Furthermore, some GFP-positive cells were positive for vimentin, p75, isolectin B4, DESMIN, and Ki67. These data suggest that S100β-positive cells of extrapituitary origin invade the anterior lobe, undergoing proliferation and diverse transformation during pituitary organogenesis.
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Liu JA, Cheung M. Neural crest stem cells and their potential therapeutic applications. Dev Biol 2016; 419:199-216. [PMID: 27640086 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The neural crest (NC) is a remarkable transient structure generated during early vertebrate development. The neural crest progenitors have extensive migratory capacity and multipotency, harboring stem cell-like characteristics such as self-renewal. They can differentiate into a variety of cell types from craniofacial skeletal tissues to the trunk peripheral nervous system (PNS). Multiple regulators such as signaling factors, transcription factors, and migration machinery components are expressed at different stages of NC development. Gain- and loss-of-function studies in various vertebrate species revealed epistatic relationships of these molecules that could be assembled into a gene regulatory network defining the processes of NC induction, specification, migration, and differentiation. These basic developmental studies led to the subsequent establishment and molecular validation of neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) derived by various strategies. We provide here an overview of the isolation and characterization of NCSCs from embryonic, fetal, and adult tissues; the experimental strategies for the derivation of NCSCs from embryonic stem cells, induced pluripotent stem cells, and skin fibroblasts; and recent developments in the use of patient-derived NCSCs for modeling and treating neurocristopathies. We discuss future research on further refinement of the culture conditions required for the differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into axial-specific NC progenitors and their derivatives, developing non-viral approaches for the generation of induced NC cells (NCCs), and using a genomic editing approach to correct genetic mutations in patient-derived NCSCs for transplantation therapy. These future endeavors should facilitate the therapeutic applications of NCSCs in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Aijia Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Martin Cheung
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Lee J, Kim MS, Kim MA, Jang YK. Calmidazolium chloride inhibits growth of murine embryonal carcinoma cells, a model of cancer stem-like cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2016; 35:86-92. [PMID: 27247146 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calmidazolium chloride (CMZ) is widely used as a calmodulin (CaM) antagonist, but is also known to induce apoptosis in certain cancer cell lines. However, in spite of the importance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) in cancer therapy, the effects of CMZ on CSCs are not yet well understood. We investigated the effects of CMZ on the F9 embryonal carcinoma cell (ECC) line as a surrogate model of CSCs. To avoid bias due to culture conditions, F9 ECCs and E14 embryonic stem cells (ESCs) were grown in the same culture medium. Results obtained using a cell-counting kit showed that CMZ significantly inhibited growth in F9 ECCs compared with growth in E14 ESCs. CMZ also induced apoptosis of F9 ECCs, but not of E14 ESCs, which was associated with caspase-3 activation and an increased fraction of the sub-G1 cell population. In addition, our data revealed that the expression of stemness-related genes including c-Myc was selectively down regulated in CMZ-treated F9 ECCs. Our results suggest that CMZ can inhibit the growth of ECCs by inducing apoptosis and down regulating stemness-related genes, without causing any harm to normal stem cells. These findings indicate a potential application of CMZ in the development of anti-CSC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jina Lee
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Initiative for Biological Function & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Seong Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Initiative for Biological Function & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Aeh Kim
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Initiative for Biological Function & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeun Kyu Jang
- Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea; Initiative for Biological Function & Systems, Yonsei University, Seoul 120-749, Republic of Korea.
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Burns AJ, Goldstein AM, Newgreen DF, Stamp L, Schäfer KH, Metzger M, Hotta R, Young HM, Andrews PW, Thapar N, Belkind-Gerson J, Bondurand N, Bornstein JC, Chan WY, Cheah K, Gershon MD, Heuckeroth RO, Hofstra RMW, Just L, Kapur RP, King SK, McCann CJ, Nagy N, Ngan E, Obermayr F, Pachnis V, Pasricha PJ, Sham MH, Tam P, Vanden Berghe P. White paper on guidelines concerning enteric nervous system stem cell therapy for enteric neuropathies. Dev Biol 2016; 417:229-51. [PMID: 27059883 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 20 years, there has been increasing focus on the development of novel stem cell based therapies for the treatment of disorders and diseases affecting the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the gastrointestinal tract (so-called enteric neuropathies). Here, the idea is that ENS progenitor/stem cells could be transplanted into the gut wall to replace the damaged or absent neurons and glia of the ENS. This White Paper sets out experts' views on the commonly used methods and approaches to identify, isolate, purify, expand and optimize ENS stem cells, transplant them into the bowel, and assess transplant success, including restoration of gut function. We also highlight obstacles that must be overcome in order to progress from successful preclinical studies in animal models to ENS stem cell therapies in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Burns
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Allan M Goldstein
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Donald F Newgreen
- Murdoch Childrens Research Institute, Royal Children's Hospital, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Karl-Herbert Schäfer
- University of Applied Sciences, Kaiserlautern, Germany; Clinic of Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Mannheim, University Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Metzger
- Fraunhofer-Institute Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology IGB Translational Centre - Würzburg branch and University Hospital Würzburg - Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM), Würzburg, Germany
| | - Ryo Hotta
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Peter W Andrews
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Nikhil Thapar
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jaime Belkind-Gerson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- INSERM U955, 51 Avenue du Maréchal de Lattre de Tassigny, F-94000 Créteil, France; Université Paris-Est, UPEC, F-94000 Créteil, France
| | - Joel C Bornstein
- Department of Physiology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Wood Yee Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kathryn Cheah
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael D Gershon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York 10032, USA
| | - Robert O Heuckeroth
- Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Research Institute, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Abramson Research Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Robert M W Hofstra
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lothar Just
- Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Cell Analysis, University of Tübingen, Germany
| | - Raj P Kapur
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington and Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Sebastian K King
- Department of Paediatric and Neonatal Surgery, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Conor J McCann
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nandor Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Elly Ngan
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Florian Obermayr
- Department of Pediatric Surgery and Pediatric Urology, University Children's Hospital Tübingen, D-72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | | | | | - Mai Har Sham
- Department of Biochemistry, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Paul Tam
- Department of Surgery, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Pieter Vanden Berghe
- Laboratory for Enteric NeuroScience (LENS), TARGID, University of Leuven, Belgium
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Baek SJ, Ishii H, Tamari K, Hayashi K, Nishida N, Konno M, Kawamoto K, Koseki J, Fukusumi T, Hasegawa S, Ogawa H, Hamabe A, Miyo M, Noguchi K, Seo Y, Doki Y, Mori M, Ogawa K. Cancer stem cells: The potential of carbon ion beam radiation and new radiosensitizers (Review). Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2233-7. [PMID: 26330103 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a small population of cells in cancer with stem-like properties such as cell proliferation, multiple differentiation and tumor initiation capacities. CSCs are therapy-resistant and cause cancer metastasis and recurrence. One key issue in cancer therapy is how to target and eliminate CSCs, in order to cure cancer completely without relapse and metastasis. To target CSCs, many cell surface markers, DNAs and microRNAs are considered as CSC markers. To date, the majority of the reported markers are not very specific to CSCs and are also present in non-CSCs. However, the combination of several markers is quite valuable for identifying and targeting CSCs, although more specific identification methods are needed. While CSCs are considered as critical therapeutic targets, useful treatment methods remain to be established. Epigenetic gene regulators, microRNAs, are associated with tumor initiation and progression. MicroRNAs have been recently considered as promising therapeutic targets, which can alter the therapeutic resistance of CSCs through epigenetic modification. Moreover, carbon ion beam radiotherapy is a promising treatment for CSCs. Evidence indicates that the carbon ion beam is more effective against CSCs than the conventional X-ray beam. Combination therapies of radiosensitizing microRNAs and carbon ion beam radiotherapy may be a promising cancer strategy. This review focuses on the identification and treatment resistance of CSCs and the potential of microRNAs as new radiosensitizers and carbon ion beam radiotherapy as a promising therapeutic strategy against CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung-Jae Baek
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hideshi Ishii
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Keisuke Tamari
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Hayashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Naohiro Nishida
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Konno
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Koichi Kawamoto
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Jun Koseki
- Department of Cancer Profiling Discovery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Takahito Fukusumi
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Hasegawa
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Hisataka Ogawa
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Atsushi Hamabe
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaaki Miyo
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kozo Noguchi
- Department of Frontier Science for Cancer and Chemotherapy, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuji Seo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Doki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Masaki Mori
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Ogawa
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Osaka University, Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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Patel AV, Johansson G, Colbert MC, Dasgupta B, Ratner N. Fatty acid synthase is a metabolic oncogene targetable in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors. Neuro Oncol 2015; 17:1599-608. [PMID: 26116612 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/nov076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNSTs) are soft tissue sarcomas with minimal therapeutic opportunities. We observed that lipid droplets (LDs) accumulate in human MPNST cell lines and in primary human tumor samples. The goal of this study was to investigate the relevance of lipid metabolism to MPNST survival and as a possible therapeutic target. METHODS Based on preliminary findings that MPNSTs accumulate LDs, we hypothesized that a deregulated lipid metabolism supports MPNST cell survival/proliferation rate. To test this, we examined respiration, role of fatty acid oxidation (FAO), and the enzyme fatty acid synthase involved in de novo fatty acid synthesis in MPNSTs using both genetic and pharmacological tools. RESULTS We demonstrate that LDs accumulate in MPNST cell lines, primary human and mouse MPNST tumors, and neural crest cells. LDs from MPNST cells disappear on lipid deprivation, indicating that LDs can be oxidized as a source of energy. Inhibition of FAO decreased oxygen consumption and reduced MPNST survival, indicating that MPNST cells likely metabolize LDs through active FAO. FAO inhibition reduced oxygen consumption and survival even in the absence of exogenous lipids, indicating that lipids synthesized de novo can also be oxidized. Consequently, inhibition of de novo fatty acid synthesis, which is overexpressed in human MPNST cell lines, effectively reduced MPNST survival and delayed induction of tumor growth in vivo. CONCLUSION Our results show that MPNSTs depend on lipid metabolic pathways and suggest that disrupting lipid metabolism could be a potential new strategy for the development of MPNST therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ami V Patel
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (A.V.P., N.R.); Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (B.D.); Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (G.J.); Assistant Director for Compliance, Office of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health (M.C.C.)
| | - Gunnar Johansson
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (A.V.P., N.R.); Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (B.D.); Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (G.J.); Assistant Director for Compliance, Office of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health (M.C.C.)
| | - Melissa C Colbert
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (A.V.P., N.R.); Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (B.D.); Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (G.J.); Assistant Director for Compliance, Office of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health (M.C.C.)
| | - Biplab Dasgupta
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (A.V.P., N.R.); Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (B.D.); Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (G.J.); Assistant Director for Compliance, Office of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health (M.C.C.)
| | - Nancy Ratner
- Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (A.V.P., N.R.); Division of Oncology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA (B.D.); Department of Radiation Sciences, Oncology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden (G.J.); Assistant Director for Compliance, Office of Intramural Research, National Institute of Health (M.C.C.)
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Abstract
The enteric nervous system is the intrinsic innervation of the gut. Several neuromuscular disorders affect the neurons and glia of the enteric nervous system adversely, resulting in disruptions in gastrointestinal motility and function. Pharmacological interventions to remedy gastrointestinal function do not address the underlying cause of dysmotility arising from lost, absent, or damaged enteric neuroglial circuitry. Cell-based therapies have gained traction in the past decade, following the discovery of several adult stem cell niches in the human body. Adult neural stem cells can be isolated from the postnatal and adult intestine using minimally invasive biopsies. These stem cells retain the ability to differentiate into several functional classes of enteric neurons and enteric glia. Upon identification of these cells, several groups have also established that transplantation of these cells into aganglionic or dysganglionic intestine rescues gastrointestinal motility and function. This chapter highlights key studies performed in the field of stem cell transplantation therapies that are targeted towards the remedy of gastrointestinal motility and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalil N Bitar
- Wake Forest School of Medicine, Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 391 Technology Way, Richard H Dean Biomedical Engineering Building, Winston-Salem, NC, 27101, USA,
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Vidal M, Maniglier M, Deboux C, Bachelin C, Zujovic V, Baron-Van Evercooren A. Adult DRG Stem/Progenitor Cells Generate Pericytes in the Presence of Central Nervous System (CNS) Developmental Cues, and Schwann Cells in Response to CNS Demyelination. Stem Cells 2015; 33:2011-24. [DOI: 10.1002/stem.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Vidal
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Madlyne Maniglier
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Cyrille Deboux
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Corinne Bachelin
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Violetta Zujovic
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
| | - Anne Baron-Van Evercooren
- Inserm, U 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- CNRS, UMR 7225; F-75013 Paris France
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR S 1127; F-75013 Paris France
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière, ICM; F-75013 Paris France
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Enteric neurospheres are not specific to neural crest cultures: implications for neural stem cell therapies. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119467. [PMID: 25799576 PMCID: PMC4370605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Enteric neural stem cells provide hope of curative treatment for enteric neuropathies. Current protocols for their harvesting from humans focus on the generation of ‘neurospheres’ from cultures of dissociated gut tissue. The study aims to better understand the derivation, generation and composition of enteric neurospheres. Design Gut tissue was obtained from Wnt1-Cre;Rosa26Yfp/Yfp transgenic mice (constitutively labeled neural crest cells) and paediatric patients. Gut cells were cultured either unsorted (mixed neural crest/non-neural crest), or following FACS selection into neural crest (murine-YFP+ve/human-p75+ve) or non-neural crest (YFP-ve/p75-ve) populations. Cultures and resultant neurospheres were characterized using immunolabelling in vitro and following transplantation in vivo. Results Cultures of (i) unsorted, (ii) neural crest, and (iii) non-neural crest cell populations generated neurospheres similar in numbers, size and morphology. Unsorted neurospheres were highly heterogeneous for neural crest content. Neural crest-derived (YFP+ve/p75+ve) neurospheres contained only neural derivatives (neurons and glia) and were devoid of non-neural cells (i.e. negative for SMA, c-Kit), with the converse true for non-neural crest-derived (YFP-ve/p75-ve) ‘neurospheres’. Under differentiation conditions only YFP+ve cells gave rise to neural derivatives. Both YFP+ve and YFP-ve cells displayed proliferation and spread upon transplantation in vivo, but YFP-ve cells did not locate or integrate within the host ENS. Conclusions Spherical accumulations of cells, so-called ‘neurospheres’ forming in cultures of dissociated gut contain variable proportions of neural crest-derived cells. If they are to be used for ENS cell replacement therapy then improved protocols for their generation, including cell selection, should be sought in order to avoid inadvertent transplantation of non-therapeutic, non-ENS cells.
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Kabouridis PS, Pachnis V. Emerging roles of gut microbiota and the immune system in the development of the enteric nervous system. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:956-64. [PMID: 25729852 DOI: 10.1172/jci76308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The enteric nervous system (ENS) consists of neurons and glial cells that differentiate from neural crest progenitors. During embryogenesis, development of the ENS is controlled by the interplay of neural crest cell-intrinsic factors and instructive cues from the surrounding gut mesenchyme. However, postnatal ENS development occurs in a different context, which is characterized by the presence of microbiota and an extensive immune system, suggesting an important role of these factors on enteric neural circuit formation and function. Initial reports confirm this idea while further studies in this area promise new insights into ENS physiology and pathophysiology.
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Czaja K, Fornaro M, Geuna S. Neurogenesis in the adult peripheral nervous system. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:1047-54. [PMID: 25722694 PMCID: PMC4340017 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.14.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Most researchers believe that neurogenesis in mature mammals is restricted only to the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricle in the central nervous system. In the peripheral nervous system, neurogenesis is thought to be active only during prenatal development, with the exception of the olfactory neuroepithelium. However, sensory ganglia in the adult peripheral nervous system have been reported to contain precursor cells that can proliferate in vitro and be induced to differentiate into neurons. The occurrence of insult-induced neurogenesis, which has been reported by several investigators in the brain, is limited to a few recent reports for the peripheral nervous system. These reports suggest that damage to the adult nervous system induces mechanisms similar to those that control the generation of new neurons during prenatal development. Understanding conditions under which neurogenesis can be induced in physiologically non-neurogenic regions in adults is one of the major challenges for developing therapeutic strategies to repair neurological damage. However, the induced neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system is still largely unexplored. This review presents the history of research on adult neurogenesis in the peripheral nervous system, which dates back more than 100 years and reveals the evidence on the under estimated potential for generation of new neurons in the adult peripheral nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof Czaja
- Department of Veterinary and Comparative Anatomy, Pharmacology and Physiology (VCAPP), College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99163-6520, USA
| | - Michele Fornaro
- Department of Anatomy, Chicago College of Osteopathic Medicine (CCOM), Midwestern University, Downers Grove, IL 60515, USA
| | - Stefano Geuna
- Neuroscience Institute of the Cavalieri Ottolenghi Foundation (NICO) & Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano 10043, Italy
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Newbern JM. Molecular control of the neural crest and peripheral nervous system development. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:201-31. [PMID: 25662262 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
A transient and unique population of multipotent stem cells, known as neural crest cells (NCCs), generate a bewildering array of cell types during vertebrate development. An attractive model among developmental biologists, the study of NCC biology has provided a wealth of knowledge regarding the cellular and molecular mechanisms important for embryogenesis. Studies in numerous species have defined how distinct phases of NCC specification, proliferation, migration, and survival contribute to the formation of multiple functionally distinct organ systems. NCC contributions to the peripheral nervous system (PNS) are well known. Critical developmental processes have been defined that provide outstanding models for understanding how extracellular stimuli, cell-cell interactions, and transcriptional networks cooperate to direct cellular diversification and PNS morphogenesis. Dissecting the complex extracellular and intracellular mechanisms that mediate the formation of the PNS from NCCs may have important therapeutic implications for neurocristopathies, neuropathies, and certain forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
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Motohashi T, Kunisada T. Extended multipotency of neural crest cells and neural crest-derived cells. Curr Top Dev Biol 2015; 111:69-95. [PMID: 25662258 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2014.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells (NCC) are migratory multipotent cells that give rise to diverse derivatives. They generate various cell types during embryonic development, including neurons and glial cells of the peripheral sensory and autonomic ganglia, Schwann cells, melanocytes, endocrine cells, smooth muscle, and skeletal and connective tissue cells of the craniofacial complex. The multipotency of NCC is thought to be transient at the early stage of NCC generation; once NCC emerge from the neural tube, they change into lineage-restricted precursors. Although many studies have described the clear segregation of NCC lineages right after their delamination from the neural tube, recent reports suggest that multipotent neural crest stem cells (NCSC) are present not only in migrating NCC in the embryo, but also in their target tissues in the fetus and adult. Furthermore, fully differentiated NCC-derived cells such as glial cells and melanocytes have been shown to dedifferentiate or transdifferentiate into other NCC derivatives. The multipotency of migratory and postmigratory NCC-derived cells was found to be similar to that of NCSC. Collectively, these findings support the multipotency or plasticity of NCC and NCC-derived cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Motohashi
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takahiro Kunisada
- Department of Tissue and Organ Development, Regeneration and Advanced Medical Science, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan; Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology (CREST), Tokyo, Japan
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Musser MA, Correa H, Southard-Smith EM. Enteric neuron imbalance and proximal dysmotility in ganglionated intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ Hirschsprung mouse model. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:87-101. [PMID: 25844395 PMCID: PMC4380251 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In Hirschsprung disease (HSCR), neural crest-derived progenitors (NCPs) fail to completely colonize the intestine so that the enteric nervous system (ENS) is absent from distal bowel. Despite removal of the aganglionic region, many HSCR patients suffer from residual intestinal dysmotility. To test the hypothesis that inappropriate lineage segregation of NCPs in proximal ganglionated regions of the bowel could contribute to such postoperative disease, we investigated neural crest (NC)-derived lineages and motility in ganglionated, postnatal intestine of the Sox10Dom/+ HSCR mouse model. METHODS Cre-mediated fate-mapping was applied to evaluate relative proportions of NC-derived cell types. Motility assays were performed to assess gastric emptying and small intestine motility while colonic inflammation was assessed by histopathology for Sox10Dom/+ mutants relative to wildtype controls. RESULTS Sox10Dom/+ mice showed regional alterations in neuron and glia proportions as well as Calretinin+ and nNOS+ neuronal subtypes. In the colon, imbalance of enteric NC derivatives correlated with the extent of aganglionosis. All Sox10Dom/+ mice exhibited reduced small intestinal transit at 4-weeks of age, and at 6-weeks, Sox10Dom/+ males had increased gastric emptying rates. Sox10Dom/+ mice surviving to 6-weeks of age had little or no colonic inflammation when compared to wildtype littermates, suggesting that these changes in GI motility are neurally mediated. CONCLUSIONS The Sox10Dom mutation disrupts the balance of NC-derived lineages and affects GI motility in the proximal, ganglionated intestine of adult animals. This is the first report identifying alterations in enteric neuronal classes in Sox10Dom/+ mutants, which suggests a previously unrecognized role for Sox10 in neuronal subtype specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. Musser
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Hernan Correa
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - E. Michelle Southard-Smith
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee
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Findlay Q, Yap KK, Bergner AJ, Young HM, Stamp LA. Enteric neural progenitors are more efficient than brain-derived progenitors at generating neurons in the colon. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2014; 307:G741-8. [PMID: 25125684 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00225.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Gut motility disorders can result from an absent, damaged, or dysfunctional enteric nervous system (ENS). Cell therapy is an exciting prospect to treat these enteric neuropathies and restore gut motility. Previous studies have examined a variety of sources of stem/progenitor cells, but the ability of different sources of cells to generate enteric neurons has not been directly compared. It is important to identify the source of stem/progenitor cells that is best at colonizing the bowel and generating neurons following transplantation. The aim of this study was to compare the ability of central nervous system (CNS) progenitors and ENS progenitors to colonize the colon and differentiate into neurons. Genetically labeled CNS- and ENS-derived progenitors were cocultured with aneural explants of embryonic mouse colon for 1 or 2.5 wk to assess their migratory, proliferative, and differentiation capacities, and survival, in the embryonic gut environment. Both progenitor cell populations were transplanted in the postnatal colon of mice in vivo for 4 wk before they were analyzed for migration and differentiation using immunohistochemistry. ENS-derived progenitors migrated further than CNS-derived cells in both embryonic and postnatal gut environments. ENS-derived progenitors also gave rise to more neurons than their CNS-derived counterparts. Furthermore, neurons derived from ENS progenitors clustered together in ganglia, whereas CNS-derived neurons were mostly solitary. We conclude that, within the gut environment, ENS-derived progenitors show superior migration, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation compared with CNS progenitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quan Findlay
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kiryu K Yap
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annette J Bergner
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather M Young
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lincon A Stamp
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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