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Brandt N, Köper F, Hausmann J, Bräuer AU. Spotlight on plasticity-related genes: Current insights in health and disease. Pharmacol Ther 2024; 260:108687. [PMID: 38969308 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2024.108687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/07/2024]
Abstract
The development of the central nervous system is highly complex, involving numerous developmental processes that must take place with high spatial and temporal precision. This requires a series of complex and well-coordinated molecular processes that are tighly controlled and regulated by, for example, a variety of proteins and lipids. Deregulations in these processes, including genetic mutations, can lead to the most severe maldevelopments. The present review provides an overview of the protein family Plasticity-related genes (PRG1-5), including their role during neuronal differentiation, their molecular interactions, and their participation in various diseases. As these proteins can modulate the function of bioactive lipids, they are able to influence various cellular processes. Furthermore, they are dynamically regulated during development, thus playing an important role in the development and function of synapses. First studies, conducted not only in mouse experiments but also in humans, revealed that mutations or dysregulations of these proteins lead to changes in lipid metabolism, resulting in severe neurological deficits. In recent years, as more and more studies have shown their involvement in a broad range of diseases, the complexity and broad spectrum of known and as yet unknown interactions between PRGs, lipids, and proteins make them a promising and interesting group of potential novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Brandt
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Köper
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Jens Hausmann
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Anja U Bräuer
- Research Group Anatomy, Department of Human Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany; Research Center for Neurosensory Science, Carl von Ossietzky University Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany.
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2
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Bjorklund GR, Rees KP, Balasubramanian K, Hewitt LT, Nishimura K, Newbern JM. Hyperactivation of MEK1 in cortical glutamatergic neurons results in projection axon deficits and aberrant motor learning. Dis Model Mech 2024; 17:dmm050570. [PMID: 38826084 PMCID: PMC11247507 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.050570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Abnormal extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2, encoded by Mapk3 and Mapk1, respectively) signaling is linked to multiple neurodevelopmental diseases, especially the RASopathies, which typically exhibit ERK1/2 hyperactivation in neurons and non-neuronal cells. To better understand how excitatory neuron-autonomous ERK1/2 activity regulates forebrain development, we conditionally expressed a hyperactive MEK1 (MAP2K1) mutant, MEK1S217/221E, in cortical excitatory neurons of mice. MEK1S217/221E expression led to persistent hyperactivation of ERK1/2 in cortical axons, but not in soma/nuclei. We noted reduced axonal arborization in multiple target domains in mutant mice and reduced the levels of the activity-dependent protein ARC. These changes did not lead to deficits in voluntary locomotion or accelerating rotarod performance. However, skilled motor learning in a single-pellet retrieval task was significantly diminished in these MEK1S217/221E mutants. Restriction of MEK1S217/221E expression to layer V cortical neurons recapitulated axonal outgrowth deficits but did not affect motor learning. These results suggest that cortical excitatory neuron-autonomous hyperactivation of MEK1 is sufficient to drive deficits in axon outgrowth, which coincide with reduced ARC expression, and deficits in skilled motor learning. Our data indicate that neuron-autonomous decreases in long-range axonal outgrowth may be a key aspect of neuropathogenesis in RASopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- George R. Bjorklund
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Katherina P. Rees
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | | | - Lauren T. Hewitt
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Kenji Nishimura
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
| | - Jason M. Newbern
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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3
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Vincent A, Krishnakumar S, Parameswaran S. Heterozygous RB1 mutation enhanced ATP production in human iPSC-derived retinal organoids. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:606. [PMID: 38704498 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent in vitro studies using RB1+/- fibroblasts and MSCs have shown molecular and functional disruptions without the need for biallelic loss of RB1. However, this was not reflected in the recent in vitro studies employing RB1+/- retinal organoids. To gain further insights into the molecular disruptions in the RB1+/- retinal organoids, we performed a high throughput RNA sequencing analysis. METHODS AND RESULTS iPSCs were generated from RB1+/+ and RB1+/- OAMSCs derived from retinoblastoma patients. RB1+/+ and RB1+/- iPSCs were subjected to a step-wise retinal differentiation protocol. Retinal differentiation was evaluated by Real-time PCR and flow cytometry analysis of the retinal markers. To gain further insights into the molecular differences in RB1+/- retinal organoids, a high throughput RNA sequencing followed by differential gene expression analysis and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed. The analysis revealed a shift from the regular metabolic process of glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in the RB1+/- retinal organoids. To investigate further, we performed assays to determine the levels of pyruvate, lactate and ATP in the retinal organoids. The results revealed significant increase in ATP and pyruvate levels in RB1+/- retinal organoids of day 120 compared to that of the RB1+/+. The results thus revealed enhanced ATP production in the RB1+/- retinal organoids. CONCLUSION The study provides novel insights into the metabolic phenotype of heterozygous RB1 mutant suggesting dysregulation of energy metabolism and glycolytic pathways to be first step even before the changes in cellular proliferation or other phenotypic consequences ensue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambily Vincent
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed-to-Be University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- Radheshyam Kanoi Stem Cell Laboratory, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Vision Research Foundation, 41, College Road, Chennai, Tamilnadu, India.
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4
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McCormick LE, Evans EB, Barker NK, Herring LE, Diering GH, Gupton SL. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 regulates synaptic function and actin dynamics in response to netrin-1. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar67. [PMID: 38507236 PMCID: PMC11151106 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-12-0476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
During neuronal development, dynamic filopodia emerge from dendrites and mature into functional dendritic spines during synaptogenesis. Dendritic filopodia and spines respond to extracellular cues, influencing dendritic spine shape and size as well as synaptic function. Previously, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 was shown to regulate filopodia in early stages of neuronal development, including netrin-1-dependent axon guidance and branching. Here, we demonstrate that TRIM9 also localizes to dendritic filopodia and spines of murine cortical and hippocampal neurons during synaptogenesis and is required for synaptic responses to netrin. In particular, TRIM9 is enriched in the postsynaptic density (PSD) within dendritic spines and loss of Trim9 alters the PSD proteome, including the actin cytoskeleton landscape. While netrin exposure induces accumulation of the Arp2/3 complex and filamentous actin in dendritic spine heads, this response is disrupted by genetic deletion of Trim9. In addition, we document changes in the synaptic receptors associated with loss of Trim9. These defects converge on a loss of netrin-dependent increases in neuronal firing rates, indicating TRIM9 is required downstream of synaptic netrin-1 signaling. We propose that TRIM9 regulates cytoskeletal dynamics in dendritic spines and is required for the proper response to synaptic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E. McCormick
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Elliot B. Evans
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Natalie K. Barker
- Hooker Proteomics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Laura E. Herring
- Hooker Proteomics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Graham H. Diering
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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5
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Huang H, Majumder T, Khot B, Suriyaarachchi H, Yang T, Shao Q, Tirukovalluru S, Liu G. The role of microtubule-associated protein tau in netrin-1 attractive signaling. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs261244. [PMID: 38197773 PMCID: PMC10906489 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.261244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Direct binding of netrin receptors with dynamic microtubules (MTs) in the neuronal growth cone plays an important role in netrin-mediated axon guidance. However, how netrin-1 (NTN1) regulates MT dynamics in axon turning remains a major unanswered question. Here, we show that the coupling of netrin-1 receptor DCC with tau (MAPT)-regulated MTs is involved in netrin-1-promoted axon attraction. Tau directly interacts with DCC and partially overlaps with DCC in the growth cone of primary neurons. Netrin-1 induces this interaction and the colocalization of DCC and tau in the growth cone. The netrin-1-induced interaction of tau with DCC relies on MT dynamics and TUBB3, a highly dynamic β-tubulin isotype in developing neurons. Netrin-1 increased cosedimentation of DCC with tau and TUBB3 in MTs, and knockdown of either tau or TUBB3 mutually blocked this effect. Downregulation of endogenous tau levels by tau shRNAs inhibited netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth, branching and commissural axon attraction in vitro, and led to defects in spinal commissural axon projection in vivo. These findings suggest that tau is a key MT-associated protein coupling DCC with MT dynamics in netrin-1-promoted axon attraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tanushree Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Bhakti Khot
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Harindi Suriyaarachchi
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Shao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Shraddha Tirukovalluru
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Guofa Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, M. S. 601, 2801 W. Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
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6
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McCormick LE, Evans EB, Barker NK, Herring LE, Diering GH, Gupton SL. The E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 regulates synaptic function and actin dynamics. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.12.31.573790. [PMID: 38260647 PMCID: PMC10802335 DOI: 10.1101/2023.12.31.573790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
During neuronal development, dynamic filopodia emerge from dendrites and mature into functional dendritic spines during synaptogenesis. Dendritic filopodia and spines respond to extracellular cues, influencing dendritic spine shape and size as well as synaptic function. Previously, the E3 ubiquitin ligase TRIM9 was shown to regulate filopodia in early stages of neuronal development, including netrin-1 dependent axon guidance and branching. Here we demonstrate TRIM9 also localizes to dendritic filopodia and spines of murine cortical and hippocampal neurons during synaptogenesis and is required for synaptic responses to netrin. In particular, TRIM9 is enriched in the post-synaptic density (PSD) within dendritic spines and loss of Trim9 alters the PSD proteome, including the actin cytoskeleton landscape. While netrin exposure induces accumulation of the Arp2/3 complex and filamentous actin in dendritic spine heads, this response is disrupted by genetic deletion of Trim9. In addition, we document changes in the synaptic receptors associated with loss of Trim9. These defects converge on a loss of netrin-dependent increases in neuronal firing rates, indicating TRIM9 is required downstream of synaptic netrin-1 signaling. We propose TRIM9 regulates cytoskeletal dynamics in dendritic spines and is required for the proper response to synaptic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E McCormick
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Elliot B Evans
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Natalie K Barker
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Laura E Herring
- Michael Hooker Proteomics Core, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Graham H Diering
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
| | - Stephanie L Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599
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7
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MAPK Pathways in Ocular Pathophysiology: Potential Therapeutic Drugs and Challenges. Cells 2023; 12:cells12040617. [PMID: 36831285 PMCID: PMC9954064 DOI: 10.3390/cells12040617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways represent ubiquitous cellular signal transduction pathways that regulate all aspects of life and are frequently altered in disease. Once activated through phosphorylation, these MAPKs in turn phosphorylate and activate transcription factors present either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus, leading to the expression of target genes and, as a consequence, they elicit various biological responses. The aim of this work is to provide a comprehensive review focusing on the roles of MAPK signaling pathways in ocular pathophysiology and the potential to influence these for the treatment of eye diseases. We summarize the current knowledge of identified MAPK-targeting compounds in the context of ocular diseases such as macular degeneration, cataract, glaucoma and keratopathy, but also in rare ocular diseases where the cell differentiation, proliferation or migration are defective. Potential therapeutic interventions are also discussed. Additionally, we discuss challenges in overcoming the reported eye toxicity of some MAPK inhibitors.
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8
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Weghorst F, Mirzakhanyan Y, Hernandez KL, Gershon PD, Cramer KS. Non-Apoptotic Caspase Activity Preferentially Targets a Novel Consensus Sequence Associated With Cytoskeletal Proteins in the Developing Auditory Brainstem. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:844844. [PMID: 35330912 PMCID: PMC8940215 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.844844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The auditory brainstem relies on precise circuitry to facilitate sound source localization. In the chick, the development of this specialized circuitry requires non-apoptotic activity of caspase-3, for which we previously identified several hundred proteolytic substrates. Here we tested whether the sequence of the caspase cleavage site differentially encodes proteolytic preference in apoptotic and non-apoptotic contexts. We constructed a consensus sequence for caspase activity in the non-apoptotic chick auditory brainstem comprising the four residues N-terminal to the cleavage site: IX(G/R)D↓ where X represents no significant enrichment and ↓ represents the cleavage site. We identified GO terms significantly enriched among caspase substrates containing motifs found in the above consensus sequence. (G/R)D↓ was associated with the term “Structural Constituent of Cytoskeleton” (SCoC), suggesting that SCoC proteins may be specifically targeted by caspase activity during non-apoptotic developmental processes. To ascertain whether this consensus sequence was specific to the non-apoptotic auditory brainstem at embryonic day (E) 10, we used protein mass spectrometry of brainstems harvested at a time when auditory brainstem neurons undergo apoptotic cell death (E13). The apoptotic motif VD was significantly enriched among E13 cleavage sites, indicating that motif preference at the P2 subsite had shifted toward the canonical caspase consensus sequence. Additionally, Monte Carlo simulations revealed that only the GD motif was associated with SCoC substrates in the apoptotic auditory brainstem, indicating that GD encodes specificity for SCoC proteins in both non-apoptotic and apoptotic contexts, despite not being preferred in the latter. Finally, to identify candidate human non-apoptotic consensus sequences, we used Monte Carlo analyses to determine motifs and motif pairs associated with SCoC caspase substrates in the Degrabase, a database of cleavage sites in human apoptotic cell lines. We found 11 motifs significantly associated with SCoC proteolysis, including IXXD and GD. We employed a stepwise method to select motif pairs that optimized SCoC specificity for a given coverage of SCoC cleavage events, yielding 11 motif pairs likely to be preferred in SCoC-directed human non-apoptotic caspase consensus sequences. GD + IXXD was among these motif pairs, suggesting a conservation of non-apoptotic consensus sites among vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Weghorst
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | | | - Paul D Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Karina S Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, UC Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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9
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Dehkordi MH, Munn RGK, Fearnhead HO. Non-Canonical Roles of Apoptotic Caspases in the Nervous System. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:840023. [PMID: 35281082 PMCID: PMC8904960 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.840023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of cysteine proteases that predominantly cleave their substrates after aspartic acid residues. Much of what we know of caspases emerged from investigation a highly conserved form of programmed cell death called apoptosis. This form of cell death is regulated by several caspases, including caspase-2, caspase-3, caspase-7, caspase-8 and caspase-9. However, these “killer” apoptotic caspases have emerged as versatile enzymes that play key roles in a wide range of non-apoptotic processes. Much of what we understand about these non-apoptotic roles is built on work investigating how “killer” caspases control a range of neuronal cell behaviors. This review will attempt to provide an up to date synopsis of these roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid H. Dehkordi
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | | | - Howard O. Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland
- *Correspondence: Howard O. Fearnhead,
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10
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Koppers M, Holt CE. Receptor-Ribosome Coupling: A Link Between Extrinsic Signals and mRNA Translation in Neuronal Compartments. Annu Rev Neurosci 2022; 45:41-61. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-neuro-083021-110015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Axons receive extracellular signals that help to guide growth and synapse formation during development and to maintain neuronal function and survival during maturity. These signals relay information via cell surface receptors that can initiate local intracellular signaling at the site of binding, including local messenger RNA (mRNA) translation. Direct coupling of translational machinery to receptors provides an attractive way to activate this local mRNA translation and change the local proteome with high spatiotemporal resolution. Here, we first discuss the increasing evidence that different external stimuli trigger translation of specific subsets of mRNAs in axons via receptors and thus play a prominent role in various processes in both developing and mature neurons. We then discuss the receptor-mediated molecular mechanisms that regulate local mRNA translational with a focus on direct receptor-ribosome coupling. We advance the idea that receptor-ribosome coupling provides several advantages over other translational regulation mechanisms and is a common mechanism in cell communication. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Neuroscience, Volume 45 is July 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Koppers
- Department of Biology, Division of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Biophysics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Christine E. Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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11
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Jones JI, Costa CJ, Cooney C, Goldberg DC, Ponticiello M, Cohen MW, Mellado W, Ma TC, Willis DE. Failure to Upregulate the RNA Binding Protein ZBP After Injury Leads to Impaired Regeneration in a Rodent Model of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:728163. [PMID: 34949989 PMCID: PMC8688773 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.728163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Most diabetes patients eventually suffer from peripheral nerve degeneration. Unfortunately, there is no treatment for the condition and its mechanisms are not well understood. There is, however, an emerging consensus that the inability of peripheral nerves to regenerate normally after injury contributes to the pathophysiology. We have previously shown that regeneration of peripheral axons requires local axonal translation of a pool of axonal mRNAs and that the levels and members of this axonal mRNA pool are altered in response to injury. Here, we show that following sciatic nerve injury in a streptozotocin rodent model of type I diabetes, this mobilization of RNAs into the injured axons is attenuated and correlates with decreased axonal regeneration. This failure of axonal RNA localization results from decreased levels of the RNA binding protein ZBP1. Over-expression of ZBP1 rescues the in vitro growth defect in injured dorsal root ganglion neurons from diabetic rodents. These results provide evidence that decreased neuronal responsiveness to injury in diabetes is due to a decreased ability to alter the pool of axonal mRNAs available for local translation, and may open new therapeutic opportunities for diabetic peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- James I Jones
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | | | - Caitlin Cooney
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | | | | | - Melanie W Cohen
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States
| | | | - Thong C Ma
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Dianna E Willis
- Burke Neurological Institute, White Plains, NY, United States.,Feil Family Brain & Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
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12
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Nakano A, Yang X, Kuboyama T, Inada Y, Tohda C. Intrathecal Infusion of Diosgenin during the Chronic Phase of Spinal Cord Injury Ameliorates Motor Function and Axonal Density. NEUROCHEM J+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712421040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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13
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Dhani S, Zhao Y, Zhivotovsky B. A long way to go: caspase inhibitors in clinical use. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:949. [PMID: 34654807 PMCID: PMC8519909 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are an evolutionary conserved family of cysteine-dependent proteases that are involved in many vital cellular processes including apoptosis, proliferation, differentiation and inflammatory response. Dysregulation of caspase-mediated apoptosis and inflammation has been linked to the pathogenesis of various diseases such as inflammatory diseases, neurological disorders, metabolic diseases, and cancer. Multiple caspase inhibitors have been designed and synthesized as a potential therapeutic tool for the treatment of cell death-related pathologies. However, only a few have progressed to clinical trials because of the consistent challenges faced amongst the different types of caspase inhibitors used for the treatment of the various pathologies, namely an inadequate efficacy, poor target specificity, or adverse side effects. Importantly, a large proportion of this failure lies in the lack of understanding various caspase functions. To overcome the current challenges, further studies on understanding caspase function in a disease model is a fundamental requirement to effectively develop their inhibitors as a treatment for the different pathologies. Therefore, the present review focuses on the descriptive properties and characteristics of caspase inhibitors known to date, and their therapeutic application in animal and clinical studies. In addition, a brief discussion on the achievements, and current challenges faced, are presented in support to providing more perspectives for further development of successful therapeutic caspase inhibitors for various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanel Dhani
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yun Zhao
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Faculty of Medicine, MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991, Moscow, Russia.
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Rivera R, Williams NA, Kennedy GG, Sánchez-Pavón P, Chun J. Generation of an Lpar1-EGFP Fusion Knock-in Transgenic Mouse Line. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 79:619-627. [PMID: 34652685 PMCID: PMC8551097 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lysophospholipid that acts as an extracellular signal through the activation of cognate G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). There are six known LPA receptors (LPA1-6). The first such receptor, LPA1, was identified in the embryonic brain and has been studied extensively for gene expression throughout the body, including through studies of receptor-null mice. However, identifying receptor protein expression in situ and in vivo within living cells and tissues has been difficult because of biologically low receptor expression and variable antibody specificity. To visualize native LPA1 receptor expression in situ, we generated a knock-in mouse produced by homologous recombination in murine embryonic stem (ES) cells to replace a wildtype Lpar1 allele with a mutant allele created by in-frame fusion of EGFP to the 4th exon of Lpar1 (Lpar1-EGFP knock-in allele). Homozygous knock-in mice appeared normal and the expected mendelian ratios of knock-in allele transmission were present in females and males. Histological assessments of the fetal and adult central nervous system (CNS) demonstrated expression patterns that were consistent with prior in situ hybridization studies. This new mouse line will be useful for studies of LPA1 in the developing and adult CNS, as well as other tissues, and for receptor assessments in living tissues and disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard Rivera
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Nyssa A Williams
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Grace G Kennedy
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Paloma Sánchez-Pavón
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jerold Chun
- Translational Neuroscience Initiative, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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15
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Vinton J, Aninweze A, Birgbauer E. Ibuprofen does not inhibit RhoA-mediated growth cone collapse of embryonic chicken retinal axons by LPA. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2969-2977. [PMID: 34322723 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06172-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a bioactive lysophospholipid that causes neuronal growth cones to collapse and neurites to retract through a RhoA-ROCK mediated pathway. It has been reported that the NSAID ibuprofen improves regeneration after spinal cord injury through a mechanism of inhibiting RhoA. This leads to the hypothesis that ibuprofen should block LPA-mediated growth cone collapse. We tested this hypothesis by treating embryonic chick retinal neurons with ibuprofen followed by LPA. Retinal growth cones collapsed with LPA in the presence of ibuprofen similar to control; however, growth cone collapse was effectively blocked by a ROCK inhibitor. Thus, our results do not support the designation of ibuprofen as a direct RhoA inhibitor.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Vinton
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA
| | - Adaeze Aninweze
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA
| | - Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, 29733, USA.
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16
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Nguyen TTM, Gillet G, Popgeorgiev N. Caspases in the Developing Central Nervous System: Apoptosis and Beyond. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:702404. [PMID: 34336853 PMCID: PMC8322698 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.702404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The caspase family of cysteine proteases represents the executioners of programmed cell death (PCD) type I or apoptosis. For years, caspases have been known for their critical roles in shaping embryonic structures, including the development of the central nervous system (CNS). Interestingly, recent findings have suggested that aside from their roles in eliminating unnecessary neural cells, caspases are also implicated in other neurodevelopmental processes such as axon guidance, synapse formation, axon pruning, and synaptic functions. These results raise the question as to how neurons regulate this decision-making, leading either to cell death or to proper development and differentiation. This review highlights current knowledge on apoptotic and non-apoptotic functions of caspases in the developing CNS. We also discuss the molecular factors involved in the regulation of caspase-mediated roles, emphasizing the mitochondrial pathway of cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang Thi Minh Nguyen
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
| | - Germain Gillet
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France.,Hospices Civils de Lyon, Laboratoire d'Anatomie et Cytologie Pathologiques, Centre Hospitalier Lyon Sud, Pierre Bénite, France
| | - Nikolay Popgeorgiev
- Centre de Recherche en Cancérologie de Lyon, U1052 INSERM, UMR CNRS 5286, Centre Léon Bérard, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Lyon, France
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17
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Arama E, Baena-Lopez LA, Fearnhead HO. Non-lethal message from the Holy Land: The first international conference on nonapoptotic roles of apoptotic proteins. FEBS J 2021; 288:2166-2183. [PMID: 32885609 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis is a major form of programmed cell death (PCD) that eliminates unnecessary and potentially dangerous cells in all metazoan organisms, thus ensuring tissue homeostasis and many developmental processes. Accordingly, defects in the activation of the apoptotic pathway often pave the way to disease. After several decades of intensive research, the molecular details controlling the apoptosis program have largely been unraveled, as well as the regulatory mechanisms of caspase activation during apoptosis. Nevertheless, an ever-growing list of studies is suggesting the essential role of caspases and other apoptotic proteins in ensuring nonlethal cellular functions during normal development, tissue repair, and regeneration. Moreover, if deregulated, these novel nonapoptotic functions can also instigate diseases. The difficulty of identifying and manipulating the caspase-dependent nonlethal cellular processes (CDPs), as well as the nonlethal functions of other cell death proteins (NLF-CDPs), meant that CDPs and NLF-CDPs have been only curiosities within the apoptotic field; however, the recent technical advancements and the latest biological findings are assigning an unanticipated biological significance to these nonapoptotic functions. Here, we summarize the various talks presented in the first international conference fully dedicated to discuss CDPs and NFL-CDPs and named 'The Batsheva de Rothschild Seminar on Non-Apoptotic Roles of Apoptotic Proteins'. The conference was organized between September 22, 2019, and 25, 2019, by Eli Arama (Weizmann Institute of Science), Luis Alberto Baena-Lopez (University of Oxford), and Howard O. Fearnhead (NUI Galway) at the Weizmann Institute of Science in Israel, and hosted a large international group of researchers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Arama
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Howard O Fearnhead
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Biomedical Sciences, Dangan, NUI Galway, Ireland
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18
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do Carmo Costa A, Copola AGL, Carvalho E Souza C, Nogueira JM, Silva GAB, Jorge EC. RGMa can induce skeletal muscle cell hyperplasia via association with neogenin signalling pathway. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2021; 57:415-427. [PMID: 33748906 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-021-00555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although originally discovered inducing important biological functions in the nervous system, repulsive guidance molecule a (RGMa) has now been identified as a player in many other processes and diseases, including in myogenesis. RGMa is known to be expressed in skeletal muscle cells, from somites to the adult. Functional in vitro studies have revealed that RGMa overexpression could promote skeletal muscle cell hypertrophy and hyperplasia, as higher efficiency in cell fusion was observed. Here, we extend the potential role of RGMa during C2C12 cell differentiation in vitro. Our results showed that RGMa administrated as a recombinant protein during late stages of C2C12 myogenic differentiation could induce myoblast cell fusion and the downregulation of different myogenic markers, while its administration at early stages induced the expression of myogenic markers with no detectable morphological effects. We also found that RGMa effects on skeletal muscle hyperplasia are performed via neogenin receptor, possibly as part of a complex with other proteins. Additionally, we observed that RGMa-neogenin is not playing a role as an inhibitor of the BMP signalling in skeletal muscle cells. This work contributes to placing RGMa as a component of the mechanisms that determine skeletal cell fusion via neogenin receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alinne do Carmo Costa
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Aline Gonçalves Lio Copola
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Clara Carvalho E Souza
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Júlia Meireles Nogueira
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Gerluza Aparecida Borges Silva
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil
| | - Erika Cristina Jorge
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av Antonio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31.270-901, Brazil.
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19
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Birgbauer E. Lysophosphatidic Acid Signalling in Nervous System Development and Function. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:68-85. [PMID: 33151452 PMCID: PMC11420905 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08630-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
One class of molecules that are now coming to be recognized as essential for our understanding of the nervous system are the lysophospholipids. One of the major signaling lysophospholipids is lysophosphatidic acid, also known as LPA. LPA activates a variety of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) leading to a multitude of physiological responses. In this review, I describe our current understanding of the role of LPA and LPA receptor signaling in the development and function of the nervous system, especially the central nervous system (CNS). In addition, I highlight how aberrant LPA receptor signaling may underlie neuropathological conditions, with important clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Birgbauer
- Department of Biology, Winthrop University, Rock Hill, SC, USA.
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20
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Higgins DMO, Caliva M, Schroeder M, Carlson B, Upadhyayula PS, Milligan BD, Cheshier SH, Weissman IL, Sarkaria JN, Meyer FB, Henley JR. Semaphorin 3A mediated brain tumor stem cell proliferation and invasion in EGFRviii mutant gliomas. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:1213. [PMID: 33302912 PMCID: PMC7727139 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07694-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common primary brain tumor in adults, with a median survival of approximately 15 months. Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), known for its axon guidance and antiangiogenic properties, has been implicated in GBM growth. We hypothesized that Sema3A directly inhibits brain tumor stem cell (BTSC) proliferation and drives invasion via Neuropilin 1 (Nrp1) and Plexin A1 (PlxnA1) receptors. METHODS GBM BTSC cell lines were assayed by immunostaining and PCR for levels of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) and its receptors Nrp1 and PlxnA1. Quantitative BrdU, cell cycle and propidium iodide labeling assays were performed following exogenous Sema3A treatment. Quantitative functional 2-D and 3-D invasion assays along with shRNA lentiviral knockdown of Nrp1 and PlxnA1 are also shown. In vivo flank studies comparing tumor growth of knockdown versus control BTSCs were performed. Statistics were performed using GraphPad Prism v7. RESULTS Immunostaining and PCR analysis revealed that BTSCs highly express Sema3A and its receptors Nrp1 and PlxnA1, with expression of Nrp1 in the CD133 positive BTSCs, and absence in differentiated tumor cells. Treatment with exogenous Sema3A in quantitative BrdU, cell cycle, and propidium iodide labeling assays demonstrated that Sema3A significantly inhibited BTSC proliferation without inducing cell death. Quantitative functional 2-D and 3-D invasion assays showed that treatment with Sema3A resulted in increased invasion. Using shRNA lentiviruses, knockdown of either NRP1 or PlxnA1 receptors abrogated Sema3A antiproliferative and pro-invasive effects. Interestingly, loss of the receptors mimicked Sema3A effects, inhibiting BTSC proliferation and driving invasion. Furthermore, in vivo studies comparing tumor growth of knockdown and control infected BTSCs implanted into the flanks of nude mice confirmed the decrease in proliferation with receptor KD. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate the importance of Sema3A signaling in GBM BTSC proliferation and invasion, and its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique M O Higgins
- Mayo Clinic: College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 710 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Maisel Caliva
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Currently: Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii at Mānoa, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA
| | - Mark Schroeder
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Brett Carlson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Pavan S Upadhyayula
- Department of Neurosurgery, Columbia University Medical Center, 710 W. 168th Street, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Brian D Milligan
- Mayo Clinic: College of Medicine, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
- Currently: Department of Neurosurgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, 66160, USA
| | - Samuel H Cheshier
- Division of Pediatric Neurosurgery, Department of Neurosurgery, Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84113, USA
| | - Irving L Weissman
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine and the Ludwig Cancer Center, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Jann N Sarkaria
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Fredric B Meyer
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - John R Henley
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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21
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Weghorst F, Mirzakhanyan Y, Samimi K, Dhillon M, Barzik M, Cunningham LL, Gershon PD, Cramer KS. Caspase-3 Cleaves Extracellular Vesicle Proteins During Auditory Brainstem Development. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573345. [PMID: 33281555 PMCID: PMC7689216 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Sound localization requires extremely precise development of auditory brainstem circuits, the molecular mechanisms of which are largely unknown. We previously demonstrated a novel requirement for non-apoptotic activity of the protease caspase-3 in chick auditory brainstem development. Here, we used mass spectrometry to identify proteolytic substrates of caspase-3 during chick auditory brainstem development. These auditory brainstem caspase-3 substrates were enriched for proteins previously shown to be cleaved by caspase-3, especially in non-apoptotic contexts. Functional annotation analysis revealed that our caspase-3 substrates were also enriched for proteins associated with several protein categories, including proteins found in extracellular vesicles (EVs), membrane-bound nanoparticles that function in intercellular communication. The proteome of EVs isolated from the auditory brainstem was highly enriched for our caspase-3 substrates. Additionally, we identified two caspase-3 substrates with known functions in axon guidance, namely Neural Cell Adhesion Molecule (NCAM) and Neuronal-glial Cell Adhesion Molecule (Ng-CAM), that were found in auditory brainstem EVs and expressed in the auditory pathway alongside cleaved caspase-3. Taken together, these data suggest a novel developmental mechanism whereby caspase-3 influences auditory brainstem circuit formation through the proteolytic cleavage of extracellular vesicle (EV) proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forrest Weghorst
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yeva Mirzakhanyan
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Kian Samimi
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Mehron Dhillon
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Melanie Barzik
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Lisa L. Cunningham
- Section on Sensory Cell Biology, NIDCD, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Paul D. Gershon
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Karina S. Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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22
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Myosin X Interaction with KIF13B, a Crucial Pathway for Netrin-1-Induced Axonal Development. J Neurosci 2020; 40:9169-9185. [PMID: 33097641 PMCID: PMC7687062 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0929-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin X (Myo X) transports cargos to the tips of filopodia for cell adhesion, migration, and neuronal axon guidance. Deleted in Colorectal Cancer (DCC) is one of the Myo X cargos that is essential for Netrin-1-regulated axon pathfinding. The function of Myo X in axon development in vivo and the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. Here, we provide evidence for the role of Myo X in Netrin-1-DCC-regulated axon development in developing mouse neocortex. The knockout (KO) or knockdown (KD) of Myo X in cortical neurons of embryonic mouse brain impairs axon initiation and contralateral branching/targeting. Similar axon deficits are detected in Netrin-1-KO or DCC-KD cortical neurons. Further proteomic analysis of Myo X binding proteins identifies KIF13B (a kinesin family motor protein). The Myo X interaction with KIF13B is induced by Netrin-1. Netrin-1 promotes anterograde transportation of Myo X into axons in a KIF13B-dependent manner. KIF13B-KD cortical neurons exhibit similar axon deficits. Together, these results reveal Myo X-KIF13B as a critical pathway for Netrin-1-promoted axon initiation and branching/targeting. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Netrin-1 increases Myosin X (Myo X) interaction with KIF13B, and thus promotes axonal delivery of Myo X and axon initiation and contralateral branching in developing cerebral neurons, revealing unrecognized functions and mechanisms underlying Netrin-1 regulation of axon development.
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23
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Wanderoy S, Hees JT, Klesse R, Edlich F, Harbauer AB. Kill one or kill the many: interplay between mitophagy and apoptosis. Biol Chem 2020; 402:73-88. [PMID: 33544491 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2020-0231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are key players of cellular metabolism, Ca2+ homeostasis, and apoptosis. The functionality of mitochondria is tightly regulated, and dysfunctional mitochondria are removed via mitophagy, a specialized form of autophagy that is compromised in hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease. Through mitophagy, cells are able to cope with mitochondrial stress until the damage becomes too great, which leads to the activation of pro-apoptotic BCL-2 family proteins located on the outer mitochondrial membrane. Active pro-apoptotic BCL-2 proteins facilitate the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondrial intermembrane space (IMS) into the cytosol, committing the cell to apoptosis by activating a cascade of cysteinyl-aspartate specific proteases (caspases). We are only beginning to understand how the choice between mitophagy and the activation of caspases is determined on the mitochondrial surface. Intriguingly in neurons, caspase activation also plays a non-apoptotic role in synaptic plasticity. Here we review the current knowledge on the interplay between mitophagy and caspase activation with a special focus on the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Wanderoy
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany
| | - J Tabitha Hees
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ramona Klesse
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Edlich
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104Freiburg, Germany
| | - Angelika B Harbauer
- Max Planck Institute for Neurobiology, Am Klopferspitz 18, D-82152Martinsried, Germany.,Technical University of Munich, Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology, Munich, Germany
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24
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Costa RO, Martins H, Martins LF, Cwetsch AW, Mele M, Pedro JR, Tomé D, Jeon NL, Cancedda L, Jaffrey SR, Almeida RD. Synaptogenesis Stimulates a Proteasome-Mediated Ribosome Reduction in Axons. Cell Rep 2020; 28:864-876.e6. [PMID: 31340150 PMCID: PMC6686882 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.06.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosomes and a subset of cellular mRNAs are trafficked into axons of developing neurons. The axonal localization of translational machinery allows new proteins to be rapidly and locally synthesized during axonal growth and pathfinding. However, in mature neurons, axonal ribosomes are significantly reduced or even absent. The mechanism that elicits this removal is currently unknown. Here, we demonstrate that synapse formation is the trigger for ribosome reduction in mature axons. In vivo analysis shows that axonal ribosome levels decrease in rat brain at a developmental stage coincident with synapse formation. Next, we observe in vitro that different synaptogenic inducers trigger an overall decrease of ribosomal proteins and rRNA in the axons of spinal motor neurons. We further observe that this process is dependent on the ubiquitin-proteasome system but not on autophagy. Together, these data identify synaptogenesis as the long missing biological trigger that leads to ribosome disappearance during axonal maturation. The mechanism behind the striking loss of ribosomes from axons during neuronal maturation is unknown. Using in vivo and in vitro models, including neuron-muscle co-cultures and combining biochemistry and imaging techniques, Costa et al. demonstrate that synapse formation triggers ribosome reduction by a mechanism involving the ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui O Costa
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Helena Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Luís F Martins
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; PhD Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine (PDBEB), Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Andrzej W Cwetsch
- NBT - Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Miranda Mele
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Joana R Pedro
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Diogo Tomé
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noo Li Jeon
- Institute of Advanced Machinery and Design, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laura Cancedda
- NBT - Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy; Dulbecco Telethon Institute, Roma, Italy
| | - Samie R Jaffrey
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ramiro D Almeida
- Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology (CNC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; Institute for Interdisciplinary Research, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal; iBiMED - Institute of Biomedicine, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal.
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25
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Expression of Genes Involved in Axon Guidance: How Much Have We Learned? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103566. [PMID: 32443632 PMCID: PMC7278939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal axons are guided to their target during the development of the brain. Axon guidance allows the formation of intricate neural circuits that control the function of the brain, and thus the behavior. As the axons travel in the brain to find their target, they encounter various axon guidance cues, which interact with the receptors on the tip of the growth cone to permit growth along different signaling pathways. Although many scientists have performed numerous studies on axon guidance signaling pathways, we still have an incomplete understanding of the axon guidance system. Lately, studies on axon guidance have shifted from studying the signal transduction pathways to studying other molecular features of axon guidance, such as the gene expression. These new studies present evidence for different molecular features that broaden our understanding of axon guidance. Hence, in this review we will introduce recent studies that illustrate different molecular features of axon guidance. In particular, we will review literature that demonstrates how axon guidance cues and receptors regulate local translation of axonal genes and how the expression of guidance cues and receptors are regulated both transcriptionally and post-transcriptionally. Moreover, we will highlight the pathological relevance of axon guidance molecules to specific diseases.
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Apoptosome-dependent myotube formation involves activation of caspase-3 in differentiating myoblasts. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:308. [PMID: 32366831 PMCID: PMC7198528 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-2502-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-2, -9, and -3 are reported to control myoblast differentiation into myotubes. This had been previously explained by phosphatidylserine exposure on apoptotic myoblasts inducing differentiation in neighboring cells. Here we show for the first time that caspase-3 is activated in the myoblasts undergoing differentiation. Using RNAi, we also demonstrate that differentiation requires both cytochrome c and Apaf-1, and by using a new pharmacological approach, we show that apoptosome formation is required. We also show that Bid, whose cleavage links caspase-2 to the mitochondrial death pathway, was required for differentiation, and that the caspase cleavage product, tBid, was generated during differentiation. Taken together, these data suggest that myoblast differentiation requires caspase-2 activation of the mitochondrial death pathway, and that this occurs in the cells that differentiate. Our data also reveal a hierarchy of caspases in differentiation with caspase-2 upstream of apoptosome activation, and exerting a more profound control of differentiation, while caspases downstream of the apoptosome primarily control cell fusion.
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27
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Corradi E, Dalla Costa I, Gavoci A, Iyer A, Roccuzzo M, Otto TA, Oliani E, Bridi S, Strohbuecker S, Santos-Rodriguez G, Valdembri D, Serini G, Abreu-Goodger C, Baudet ML. Axonal precursor miRNAs hitchhike on endosomes and locally regulate the development of neural circuits. EMBO J 2020; 39:e102513. [PMID: 32073171 PMCID: PMC7073465 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2019102513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Revised: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Various species of non‐coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are enriched in specific subcellular compartments, but the mechanisms orchestrating their localization and their local functions remain largely unknown. We investigated both aspects using the elongating retinal ganglion cell axon and its tip, the growth cone, as models. We reveal that specific endogenous precursor microRNAs (pre‐miRNAs) are actively trafficked to distal axons by hitchhiking primarily on late endosomes/lysosomes. Upon exposure to the axon guidance cue semaphorin 3A (Sema3A), pre‐miRNAs are processed specifically within axons into newly generated miRNAs, one of which, in turn, silences the basal translation of tubulin beta 3 class III (TUBB3), but not amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). At the organismal level, these mature miRNAs are required for growth cone steering and a fully functional visual system. Overall, our results uncover a novel mode of ncRNA transport from one cytosolic compartment to another within polarized cells. They also reveal that newly generated miRNAs are critical components of a ncRNA‐based signaling pathway that transduces environmental signals into the structural remodeling of subcellular compartments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloina Corradi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Irene Dalla Costa
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Antoneta Gavoci
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Archana Iyer
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Michela Roccuzzo
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Tegan A Otto
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Eleonora Oliani
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Simone Bridi
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Stephanie Strohbuecker
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | | | - Donatella Valdembri
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | - Guido Serini
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, Candiolo, Torino, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Torino School of Medicine, Candiolo, Italy
| | | | - Marie-Laure Baudet
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology - CIBIO, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
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28
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Koppers M, Cagnetta R, Shigeoka T, Wunderlich LCS, Vallejo-Ramirez P, Qiaojin Lin J, Zhao S, Jakobs MAH, Dwivedy A, Minett MS, Bellon A, Kaminski CF, Harris WA, Flanagan JG, Holt CE. Receptor-specific interactome as a hub for rapid cue-induced selective translation in axons. eLife 2019; 8:e48718. [PMID: 31746735 PMCID: PMC6894925 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Extrinsic cues trigger the local translation of specific mRNAs in growing axons via cell surface receptors. The coupling of ribosomes to receptors has been proposed as a mechanism linking signals to local translation but it is not known how broadly this mechanism operates, nor whether it can selectively regulate mRNA translation. We report that receptor-ribosome coupling is employed by multiple guidance cue receptors and this interaction is mRNA-dependent. We find that different receptors associate with distinct sets of mRNAs and RNA-binding proteins. Cue stimulation of growing Xenopus retinal ganglion cell axons induces rapid dissociation of ribosomes from receptors and the selective translation of receptor-specific mRNAs. Further, we show that receptor-ribosome dissociation and cue-induced selective translation are inhibited by co-exposure to translation-repressive cues, suggesting a novel mode of signal integration. Our findings reveal receptor-specific interactomes and suggest a generalizable model for cue-selective control of the local proteome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Koppers
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Roberta Cagnetta
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Toshiaki Shigeoka
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lucia CS Wunderlich
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Pedro Vallejo-Ramirez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Julie Qiaojin Lin
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Sixian Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maximilian AH Jakobs
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Asha Dwivedy
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael S Minett
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Anaïs Bellon
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Clemens F Kaminski
- Department of Chemical Engineering and BiotechnologyUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - William A Harris
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - John G Flanagan
- Department of Cell BiologyHarvard Medical SchoolBostonUnited States
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and NeuroscienceUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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29
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Aschrafi A, Berndt A, Kowalak JA, Gale JR, Gioio AE, Kaplan BB. Angiotensin II mediates the axonal trafficking of tyrosine hydroxylase and dopamine β-hydroxylase mRNAs and enhances norepinephrine synthesis in primary sympathetic neurons. J Neurochem 2019; 150:666-677. [PMID: 31306490 PMCID: PMC7164330 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In the sympatho-adrenal system, angiotensin II (Ang II) acts as a key neuromodulatory component. At sympathetic nerve terminals, Ang II influences sympathetic transmission by enhancing norepinephrine (NE) synthesis, facilitating NE release and inhibiting NE uptake. Previously, it was demonstrated that tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) mRNA is trafficked to the distal axons of primary superior cervical ganglia (SCG) neurons, directed by a cis-acting regulatory element (i.e. zipcode) located in the 3'UTR of the transcript. Results of metabolic labeling studies established that the mRNA is locally translated. It was further shown that the axonal trafficking of the mRNA encoding the enzyme plays an important role in mediating dopamine (DA) and NE synthesis and may facilitate the maintenance of axonal catecholamine levels. In the present study, the hypothesis was tested that Ang II induces NE synthesis in rat primary SCG neurons via the modulation of the trafficking of the mRNAs encoding the catecholamine synthesizing enzymes TH and dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH). Treatment of SCG neurons with the Ang II receptor type 1 (AT1R) agonist, L-162,313, increases the axonal levels of TH and DBH mRNA and protein and results in elevated NE levels. Conversely, treatment of rat SCG neurons with the AT1R antagonist, Eprosartan, abolished the L-162,313-mediated increase in axonal levels of TH and DBH mRNA and protein. In a first attempt to identify the proteins involved in the Ang II-mediated axonal transport of TH mRNA, we used a biotinylated 50-nucleotide TH RNA zipcode as bait in the affinity purification of TH zipcode-associated proteins. Mass spectrometric analysis of the TH zipcode ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complex immune-purified from SCG neurons led to the identification of 163 somal and 127 axonal proteins functionally involved in binding nucleic acids, the translational machinery or acting as subunits of cytoskeletal and motor proteins. Surprisingly, immune-purification of the TH axonal trafficking complex, results in the acquisition of DBH mRNA, suggesting that these mRNAs maybe transported to the axon together, possibly in the same RNP complex. Taken together, our results point to a novel mechanism by which Ang II participates in the regulation of axonal synthesis of NE by modulating the local trafficking and expression of TH and DBH, two key enzymes involved in the catecholamine biosynthetic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jenna R Gale
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Anthony E Gioio
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Barry B Kaplan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Intramural Research Programs, National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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30
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Imbriani P, Tassone A, Meringolo M, Ponterio G, Madeo G, Pisani A, Bonsi P, Martella G. Loss of Non-Apoptotic Role of Caspase-3 in the PINK1 Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143407. [PMID: 31336695 PMCID: PMC6678522 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Caspases are a family of conserved cysteine proteases that play key roles in multiple cellular processes, including programmed cell death and inflammation. Recent evidence shows that caspases are also involved in crucial non-apoptotic functions, such as dendrite development, axon pruning, and synaptic plasticity mechanisms underlying learning and memory processes. The activated form of caspase-3, which is known to trigger widespread damage and degeneration, can also modulate synaptic function in the adult brain. Thus, in the present study, we tested the hypothesis that caspase-3 modulates synaptic plasticity at corticostriatal synapses in the phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) induced kinase 1 (PINK1) mouse model of Parkinson’s disease (PD). Loss of PINK1 has been previously associated with an impairment of corticostriatal long-term depression (LTD), rescued by amphetamine-induced dopamine release. Here, we show that caspase-3 activity, measured after LTD induction, is significantly decreased in the PINK1 knockout model compared with wild-type mice. Accordingly, pretreatment of striatal slices with the caspase-3 activator α-(Trichloromethyl)-4-pyridineethanol (PETCM) rescues a physiological LTD in PINK1 knockout mice. Furthermore, the inhibition of caspase-3 prevents the amphetamine-induced rescue of LTD in the same model. Our data support a hormesis-based double role of caspase-3; when massively activated, it induces apoptosis, while at lower level of activation, it modulates physiological phenomena, like the expression of corticostriatal LTD. Exploring the non-apoptotic activation of caspase-3 may contribute to clarify the mechanisms involved in synaptic failure in PD, as well as in view of new potential pharmacological targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Imbriani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Tassone
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Meringolo
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ponterio
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Graziella Madeo
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisani
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy.
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Paola Bonsi
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Martella
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Plasticity, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", 00133 Rome, Italy
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31
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A novel Microproteomic Approach Using Laser Capture Microdissection to Study Cellular Protrusions. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20051172. [PMID: 30866487 PMCID: PMC6429397 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20051172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell communication is vital to multicellular organisms, and distinct types of cellular protrusions play critical roles during development, cell signaling, and the spreading of pathogens and cancer. The differences in the structure and protein composition of these different types of protrusions and their specific functions have not been elucidated due to the lack of a method for their specific isolation and analysis. In this paper, we described, for the first time, a method to specifically isolate distinct protrusion subtypes, based on their morphological structures or fluorescent markers, using laser capture microdissection (LCM). Combined with a unique fixation and protein extraction protocol, we pushed the limits of microproteomics and demonstrate that proteins from LCM-isolated protrusions can successfully and reproducibly be identified by mass spectrometry using ultra-high field Orbitrap technologies. Our method confirmed that different types of protrusions have distinct proteomes and it promises to advance the characterization and the understanding of these unique structures to shed light on their possible role in health and disease.
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32
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Cagnetta R, Wong HHW, Frese CK, Mallucci GR, Krijgsveld J, Holt CE. Noncanonical Modulation of the eIF2 Pathway Controls an Increase in Local Translation during Neural Wiring. Mol Cell 2019; 73:474-489.e5. [PMID: 30595434 PMCID: PMC6375727 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Local translation is rapidly regulated by extrinsic signals during neural wiring, but its control mechanisms remain elusive. Here we show that the extracellular cue Sema3A induces an initial burst in local translation that precisely controls phosphorylation of the translation initiation factor eIF2α via the unfolded protein response (UPR) kinase PERK. Strikingly, in contrast to canonical UPR signaling, Sema3A-induced eIF2α phosphorylation bypasses global translational repression and underlies an increase in local translation through differential activity of eIF2B mediated by protein phosphatase 1. Ultrasensitive proteomics analysis of axons reveals 75 proteins translationally controlled via the Sema3A-p-eIF2α pathway. These include proteostasis- and actin cytoskeleton-related proteins but not canonical stress markers. Finally, we show that PERK signaling is needed for directional axon migration and visual pathway development in vivo. Thus, our findings reveal a noncanonical eIF2 signaling pathway that controls selective changes in axon translation and is required for neural wiring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Cagnetta
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Hovy Ho-Wai Wong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christian K Frese
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany; CECAD Research Center, University of Cologne, 50931 Cologne, Germany
| | - Giovanna R Mallucci
- UK Dementia Research Institute and Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Island Research Building, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0SL, UK
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69121 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, Anatomy Building, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK.
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33
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Caspases orchestrate microglia instrumental functions. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 171:50-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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34
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The Role of Apoptotic Signaling in Axon Guidance. J Dev Biol 2018; 6:jdb6040024. [PMID: 30340315 PMCID: PMC6316149 DOI: 10.3390/jdb6040024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Navigating growth cones are exposed to multiple signals simultaneously and have to integrate competing cues into a coherent navigational response. Integration of guidance cues is traditionally thought to occur at the level of cytoskeletal dynamics. Drosophila studies indicate that cells exhibit a low level of continuous caspase protease activation, and that axon guidance cues can activate or suppress caspase activity. We base a model for axon guidance on these observations. By analogy with other systems in which caspase signaling has non-apoptotic functions, we propose that caspase signaling can either reinforce repulsion or negate attraction in response to external guidance cues by cleaving cytoskeletal proteins. Over the course of an entire trajectory, incorrectly navigating axons may pass the threshold for apoptosis and be eliminated, whereas axons making correct decisions will survive. These observations would also explain why neurotrophic factors can act as axon guidance cues and why axon guidance systems such as Slit/Robo signaling may act as tumor suppressors in cancer.
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35
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Kurabayashi N, Tanaka A, Nguyen MD, Sanada K. The LPA-LPA4 axis is required for establishment of bipolar morphology and radial migration of newborn cortical neurons. Development 2018; 145:145/17/dev162529. [DOI: 10.1242/dev.162529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Newborn neurons in the developing neocortex undergo radial migration, a process that is coupled with their precise passage from multipolar to bipolar shape. The cell-extrinsic signals that govern this transition are, however, poorly understood. Here, we find that lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) signaling contributes to the establishment of a bipolar shape in mouse migratory neurons through LPA receptor 4 (LPA4). LPA4 is robustly expressed in migratory neurons. LPA4-depleted neurons show impaired multipolar-to-bipolar transition and become arrested in their migration. Further, LPA4-mediated LPA signaling promotes formation of the pia-directed process in primary neurons overlaid on neocortical slices. In addition, LPA4 depletion is coupled with altered actin organization as well as with destabilization of the F-actin-binding protein filamin A (FlnA). Finally, overexpression of FlnA rescues the morphology and migration defects of LPA4-depleted neurons. Thus, the LPA-LPA4 axis regulates bipolar morphogenesis and radial migration of newborn cortical neurons via remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Kurabayashi
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Aiki Tanaka
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Minh Dang Nguyen
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Departments of Clinical Neurosciences, Cell Biology and Anatomy, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, HMR 151, Calgary, Alberta T2N4N1, Canada
| | - Kamon Sanada
- Molecular Genetics Research Laboratory, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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36
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Boyer NP, Gupton SL. Revisiting Netrin-1: One Who Guides (Axons). Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:221. [PMID: 30108487 PMCID: PMC6080411 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper patterning of the nervous system requires that developing axons find appropriate postsynaptic partners; this entails microns to meters of extension through an extracellular milieu exhibiting a wide range of mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, the elaborate networks of fiber tracts and non-fasciculated axons evident in mature organisms are formed via complex pathfinding. The macroscopic structures of axon projections are highly stereotyped across members of the same species, indicating precise mechanisms guide their formation. The developing axon exhibits directionally biased growth toward or away from external guidance cues. One of the most studied guidance cues is netrin-1, however, its presentation in vivo remains debated. Guidance cues can be secreted to form soluble or chemotactic gradients or presented bound to cells or the extracellular matrix to form haptotactic gradients. The growth cone, a highly specialized dynamic structure at the end of the extending axon, detects these guidance cues via transmembrane receptors, such as the netrin-1 receptors deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC) and UNC5. These receptors orchestrate remodeling of the cytoskeleton and cell membrane through both chemical and mechanotransductive pathways, which result in traction forces generated by the cytoskeleton against the extracellular environment and translocation of the growth cone. Through intracellular signaling responses, netrin-1 can trigger either attraction or repulsion of the axon. Here we review the mechanisms by which the classical guidance cue netrin-1 regulates intracellular effectors to respond to the extracellular environment in the context of axon guidance during development of the central nervous system and discuss recent findings that demonstrate the critical importance of mechanical forces in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas P. Boyer
- Neurobiology Curriculum, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Gupton
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
- Neuroscience Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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37
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Stark DT, Anderson DMG, Kwong JMK, Patterson NH, Schey KL, Caprioli RM, Caprioli J. Optic Nerve Regeneration After Crush Remodels the Injury Site: Molecular Insights From Imaging Mass Spectrometry. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2018; 59:212-222. [PMID: 29340649 PMCID: PMC5770179 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.17-22509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mammalian central nervous system axons fail to regenerate after injury. Contributing factors include limited intrinsic growth capacity and an inhibitory glial environment. Inflammation-induced optic nerve regeneration (IIR) is thought to boost retinal ganglion cell (RGC) intrinsic growth capacity through progrowth gene expression, but effects on the inhibitory glial environment of the optic nerve are unexplored. To investigate progrowth molecular changes associated with reactive gliosis during IIR, we developed an imaging mass spectrometry (IMS)-based approach that identifies discriminant molecular signals in and around optic nerve crush (ONC) sites. Methods ONC was performed in rats, and IIR was established by intravitreal injection of a yeast cell wall preparation. Optic nerves were collected at various postcrush intervals, and longitudinal sections were analyzed with matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) IMS and data mining. Immunohistochemistry and confocal microscopy were used to compare discriminant molecular features with cellular features of reactive gliosis. Results IIR increased the area of the crush site that was occupied by a dense cellular infiltrate and mass spectral features consistent with lysosome-specific lipids. IIR also increased immunohistochemical labeling for microglia and macrophages. IIR enhanced clearance of lipid sulfatide myelin-associated inhibitors of axon growth and accumulation of simple GM3 gangliosides in a spatial distribution consistent with degradation of plasma membrane from degenerated axons. Conclusions IIR promotes a robust phagocytic response that improves clearance of myelin and axon debris. This growth-permissive molecular remodeling of the crush injury site extends our current understanding of IIR to include mechanisms extrinsic to the RGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Stark
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - David M G Anderson
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Jacky M K Kwong
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Nathan Heath Patterson
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Kevin L Schey
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Richard M Caprioli
- Vanderbilt Mass Spectrometry Research Center and Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee, United States
| | - Joseph Caprioli
- Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, United States
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38
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Spead O, Verreet T, Donelson CJ, Poulain FE. Characterization of the caspase family in zebrafish. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197966. [PMID: 29791492 PMCID: PMC5965869 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
First discovered for their role in mediating programmed cell death and inflammatory responses, caspases have now emerged as crucial regulators of other cellular and physiological processes including cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, and survival. In the developing nervous system, for instance, the non-apoptotic functions of caspases have been shown to play critical roles in the formation of neuronal circuits by regulating axon outgrowth, guidance and pruning. How caspase activity is spatially and temporally maintained at sub-lethal levels within cells remains however poorly understood, especially in vivo. Thanks to its transparency and accessibility, the zebrafish offers the unique ability to directly visualize caspase activation in vivo. Yet, detailed information about the caspase family in zebrafish is lacking. Here, we report the identification and characterization of 19 different caspase genes in zebrafish, and show that caspases have diverse expression profiles from cleavage to larval stages, suggesting highly specialized and/or redundant functions during embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Spead
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Tine Verreet
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Cory J. Donelson
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
| | - Fabienne E. Poulain
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina, United States of America
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Huang H, Yang T, Shao Q, Majumder T, Mell K, Liu G. Human TUBB3 Mutations Disrupt Netrin Attractive Signaling. Neuroscience 2018; 374:155-171. [PMID: 29382549 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.01.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Heterozygous missense mutations in human TUBB3 gene result in a spectrum of brain malformations associated with defects in axon guidance, neuronal migration and differentiation. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying mutation-related axon guidance abnormalities are unclear. Recent studies have shown that netrin-1, a canonical guidance cue, induced the interaction of TUBB3 with the netrin receptor deleted in colorectal cancer (DCC). Furthermore, TUBB3 is required for netrin-1-induced axon outgrowth, branching and pathfinding. Here, we provide evidence that TUBB3 mutations impair netrin/DCC signaling in the developing nervous system. The interaction of DCC with most TUBB3 mutants (eight out of twelve) is significantly reduced compared to the wild-type TUBB3. TUBB3 mutants R262C and A302V exhibit decreased subcellular colocalization with DCC in the growth cones of primary neurons. Netrin-1 increases the interaction of endogenous DCC with wild-type human TUBB3, but not R262C or A302V, in primary neurons. Netrin-1 also increases co-sedimentation of DCC with polymerized microtubules (MTs) in primary neurons expressing the wild-type TUBB3, but not R262C or A302V. Expression of either R262C or A302V not only suppresses netrin-1-induced neurite outgrowth, branching and attraction in vitro, but also causes defects in spinal cord commissural axon (CA) projection and pathfinding in ovo. Our study reveals that missense TUBB3 mutations specifically disrupt netrin/DCC-mediated attractive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huai Huang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Shao
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Tanushree Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Kristopher Mell
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA
| | - Guofa Liu
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 West Bancroft St., Toledo, OH 43606, USA.
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40
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Vogt J, Kirischuk S, Unichenko P, Schlüter L, Pelosi A, Endle H, Yang JW, Schmarowski N, Cheng J, Thalman C, Strauss U, Prokudin A, Bharati BS, Aoki J, Chun J, Lutz B, Luhmann HJ, Nitsch R. Synaptic Phospholipid Signaling Modulates Axon Outgrowth via Glutamate-dependent Ca2+-mediated Molecular Pathways. Cereb Cortex 2018; 27:131-145. [PMID: 27909001 PMCID: PMC5939201 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered synaptic bioactive lipid signaling has been recently shown to augment neuronal excitation in the hippocampus of adult animals by activation of presynaptic LPA2-receptors leading to increased presynaptic glutamate release. Here, we show that this results in higher postsynaptic Ca2+ levels and in premature onset of spontaneous neuronal activity in the developing entorhinal cortex. Interestingly, increased synchronized neuronal activity led to reduced axon growth velocity of entorhinal neurons which project via the perforant path to the hippocampus. This was due to Ca2+-dependent molecular signaling to the axon affecting stabilization of the actin cytoskeleton. The spontaneous activity affected the entire entorhinal cortical network and thus led to reduced overall axon fiber numbers in the mature perforant path that is known to be important for specific memory functions. Our data show that precise regulation of early cortical activity by bioactive lipids is of critical importance for proper circuit formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sergei Kirischuk
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Petr Unichenko
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Leslie Schlüter
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Assunta Pelosi
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Endle
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Carine Thalman
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulf Strauss
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin, 10119 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexey Prokudin
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - B Suman Bharati
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Junken Aoki
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8578, Japan
| | - Jerold Chun
- Dorris Neuroscience Center, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Beat Lutz
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
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Hollville E, Deshmukh M. Physiological functions of non-apoptotic caspase activity in the nervous system. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 82:127-136. [PMID: 29199140 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caspases are cysteine proteases that play important and well-defined roles in apoptosis and inflammation. Increasing evidence point to alternative functions of caspases where restricted and localized caspase activation within neurons allows for a variety of non-apoptotic and non-inflammatory processes required for brain development and function. In this review, we highlight sublethal caspase functions in axon and dendrite pruning, neurite outgrowth and dendrite branches formation, as well as in long-term depression and synaptic plasticity. Importantly, as non-apoptotic activity of caspases is often confined in space and time in neurons, we also discuss the mechanisms that restrict caspase activity in order to maintain the neuronal networks in a healthy and functional state.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohanish Deshmukh
- Neuroscience Center, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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42
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Mukherjee A, Williams DW. More alive than dead: non-apoptotic roles for caspases in neuronal development, plasticity and disease. Cell Death Differ 2017. [PMID: 28644437 PMCID: PMC5520460 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2017.64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nervous systems are arguably the most fascinating and complex structures in the known universe. How they are built, changed by experience and then degenerate are some of the biggest questions in biology. Regressive phenomena, such as neuron pruning and programmed cell death, have a key role in the building and maintenance of the nervous systems. Both of these cellular mechanisms deploy the caspase family of protease enzymes. In this review, we highlight the non-apoptotic function of caspases during nervous system development, plasticity and disease, particularly focussing on their role in structural remodelling. We have classified pruning as either macropruning, where complete branches are removed, or micropruning, where individual synapses or dendritic spines are eliminated. Finally we discuss open questions and possible future directions within the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Mukherjee
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Darren W Williams
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, King's College London, London, UK
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Disruption of the Axonal Trafficking of Tyrosine Hydroxylase mRNA Impairs Catecholamine Biosynthesis in the Axons of Sympathetic Neurons. eNeuro 2017. [PMID: 28630892 PMCID: PMC5473686 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0385-16.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) is the enzyme that catalyzes the rate-limiting step in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters. In a previous communication, evidence was provided that TH mRNA is trafficked to the axon, where it is locally translated. In addition, a 50-bp sequence element in the 3'untranslated region (3'UTR) of TH mRNA was identified that directs TH mRNA to distal axons (i.e., zip-code). In the present study, the hypothesis was tested that local translation of TH plays an important role in the biosynthesis of the catecholamine neurotransmitters in the axon and/or presynaptic nerve terminal. Toward this end, a targeted deletion of the axonal transport sequence element was developed, using the lentiviral delivery of the CRISPR/Cas9 system, and two guide RNA (gRNA) sequences flanking the 50-bp cis-acting regulatory element in rat superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. Deletion of the axonal transport element reduced TH mRNA levels in the distal axons and reduced the axonal protein levels of TH and TH activity as measured by phosphorylation of SER40 in SCG neurons. Moreover, deletion of the zip-code diminished the axonal levels of dopamine (DA) and norepinephrine (NE). Conversely, the local translation of exogenous TH mRNA in the distal axon enhanced TH levels and activity, and elevated axonal NE levels. Taken together, these results provide direct evidence to support the hypothesis that TH mRNA trafficking and local synthesis of TH play an important role in the synthesis of catecholamines in the axon and presynaptic terminal.
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44
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Katow H, Kanaya T, Ogawa T, Egawa R, Yawo H. Regulation of axon arborization pattern in the developing chick ciliary ganglion: Possible involvement of caspase 3. Dev Growth Differ 2017; 59:115-128. [PMID: 28430358 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
During a certain critical period in the development of the central and peripheral nervous systems, axonal branches and synapses are massively reorganized to form mature connections. In this process, neurons search their appropriate targets, expanding and/or retracting their axons. Recent work suggested that the caspase superfamily regulates the axon morphology. Here, we tested the hypothesis that caspase 3, which is one of the major executioners in apoptotic cell death, is involved in regulating the axon arborization. The embryonic chicken ciliary ganglion was used as a model system of synapse reorganization. A dominant negative mutant of caspase-3 precursor (C3DN) was made and overexpressed in presynaptic neurons in the midbrain to interfere with the intrinsic caspase-3 activity using an in ovo electroporation method. The axon arborization pattern was 3-dimensionally and quantitatively analyzed in the ciliary ganglion. The overexpression of C3DN significantly reduced the number of branching points, the branch order and the complexity index, whereas it significantly elongated the terminal branches at E6. It also increased the internodal distance significantly at E8. But, these effects were negligible at E10 or later. During E6-8, there appeared to be a dynamic balance in the axon arborization pattern between the "targeting" mode, which is accompanied by elongation of terminal branches and the pruning of collateral branches, and the "pathfinding" mode, which is accompanied by the retraction of terminal branches and the sprouting of new collateral branches. The local and transient activation of caspase 3 could direct the balance towards the pathfinding mode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetaka Katow
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Teppei Kanaya
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Ogawa
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Egawa
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hiromu Yawo
- Department of Developmental Biology and Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Life Sciences, Sendai, Japan.,Center for Neuroscience, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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45
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Rotschafer SE, Allen-Sharpley MR, Cramer KS. Axonal Cleaved Caspase-3 Regulates Axon Targeting and Morphogenesis in the Developing Auditory Brainstem. Front Neural Circuits 2016; 10:84. [PMID: 27822180 PMCID: PMC5075536 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2016.00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Caspase-3 is a cysteine protease that is most commonly associated with cell death. Recent studies have shown additional roles in mediating cell differentiation, cell proliferation and development of cell morphology. We investigated the role of caspase-3 in the development of chick auditory brainstem nuclei during embryogenesis. Immunofluorescence from embryonic days E6–13 revealed that the temporal expression of cleaved caspase-3 follows the ascending anatomical pathway. The expression is first seen in the auditory portion of VIIIth nerve including central axonal regions projecting to nucleus magnocellularis (NM), then later in NM axons projecting to nucleus laminaris (NL), and subsequently in NL dendrites. To examine the function of cleaved caspase-3 in chick auditory brainstem development, we blocked caspase-3 cleavage in developing chick embryos with the caspase-3 inhibitor Z-DEVD-FMK from E6 to E9, then examined NM and NL morphology and NM axonal targeting on E10. NL lamination in treated embryos was disorganized and the neuropil around NL contained a significant number of glial cells normally excluded from this region. Additionally, NM axons projected into inappropriate portions of NL in Z-DEVD-FMK treated embyros. We found that the presence of misrouted axons was associated with more severe NL disorganization. The effects of axonal caspase-3 inhibition on both NL morphogenesis and NM axon targeting suggest that these developmental processes are coordinated, likely through communication between axons and their targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Rotschafer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Karina S Cramer
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
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46
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Cheng J, Sahani S, Hausrat TJ, Yang JW, Ji H, Schmarowski N, Endle H, Liu X, Li Y, Böttche R, Radyushkin K, Maric HM, Hoerder-Suabedissen A, Molnár Z, Prouvot PH, Trimbuch T, Ninnemann O, Huai J, Fan W, Visentin B, Sabbadini R, Strømgaard K, Stroh A, Luhmann HJ, Kneussel M, Nitsch R, Vogt J. Precise Somatotopic Thalamocortical Axon Guidance Depends on LPA-Mediated PRG-2/Radixin Signaling. Neuron 2016; 92:126-142. [PMID: 27641493 PMCID: PMC5065528 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Precise connection of thalamic barreloids with their corresponding cortical barrels is critical for processing of vibrissal sensory information. Here, we show that PRG-2, a phospholipid-interacting molecule, is important for thalamocortical axon guidance. Developing thalamocortical fibers both in PRG-2 full knockout (KO) and in thalamus-specific KO mice prematurely entered the cortical plate, eventually innervating non-corresponding barrels. This misrouting relied on lost axonal sensitivity toward lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), which failed to repel PRG-2-deficient thalamocortical fibers. PRG-2 electroporation in the PRG-2-/- thalamus restored the aberrant cortical innervation. We identified radixin as a PRG-2 interaction partner and showed that radixin accumulation in growth cones and its LPA-dependent phosphorylation depend on its binding to specific regions within the C-terminal region of PRG-2. In vivo recordings and whisker-specific behavioral tests demonstrated sensory discrimination deficits in PRG-2-/- animals. Our data show that bioactive phospholipids and PRG-2 are critical for guiding thalamic axons to their proper cortical targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Cheng
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Sadhna Sahani
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Torben Johann Hausrat
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jenq-Wei Yang
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Haichao Ji
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Nikolai Schmarowski
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko Endle
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Yunbo Li
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Rahel Böttche
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Konstantin Radyushkin
- Focus Program Translational Neuroscience, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Hans M Maric
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Zoltán Molnár
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Pierre-Hugues Prouvot
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Thorsten Trimbuch
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Olaf Ninnemann
- Institute for Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jisen Huai
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Wei Fan
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | | | | | - Kristian Strømgaard
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Center for Biopharmaceuticals, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Albrecht Stroh
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Heiko J Luhmann
- Institute of Physiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Matthias Kneussel
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Institute for Molecular Neurogenetics, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH), 20251 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Nitsch
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
| | - Johannes Vogt
- Institute for Microscopic Anatomy and Neurobiology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany.
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47
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Kusano R, Fujita K, Shinoda Y, Nagaura Y, Kiyonari H, Abe T, Watanabe T, Matsui Y, Fukaya M, Sakagami H, Sato T, Funahashi JI, Ohnishi M, Tamura S, Kobayashi T. Targeted disruption of the mouse protein phosphataseppm1lgene leads to structural abnormalities in the brain. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:3606-3615. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rie Kusano
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Kousuke Fujita
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yasuharu Shinoda
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Yuko Nagaura
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Animal Resource Development Unit; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
- Genetic Engineering Team; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
| | - Takaya Abe
- Genetic Engineering Team; RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies; Kobe Japan
| | - Toshio Watanabe
- Department of Biological Science; Graduate School of Humanities and Sciences; Nara Women's University; Nara Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Matsui
- Cell Resource Center for Biomedical Research; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; Sagamihara Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy; Kitasato University School of Medicine; Sagamihara Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sato
- Creative interdisciplinary Research Division; The Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Jun-ichi Funahashi
- Department of Thoracic Surgery; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Motoko Ohnishi
- Department of Biological Chemistry; College of Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chubu University; Kasugai Japan
| | - Shinri Tamura
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
| | - Takayasu Kobayashi
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
- Center for Gene Research; Tohoku University; Sendai Japan
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48
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Dynamic Axonal Translation in Developing and Mature Visual Circuits. Cell 2016; 166:181-92. [PMID: 27321671 PMCID: PMC4930487 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 313] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Local mRNA translation mediates the adaptive responses of axons to extrinsic signals, but direct evidence that it occurs in mammalian CNS axons in vivo is scant. We developed an axon-TRAP-RiboTag approach in mouse that allows deep-sequencing analysis of ribosome-bound mRNAs in the retinal ganglion cell axons of the developing and adult retinotectal projection in vivo. The embryonic-to-postnatal axonal translatome comprises an evolving subset of enriched genes with axon-specific roles, suggesting distinct steps in axon wiring, such as elongation, pruning, and synaptogenesis. Adult axons, remarkably, have a complex translatome with strong links to axon survival, neurotransmission, and neurodegenerative disease. Translationally co-regulated mRNA subsets share common upstream regulators, and sequence elements generated by alternative splicing promote axonal mRNA translation. Our results indicate that intricate regulation of compartment-specific mRNA translation in mammalian CNS axons supports the formation and maintenance of neural circuits in vivo. Dynamic translatome of retinal axons in vivo matches changing subcellular function Adult CNS axons translate mRNAs for synaptic transmission and axon survival in vivo Target mRNAs of key translation regulators show developmental co-regulation Axon-specific sequence motifs link alternative splicing to axonal translation
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49
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Gibon J, Unsain N, Gamache K, Thomas RA, De Leon A, Johnstone A, Nader K, Séguéla P, Barker PA. The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis regulates long-term depression and learning rate. FASEB J 2016; 30:3083-90. [PMID: 27189977 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201600384r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampal long-term depression (LTD) is an active form of synaptic plasticity that is necessary for consolidation of spatial memory, contextual fear memory, and novelty acquisition. Recent studies have shown that caspases (CASPs) play an important role in NMDA receptor-dependent LTD and are involved in postsynaptic remodeling and synaptic maturation. In the present study, we examined the role of X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP), a putative endogenous CASP inhibitor, in synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. Analysis in acute brain slices and in cultured hippocampal neurons revealed that XIAP deletion increases CASP-3 activity, enhances α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptor internalization, sharply increases LTD, and significantly reduces synapse density. In vivo behaviors related to memory were also altered in XIAP(-/-) mice, with faster acquisition of spatial object location and increased fear memory observed. Together, these results indicate that XIAP plays an important physiologic role in regulating sublethal CASP-3 activity within central neurons and thereby facilitates synaptic plasticity and memory acquisition.-Gibon, J., Unsain, N., Gamache, K., Thomas, R. A., De Leon, A., Johnstone, A., Nader, K., Séguéla, P., Barker, P. A. The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis regulates long-term depression and learning rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Gibon
- Biology Unit, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Unsain
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Karine Gamache
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Rhalena A Thomas
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Andres De Leon
- Biology Unit, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Aaron Johnstone
- Biology Unit, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Karim Nader
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada; and
| | - Philippe Séguéla
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
| | - Philip A Barker
- Biology Unit, University of British Columbia, Okanagan Campus, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada;
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Roque CG, Wong HHW, Lin JQ, Holt CE. Tumor protein Tctp regulates axon development in the embryonic visual system. Development 2016; 143:1134-48. [PMID: 26903505 PMCID: PMC4852495 DOI: 10.1242/dev.131060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The transcript encoding translationally controlled tumor protein (Tctp), a molecule associated with aggressive breast cancers, was identified among the most abundant in genome-wide screens of axons, suggesting that Tctp is important in neurons. Here, we tested the role of Tctp in retinal axon development in Xenopus laevis. We report that Tctp deficiency results in stunted and splayed retinotectal projections that fail to innervate the optic tectum at the normal developmental time owing to impaired axon extension. Tctp-deficient axons exhibit defects associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and we show that Tctp interacts in the axonal compartment with myeloid cell leukemia 1 (Mcl1), a pro-survival member of the Bcl2 family. Mcl1 knockdown gives rise to similar axon misprojection phenotypes, and we provide evidence that the anti-apoptotic activity of Tctp is necessary for the normal development of the retinotectal projection. These findings suggest that Tctp supports the development of the retinotectal projection via its regulation of pro-survival signalling and axonal mitochondrial homeostasis, and establish a novel and fundamental role for Tctp in vertebrate neural circuitry assembly. Highlighted article: The cancer-associated protein Tctp controls neural circuitry in Xenopus via its regulation of pro-survival signalling and axonal mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudio Gouveia Roque
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK Doctoral Programme in Experimental Biology and Biomedicine, Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra 3004-517, Portugal
| | - Hovy Ho-Wai Wong
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Julie Qiaojin Lin
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
| | - Christine E Holt
- Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3DY, UK
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