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Yuan X, Li W, Yuan Y, Zhu X, Meng Y, Wu Q, Yan Q, Zhang P. Characterization of neuronal differentiation in human adipose-derived stromal cells: morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural insights. J Neurosci Methods 2024; 412:110296. [PMID: 39357604 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2024.110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 09/28/2024] [Indexed: 10/04/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adipose-derived stromal cells (ADSCs) have shown promise as a potential source of neural differentiation. In this study, we investigated the morphological, molecular and ultrastructural features of ADSCs during neuronal differentiation. METHODS ADSCs were induced in vitro and their differentiation was examined at different time points. Immunocytochemical staining was performed to detect the expression of neuron-specific markers NSE and MAP-2. Immunofluorescence double labeling and Western blot detected the co-expression of presynaptic markers (CaMKII, SynCAM1, SYN) and postsynaptic markers (PSD-95, Synapsin I). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed to detect the synaptic structural features of differentiated neurons. RESULTS ADSCs showed diverse morphological features during differentiation, gradually acquiring a neuron-like spindle shape and organized arrangement. The expression of neuron-specific markers and synaptic markers peaked at 5h of induction. Scanning electron microscopy showed polygonal protrusions of ADSC-derived neurons, and transmission electron microscopy showed characteristic ultrastructures such as nidus, synaptic vesicle-like structures, and tight junctions. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that ADSCs differentiated for 5h have neuronal features, including morphological, molecular, and ultrastructural resemblance to neurons, as well as the formation of synaptic structures. These insights contribute to a better understanding of ADSC-based neuronal differentiation and pave the way for future applications in regenerative medicine and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China.
| | - Wen Li
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yi Yuan
- Children's hospital of Capital institute of pediatrics, department of pediatric othopedic, Beijing, 100000, China
| | - Xuhong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yan Meng
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qi Wu
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Qi Yan
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China
| | - Pingshu Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Kailuan General Hospital affiliated to North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China; Hebei Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurobiological Function, Tangshan, 063000, Hebei Province, China.
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Bhandari A, Seguin A, Rothenfluh A. Synaptic Mechanisms of Ethanol Tolerance and Neuroplasticity: Insights from Invertebrate Models. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6838. [PMID: 38999947 PMCID: PMC11241699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 06/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Alcohol tolerance is a neuroadaptive response that leads to a reduction in the effects of alcohol caused by previous exposure. Tolerance plays a critical role in the development of alcohol use disorder (AUD) because it leads to the escalation of drinking and dependence. Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol tolerance is therefore important for the development of effective therapeutics and for understanding addiction in general. This review explores the molecular basis of alcohol tolerance in invertebrate models, Drosophila and C. elegans, focusing on synaptic transmission. Both organisms exhibit biphasic responses to ethanol and develop tolerance similar to that of mammals. Furthermore, the availability of several genetic tools makes them a great candidate to study the molecular basis of ethanol response. Studies in invertebrate models show that tolerance involves conserved changes in the neurotransmitter systems, ion channels, and synaptic proteins. These neuroadaptive changes lead to a change in neuronal excitability, most likely to compensate for the enhanced inhibition by ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aakriti Bhandari
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Alexandra Seguin
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Adrian Rothenfluh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Molecular Medicine Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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Song I, Kuznetsova T, Baidoe-Ansah D, Mirzapourdelavar H, Senkov O, Hayani H, Mironov A, Kaushik R, Druzin M, Johansson S, Dityatev A. Heparan Sulfates Regulate Axonal Excitability and Context Generalization through Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050744. [PMID: 36899880 PMCID: PMC10000602 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies demonstrated that enzymatic removal of highly sulfated heparan sulfates with heparinase 1 impaired axonal excitability and reduced expression of ankyrin G at the axon initial segments in the CA1 region of the hippocampus ex vivo, impaired context discrimination in vivo, and increased Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity in vitro. Here, we show that in vivo delivery of heparinase 1 in the CA1 region of the hippocampus elevated autophosphorylation of CaMKII 24 h after injection in mice. Patch clamp recording in CA1 neurons revealed no significant heparinase effects on the amplitude or frequency of miniature excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic currents, while the threshold for action potential generation was increased and fewer spikes were generated in response to current injection. Delivery of heparinase on the next day after contextual fear conditioning induced context overgeneralization 24 h after injection. Co-administration of heparinase with the CaMKII inhibitor (autocamtide-2-related inhibitory peptide) rescued neuronal excitability and expression of ankyrin G at the axon initial segment. It also restored context discrimination, suggesting the key role of CaMKII in neuronal signaling downstream of heparan sulfate proteoglycans and highlighting a link between impaired CA1 pyramidal cell excitability and context generalization during recall of contextual memories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inseon Song
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tatiana Kuznetsova
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - David Baidoe-Ansah
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hadi Mirzapourdelavar
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Oleg Senkov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hussam Hayani
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Andrey Mironov
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rahul Kaushik
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Druzin
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Staffan Johansson
- Department of Integrative Medical Biology, Umeå University, 90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alexander Dityatev
- Molecular Neuroplasticity Group, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Medizinische Fakultät, Otto-von-Güricke-Universität Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
- Center for Behavioral Brain Sciences (CBBS), 39106 Magdeburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-391-67-24526; Fax: +49-391-6724530
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Calcium/Calmodulin-Stimulated Protein Kinase II (CaMKII): Different Functional Outcomes from Activation, Depending on the Cellular Microenvironment. Cells 2023; 12:cells12030401. [PMID: 36766743 PMCID: PMC9913510 DOI: 10.3390/cells12030401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a family of broad substrate specificity serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) protein kinases widely expressed in many tissues that is capable of mediating diverse functional responses depending on its cellular and molecular microenvironment. This review briefly summarises current knowledge on the structure and regulation of CaMKII and focuses on how the molecular environment, and interaction with binding partner proteins, can produce different populations of CaMKII in different cells, or in different subcellular locations within the same cell, and how these different populations of CaMKII can produce diverse functional responses to activation following an increase in intracellular calcium concentration. This review also explores the possibility that identifying and characterising the molecular interactions responsible for the molecular targeting of CaMKII in different cells in vivo, and identifying the sites on CaMKII and/or the binding proteins through which these interactions occur, could lead to the development of highly selective inhibitors of specific CaMKII-mediated functional responses in specific cells that would not affect CaMKII-mediated responses in other cells. This may result in the development of new pharmacological agents with therapeutic potential for many clinical conditions.
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Rocco-Machado N, Lai L, Kim G, He Y, Luczak ED, Anderson ME, Levine RL. Oxidative stress–induced autonomous activation of the calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase II involves disulfide formation in the regulatory domain. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:102579. [PMID: 36220393 PMCID: PMC9643438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2022.102579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II δ (CaMKIIδ) has a pivotal role in cardiac signaling. Constitutive and deleterious CaMKII “autonomous” activation is induced by oxidative stress, and the previously reported mechanism involves oxidation of methionine residues in the regulatory domain. Here, we demonstrate that covalent oxidation leads to a disulfide bond with Cys273 in the regulatory domain causing autonomous activity. Autonomous activation was induced by treating CaMKII with diamide or histamine chloramine, two thiol-oxidizing agents. Autonomy was reversed when the protein was incubated with DTT or thioredoxin to reduce disulfide bonds. Tryptic mapping of the activated CaMKII revealed formation of a disulfide between Cys273 and Cys290 in the regulatory domain. We determined the apparent pKa of those Cys and found that Cys273 had a low pKa while that of Cys290 was elevated. The low pKa of Cys273 facilitates oxidation of its thiol to the sulfenic acid at physiological pH. The reactive sulfenic acid then attacks the thiol of Cys290 to form the disulfide. The previously reported CaMKII mutant in which methionine residues 281 and 282 were mutated to valine (MMVV) protects mice and flies from cardiac decompensation induced by oxidative stress. Our initial hypothesis was that the MMVV mutant underwent a conformational change that prevented disulfide formation and autonomous activation. However, we found that the thiol-oxidizing agents induced autonomy in the MMVV mutant and that the mutant undergoes rapid degradation by the cell, potentially preventing accumulation of the injurious autonomous form. Together, our results highlight additional mechanistic details of CaMKII autonomous activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathália Rocco-Machado
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Lo Lai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Geumsoo Kim
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yi He
- Fermentation Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Elizabeth D Luczak
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Physiology and Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA; Department of Genetic Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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6
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Tone D, Ode KL, Zhang Q, Fujishima H, Yamada RG, Nagashima Y, Matsumoto K, Wen Z, Yoshida SY, Mitani TT, Arisato Y, Ohno RI, Ukai-Tadenuma M, Yoshida Garçon J, Kaneko M, Shi S, Ukai H, Miyamichi K, Okada T, Sumiyama K, Kiyonari H, Ueda HR. Distinct phosphorylation states of mammalian CaMKIIβ control the induction and maintenance of sleep. PLoS Biol 2022; 20:e3001813. [PMID: 36194579 PMCID: PMC9531794 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The reduced sleep duration previously observed in Camk2b knockout mice revealed a role for Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)β as a sleep-promoting kinase. However, the underlying mechanism by which CaMKIIβ supports sleep regulation is largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that activation or inhibition of CaMKIIβ can increase or decrease sleep duration in mice by almost 2-fold, supporting the role of CaMKIIβ as a core sleep regulator in mammals. Importantly, we show that this sleep regulation depends on the kinase activity of CaMKIIβ. A CaMKIIβ mutant mimicking the constitutive-active (auto)phosphorylation state promotes the transition from awake state to sleep state, while mutants mimicking subsequent multisite (auto)phosphorylation states suppress the transition from sleep state to awake state. These results suggest that the phosphorylation states of CaMKIIβ differently control sleep induction and maintenance processes, leading us to propose a "phosphorylation hypothesis of sleep" for the molecular control of sleep in mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Tone
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji L. Ode
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qianhui Zhang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujishima
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Rikuhiro G. Yamada
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Nagashima
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Thermo Fisher Scientific K.K., Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Matsumoto
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Zhiqing Wen
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shota Y. Yoshida
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki T. Mitani
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Graduate school of Medicine, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuki Arisato
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Rei-ichiro Ohno
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Ukai-Tadenuma
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Junko Yoshida Garçon
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mari Kaneko
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Shoi Shi
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideki Ukai
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kazunari Miyamichi
- Laboratory for Comparative Connections, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Takashi Okada
- Division of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Center for Gene and Cell Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, the University of Tokyo, Minato-city, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenta Sumiyama
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kiyonari
- Laboratory for Animal Resources and Genetic Engineering, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Chuo-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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7
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Li L, Liu H, Qian KY, Nurrish S, Zeng XT, Zeng WX, Wang J, Kaplan JM, Tong XJ, Hu Z. CASK and FARP localize two classes of post-synaptic ACh receptors thereby promoting cholinergic transmission. PLoS Genet 2022; 18:e1010211. [PMID: 36279278 PMCID: PMC9632837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in neurotransmitter receptor abundance at post-synaptic elements play a pivotal role in regulating synaptic strength. For this reason, there is significant interest in identifying and characterizing the scaffolds required for receptor localization at different synapses. Here we analyze the role of two C. elegans post-synaptic scaffolding proteins (LIN-2/CASK and FRM-3/FARP) at cholinergic neuromuscular junctions. Constitutive knockouts or muscle specific inactivation of lin-2 and frm-3 dramatically reduced spontaneous and evoked post-synaptic currents. These synaptic defects resulted from the decreased abundance of two classes of post-synaptic ionotropic acetylcholine receptors (ACR-16/CHRNA7 and levamisole-activated AChRs). LIN-2's AChR scaffolding function is mediated by its SH3 and PDZ domains, which interact with AChRs and FRM-3/FARP, respectively. Thus, our findings show that post-synaptic LIN-2/FRM-3 complexes promote cholinergic synaptic transmission by recruiting AChRs to post-synaptic elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Li
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Haowen Liu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Kang-Ying Qian
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Stephen Nurrish
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xian-Ting Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wan-Xin Zeng
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiafan Wang
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Joshua M. Kaplan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Program in Neuroscience, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xia-Jing Tong
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhitao Hu
- Queensland Brain Institute, Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research (CJCADR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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McSweeney D, Gabriel R, Jin K, Pang ZP, Aronow B, Pak C. CASK loss of function differentially regulates neuronal maturation and synaptic function in human induced cortical excitatory neurons. iScience 2022; 25:105187. [PMID: 36262316 PMCID: PMC9574418 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss-of-function (LOF) mutations in CASK cause severe developmental phenotypes, including microcephaly with pontine and cerebellar hypoplasia, X-linked intellectual disability, and autism. Unraveling the pathological mechanisms of CASK-related disorders has been challenging owing to limited human cellular models to study the dynamic roles of this molecule during neuronal maturation and synapse development. Here, we investigate cell-autonomous functions of CASK in cortical excitatory induced neurons (iNs) generated from CASK knockout (KO) isogenic human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) using gene expression, morphometrics, and electrophysiology. While immature CASK KO iNs show robust neuronal outgrowth, mature CASK KO iNs display severe defects in synaptic transmission and synchronized network activity without compromising neuronal morphology and synapse numbers. In the developing human cortical excitatory neurons, CASK functions to promote both structural integrity and establishment of cortical excitatory neuronal networks. These results lay the foundation for future studies identifying suppressors of such phenotypes relevant to human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danny McSweeney
- Graduate Program in Molecular and Cellular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rafael Gabriel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Kang Jin
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Zhiping P. Pang
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey and Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Bruce Aronow
- Departments of Biomedical Informatics, Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - ChangHui Pak
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, UMass Amherst, Amherst, MA 01003, USA,Corresponding author
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Blok LER, Boon M, van Reijmersdal B, Höffler KD, Fenckova M, Schenck A. Genetics, molecular control and clinical relevance of habituation learning. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 143:104883. [PMID: 36152842 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Habituation is the most fundamental form of learning. As a firewall that protects our brain from sensory overload, it is indispensable for cognitive processes. Studies in humans and animal models provide increasing evidence that habituation is affected in autism and related monogenic neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). An integrated application of habituation assessment in NDDs and their animal models has unexploited potential for neuroscience and medical care. With the aim to gain mechanistic insights, we systematically retrieved genes that have been demonstrated in the literature to underlie habituation. We identified 258 evolutionarily conserved genes across species, describe the biological processes they converge on, and highlight regulatory pathways and drugs that may alleviate habituation deficits. We also summarize current habituation paradigms and extract the most decisive arguments that support the crucial role of habituation for cognition in health and disease. We conclude that habituation is a conserved, quantitative, cognition- and disease-relevant process that can connect preclinical and clinical work, and hence is a powerful tool to advance research, diagnostics, and treatment of NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Elisabeth Rosalie Blok
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Marina Boon
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Boyd van Reijmersdal
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Kira Daniela Höffler
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michaela Fenckova
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branisovska 31, 37005, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Annette Schenck
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Mukherjee K, LaConte LEW, Srivastava S. The Non-Linear Path from Gene Dysfunction to Genetic Disease: Lessons from the MICPCH Mouse Model. Cells 2022; 11:1131. [PMID: 35406695 PMCID: PMC8997851 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Most human disease manifests as a result of tissue pathology, due to an underlying disease process (pathogenesis), rather than the acute loss of specific molecular function(s). Successful therapeutic strategies thus may either target the correction of a specific molecular function or halt the disease process. For the vast majority of brain diseases, clear etiologic and pathogenic mechanisms are still elusive, impeding the discovery or design of effective disease-modifying drugs. The development of valid animal models and their proper characterization is thus critical for uncovering the molecular basis of the underlying pathobiological processes of brain disorders. MICPCH (microcephaly and pontocerebellar hypoplasia) is a monogenic condition that results from variants of an X-linked gene, CASK (calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase). CASK variants are associated with a wide range of clinical presentations, from lethality and epileptic encephalopathies to intellectual disabilities, microcephaly, and autistic traits. We have examined CASK loss-of-function mutations in model organisms to simultaneously understand the pathogenesis of MICPCH and the molecular function/s of CASK. Our studies point to a highly complex relationship between the potential molecular function/s of CASK and the phenotypes observed in model organisms and humans. Here we discuss the implications of our observations from the pathogenesis of MICPCH as a cautionary narrative against oversimplifying molecular interpretations of data obtained from genetically modified animal models of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Psychiatry, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Leslie E. W. LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Basic Science Education, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
| | - Sarika Srivastava
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at VTC, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA; (L.E.W.L.); (S.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA 24016, USA
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11
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Duran J, Nickel L, Estrada M, Backs J, van den Hoogenhof MMG. CaMKIIδ Splice Variants in the Healthy and Diseased Heart. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:644630. [PMID: 33777949 PMCID: PMC7991079 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.644630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
RNA splicing has been recognized in recent years as a pivotal player in heart development and disease. The Ca2+/calmodulin dependent protein kinase II delta (CaMKIIδ) is a multifunctional Ser/Thr kinase family and generates at least 11 different splice variants through alternative splicing. This enzyme, which belongs to the CaMKII family, is the predominant family member in the heart and functions as a messenger toward adaptive or detrimental signaling in cardiomyocytes. Classically, the nuclear CaMKIIδB and cytoplasmic CaMKIIδC splice variants are described as mediators of arrhythmias, contractile function, Ca2+ handling, and gene transcription. Recent findings also put CaMKIIδA and CaMKIIδ9 as cardinal players in the global CaMKII response in the heart. In this review, we discuss and summarize the new insights into CaMKIIδ splice variants and their (proposed) functions, as well as CaMKII-engineered mouse phenotypes and cardiac dysfunction related to CaMKIIδ missplicing. We also discuss RNA splicing factors affecting CaMKII splicing. Finally, we discuss the translational perspective derived from these insights and future directions on CaMKIIδ splicing research in the healthy and diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Duran
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lennart Nickel
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Manuel Estrada
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Johannes Backs
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maarten M G van den Hoogenhof
- Institute of Experimental Cardiology, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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12
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Konstantinidis K, Bezzerides VJ, Lai L, Isbell HM, Wei AC, Wu Y, Viswanathan MC, Blum ID, Granger JM, Heims-Waldron D, Zhang D, Luczak ED, Murphy KR, Lu F, Gratz DH, Manta B, Wang Q, Wang Q, Kolodkin AL, Gladyshev VN, Hund TJ, Pu WT, Wu MN, Cammarato A, Bianchet MA, Shea MA, Levine RL, Anderson ME. MICAL1 constrains cardiac stress responses and protects against disease by oxidizing CaMKII. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4663-4678. [PMID: 32749237 PMCID: PMC7456244 DOI: 10.1172/jci133181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidant stress can contribute to health and disease. Here we show that invertebrates and vertebrates share a common stereospecific redox pathway that protects against pathological responses to stress, at the cost of reduced physiological performance, by constraining Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) activity. MICAL1, a methionine monooxygenase thought to exclusively target actin, and MSRB, a methionine reductase, control the stereospecific redox status of M308, a highly conserved residue in the calmodulin-binding (CaM-binding) domain of CaMKII. Oxidized or mutant M308 (M308V) decreased CaM binding and CaMKII activity, while absence of MICAL1 in mice caused cardiac arrhythmias and premature death due to CaMKII hyperactivation. Mimicking the effects of M308 oxidation decreased fight-or-flight responses in mice, strikingly impaired heart function in Drosophila melanogaster, and caused disease protection in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes with catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia, a CaMKII-sensitive genetic arrhythmia syndrome. Our studies identify a stereospecific redox pathway that regulates cardiac physiological and pathological responses to stress across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klitos Konstantinidis
- Division of Cardiology.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Lo Lai
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Holly M Isbell
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - An-Chi Wei
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Bioinformatics, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yuejin Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Meera C Viswanathan
- Division of Cardiology.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Ian D Blum
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jonathan M Granger
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Donghui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, School of Life Science, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Elizabeth D Luczak
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Kevin R Murphy
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fujian Lu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Daniel H Gratz
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Bruno Manta
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Neurology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qinchuan Wang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Alex L Kolodkin
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thomas J Hund
- Frick Center for Heart Failure and Arrhythmia, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, Ohio, USA.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - William T Pu
- Department of Cardiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark N Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, USA.,Department of Genetic Medicine
| | - Anthony Cammarato
- Division of Cardiology.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, and
| | - Mario A Bianchet
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Madeline A Shea
- Department of Biochemistry, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Rodney L Levine
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Mark E Anderson
- Division of Cardiology.,Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, USA.,Department of Physiology, and
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13
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Ruiz-May E, Altúzar-Molina A, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Arellano-de los Santos J, Monribot-Villanueva J, Guillén L, Vázquez-Rosas-Landa M, Ibarra-Laclette E, Ramírez-Vázquez M, Ortega R, Aluja M. A First Glimpse of the Mexican Fruit Fly Anastrepha ludens (Diptera: Tephritidae) Antenna Morphology and Proteome in Response to a Proteinaceous Attractant. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218086. [PMID: 33138264 PMCID: PMC7663321 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Anastrepha ludens is a key pest of mangoes and citrus from Texas to Costa Rica but the mechanisms of odorant perception in this species are poorly understood. Detection of volatiles in insects occurs mainly in the antenna, where molecules penetrate sensillum pores and link to soluble proteins in the hemolymph until reaching specific odor receptors that trigger signal transduction and lead to behavioral responses. Scrutinizing the molecular foundation of odorant perception in A. ludens is necessary to improve biorational management strategies against this pest. After exposing adults of three maturity stages to a proteinaceous attractant, we studied antennal morphology and comparative proteomic profiles using nano-LC-MS/MS with tandem mass tags combined with synchronous precursor selection (SPS)-MS3. Antennas from newly emerged flies exhibited dense agglomerations of olfactory sensory neurons. We discovered 4618 unique proteins in the antennas of A. ludens and identified some associated with odor signaling, including odorant-binding and calcium signaling related proteins, the odorant receptor co-receptor (Orco), and putative odorant-degrading enzymes. Antennas of sexually immature flies exhibited the most upregulation of odor perception proteins compared to mature flies exposed to the attractant. This is the first report where critical molecular players are linked to the odor perception mechanism of A. ludens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliel Ruiz-May
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.-M.); (M.A.)
| | - Alma Altúzar-Molina
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.A.-M.); (L.G.); (M.V.-R.-L.); (R.O.)
| | - José M. Elizalde-Contreras
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
| | - Jiovanny Arellano-de los Santos
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
| | - Juan Monribot-Villanueva
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
| | - Larissa Guillén
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.A.-M.); (L.G.); (M.V.-R.-L.); (R.O.)
| | - Mirna Vázquez-Rosas-Landa
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.A.-M.); (L.G.); (M.V.-R.-L.); (R.O.)
| | - Enrique Ibarra-Laclette
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
| | - Mónica Ramírez-Vázquez
- Red de Estudios Moleculares Avanzados, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (J.M.E.-C.); (J.A.-d.l.S.); (J.M.-V.); (E.I.-L.); (M.R.-V.)
| | - Rafael Ortega
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.A.-M.); (L.G.); (M.V.-R.-L.); (R.O.)
| | - Martín Aluja
- Red de Manejo Biorracional de Plagas y Vectores, Clúster Científico y Tecnológico BioMimic, Instituto de Ecología A.C. (INECOL), Carretera Antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, Xalapa 91073, Veracruz, Mexico; (A.A.-M.); (L.G.); (M.V.-R.-L.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: (E.R.-M.); (M.A.)
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14
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Patel PA, Liang C, Arora A, Vijayan S, Ahuja S, Wagley PK, Settlage R, LaConte LEW, Goodkin HP, Lazar I, Srivastava S, Mukherjee K. Haploinsufficiency of X-linked intellectual disability gene CASK induces post-transcriptional changes in synaptic and cellular metabolic pathways. Exp Neurol 2020; 329:113319. [PMID: 32305418 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2020.113319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in the X-linked gene CASK are associated with intellectual disability, microcephaly, pontocerebellar hypoplasia, optic nerve hypoplasia and partially penetrant seizures in girls. The Cask+/- heterozygous knockout female mouse phenocopies the human disorder and exhibits postnatal microencephaly, cerebellar hypoplasia and optic nerve hypoplasia. It is not known if Cask+/- mice also display seizures, nor is known the molecular mechanism by which CASK haploinsufficiency produces the numerous documented phenotypes. 24-h video electroencephalography demonstrates that despite sporadic seizure activity, the overall electrographic patterns remain unaltered in Cask+/- mice. Additionally, seizure threshold to the commonly used kindling agent, pentylenetetrazol, remains unaltered in Cask+/- mice, indicating that even in mice the seizure phenotype is only partially penetrant and may have an indirect mechanism. RNA sequencing experiments on Cask+/- mouse brain uncovers a very limited number of changes, with most differences arising in the transcripts of extracellular matrix proteins and the transcripts of a group of nuclear proteins. In contrast to limited changes at the transcript level, quantitative whole-brain proteomics using iTRAQ quantitative mass-spectrometry reveals major changes in synaptic, metabolic/mitochondrial, cytoskeletal, and protein metabolic pathways. Unbiased protein-protein interaction mapping using affinity chromatography demonstrates that CASK may form complexes with proteins belonging to the same functional groups in which altered protein levels are observed. We discuss the mechanism of the observed changes in the context of known molecular function/s of CASK. Overall, our data indicate that the phenotypic spectrum of female Cask+/- mice includes sporadic seizures and thus closely parallels that of CASK haploinsufficient girls; the Cask+/- mouse is thus a face-validated model for CASK-related pathologies. We therefore surmise that CASK haploinsufficiency is likely to affect brain structure and function due to dysregulation of several cellular pathways including synaptic signaling and cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Patel
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States; Graduate Program in Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - C Liang
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - A Arora
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - S Vijayan
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S Ahuja
- Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - P K Wagley
- Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - R Settlage
- Advanced Research Computing, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - L E W LaConte
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - H P Goodkin
- Neurology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - I Lazar
- Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - S Srivastava
- Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States
| | - K Mukherjee
- Center for Neurobiology Research, Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States; Fralin Biomedical Research Institute at Virginia Tech Carilion, Roanoke, VA, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Medicine, Virginia Tech Carilion School of Medicine, Roanoke, VA, United States.
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15
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Regulation of Multifunctional Calcium/Calmodulin Stimulated Protein Kinases by Molecular Targeting. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1131:649-679. [PMID: 31646529 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-12457-1_26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Multifunctional calcium/calmodulin-stimulated protein kinases control a broad range of cellular functions in a multitude of cell types. This family of kinases contain several structural similarities and all are regulated by phosphorylation, which either activates, inhibits or modulates their kinase activity. As these protein kinases are widely or ubiquitously expressed, and yet regulate a broad range of different cellular functions, additional levels of regulation exist that control these cell-specific functions. Of particular importance for this specificity of function for multifunctional kinases is the expression of specific binding proteins that mediate molecular targeting. These molecular targeting mechanisms allow pools of kinase in different cells, or parts of a cell, to respond differently to activation and produce different functional outcomes.
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16
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Kikuma K, Li X, Perry S, Li Q, Goel P, Chen C, Kim D, Stavropoulos N, Dickman D. Cul3 and insomniac are required for rapid ubiquitination of postsynaptic targets and retrograde homeostatic signaling. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2998. [PMID: 31278365 PMCID: PMC6611771 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
At the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, inhibition of postsynaptic glutamate receptors activates retrograde signaling that precisely increases presynaptic neurotransmitter release to restore baseline synaptic strength. However, the nature of the underlying postsynaptic induction process remains enigmatic. Here, we design a forward genetic screen to discover factors in the postsynaptic compartment necessary to generate retrograde homeostatic signaling. This approach identified insomniac (inc), a putative adaptor for the Cullin-3 (Cul3) ubiquitin ligase complex, which together with Cul3 is essential for normal sleep regulation. Interestingly, we find that Inc and Cul3 rapidly accumulate at postsynaptic compartments following acute receptor inhibition and are required for a local increase in mono-ubiquitination. Finally, we show that Peflin, a Ca2+-regulated Cul3 co-adaptor, is necessary for homeostatic communication, suggesting a relationship between Ca2+ signaling and control of Cul3/Inc activity in the postsynaptic compartment. Our study suggests that Cul3/Inc-dependent mono-ubiquitination, compartmentalized at postsynaptic densities, gates retrograde signaling and provides an intriguing molecular link between the control of sleep and homeostatic plasticity at synapses. The authors use a forward genetic screen to discover postsynaptic factors required for homeostatic synaptic plasticity at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction. They identify insomniac and the ubiquitin ligase Cul3, genes involved in sleep regulation, to be necessary for retrograde homeostatic signalling at this synapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koto Kikuma
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Xiling Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Sarah Perry
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Qiuling Li
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Pragya Goel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Catherine Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Daniel Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Nicholas Stavropoulos
- Neuroscience Institute, Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, NY, 10016, USA
| | - Dion Dickman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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17
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Wang WX, Lai FX, Wan PJ, Fu Q, Zhu TH. Molecular Characterization of Ca 2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinase II Isoforms in Three Rice Planthoppers- Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Sogatella furcifera. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20123014. [PMID: 31226788 PMCID: PMC6627886 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20123014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the identification of splice variants for the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) gene from Nilaparvata lugens, Laodelphax striatellus, and Sogatella furcifera. CaMKII is a multifunctional serine/threonine protein kinase that transduces Ca2+ signals in cells to control a range of cellular processes in the nervous system and muscular tissue. Sequence analysis showed that CaMKII was 99.0% identical at the amino acid level among three rice planthoppers, with the exception of a variable region located in the association domain. Four kinds of 20–81 amino acid “inserts” were found in the variable region. The phylogenetic tree of the deduced amino acid sequences showed that the NlCaMKII isoforms were more closely related to the LsCaMKII isoforms and were slightly distinct from SfCaMKII. CaMKII-E was the dominant type among the five main isoforms. CaMKII genes were constitutively expressed in various nymphal and adult stages and in tested tissues with the predominant transcription occurring in the head. There was no major tissue specificity of isoform expression, but the expression pattern and relative abundance of isoforms varied when compared with the RT-PCR between tissues. In addition, RNAi in N. lugens with dsRNA at a concentration of 200 ng nymph−1 induced a mortality of 77.7% on the 10th day and a reduction in the mRNA expression level of 67.2%. Unlike the holometabolous insect Helicoverpa armigera, the knockdown of NlCaMKII did not suppress the expression of 20E response genes, such as ECR, USP1, and HR3, in N. lugens. These results indicate that the role of CaMKII in hemimetabolous insects may be different from that in holometabolous insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Xia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Feng-Xiang Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Pin-Jun Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, China National Rice Research Institute, Hangzhou 310006, China.
| | - Ting-Heng Zhu
- College of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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18
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Wood BM, Simon M, Galice S, Alim CC, Ferrero M, Pinna NN, Bers DM, Bossuyt J. Cardiac CaMKII activation promotes rapid translocation to its extra-dyadic targets. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2018; 125:18-28. [PMID: 30321537 PMCID: PMC6279589 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-calmodulin dependent protein kinase IIδ (CaMKIIδ) is an important regulator of cardiac electrophysiology, calcium (Ca) balance, contraction, transcription, arrhythmias and progression to heart failure. CaMKII is readily activated at mouths of dyadic cleft Ca channels, but because of its low Ca-calmodulin affinity and presumed immobility it is less clear how CaMKII gets activated near other known, extra-dyad targets. CaMKII is typically considered to be anchored in cardiomyocytes, but while untested, mobility of active CaMKII could provide a mechanism for broader target phosphorylation in cardiomyocytes. We therefore tested CaMKII mobility and how this is affected by kinase activation in adult rabbit cardiomyocytes. We measured translocation of both endogenous and fluorescence-tagged CaMKII using immunocytochemistry, fluorescence recovery after photobleach (FRAP) and photoactivation of fluorescence. In contrast to the prevailing view that CaMKII is anchored near its myocyte targets, we found CaMKII to be highly mobile in resting myocytes, which was slowed by Ca chelation and accelerated by pacing. At low [Ca], CaMKII was concentrated at Z-lines near the dyad but spread throughout the sarcomere upon pacing. Nuclear exchange of CaMKII was also enhanced upon pacing- and heart failure-induced chronic activation. This mobilization of active CaMKII and its intrinsic memory may allow CaMKII to be activated in high [Ca] regions and then move towards more distant myocyte target sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent M Wood
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mitchell Simon
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Samuel Galice
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Chidera C Alim
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Maura Ferrero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Natalie N Pinna
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Donald M Bers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Julie Bossuyt
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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19
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Goel P, Li X, Dickman D. Disparate Postsynaptic Induction Mechanisms Ultimately Converge to Drive the Retrograde Enhancement of Presynaptic Efficacy. Cell Rep 2018; 21:2339-2347. [PMID: 29186673 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.10.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde signaling systems are fundamental modes of communication synapses utilize to dynamically and adaptively modulate activity. However, the inductive mechanisms that gate retrograde communication in the postsynaptic compartment remain enigmatic. We have investigated retrograde signaling at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, where three seemingly disparate perturbations to the postsynaptic cell trigger a similar enhancement in presynaptic neurotransmitter release. We show that the same presynaptic genetic machinery and enhancements in active zone structure are utilized by each inductive pathway. However, all three induction mechanisms differ in temporal, translational, and CamKII activity requirements to initiate retrograde signaling in the postsynaptic cell. Intriguingly, pharmacological blockade of postsynaptic glutamate receptors, and not calcium influx through these receptors, is necessary and sufficient to induce rapid retrograde homeostatic signaling through CamKII. Thus, three distinct induction mechanisms converge on the same retrograde signaling system to drive the homeostatic strengthening of presynaptic neurotransmitter release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragya Goel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA; Graduate Program in Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Xiling Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Dion Dickman
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA.
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20
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Li X, Goel P, Chen C, Angajala V, Chen X, Dickman DK. Synapse-specific and compartmentalized expression of presynaptic homeostatic potentiation. eLife 2018; 7:34338. [PMID: 29620520 PMCID: PMC5927770 DOI: 10.7554/elife.34338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic compartments can be specifically modulated during various forms of synaptic plasticity, but it is unclear whether this precision is shared at presynaptic terminals. Presynaptic homeostatic plasticity (PHP) stabilizes neurotransmission at the Drosophila neuromuscular junction, where a retrograde enhancement of presynaptic neurotransmitter release compensates for diminished postsynaptic receptor functionality. To test the specificity of PHP induction and expression, we have developed a genetic manipulation to reduce postsynaptic receptor expression at one of the two muscles innervated by a single motor neuron. We find that PHP can be induced and expressed at a subset of synapses, over both acute and chronic time scales, without influencing transmission at adjacent release sites. Further, homeostatic modulations to CaMKII, vesicle pools, and functional release sites are compartmentalized and do not spread to neighboring pre- or post-synaptic structures. Thus, both PHP induction and expression mechanisms are locally transmitted and restricted to specific synaptic compartments. Everything we think and do is the result of communication between neurons. This communication takes place at junctions called synapses. When two nerve cells or neurons communicate at a synapse, the output terminal of the first cell releases a chemical called a neurotransmitter. This binds to receiver proteins, or receptors, on the second cell. When this communication is interrupted, synapses can adapt to maintain a stable dialogue between them. This can occur in two ways. Either the first neuron starts to release more neurotransmitter from its output terminal, or the second neuron produces extra receptors with which to detect the neurotransmitter. But how specific are these changes? The brain contains far more synapses than neurons because each neuron can form synapses with many other cells. Can a neuron adjust how much of the neurotransmitter it releases at some of its synapses while leaving the others unchanged? Li et al. have now addressed this question by studying a special type of synapse that forms between neurons and muscles, known as a neuromuscular junction. At one particular neuromuscular junction in fruit flies, a single neuron splits into two output terminals, each of which forms a synapse with a different muscle. Li et al. show that when the number of neurotransmitter receptors in one of the muscles is artificially reduced, the associated output terminal compensates by increasing its neurotransmitter release. By contrast, the other output terminal remains unaffected. This suggests that a neuron can induce remarkably specific changes in a subset of its synapses. This discovery paves the way towards identifying the smallest possible unit of change that can occur in the neurons’ ability to communicate. This unit may in turn be the smallest change that can support learning. Such knowledge will help us understand how the nervous system processes and stabilizes information transfer, both in health and after injury or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiling Li
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, California, United States
| | - Pragya Goel
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States.,Graduate Program in Molecular and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, California, United States
| | - Catherine Chen
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, United States
| | | | - Xun Chen
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, California, United States
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21
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Wang P, Mei F, Hu J, Zhu M, Qi H, Chen X, Li R, McNutt MA, Yin Y. PTENα Modulates CaMKII Signaling and Controls Contextual Fear Memory and Spatial Learning. Cell Rep 2018. [PMID: 28636948 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homology deleted on chromosome 10) has multiple functions, and recent studies have shown that the PTEN family has isoforms. The roles of these PTEN family members in biologic activities warrant specific evaluation. Here, we show that PTENα maintains CaMKII in a state that is competent to induce long-term potentiation (LTP) with resultant regulation of contextual fear memory and spatial learning. PTENα binds to CaMKII with its distinctive N terminus and resets CaMKII to an activatable state by dephosphorylating it at sites T305/306. Loss of PTENα impedes the interaction of CaMKII and NR2B, leading to defects in hippocampal LTP, fear-conditioned memory, and spatial learning. Restoration of PTENα in the hippocampus of PTENα-deficient mice rescues learning deficits through regulation of CaMKII. CaMKII mutations in dementia patients inhibit CaMKII activity and result in disruption of PTENα-CaMKII-NR2B signaling. We propose that CaMKII is a target of PTENα phosphatase and that PTENα is an essential element in the molecular regulation of neural activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Fan Mei
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jiapan Hu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Minglu Zhu
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Hailong Qi
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Ruiqi Li
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Michael A McNutt
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuxin Yin
- Institute of Systems Biomedicine, Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Tumor Systems Biology, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Science, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing 100191, China.
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22
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The secret life of kinases: insights into non-catalytic signalling functions from pseudokinases. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:665-681. [PMID: 28620028 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, our understanding of the mechanisms by which pseudokinases, which comprise ∼10% of the human and mouse kinomes, mediate signal transduction has advanced rapidly with increasing structural, biochemical, cellular and genetic studies. Pseudokinases are the catalytically defective counterparts of conventional, active protein kinases and have been attributed functions as protein interaction domains acting variously as allosteric modulators of conventional protein kinases and other enzymes, as regulators of protein trafficking or localisation, as hubs to nucleate assembly of signalling complexes, and as transmembrane effectors of such functions. Here, by categorising mammalian pseudokinases based on their known functions, we illustrate the mechanistic diversity among these proteins, which can be viewed as a window into understanding the non-catalytic functions that can be exerted by conventional protein kinases.
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23
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Rostas JA, Hoffman A, Murtha LA, Pepperall D, McLeod DD, Dickson PW, Spratt NJ, Skelding KA. Ischaemia- and excitotoxicity-induced CaMKII-Mediated neuronal cell death: The relative roles of CaMKII autophosphorylation at T286 and T253. Neurochem Int 2017; 104:6-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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24
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The role of Ca 2+-calmodulin stimulated protein kinase II in ischaemic stroke - A potential target for neuroprotective therapies. Neurochem Int 2017; 107:33-42. [PMID: 28153786 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies in multiple experimental systems show that Ca2+-calmodulin stimulated protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a major mediator of ischaemia-induced cell death and suggest that CaMKII would be a good target for neuroprotective therapies in acute treatment of stroke. However, as CaMKII regulates many cellular processes in many tissues any clinical treatment involving the inhibition of CaMKII would need to be able to specifically target the functions of ischaemia-activated CaMKII. In this review we summarise new developments in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in ischaemia-induced CaMKII-mediated cell death that have identified ways in which such specificity of CaMKII inhibition after stroke could be achieved. We also review the mechanisms and phases of tissue damage in ischaemic stroke to identify where and when CaMKII-mediated mechanisms may be involved.
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25
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LaConte LEW, Chavan V, Liang C, Willis J, Schönhense EM, Schoch S, Mukherjee K. CASK stabilizes neurexin and links it to liprin-α in a neuronal activity-dependent manner. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:3599-621. [PMID: 27015872 PMCID: PMC4982824 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2183-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CASK, a MAGUK family protein, is an essential protein present in the presynaptic compartment. CASK's cellular role is unknown, but it interacts with multiple proteins important for synapse formation and function, including neurexin, liprin-α, and Mint1. CASK phosphorylates neurexin in a divalent ion-sensitive manner, although the functional relevance of this activity is unclear. Here we find that liprin-α and Mint1 compete for direct binding to CASK, but neurexin1β eliminates this competition, and all four proteins form a complex. We describe a novel mode of interaction between liprin-α and CASK when CASK is bound to neurexin1β. We show that CASK phosphorylates neurexin, modulating the interaction of liprin-α with the CASK-neurexin1β-Mint1 complex. Thus, CASK creates a regulatory and structural link between the presynaptic adhesion molecule neurexin and active zone organizer, liprin-α. In neuronal culture, CASK appears to regulate the stability of neurexin by linking it with this multi-protein presynaptic active zone complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie E W LaConte
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Vrushali Chavan
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Chen Liang
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | - Jeffery Willis
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA
| | | | - Susanne Schoch
- Institute of Neuropathology, Sigmund Freud Strasse 25, 53105, Bonn, Germany
| | - Konark Mukherjee
- Virginia Tech Carilion Research Institute, 2 Riverside Cir., Roanoke, VA, 24016, USA.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24060, USA.
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26
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Li CL, Wang M, Wu XM, Chen DH, Lv HJ, Shen JL, Qiao Z, Zhang W. THI1, a Thiamine Thiazole Synthase, Interacts with Ca2+-Dependent Protein Kinase CPK33 and Modulates the S-Type Anion Channels and Stomatal Closure in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 170:1090-104. [PMID: 26662273 PMCID: PMC4734576 DOI: 10.1104/pp.15.01649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Thiamine is required for both plant growth and development. Here, the involvement of a thiamine thiazole synthase, THI1, has been demonstrated in both guard cell abscisic acid (ABA) signaling and the drought response in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). THI1 overexpressors proved to be more sensitive to ABA than the wild type with respect to both the activation of guard cell slow type anion channels and stomatal closure; this effectively reduced the rate of water loss from the plant and thereby enhanced its level of drought tolerance. A yeast two-hybrid strategy was used to screen a cDNA library from epidermal strips of leaves for THI1 regulatory factors, and identified CPK33, a Ca(2+)-dependent protein kinase, as interactor with THI1 in a plasma membrane-delimited manner. Loss-of-function cpk33 mutants were hypersensitive to ABA activation of slow type anion channels and ABA-induced stomatal closure, while the CPK33 overexpression lines showed opposite phenotypes. CPK33 kinase activity was essential for ABA-induced stomatal closure. Consistent with their contrasting regulatory role over stomatal closure, THI1 suppressed CPK33 kinase activity in vitro. Together, our data reveal a novel regulatory role of thiamine thiazole synthase to kinase activity in guard cell signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Long Li
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Mei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Xiao-Meng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Dong-Hua Chen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Hong-Jun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jian-Lin Shen
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Zhu Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Plant Cell Engineering and Germplasm Innovation, Ministry of Education, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
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27
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Mukherjee K, Slawson JB, Christmann BL, Griffith LC. Neuron-specific protein interactions of Drosophila CASK-β are revealed by mass spectrometry. Front Mol Neurosci 2014; 7:58. [PMID: 25071438 PMCID: PMC4075472 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Modular scaffolding proteins are designed to have multiple interactors. CASK, a member of the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) superfamily, has been shown to have roles in many tissues, including neurons and epithelia. It is likely that the set of proteins it interacts with is different in each of these diverse tissues. In this study we asked if within the Drosophila central nervous system, there were neuron-specific sets of CASK-interacting proteins. A YFP-tagged CASK-β transgene was expressed in genetically defined subsets of neurons in the Drosophila brain known to be important for CASK function, and proteins present in an anti-GFP immunoprecipitation were identified by mass spectrometry. Each subset of neurons had a distinct set of interacting proteins, suggesting that CASK participates in multiple protein networks and that these networks may be different in different neuronal circuits. One common set of proteins was associated with mitochondria, and we show here that endogenous CASK-β co-purifies with mitochondria. We also determined CASK-β posttranslational modifications for one cell type, supporting the idea that this technique can be used to assess cell- and circuit-specific protein modifications as well as protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konark Mukherjee
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Justin B Slawson
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Bethany L Christmann
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
| | - Leslie C Griffith
- Department of Biology, Volen Center for Complex Systems, National Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University Waltham, MA, USA
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28
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Malik BR, Hodge JJL. CASK and CaMKII function in Drosophila memory. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:178. [PMID: 25009461 PMCID: PMC4070058 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) and Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent serine/threonine kinase II (CaMKII) plays a central role in synaptic plasticity and memory due to its ability to phosphorylate itself and regulate its own kinase activity. Autophosphorylation at threonine 287 (T287) switches CaMKII to a Ca2+ independent and constitutively active state replicated by overexpression of a phosphomimetic CaMKII-T287D transgene or blocked by expression of a T287A transgene. A second pair of sites, T306 T307 in the CaM binding region once autophosphorylated, prevents CaM binding and inactivates the kinase during synaptic plasticity and memory, and can be blocked by a TT306/7AA transgene. Recently the synaptic scaffolding molecule called CASK (Ca2+/CaM-associated serine kinase) has been shown to control both sets of CaMKII autophosphorylation events during neuronal growth, Ca2+ signaling and memory in Drosophila. Deletion of either full length CASK or just its CaMK-like and L27 domains removed middle-term memory (MTM) and long-term memory (LTM), with CASK function in the α′/ß′ mushroom body neurons being required for memory. In a similar manner directly changing the levels of CaMKII autophosphorylation (T287D, T287A, or TT306/7AA) in the α′/ß′ neurons also removed MTM and LTM. In the CASK null mutant expression of either the Drosophila or human CASK transgene in the α′/ß′ neurons was found to completely rescue memory, confirming that CASK signaling in α′/β′ neurons is necessary and sufficient for Drosophila memory formation and that the neuronal function of CASK is conserved between Drosophila and human. Expression of human CASK in Drosophila also rescued the effect of CASK deletion on the activity state of CaMKII, suggesting that human CASK may also regulate CaMKII autophosphorylation. Mutations in human CASK have recently been shown to result in intellectual disability and neurological defects suggesting a role in plasticity and learning possibly via regulation of CaMKII autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal R Malik
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
| | - James J L Hodge
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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29
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Michalski PJ. The delicate bistability of CaMKII. Biophys J 2014; 105:794-806. [PMID: 23931327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2013.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 06/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a synaptic, autophosphorylating kinase that is essential for learning and memory. Previous models have suggested that CaMKII functions as a bistable switch that could be the molecular correlate of long-term memory, but experiments have failed to validate these predictions. These models involved significant approximations to overcome the combinatorial complexity inherent in a multisubunit, multistate system. Here, we develop a stochastic particle-based model of CaMKII activation and dynamics that overcomes combinatorial complexity without significant approximations. We report four major findings. First, the CaMKII model system is never bistable at resting calcium concentrations, which suggests that CaMKII activity does not function as the biochemical switch underlying long-term memory. Second, the steady-state activation curves are either laserlike or steplike. Both are characterized by a well-defined threshold for activation, which suggests that thresholding is a robust feature of this system. Third, transiently activated CaMKII can maintain its activity over the time course of many experiments, and such slow deactivation may account for the few reports of bistability in the literature. And fourth, under in vivo conditions, increases in phosphatase activity can increase CaMKII activity. This is a surprising and counterintuitive effect, as dephosphorylation is generally associated with CaMKII deactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Michalski
- Richard D. Berlin Center for Cell Analysis and Modeling, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA.
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30
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Fabbretti E. ATP P2X3 receptors and neuronal sensitization. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:236. [PMID: 24363643 PMCID: PMC3849726 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates the importance of extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) in the modulation of neuronal function. In particular, fine control of ATP release and the selective and discrete ATP receptor operation are crucial elements of the crosstalk between neuronal and non-neuronal cells in the peripheral and central nervous systems. In peripheral neurons, ATP signaling gives an important contribution to neuronal sensitization, especially that involved in neuropathic pain. Among other subtypes, P2X3 receptors expressed on sensory neurons are sensitive even to nanomolar concentrations of extracellular ATP, and therefore are important transducers of pain stimuli. P2X3 receptor function is highly sensitive to soluble factors like neuropeptides and neurotrophins, and is controlled by transduction mechanisms, protein-protein interactions and discrete membrane compartmentalization. More recent findings have demonstrated that P2X3 receptors interact with the synaptic scaffold protein calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in a state dependent fashion, indicating that CASK plays a crucial role in the modulation of P2X3 receptor stability and efficiency. Activation of P2X3 receptors within CASK/P2X3 complex has important consequences for neuronal plasticity and possibly for the release of neuromodulators and neurotransmitters. Better understanding of the interactome machinery of P2X3 receptors and their integration with other receptors and channels on neuronal surface membranes, is proposed to be essential to unveil the process of neuronal sensitization and related, abnormal pain signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elsa Fabbretti
- University of Nova Gorica, Center for Biomedical Sciences and Engineering Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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31
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32
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Gillespie JM, Hodge JJL. CASK regulates CaMKII autophosphorylation in neuronal growth, calcium signaling, and learning. Front Mol Neurosci 2013; 6:27. [PMID: 24062638 PMCID: PMC3769642 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2013.00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) activity plays a fundamental role in learning and memory. A key feature of CaMKII in memory formation is its ability to be regulated by autophosphorylation, which switches its activity on and off during synaptic plasticity. The synaptic scaffolding protein CASK (calcium (Ca2+)/calmodulin (CaM) associated serine kinase) is also important for learning and memory, as mutations in CASK result in intellectual disability and neurological defects in humans. We show that in Drosophila larvae, CASK interacts with CaMKII to control neuronal growth and calcium signaling. Furthermore, deletion of the CaMK-like and L27 domains of CASK (CASK β null) or expression of overactive CaMKII (T287D) produced similar effects on synaptic growth and Ca2+ signaling. CASK overexpression rescues the effects of CaMKII overactivity, consistent with the notion that CASK and CaMKII act in a common pathway that controls these neuronal processes. The reduction in Ca2+ signaling observed in the CASK β null mutant caused a decrease in vesicle trafficking at synapses. In addition, the decrease in Ca2+ signaling in CASK mutants was associated with an increase in Ether-à-go-go (EAG) potassium (K+) channel localization to synapses. Reducing EAG restored the decrease in Ca2+ signaling observed in CASK mutants to the level of wildtype, suggesting that CASK regulates Ca2+ signaling via EAG. CASK knockdown reduced both appetitive associative learning and odor evoked Ca2+ responses in Drosophila mushroom bodies, which are the learning centers of Drosophila. Expression of human CASK in Drosophila rescued the effect of CASK deletion on the activity state of CaMKII, suggesting that human CASK may also regulate CaMKII autophosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Gillespie
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Taillebois E, Heuland E, Bourdin CM, Griveau A, Quinchard S, Tricoire-Leignel H, Legros C, Thany SH. Ca²⁺/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the cockroach Periplaneta americana: identification of five isoforms and their tissues distribution. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 83:138-150. [PMID: 23740573 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a key kinase that transduces Ca²⁺ signals into downstream effects acting on a range of cellular processes in nervous system and muscular tissues. In insects, different CaMKII isoforms have been reported in Drosophila melanogaster, Apis florae, Bombus terrestris, and Bombus impatiens but little is known on the organization and tissue-specific expression of these isoforms with the exception of Drosophila. The present study reports the cloning of five CaMKII splice variants issued from a single gene and their tissue-specific expression in the cockroach Periplaneta americana. Each CaMKII isoform shared 82-90% identity with Drosophila CaMKII isoforms and accordingly were named PaCaMKII-A, PaCaMKII-B,PaCaMKII-C,PaCaMKII-D, and PaCaMKII-E. PaCaMKII-A and PaCaMKII-D isoforms are ubiquitously expressed in all tissues, but some such as PaCaMKII-B andPaCaMKII-C are preferentially expressed in the nerve cord and muscle. In addition, using single-cell reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), we found a tissue-specific expression of PaCaMKII-E in the dorsal unpaired median neurons. Alternative splicing of PaCaMKII transcripts is likely a common mechanism in insects to control the pattern of isoform expression in the different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emiliane Taillebois
- Laboratoire Récepteurs et Canaux Ioniques Membranaires (RCIM) UPRES EA 2647/USC INRA 1330, SFR QUASAV 4207, UFR Sciences, Université d'Angers, Angers, France
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Kim YH, Hwang JH, Kim KS, Noh JR, Gang GT, Kim SW, Jang SP, Lee SJ, Her SH, Jeong KH, Kwak TH, Park WJ, Balyasnikova IV, Shong M, Lee CH. NQO1 activation regulates angiotensin-converting enzyme shedding in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 99:743-50. [DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Gnanasekaran A, Sundukova M, Hullugundi S, Birsa N, Bianchini G, Hsueh YP, Nistri A, Fabbretti E. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) is a new intracellular modulator of P2X3 receptors. J Neurochem 2013; 126:102-12. [PMID: 23600800 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ATP-gated P2X3 receptors of sensory ganglion neurons are important transducers of painful stimuli and are modulated by extracellular algogenic substances, via changes in the receptor phosphorylation state. The present study investigated the role of calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) in interacting and controlling P2X3 receptor expression and function in mouse trigeminal ganglia. Most ganglion neurons in situ or in culture co-expressed P2X3 and CASK. CASK was immunoprecipitated with P2X3 receptors from trigeminal ganglia and from P2X3/CASK-cotransfected human embryonic kidney (HEK) cells. Recombinant P2X3/CASK expression in HEK cells increased serine phosphorylation of P2X3 receptors, typically associated with receptor upregulation. CASK deletion mutants also enhanced P2X3 subunit expression. After silencing CASK, cell surface P2X3 receptor expression was decreased, which is consistent with depressed P2X3 currents. The reduction in P2X3 expression levels was reversed by the proteasomal inhibitor MG-132. Moreover, neuronal CASK/P2X3 interaction was up-regulated by nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling and down-regulated by P2X3 agonist-induced desensitization. These data suggest a novel interaction between CASK and P2X3 receptors with positive outcome for receptor stability and function. As CASK-mediated control of P2X3 receptors was dependent on the receptor activation state, CASK represents an intracellular gateway to regulate purinergic nociceptive signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aswini Gnanasekaran
- Neuroscience Department, International School for Advanced Studies-SISSA, Trieste, Italy
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Malik BR, Gillespie JM, Hodge JJL. CASK and CaMKII function in the mushroom body α'/β' neurons during Drosophila memory formation. Front Neural Circuits 2013; 7:52. [PMID: 23543616 PMCID: PMC3608901 DOI: 10.3389/fncir.2013.00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca(2+)/CaM serine/threonine kinase II (CaMKII) is a central molecule in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity and memory. A vital feature of CaMKII in plasticity is its ability to switch to a calcium (Ca(2+)) independent constitutively active state after autophosphorylation at threonine 287 (T287). A second pair of sites, T306 T307 in the calmodulin (CaM) binding region once autophosphorylated, prevent subsequent CaM binding and inactivates the kinase during synaptic plasticity and memory. Recently a synaptic molecule called Ca(2+)/CaM-dependent serine protein kinase (CASK) has been shown to control both sets of CaMKII autophosphorylation events and hence is well poised to be a key regulator of memory. We show deletion of full length CASK or just its CaMK-like and L27 domains disrupts middle-term memory (MTM) and long-term memory (LTM), with CASK function in the α'/β' subset of mushroom body neurons being required for memory. Likewise directly changing the levels of CaMKII autophosphorylation in these neurons removed MTM and LTM. The requirement of CASK and CaMKII autophosphorylation was not developmental as their manipulation just in the adult α'/β' neurons was sufficient to remove memory. Overexpression of CASK or CaMKII in the α'/β' neurons also occluded MTM and LTM. Overexpression of either Drosophila or human CASK in the α'/β' neurons of the CASK mutant completely rescued memory, confirming that CASK signaling in α'/β' neurons is necessary and sufficient for Drosophila memory formation and that the neuronal function of CASK is conserved between Drosophila and human. At the cellular level CaMKII overexpression in the α'/β' neurons increased activity dependent Ca(2+) responses while reduction of CaMKII decreased it. Likewise reducing CASK or directly expressing a phosphomimetic CaMKII T287D transgene in the α'/β' similarly decreased Ca(2+) signaling. Our results are consistent with CASK regulating CaMKII autophosphorylation in a pathway required for memory formation that involves activity dependent changes in Ca(2+) signaling in the α'/β' neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bilal R Malik
- School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol Bristol, UK
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Maiya R, Lee S, Berger KH, Kong EC, Slawson JB, Griffith LC, Takamiya K, Huganir RL, Margolis B, Heberlein U. DlgS97/SAP97, a neuronal isoform of discs large, regulates ethanol tolerance. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48967. [PMID: 23145041 PMCID: PMC3492131 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
From a genetic screen for Drosophila melanogaster mutants with altered ethanol tolerance, we identified intolerant (intol), a novel allele of discs large 1 (dlg1). Dlg1 encodes Discs Large 1, a MAGUK (Membrane Associated Guanylate Kinase) family member that is the highly conserved homolog of mammalian PSD-95 and SAP97. The intol mutation disrupted specifically the expression of DlgS97, a SAP97 homolog, and one of two major protein isoforms encoded by dlg1 via alternative splicing. Expression of the major isoform, DlgA, a PSD-95 homolog, appeared unaffected. Ethanol tolerance in the intol mutant could be partially restored by transgenic expression of DlgS97, but not DlgA, in specific neurons of the fly's brain. Based on co-immunoprecipitation, DlgS97 forms a complex with N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, a known target of ethanol. Consistent with these observations, flies expressing reduced levels of the essential NMDA receptor subunit dNR1 also showed reduced ethanol tolerance, as did mutants in the gene calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (caki), encoding the fly homolog of mammalian CASK, a known binding partner of DlgS97. Lastly, mice in which SAP97, the mammalian homolog of DlgS97, was conditionally deleted in adults failed to develop rapid tolerance to ethanol's sedative/hypnotic effects. We propose that DlgS97/SAP97 plays an important and conserved role in the development of tolerance to ethanol via NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Maiya
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Seonok Lee
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Karen H. Berger
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Eric C. Kong
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California, United States of America
| | - Justin B. Slawson
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Leslie C. Griffith
- Department of Biology, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Kogo Takamiya
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Miyazaki, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
| | - Richard L. Huganir
- Department of Neuroscience and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ben Margolis
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Ulrike Heberlein
- Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, Emeryville, California, United States of America
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Hsu PH, Miaw SC, Chuang CC, Chang PY, Fu SJ, Jow GM, Chiu MM, Jeng CJ. 14-3-3θ is a binding partner of rat Eag1 potassium channels. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41203. [PMID: 22911758 PMCID: PMC3401112 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 06/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The ether-à-go-go (Eag) potassium (K(+)) channel belongs to the superfamily of voltage-gated K(+) channel. In mammals, the expression of Eag channels is neuron-specific but their neurophysiological role remains obscure. We have applied the yeast two-hybrid screening system to identify rat Eag1 (rEag1)-interacting proteins from a rat brain cDNA library. One of the clones we identified was 14-3-3θ, which belongs to a family of small acidic protein abundantly expressed in the brain. Data from in vitro yeast two-hybrid and GST pull-down assays suggested that the direct association with 14-3-3θ was mediated by both the N- and the C-termini of rEag1. Co-precipitation of the two proteins was confirmed in both heterologous HEK293T cells and native hippocampal neurons. Electrophysiological studies showed that over-expression of 14-3-3θ led to a sizable suppression of rEag1 K(+) currents with no apparent alteration of the steady-state voltage dependence and gating kinetics. Furthermore, co-expression with 14-3-3θ failed to affect the total protein level, membrane trafficking, and single channel conductance of rEag1, implying that 14-3-3θ binding may render a fraction of the channel locked in a non-conducting state. Together these data suggest that 14-3-3θ is a binding partner of rEag1 and may modulate the functional expression of the K(+) channel in neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Hao Hsu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shi-Chuen Miaw
- Graduate Institute of Immunology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chau-Ching Chuang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yu Chang
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ju Fu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guey-Mei Jow
- School of Medicine, Fu-Jen Catholic University, Hsin-Chuang, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Miao Chiu
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Coultrap SJ, Bayer KU. CaMKII regulation in information processing and storage. Trends Neurosci 2012; 35:607-18. [PMID: 22717267 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The Ca(2+)/Calmodulin(CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is activated by Ca(2+)/CaM, but becomes partially autonomous (Ca(2+)-independent) upon autophosphorylation at T286. This hallmark feature of CaMKII regulation provides a form of molecular memory and is indeed important in long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synapse strength and memory formation. However, emerging evidence supports a direct role in information processing, while storage of synaptic information may instead be mediated by regulated interaction of CaMKII with the NMDA receptor (NMDAR) complex. These and other CaMKII regulation mechanisms are discussed here in the context of the kinase structure and their impact on postsynaptic functions. Recent findings also implicate CaMKII in long-term depression (LTD), as well as functional roles at inhibitory synapses, lending renewed emphasis on better understanding the spatiotemporal control of CaMKII regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coultrap
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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Chorna T, Hasan G. The genetics of calcium signaling in Drosophila melanogaster. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2011; 1820:1269-82. [PMID: 22100727 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2011] [Revised: 10/31/2011] [Accepted: 11/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic screens for behavioral and physiological defects in Drosophila melanogaster, helped identify several components of calcium signaling of which some, like the Trps, were novel. For genes initially identified in vertebrates, reverse genetic methods have allowed functional studies at the cellular and systemic levels. SCOPE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to explain how various genetic methods available in Drosophila have been used to place different arms of Ca2+ signaling in the context of organismal development, physiology and behavior. MAJOR CONCLUSION Mutants generated in genes encoding a range of Ca2+ transport systems, binding proteins and enzymes affect multiple aspects of neuronal and muscle physiology. Some also affect the maintenance of ionic balance and excretion from malpighian tubules and innate immune responses in macrophages. Aspects of neuronal physiology affected include synaptic growth and plasticity, sensory transduction, flight circuit development and function. Genetic interaction screens have shown that mechanisms of maintaining Ca2+ homeostasis in Drosophila are cell specific and require a synergistic interplay between different intracellular and plasma membrane Ca2+ signaling molecules. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Insights gained through genetic studies of conserved Ca2+ signaling pathways have helped understand multiple aspects of fly physiology. The similarities between mutant phenotypes of Ca2+ signaling genes in Drosophila with certain human disease conditions, especially where homologous genes are causative factors, are likely to aid in the discovery of underlying disease mechanisms and help develop novel therapeutic strategies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Biochemical, biophysical and genetic approaches to intracellular calcium signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Chorna
- National Center for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bangalore, India
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41
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Pre and postsynaptic roles for Drosophila CASK. Mol Cell Neurosci 2011; 48:171-82. [PMID: 21820054 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2011.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 07/19/2011] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
CASK ('calcium/calmodulin-dependent serine protein kinase'), also known in Drosophila as 'Caki' or 'Camguk/CMG', and in C. elegans as 'Lin-2', is thought to play an important role in cell-cell junction formation and at synapses in particular. To understand the role of CASK in synapse formation and function, we functionally and morphologically analyzed Drosophila embryonic and larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) after pan-cellular and tissue-specific manipulation of CASK expression. Our results show that Drosophila CASK is associated with both pre and postsynaptic membranes. Loss of presynaptic CASK led to less evoked synaptic transmission, fewer spontaneous synaptic events, and reduced synaptic vesicle cycling. These changes were accompanied by a reduction in the number of synapses but no change in overall NMJ size. Loss of postsynaptic CASK, on the other hand, caused reduced spontaneous synaptic current amplitudes and smaller glutamate-gated currents. These changes were accompanied by loss of postsynaptic glutamate receptors, but the receptor loss was subtype-specific: Only receptors containing GluRIIA subunits were lost in CASK mutants. Receptors containing GluRIIB were unaffected.
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O'Leary H, Liu WH, Rorabaugh JM, Coultrap SJ, Bayer KU. Nucleotides and phosphorylation bi-directionally modulate Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) binding to the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit GluN2B. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:31272-81. [PMID: 21768120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.233668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) and the NMDA-type glutamate receptor are key regulators of synaptic plasticity underlying learning and memory. Direct binding of CaMKII to the NMDA receptor subunit GluN2B (formerly known as NR2B) (i) is induced by Ca(2+)/CaM but outlasts this initial Ca(2+)-stimulus, (ii) mediates CaMKII translocation to synapses, and (iii) regulates synaptic strength. CaMKII binds to GluN2B around S1303, the major CaMKII phosphorylation site on GluN2B. We show here that a phospho-mimetic S1303D mutation inhibited CaM-induced CaMKII binding to GluN2B in vitro, presenting a conundrum how binding can occur within cells, where high ATP concentration should promote S1303 phosphorylation. Surprisingly, addition of ATP actually enhanced the binding. Mutational analysis revealed that this positive net effect was caused by four modulatory effects of ATP, two positive (direct nucleotide binding and CaMKII T286 autophosphorylation) and two negative (GluN2B S1303 phosphorylation and CaMKII T305/6 autophosphorylation). Imaging showed positive regulation by nucleotide binding also within transfected HEK cells and neurons. In fact, nucleotide binding was a requirement for efficient CaMKII interaction with GluN2B in cells, while T286 autophosphorylation was not. Kinetic considerations support a model in which positive regulation by nucleotide binding and T286 autophosphorylation occurs faster than negative modulation by GluN2B S1303 and CaMKII T305/6 phosphorylation, allowing efficient CaMKII binding to GluN2B despite the inhibitory effects of the two slower reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather O'Leary
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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Abstract
Ischemic insults on neurons trigger excessive, pathological glutamate release that causes Ca²⁺ overload resulting in neuronal cell death (excitotoxicity). The Ca²⁺/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) is a major mediator of physiological excitatory glutamate signals underlying neuronal plasticity and learning. Glutamate stimuli trigger autophosphorylation of CaMKII at T286, a process that makes the kinase "autonomous" (partially active independent from Ca²⁺ stimulation) and that is required for forms of synaptic plasticity. Recent studies suggested autonomous CaMKII activity also as potential drug target for post-insult neuroprotection, both after glutamate insults in neuronal cultures and after focal cerebral ischemia in vivo. However, CaMKII and other members of the CaM kinase family have been implicated in regulation of both neuronal death and survival. Here, we discuss past findings and possible mechanisms of CaM kinase functions in excitotoxicity and cerebral ischemia, with a focus on CaMKII and its regulation.
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Lucchesi W, Mizuno K, Giese KP. Novel insights into CaMKII function and regulation during memory formation. Brain Res Bull 2011; 85:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2010.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2010] [Revised: 10/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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45
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Guan Z, Buhl LK, Quinn WG, Littleton JT. Altered gene regulation and synaptic morphology in Drosophila learning and memory mutants. Learn Mem 2011; 18:191-206. [PMID: 21422168 DOI: 10.1101/lm.2027111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Drosophila have revealed two separable long-term memory pathways defined as anesthesia-resistant memory (ARM) and long-lasting long-term memory (LLTM). ARM is disrupted in radish (rsh) mutants, whereas LLTM requires CREB-dependent protein synthesis. Although the downstream effectors of ARM and LLTM are distinct, pathways leading to these forms of memory may share the cAMP cascade critical for associative learning. Dunce, which encodes a cAMP-specific phosphodiesterase, and rutabaga, which encodes an adenylyl cyclase, both disrupt short-term memory. Amnesiac encodes a pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating peptide homolog and is required for middle-term memory. Here, we demonstrate that the Radish protein localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus and is a PKA phosphorylation target in vitro. To characterize how these plasticity pathways may manifest at the synaptic level, we assayed synaptic connectivity and performed an expression analysis to detect altered transcriptional networks in rutabaga, dunce, amnesiac, and radish mutants. All four mutants disrupt specific aspects of synaptic connectivity at larval neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). Genome-wide DNA microarray analysis revealed ∼375 transcripts that are altered in these mutants, suggesting defects in multiple neuronal signaling pathways. In particular, the transcriptional target Lapsyn, which encodes a leucine-rich repeat cell adhesion protein, localizes to synapses and regulates synaptic growth. This analysis provides insights into the Radish-dependent ARM pathway and novel transcriptional targets that may contribute to memory processing in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Guan
- Department of Biology, The Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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Central regulation of locomotor behavior of Drosophila melanogaster depends on a CASK isoform containing CaMK-like and L27 domains. Genetics 2010; 187:171-84. [PMID: 21059886 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.110.123406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic causes for disturbances of locomotor behavior can be due to muscle, peripheral neuron, or central nervous system pathologies. The Drosophila melanogaster homolog of human CASK (also known as caki or camguk) is a molecular scaffold that has been postulated to have roles in both locomotion and plasticity. These conclusions are based on studies using overlapping deficiencies that largely eliminate the entire CASK locus, but contain additional chromosomal aberrations as well. More importantly, analysis of the sequenced Drosophila genome suggests the existence of multiple protein variants from the CASK locus, further complicating the interpretation of experiments using deficiency strains. In this study, we generated small deletions within the CASK gene that eliminate gene products containing the CaMK-like and L27 domains (CASK-β), but do not affect transcripts encoding the smaller forms (CASK-α), which are structurally homologous to vertebrate MPP1. These mutants have normal olfactory habituation, but exhibit a striking array of locomotor problems that includes both initiation and motor maintenance defects. Previous studies had suggested that presynaptic release defects at the neuromuscular junction in the multigene deficiency strain were the likely basis of its locomotor phenotype. The locomotor phenotype of the CASK-β mutant, however, cannot be rescued by expression of a CASK-β transgene in motor neurons. Expression in a subset of central neurons that does not include the ellipsoid body, a well-known pre-motor neuropil, provides complete rescue. Full-length CASK-β, while widely expressed in the nervous system, appears to have a unique role within central circuits that control motor output.
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Suzuki T, Suzuki E, Yoshida N, Kubo A, Li H, Okuda E, Amanai M, Perry ACF. Mouse Emi2 as a distinctive regulatory hub in second meiotic metaphase. Development 2010; 137:3281-91. [PMID: 20724447 DOI: 10.1242/dev.052480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The oocytes of vertebrates are typically arrested at metaphase II (mII) by the cytostatic factor Emi2 until fertilization. Regulatory mechanisms in Xenopus Emi2 (xEmi2) are understood in detail but contrastingly little is known about the corresponding mechanisms in mammals. Here, we analyze Emi2 and its regulatory neighbours at the molecular level in intact mouse oocytes. Emi2, but not xEmi2, exhibited nuclear targeting. Unlike xEmi2, separable N- and C-terminal domains of mouse Emi2 modulated metaphase establishment and maintenance, respectively, through indirect and direct mechanisms. The C-terminal activity was mapped to the potential phosphorylation target Tx(5)SxS, a destruction box (D-box), a lattice of Zn(2+)-coordinating residues and an RL domain. The minimal region of Emi2 required for its cytostatic activity was mapped to a region containing these motifs, from residue 491 to the C terminus. The cytostatic factor Mos-MAPK promoted Emi2-dependent metaphase establishment, but Mos autonomously disappeared from meiotically competent mII oocytes. The N-terminal Plx1-interacting phosphodegron of xEmi2 was apparently shifted to within a minimal fragment (residues 51-300) of mouse Emi2 that also contained a calmodulin kinase II (CaMKII) phosphorylation motif and which was efficiently degraded during mII exit. Two equimolar CaMKII gamma isoform variants were present in mII oocytes, neither of which phosphorylated Emi2 in vitro, consistent with the involvement of additional factors. No evidence was found that calcineurin is required for mouse mII exit. These data support a model in which mammalian meiotic establishment, maintenance and exit converge upon a modular Emi2 hub via evolutionarily conserved and divergent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Mammalian Molecular Embryology, Bath Centre for Regenerative Medicine, and Development of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, UK
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Rellos P, Pike ACW, Niesen FH, Salah E, Lee WH, von Delft F, Knapp S. Structure of the CaMKIIdelta/calmodulin complex reveals the molecular mechanism of CaMKII kinase activation. PLoS Biol 2010; 8:e1000426. [PMID: 20668654 PMCID: PMC2910593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1000426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural and biophysical studies reveal how CaMKII kinases, which are important for cellular learning and memory, are switched on by binding of Ca2+/calmodulin. Long-term potentiation (LTP), a long-lasting enhancement in communication between neurons, is considered to be the major cellular mechanism underlying learning and memory. LTP triggers high-frequency calcium pulses that result in the activation of Calcium/Calmodulin (CaM)-dependent kinase II (CaMKII). CaMKII acts as a molecular switch because it remains active for a long time after the return to basal calcium levels, which is a unique property required for CaMKII function. Here we describe the crystal structure of the human CaMKIIδ/Ca2+/CaM complex, structures of all four human CaMKII catalytic domains in their autoinhibited states, as well as structures of human CaMKII oligomerization domains in their tetradecameric and physiological dodecameric states. All four autoinhibited human CaMKIIs were monomeric in the determined crystal structures but associated weakly in solution. In the CaMKIIδ/Ca2+/CaM complex, the inhibitory region adopted an extended conformation and interacted with an adjacent catalytic domain positioning T287 into the active site of the interacting protomer. Comparisons with autoinhibited CaMKII structures showed that binding of calmodulin leads to the rearrangement of residues in the active site to a conformation suitable for ATP binding and to the closure of the binding groove for the autoinhibitory helix by helix αD. The structural data, together with biophysical interaction studies, reveals the mechanism of CaMKII activation by calmodulin and explains many of the unique regulatory properties of these two essential signaling molecules. Enhanced version This article can also be viewed as an enhanced version in which the text of the article is integrated with interactive 3-D representations and animated transitions. Please note that a web plugin is required to access this enhanced functionality. Instructions for the installation and use of the Web plugin are available in Text S1. CaMKII enzymes transmit calcium ion (Ca2+) signals released inside the cell by regulating signal transduction pathways through phosphorylation: Ca2+ first binds to the small regulatory protein CaM; this Ca2+/CaM complex then binds to and activates the kinase, which phosphorylates other proteins in the cell. Since CaMKs remain active long after rapid Ca2+ pulses have dropped they function as molecular switches that turn on or off crucial cell functions in response to Ca2+ levels. The multifunctional CaMKII forms of this enzyme – of which there are four in human – are important in many processes including signaling in neurons and controlling of the heart rate. They are particularly abundant in the brain where they probably play a role in memory. CaMKII forms an exceptionally large, dodecameric complex. Here, we describe the crystal structure of this complex for each of the four human CaMKII catalytic domains in their autoinhibited states, a complex of CaMKII with Ca2+/CaM, as well as the structure of the oligomerization domain (the part of the protein that mediates complex formation) in its physiological dodecameric state and in a tetradecameric state. Detailed comparison of this large body of structural data together with biophysical studies has allowed us to better understand the structural mechanisms of CaMKII activation by CaM and to explain many of the complex regulatory features of these essential enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Rellos
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley C. W. Pike
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank H. Niesen
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eidarus Salah
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Wen Hwa Lee
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Frank von Delft
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Knapp
- University of Oxford, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Structural Genomics Consortium, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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A perisynaptic ménage à trois between Dlg, DLin-7, and Metro controls proper organization of Drosophila synaptic junctions. J Neurosci 2010; 30:5811-24. [PMID: 20427642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0778-10.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural plasticity of synaptic junctions is a prerequisite to achieve and modulate connectivity within nervous systems, e.g., during learning and memory formation. It demands adequate backup systems that allow remodeling while retaining sufficient stability to prevent unwanted synaptic disintegration. The strength of submembranous scaffold complexes, which are fundamental to the architecture of synaptic junctions, likely constitutes a crucial determinant of synaptic stability. Postsynaptic density protein-95 (PSD-95)/ Discs-large (Dlg)-like membrane-associated guanylate kinases (DLG-MAGUKs) are principal scaffold proteins at both vertebrate and invertebrate synapses. At Drosophila larval glutamatergic neuromuscular junctions (NMJs) DlgA and DlgS97 exert pleiotropic functions, probably reflecting a few known and a number of yet-unknown binding partners. In this study we have identified Metro, a novel p55/MPP-like Drosophila MAGUK as a major binding partner of perisynaptic DlgS97 at larval NMJs. Based on homotypic LIN-2,-7 (L27) domain interactions, Metro stabilizes junctional DlgS97 in a complex with the highly conserved adaptor protein DLin-7. In a remarkably interdependent manner, Metro and DLin-7 act downstream of DlgS97 to control NMJ expansion and proper establishment of synaptic boutons. Using quantitative 3D-imaging we further demonstrate that the complex controls the size of postsynaptic glutamate receptor fields. Our findings accentuate the importance of perisynaptic scaffold complexes for synaptic stabilization and organization.
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Coultrap SJ, Buard I, Kulbe JR, Dell'Acqua ML, Bayer KU. CaMKII autonomy is substrate-dependent and further stimulated by Ca2+/calmodulin. J Biol Chem 2010; 285:17930-7. [PMID: 20353941 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.069351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark feature of Ca(2+)/calmodulin (CaM)-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) regulation is the generation of Ca(2+)-independent autonomous activity by Thr-286 autophosphorylation. CaMKII autonomy has been regarded a form of molecular memory and is indeed important in neuronal plasticity and learning/memory. Thr-286-phosphorylated CaMKII is thought to be essentially fully active ( approximately 70-100%), implicating that it is no longer regulated and that its dramatically increased Ca(2+)/CaM affinity is of minor functional importance. However, this study shows that autonomy greater than 15-25% was the exception, not the rule, and required a special mechanism (T-site binding; by the T-substrates AC2 or NR2B). Autonomous activity toward regular R-substrates (including tyrosine hydroxylase and GluR1) was significantly further stimulated by Ca(2+)/CaM, both in vitro and within cells. Altered K(m) and V(max) made autonomy also substrate- (and ATP) concentration-dependent, but only over a narrow range, with remarkable stability at physiological concentrations. Such regulation still allows molecular memory of previous Ca(2+) signals, but prevents complete uncoupling from subsequent cellular stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Coultrap
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Denver School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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