1
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Lu Y, Hatzipantelis CJ, Langmead CJ, Stewart GD. Molecular insights into orphan G protein-coupled receptors relevant to schizophrenia. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:2095-2113. [PMID: 37605621 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia remains a sizable socio-economic burden that continues to be treated with therapeutics based on 70-year old science. All currently approved therapeutics primarily target the dopamine D2 receptor to achieve their efficacy. Whilst dopaminergic dysregulation is a key feature in this disorder, the targeting of dopaminergic machinery has yielded limited efficacy and an appreciable side effect burden. Over the recent decades, numerous drugs that engage non-dopaminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have yielded a promise of efficacy without the deleterious side effect profile, yet none have successfully completed clinical studies and progressed to the market. More recently, there has been increased attention around non-dopaminergic GPCR-targeting drugs, which demonstrated efficacy in some schizophrenia symptom domains. This provides renewed hope that effective schizophrenia treatment may lie outside of the dopaminergic space. Despite the potential for muscarinic receptor- (and other well-characterised GPCR families) targeting drugs to treat schizophrenia, they are often plagued with complications such as lack of receptor subtype selectivity and peripheral on-target side effects. Orphan GPCR studies have opened a new avenue of exploration with many demonstrating schizophrenia-relevant mechanisms and a favourable expression profile, thus offering potential for novel drug development. This review discusses centrally expressed orphan GPCRs: GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, GPR52, GPR85, GPR88 and GPR139 and their relationship to schizophrenia. We review their expression, signalling mechanisms and cellular function, in conjunction with small molecule development and structural insights. We seek to provide a snapshot of the growing evidence and development potential of new classes of schizophrenia therapeutics. LINKED ARTICLES: This article is part of a themed issue Therapeutic Targeting of G Protein-Coupled Receptors: hot topics from the Australasian Society of Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologists and Toxicologists 2021 Virtual Annual Scientific Meeting. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v181.14/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Lu
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
| | | | - Christopher J Langmead
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
| | - Gregory D Stewart
- Drug Discovery Biology and Neuroscience & Mental Health Therapeutic Program Area, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- ARC Centre for Cryo-electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Neuromedicines Discovery Centre, Monash University, Parkville, Australia
- Phrenix Therapeutics, Parkville, Australia
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2
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Öz-Arslan D, Yavuz M, Kan B. Exploring orphan GPCRs in neurodegenerative diseases. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1394516. [PMID: 38895631 PMCID: PMC11183337 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1394516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disorders represent a significant and growing health burden worldwide. Unfortunately, limited therapeutic options are currently available despite ongoing efforts. Over the past decades, research efforts have increasingly focused on understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying these devastating conditions. Orphan receptors, a class of receptors with no known endogenous ligands, emerge as promising druggable targets for diverse diseases. This review aims to direct attention to a subgroup of orphan GPCRs, in particular class A orphans that have roles in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and Multiple sclerosis. We highlight the diverse roles orphan receptors play in regulating critical cellular processes such as synaptic transmission, neuronal survival and neuro-inflammation. Moreover, we discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting orphan receptors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders, emphasizing recent advances in drug discovery and preclinical studies. Finally, we outline future directions and challenges in orphan receptor research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devrim Öz-Arslan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
| | - Melis Yavuz
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Pharmacology, Acibadem MAA University, School of Pharmacy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Beki Kan
- Department of Biophysics, Acibadem MAA University, School of Medicine, Istanbul, Türkiye
- Department of Neurosciences, Acibadem MAA University, Institute of Health Sciences, İstanbul, Türkiye
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3
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Russell I, Zhang X, Bumbak F, McNeill SM, Josephs TM, Leeming MG, Christopoulos G, Venugopal H, Flocco MM, Sexton PM, Wootten D, Belousoff MJ. Lipid-Dependent Activation of the Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptor, GPR3. Biochemistry 2024; 63:625-631. [PMID: 38376112 PMCID: PMC10919283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.3c00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
The class A orphan G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), GPR3, has been implicated in a variety of conditions, including Alzheimer's and premature ovarian failure. GPR3 constitutively couples with Gαs, resulting in the production of cAMP in cells. While tool compounds and several putative endogenous ligands have emerged for the receptor, its endogenous ligand, if it exists, remains a mystery. As novel potential drug targets, the structures of orphan GPCRs have been of increasing interest, revealing distinct modes of activation, including autoactivation, presence of constitutively activating mutations, or via cryptic ligands. Here, we present a cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) structure of the orphan GPCR, GPR3 in complex with DNGαs and Gβ1γ2. The structure revealed clear density for a lipid-like ligand that bound within an extended hydrophobic groove, suggesting that the observed "constitutive activity" was likely due to activation via a lipid that may be ubiquitously present. Analysis of conformational variance within the cryo-EM data set revealed twisting motions of the GPR3 transmembrane helices that appeared coordinated with changes in the lipid-like density. We propose a mechanism for the binding of a lipid to its putative orthosteric binding pocket linked to the GPR3 dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella
C. Russell
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Xin Zhang
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Fabian Bumbak
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Samantha M. McNeill
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Tracy M. Josephs
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Michael G. Leeming
- Bio21
Molecular Science & Biotechnology Institute, Melbourne Mass Spectrometry
and Proteomics Facility, The University
of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - George Christopoulos
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Hariprasad Venugopal
- Ramaciotti
Centre for Cryo Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Victoria Australia
| | - Maria M. Flocco
- Mechanistic
and Structural Biology, Discovery Sciences, BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB20AA, United Kingdom
| | - Patrick M. Sexton
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Denise Wootten
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
| | - Matthew J. Belousoff
- Drug
Discovery Biology Theme, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
- Australian
Research Council Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy of Membrane Proteins,
Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville 3052, Victoria Australia
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4
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Xiong Y, Xu Z, Li X, Wang Y, Zhao J, Wang N, Duan Y, Xia R, Han Z, Qian Y, Liang J, Zhang A, Guo C, Inoue A, Xia Y, Chen Z, He Y. Identification of oleic acid as an endogenous ligand of GPR3. Cell Res 2024; 34:232-244. [PMID: 38287117 PMCID: PMC10907358 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-024-00932-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Although GPR3 plays pivotal roles in both the nervous system and metabolic processes, such as cold-induced thermogenesis, its endogenous ligand remains elusive. Here, by combining structural approach (including cryo-electron microscopy), mass spectrometry analysis, and functional studies, we identify oleic acid (OA) as an endogenous ligand of GPR3. Our study reveals a hydrophobic tunnel within GPR3 that connects the extracellular side of the receptor to the middle of plasma membrane, enabling fatty acids to readily engage the receptor. Functional studies demonstrate that OA triggers downstream Gs signaling, whereas lysophospholipids fail to activate the receptor. Moreover, our research reveals that cold stimulation induces the secretion of OA in mice, subsequently activating Gs/cAMP/PKA signaling in brown adipose tissue. Notably, brown adipose tissues from Gpr3 knockout mice do not respond to OA during cold stimulation, reinforcing the significance of GPR3 in this process. Finally, we propose a "born to be activated and cold to enhance" model for GPR3 activation. Our study provides a starting framework for the understanding of GPR3 signaling in cold-stimulated thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjie Xiong
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhenmei Xu
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xinzhi Li
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yuqin Wang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jing Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Na Wang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yaning Duan
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Ruixue Xia
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zhengbin Han
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Yu Qian
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jiale Liang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Anqi Zhang
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Changyou Guo
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Asuka Inoue
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, 6-3, Aoba, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yu Xia
- MOE Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
| | - Zheng Chen
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Matter Behave in Space Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Yuanzheng He
- HIT Center for Life Sciences, School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
- Frontiers Science Center for Matter Behave in Space Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China.
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5
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Anversa RG, Maddern XJ, Lawrence AJ, Walker LC. Orphan peptide and G protein-coupled receptor signalling in alcohol use disorder. Br J Pharmacol 2024; 181:595-609. [PMID: 38073127 PMCID: PMC10953447 DOI: 10.1111/bph.16301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptides and G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have long been, and continue to be, one of the most popular target classes for drug discovery in CNS disorders, including alcohol use disorder (AUD). Yet, orphaned neuropeptide systems and receptors (oGPCR), which have no known cognate receptor or ligand, remain understudied in drug discovery and development. Orphan neuropeptides and oGPCRs are abundantly expressed within the brain and represent an unprecedented opportunity to address brain function and may hold potential as novel treatments for disease. Here, we describe the current literature regarding orphaned neuropeptides and oGPCRs implicated in AUD. Specifically, in this review, we focus on the orphaned neuropeptide cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART), and several oGPCRs that have been directly implicated in AUD (GPR6, GPR26, GPR88, GPR139, GPR158) and discuss their potential and pitfalls as novel treatments, and progress in identifying their cognate receptors or ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Goncalves Anversa
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Xavier J. Maddern
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Andrew J. Lawrence
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
| | - Leigh C. Walker
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthMelbourneVICAustralia
- Florey Department of Neuroscience and Mental HealthUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVICAustralia
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6
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Dong T, Hu G, Fan Z, Wang H, Gao Y, Wang S, Xu H, Yaffe MB, Vander Heiden MG, Lv G, Chen J. Activation of GPR3-β-arrestin2-PKM2 pathway in Kupffer cells stimulates glycolysis and inhibits obesity and liver pathogenesis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:807. [PMID: 38280848 PMCID: PMC10821868 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45167-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Kupffer cells are liver resident macrophages and play critical role in fatty liver disease, yet the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Here, we show that activation of G-protein coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) in Kupffer cells stimulates glycolysis and protects mice from obesity and fatty liver disease. GPR3 activation induces a rapid increase in glycolysis via formation of complexes between β-arrestin2 and key glycolytic enzymes as well as sustained increase in glycolysis through transcription of glycolytic genes. In mice, GPR3 activation in Kupffer cells results in enhanced glycolysis, reduced inflammation and inhibition of high-fat diet induced obesity and liver pathogenesis. In human fatty liver biopsies, GPR3 activation increases expression of glycolytic genes and reduces expression of inflammatory genes in a population of disease-associated macrophages. These findings identify GPR3 activation as a pivotal mechanism for metabolic reprogramming of Kupffer cells and as a potential approach for treating fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Dong
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Guangan Hu
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Zhongqi Fan
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Huirui Wang
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Yinghui Gao
- Department of Natural Products Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, China
| | - Sisi Wang
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Hao Xu
- Department of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Michael B Yaffe
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Matthew G Vander Heiden
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Guoyue Lv
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
| | - Jianzhu Chen
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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7
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Bresinsky M, Shahraki A, Kolb P, Pockes S, Schihada H. Development of Fluorescent AF64394 Analogues Enables Real-Time Binding Studies for the Orphan Class A GPCR GPR3. J Med Chem 2023; 66:15025-15041. [PMID: 37907069 PMCID: PMC10641823 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor (oGPCR) GPR3 represents a potential drug target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease and metabolic disorders. However, the limited toolbox of pharmacological assays hampers the development of advanced ligands. Here, we developed a signaling pathway-independent readout of compound-GPR3 interaction. Starting from computational binding pose predictions of the most potent GPR3 ligand, we designed a series of fluorescent AF64394 analogues and assessed their suitability for BRET-based binding studies. The most potent ligand, 45 (UR-MB-355), bound to GPR3 and closely related receptors, GPR6 and GPR12, with similar submicromolar affinities. Furthermore, we found that 45 engages GPR3 in a distinct mode compared to AF64394, and coincubation studies with the GPR3 agonist diphenyleneiodonium chloride revealed allosteric modulation of 45 binding. These insights provide new cues for the pharmacological manipulation of GPR3 activity. This novel binding assay will foster the development of future drugs acting through these pharmacologically attractive oGPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin Bresinsky
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Aida Shahraki
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Peter Kolb
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Steffen Pockes
- Institute
of Pharmacy, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
- Department
of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute for Therapeutics Discovery and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414, United States
| | - Hannes Schihada
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of Marburg, Marbacher Weg 8, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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8
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Thakur K, Khan H, Grewal AK, Singh TG. Nuclear orphan receptors: A novel therapeutic agent in neuroinflammation. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 124:110845. [PMID: 37690241 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Orphan receptors constitute a historically varied subsection of a superfamily of nuclear receptors. Nuclear receptors regulate gene expression in response to ligand signals and are particularly alluring therapeutic targets for chronic illnesses. Neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative diseases have been linked to these orphan nuclear receptors. Preclinical and clinical evidence suggests that orphan receptors could serve as future targets in neuroinflammation, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), Alzheimer's Disease (AD), Huntington's Disease (HD), Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Cerebral Ischemia. Given the therapeutic relevance of certain orphan receptors in a variety of disorders, their potential in neuroinflammation remains unproven. There is substantial evidence that ligand-activated transcription factors have great promise for preventing neurodegenerative and neurological disorders, with certain orphan nuclear receptors i.e., PPARγ, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs holding particularly high potential. Based on previous findings, we attempted to determine the contribution of PPAR, NR4As, and orphan GPCRs-regulated neuroinflammation to the pathogenesis of these disorders and their potential to become novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Thakur
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, 140401 Punjab, India
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9
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Gay EA, Harris DL, Wilson JW, Blough BE. The development of diphenyleneiodonium analogs as GPR3 agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2023; 94:129427. [PMID: 37541631 PMCID: PMC10631289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2023.129427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) is an orphan receptor potentially involved in many important physiological processes such as drug abuse, neuropathic pain, and anxiety and depression related disorders. Pharmacological studies of GPR3 have been limited due to the restricted number of known agonists and inverse agonists for this constitutively active receptor. In this medicinal chemistry study, we report the discovery of GPR3 agonists based off the diphenyleneiodonium (DPI) scaffold. The most potent full agonist was the 3-trifluoromethoxy analog (32) with an EC50 of 260 nM and 90% efficacy compared to DPI. Investigation of a homology model of GPR3 from multiple sequence alignment resulted in the finding of a binding site rich in potential π-π and π-cation interactions stabilizing DPI-scaffold agonists. MMGBSA free energy analysis showed a good correlation with trends in observed EC50s. DPI analogs retained the same high receptor selectivity for GPR3 over GPR6 and GPR12 as observed with DPI. Collectively, the DPI analog series shows that order of magnitude improvements in potency with the scaffold were attainable; however, attempts to replace the iodonium ion to make the scaffold more druggable failed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine A Gay
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Danni L Harris
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Joseph W Wilson
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | - Bruce E Blough
- Center for Drug Discovery, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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10
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Wang P, Lv L, Li H, Wang CY, Zhou J. Opportunities and challenges in drug discovery targeting the orphan receptor GPR12. Drug Discov Today 2023; 28:103698. [PMID: 37422169 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2023.103698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
G-protein-coupled receptor 12 (GPR12) is a brain-specific expression orphan G-protein-coupled receptor (oGPCR) that regulates various physiological processes. It is an emerging therapeutic target for central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia, as well as other human diseases, such as cancer, obesity, and metabolic disorders. GPR12 remains a less extensively investigated oGPCR, particularly in terms of its biological functions, signaling pathways, and ligand discovery. The discovery of drug-like small-molecule modulators to probe the brain functions of GPR12 or to act as a potential drug candidates, as well as the identification of reliable biomarkers, are vital to elucidate the roles of this receptor in various human diseases and develop novel target-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ministry of Education, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ling Lv
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ministry of Education, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haoran Li
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ministry of Education, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Chang-Yun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity Ministry of Education, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Jia Zhou
- Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
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11
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Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez-Muñoz F, Gutierrez-Rojas RA, Acevedo-Villavicencio LN, Flores-Zarate AV, Huang F, Giacoman-Martinez A, Villafaña S, Romero-Nava R. Glycine: The Smallest Anti-Inflammatory Micronutrient. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11236. [PMID: 37510995 PMCID: PMC10379184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycine is a non-essential amino acid with many functions and effects. Glycine can bind to specific receptors and transporters that are expressed in many types of cells throughout an organism to exert its effects. There have been many studies focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of glycine, including its abilities to decrease pro-inflammatory cytokines and the concentration of free fatty acids, to improve the insulin response, and to mediate other changes. However, the mechanism through which glycine acts is not clear. In this review, we emphasize that glycine exerts its anti-inflammatory effects throughout the modulation of the expression of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) in many cells. Although glycine is a non-essential amino acid, we highlight how dietary glycine supplementation is important in avoiding the development of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fausto Sánchez-Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico
| | | | | | - Aurora Vanessa Flores-Zarate
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Obesidad y Asma, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Ciudad de Mexico 06720, Mexico
| | - Abraham Giacoman-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Framacología, Departamaneto de Ciencias de la Salud, DCBS, Universidad Autónoma Mteropolitana-Iztapalapa (UAM-I), Ciudad de Mexico 09340, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Ciudad de Mexico 11340, Mexico
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12
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Li H, Zhang J, Yu Y, Luo F, Wu L, Liu J, Chen N, Liu Z, Hua T. Structural insight into the constitutive activity of human orphan receptor GPR12. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:95-104. [PMID: 36593162 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2022.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor 12 (GPR12) is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that is highly expressed in the thalamus of the brain and plays a vital role in driving thalamocortical functions in short-term memory. GPR12 performs high constitutive activity and couples with Gs, increasing the intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) level when it is expressed. However, exploitation for drug development is limited since it is unclear how GPR12 initiates self-activation and signal transduction, and whether it can be modulated by endogenous or synthetic ligands. Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the GPR12-Gs complex in the absence of agonists. Our structure reveals the key determinants for the intrinsically high basal activity of GPR12, including extracellular loop 2 partially occupying the orthosteric binding pocket, a tight-packed TM1 and TM7, and unique activation-related residues in TM6 and TM7. Together with mutagenesis data, this study will improve our understanding of the function and self-activation of the orphan receptor GPR12, enable the identification of endogenous ligands, and guide drug discovery efforts that target GPR12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Jinyi Zhang
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Yanan Yu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Feng Luo
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Lijie Wu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Junlin Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Na Chen
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Zhijie Liu
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
| | - Tian Hua
- iHuman Institute, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai 201210, China.
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13
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Targeting G Protein-Coupled Receptors in the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease. J Mol Biol 2022:167927. [PMID: 36563742 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2022.167927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease characterized in part by the deterioration of dopaminergic neurons which leads to motor impairment. Although there is no cure for PD, the motor symptoms can be treated using dopamine replacement therapies including the dopamine precursor L-DOPA, which has been in use since the 1960s. However, neurodegeneration in PD is not limited to dopaminergic neurons, and many patients experience non-motor symptoms including cognitive impairment or neuropsychiatric disturbances, for which there are limited treatment options. Moreover, there are currently no treatments able to alter the progression of neurodegeneration. There are many therapeutic strategies being investigated for PD, including alternatives to L-DOPA for the treatment of motor impairment, symptomatic treatments for non-motor symptoms, and neuroprotective or disease-modifying agents. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), which include the dopamine receptors, are highly druggable cell surface proteins which can regulate numerous intracellular signaling pathways and thereby modulate the function of neuronal circuits affected by PD. This review will describe the treatment strategies being investigated for PD that target GPCRs and their downstream signaling mechanisms. First, we discuss new developments in dopaminergic agents for alleviating PD motor impairment, the role of dopamine receptors in L-DOPA induced dyskinesia, as well as agents targeting non-dopamine GPCRs which could augment or replace traditional dopaminergic treatments. We then discuss GPCRs as prospective treatments for neuropsychiatric and cognitive symptoms in PD. Finally, we discuss the evidence pertaining to ghrelin receptors, β-adrenergic receptors, angiotensin receptors and glucagon-like peptide 1 receptors, which have been proposed as disease modifying targets with potential neuroprotective effects in PD.
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14
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Bharathi, Roy KK. Structural basis for the binding of a selective inverse agonist AF64394 with the human G-protein coupled receptor 3 (GPR3). J Biomol Struct Dyn 2022; 40:10181-10190. [PMID: 34157950 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1940282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The orphan class A G-protein coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) is highly expressed in brain and linked with various neuronal functions, and therefore, expected to play a vital role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease. In view of the lack of its experimental structure, we describe herein the three-dimensional structure and conformational dynamics of GPR3 complexed with the inverse agonist AF64394. The GPR3 model was predicted using the Iterative Threading ASSEmbly Refinement (I-TASSER) method. The Induced Fit Docking predicted two unique poses, Pose 1 and Pose 2, for AF64394, and then, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by binding free-energy calculation revealed the Pose 1 as a very stable pose with the least fluctuation during the MD simulation while the Pose 2 underwent a significant fluctuation. The [1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidine core was engaged in multiple hydrogen bonds (H-bonds), such as a water-mediated H-bond between the triazole nitrogen and T31, two direct H-bonds between the protonated triazole-ring nitrogen and V186 and T279, a direct H-bond between the secondary amine and V187. The phenyl substituent of AF64394 exhibited aromatic π-π stacking interactions with F97, F101, W43 and Y280. AF64394 showed a direct interaction with E28 and polar interactions with H96, T31 and T279. Throughout the MD simulation, the toggle switch residues, F120 and W260, remained in close contact, indicating that the GPR3 conformation represented an inactive state. The 4-(3-chloro-5-isopropoxyphenethyl) group resided near to the toggle switch residues. The insights gained here are expected to be useful in the structure-based design of new ligands targeting GPR3 modulation. Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharathi
- Department of Pharmacoinformatics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Kolkata, India
| | - Kuldeep K Roy
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Medical Sciences, Adamas University, Kolkata, India
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15
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Huang Y, Rafael Guimarães T, Todd N, Ferguson C, Weiss KM, Stauffer FR, McDermott B, Hurtle BT, Saito T, Saido TC, MacDonald ML, Homanics GE, Thathiah A. G protein-biased GPR3 signaling ameliorates amyloid pathology in a preclinical Alzheimer's disease mouse model. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2204828119. [PMID: 36161942 PMCID: PMC9546571 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2204828119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Biased G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligands, which preferentially activate G protein or β-arrestin signaling pathways, are leading to the development of drugs with superior efficacy and reduced side effects in heart disease, pain management, and neuropsychiatric disorders. Although GPCRs are implicated in the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), biased GPCR signaling is a largely unexplored area of investigation in AD. Our previous work demonstrated that GPR3-mediated β-arrestin signaling modulates amyloid-β (Aβ) generation in vitro and that Gpr3 deficiency ameliorates Aβ pathology in vivo. However, Gpr3-deficient mice display several adverse phenotypes, including elevated anxiety-like behavior, reduced fertility, and memory impairment, which are potentially associated with impaired G protein signaling. Here, we generated a G protein-biased GPR3 mouse model to investigate the physiological and pathophysiological consequences of selective elimination of GPR3-mediated β-arrestin signaling in vivo. In contrast to Gpr3-deficient mice, G protein-biased GPR3 mice do not display elevated anxiety levels, reduced fertility, or cognitive impairment. We further determined that G protein-biased signaling reduces soluble Aβ levels and leads to a decrease in the area and compaction of amyloid plaques in the preclinical AppNL-G-F AD mouse model. The changes in amyloid pathology are accompanied by robust microglial and astrocytic hypertrophy, which suggest a protective glial response that may limit amyloid plaque development in G protein-biased GPR3 AD mice. Collectively, these studies indicate that GPR3-mediated G protein and β-arrestin signaling produce discrete and separable effects and provide proof of concept for the development of safer GPCR-targeting therapeutics with more directed pharmacological action for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhong Huang
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Thais Rafael Guimarães
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Nicholas Todd
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
- Graduate Program in Molecular Pharmacology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Carolyn Ferguson
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Kathryn M. Weiss
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Fiona R. Stauffer
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Breanne McDermott
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Bryan T. Hurtle
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
- Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Takashi Saito
- Department of Neurocognitive Science, Institute of Brain Science, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Science, Nagoya, 467-8601, Japan
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Takaomi C. Saido
- Laboratory for Proteolytic Neuroscience, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Matthew L. MacDonald
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
- Biomedical Mass Spectrometry Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
| | - Gregg E. Homanics
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
- Department of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
| | - Amantha Thathiah
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
- University of Pittsburgh Brain Institute, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
- Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15260
- Center for Protein Conformational Diseases, Kenneth P. Dietrich School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA,15260
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16
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Mostafa S, Nader N, Machaca K. Lipid Signaling During Gamete Maturation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:814876. [PMID: 36204680 PMCID: PMC9531329 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.814876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell lipids are differentially distributed in distinct organelles and within the leaflets of the bilayer. They can further form laterally defined sub-domains within membranes with important signaling functions. This molecular and spatial complexity offers optimal platforms for signaling with the associated challenge of dissecting these pathways especially that lipid metabolism tends to be highly interconnected. Lipid signaling has historically been implicated in gamete function, however the detailed signaling pathways involved remain obscure. In this review we focus on oocyte and sperm maturation in an effort to consolidate current knowledge of the role of lipid signaling and set the stage for future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherif Mostafa
- Medical Program, WCMQ, Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Nancy Nader
- Calcium Signaling Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar (WCMQ), Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Khaled Machaca
- Calcium Signaling Group, Research Department, Weill Cornell Medicine Qatar (WCMQ), Education City, Qatar Foundation, Doha, Qatar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Khaled Machaca,
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17
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Margolin DH, Brice NL, Davidson A, Matthews KL, Carlton MBL. A Phase I, First-In-Human, Healthy Volunteer Study to Investigate the Safety, Tolerability, and Pharmacokinetics of CVN424, a Novel GPR6 Inverse Agonist for Parkinson's Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2022; 381:33-41. [PMID: 35110393 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
CVN424 is a novel small molecule and first-in-class candidate therapeutic to selectively modulate GPR6, an orphan G-protein coupled receptor. Expression of GPR6 is largely confined to the subset of striatal projection neurons that give rise to the indirect (striatopallidal) pathway, important in the control of movement. CVN424 improves motor function in preclinical animal models of Parkinson's disease. Here we report results of a phase 1, first-in-human study investigating the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of CVN424 in healthy volunteers. The study (NCT03657030) was randomized, double-blind, and placebo controlled. CVN424 was orally administered in ascending doses to successive cohorts as inpatients in a clinical research unit. Single doses ranged from 1 mg to 225 mg, and repeated (7 day) daily doses were 25 mg, 75 mg, or 150 mg. CVN424 peak plasma concentrations were reached within 2h post-dose in the fasted state and increased with increasing dose. Dosing after a standardized high-fat meal reduced and delayed the peak plasma concentration but total plasma exposure was similar. Mean terminal half-life ranged from 30h to 41h. CVN424 was generally well tolerated: no serious or severe adverse effects were observed, and there were no clinically significant changes in vital signs or laboratory parameters. We conclude that CVN424, a nondopaminergic compound that modulates a novel therapeutic target, was safe and well tolerated. A phase 2 study in patients with Parkinson's disease is underway. Significance Statement This is the first-in-human clinical study of a first-in-class candidate therapeutic. CVN424 modulates a novel drug target, GPR6, which is selectively expressed in a pathway in the brain that has been implicated in the motor dysfunction of patients with Parkinson's disease. This study paves the way for investigating this novel mechanism of action in patients with Parkinson's disease.
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18
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Metabolic Syndrome: Updates on Pathophysiology and Management in 2021. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23020786. [PMID: 35054972 PMCID: PMC8775991 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23020786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 422] [Impact Index Per Article: 211.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) forms a cluster of metabolic dysregulations including insulin resistance, atherogenic dyslipidemia, central obesity, and hypertension. The pathogenesis of MetS encompasses multiple genetic and acquired entities that fall under the umbrella of insulin resistance and chronic low-grade inflammation. If left untreated, MetS is significantly associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Given that CVDs constitute by far the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, it has become essential to investigate the role played by MetS in this context to reduce the heavy burden of the disease. As such, and while MetS relatively constitutes a novel clinical entity, the extent of research about the disease has been exponentially growing in the past few decades. However, many aspects of this clinical entity are still not completely understood, and many questions remain unanswered to date. In this review, we provide a historical background and highlight the epidemiology of MetS. We also discuss the current and latest knowledge about the histopathology and pathophysiology of the disease. Finally, we summarize the most recent updates about the management and the prevention of this clinical syndrome.
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19
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Mantas I, Saarinen M, Xu ZQD, Svenningsson P. Update on GPCR-based targets for the development of novel antidepressants. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:534-558. [PMID: 33589739 PMCID: PMC8960420 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traditional antidepressants largely interfere with monoaminergic transport or degradation systems, taking several weeks to have their therapeutic actions. Moreover, a large proportion of depressed patients are resistant to these therapies. Several atypical antidepressants have been developed which interact with G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) instead, as direct targeting of receptors may achieve more efficacious and faster antidepressant actions. The focus of this review is to provide an update on how distinct GPCRs mediate antidepressant actions and discuss recent insights into how GPCRs regulate the pathophysiology of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). We also discuss the therapeutic potential of novel GPCR targets, which are appealing due to their ligand selectivity, expression pattern, or pharmacological profiles. Finally, we highlight recent advances in understanding GPCR pharmacology and structure, and how they may provide new avenues for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Mantas
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Saarinen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Zhi-Qing David Xu
- Department of Neurobiology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Neural Regeneration and Repair, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Per Svenningsson
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.
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20
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Warboys CM, Weinberg PD. S1P in the development of atherosclerosis: roles of hemodynamic wall shear stress and endothelial permeability. Tissue Barriers 2021; 9:1959243. [PMID: 34542010 DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2021.1959243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is characterized by focal accumulations of lipid within the arterial wall, thought to arise from effects of hemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) on endothelial permeability. Identifying pathways that mediate the effects of shear on permeability could therefore provide new therapeutic opportunities. Here, we consider whether the sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) pathway could constitute such a route. We review effects of S1P in endothelial barrier function, the influence of WSS on S1P production and signaling, the results of trials investigating S1P in experimental atherosclerosis in mice, and associations between S1P levels and cardiovascular disease in humans. Although it seems clear that S1P reduces endothelial permeability and responds to WSS, the evidence that it influences atherosclerosis is equivocal. The effects of specifically pro- and anti-atherosclerotic WSS profiles on the S1P pathway require investigation, as do influences of S1P on the vesicular pathways likely to dominate low-density lipoprotein transport across endothelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Warboys
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, London, UK
| | - Peter D Weinberg
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK
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21
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Schihada H, Shekhani R, Schulte G. Quantitative assessment of constitutive G protein-coupled receptor activity with BRET-based G protein biosensors. Sci Signal 2021; 14:eabf1653. [PMID: 34516756 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abf1653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
[Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Schihada
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rawan Shekhani
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Schulte
- Section for Receptor Biology and Signaling, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum, Solnavägen 9, SE-17165 Stockholm, Sweden
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22
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Biringer RG. Endocannabinoid signaling pathways: beyond CB1R and CB2R. J Cell Commun Signal 2021; 15:335-360. [PMID: 33978927 PMCID: PMC8222499 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-021-00622-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The search for cannabinoid receptors other than CB1R and CB2R has been ongoing for over a decade. A number of orphan receptors have been proposed as potential cannabinoid receptors primarily based on phylogenic arguments and reactivity towards known endocannabinoids and phytocannabinoids. Seven putative cannabinoid receptors are described and discussed, and evidence for and against their inclusion in this category are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Gregory Biringer
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lake Erie College of Osteopathic Medicine, Bradenton, FL, 34211, USA.
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23
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Obesity-induced changes in human islet G protein-coupled receptor expression: Implications for metabolic regulation. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 228:107928. [PMID: 34174278 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large family of cell surface receptors that are the targets for many different classes of pharmacotherapy. The islets of Langerhans are central to appropriate glucose homeostasis through their secretion of insulin, and islet function can be modified by ligands acting at the large number of GPCRs that islets express. The human islet GPCRome is not a static entity, but one that is altered under pathophysiological conditions and, in this review, we have compared expression of GPCR mRNAs in human islets obtained from normal weight range donors, and those with a weight range classified as obese. We have also considered the likely outcomes on islet function that the altered GPCR expression status confers and the possible impact that adipokines, secreted from expanded fat depots, could have at those GPCRs showing altered expression in obesity.
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24
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Potential and Limits of Cannabinoids in Alzheimer's Disease Therapy. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10060542. [PMID: 34204237 PMCID: PMC8234911 DOI: 10.3390/biology10060542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary This review was aimed at exploring the potentiality of drugging the endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic option for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Recent discoveries have demonstrated how the modulation of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1) and receptor 2 (CB2) can exert neuroprotective effects without the recreational and pharmacological properties of Cannabis sativa. Thus, this review explores the potential of cannabinoids in AD, also highlighting their limitations in perspective to point out the need for further research on cannabinoids in AD therapy. Abstract Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a detrimental brain disorder characterized by a gradual cognitive decline and neuronal deterioration. To date, the treatments available are effective only in the early stage of the disease. The AD etiology has not been completely revealed, and investigating new pathological mechanisms is essential for developing effective and safe drugs. The recreational and pharmacological properties of marijuana are known for centuries, but only recently the scientific community started to investigate the potential use of cannabinoids in AD therapy—sometimes with contradictory outcomes. Since the endocannabinoid system (ECS) is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cortex, cannabis use/abuse has often been associated with memory and learning dysfunction in vulnerable individuals. However, the latest findings in AD rodent models have shown promising effects of cannabinoids in reducing amyloid plaque deposition and stimulating hippocampal neurogenesis. Beneficial effects on several dementia-related symptoms have also been reported in clinical trials after cannabinoid treatments. Accordingly, future studies should address identifying the correct therapeutic dosage and timing of treatment from the perspective of using cannabinoids in AD therapy. The present paper aims to summarize the potential and limitations of cannabinoids as therapeutics for AD, focusing on recent pre-clinical and clinical evidence.
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25
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Brice NL, Schiffer HH, Monenschein H, Mulligan VJ, Page K, Powell J, Xu X, Cheung T, Burley JR, Sun H, Dickson L, Murphy ST, Kaushal N, Sheardown S, Lawrence J, Chen Y, Bartkowski D, Kanta A, Russo J, Hosea N, Dawson LA, Hitchcock SH, Carlton MB. Development of CVN424: A Selective and Novel GPR6 Inverse Agonist Effective in Models of Parkinson Disease. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:407-416. [PMID: 33795395 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
GPR6 is an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor that has enriched expression in the striatopallidal, indirect pathway and medium spiny neurons of the striatum. This pathway is greatly impacted by the loss of the nigro-striatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson disease, and modulating this neurocircuitry can be therapeutically beneficial. In this study, we describe the in vitro and in vivo pharmacological characterization of (R)-1-(2-(4-(2,4-difluorophenoxy)piperidin-1-yl)-3-((tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)amino)-7,8-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazin-6(5H)-yl)ethan-1-one (CVN424), a highly potent and selective small-molecule inverse agonist for GPR6 that is currently undergoing clinical evaluation. CVN424 is brain-penetrant and shows dose-dependent receptor occupancy that attained brain 50% of receptor occupancy at plasma concentrations of 6.0 and 7.4 ng/ml in mice and rats, respectively. Oral administration of CVN424 dose-dependently increases locomotor activity and reverses haloperidol-induced catalepsy. Furthermore, CVN424 restored mobility in bilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson disease. The presence and localization of GPR6 in medium spiny neurons of striatum postmortem samples from both nondemented control and patients with Parkinson disease were confirmed at the level of both RNA (using Nuclear Enriched Transcript Sort sequencing) and protein. This body of work demonstrates that CVN424 is a potent, orally active, and brain-penetrant GPR6 inverse agonist that is effective in preclinical models and is a potential therapeutic for improving motor function in patients with Parkinson disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: CVN424 represents a nondopaminergic novel drug for potential use in patients with Parkinson disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola L Brice
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Hans H Schiffer
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Holger Monenschein
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Victoria J Mulligan
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Keith Page
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Justin Powell
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Xiao Xu
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Toni Cheung
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - J Russell Burley
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Huikai Sun
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Louise Dickson
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Sean T Murphy
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Steve Sheardown
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Jason Lawrence
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Yun Chen
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Darian Bartkowski
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Anne Kanta
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Joseph Russo
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Natalie Hosea
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Lee A Dawson
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Stephen H Hitchcock
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
| | - Mark B Carlton
- Cerevance Ltd, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.L.B., V.J.M., K.P., J.P., X.X., T.C., J.R.B., L.D., S.S., J.L., L.A.D., M.B.C.); and Takeda California, San Diego, California (H.H.S., H.M., H.S., S.T.M., N.K., Y.C., D.B., A.K., J.R., N.H., S.H.H.)
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Sun H, Monenschein H, Schiffer HH, Reichard HA, Kikuchi S, Hopkins M, Macklin TK, Hitchcock S, Adams M, Green J, Brown J, Murphy ST, Kaushal N, Collia DR, Moore S, Ray WJ, English NM, Carlton MBL, Brice NL. First-Time Disclosure of CVN424, a Potent and Selective GPR6 Inverse Agonist for the Treatment of Parkinson's Disease: Discovery, Pharmacological Validation, and Identification of a Clinical Candidate. J Med Chem 2021; 64:9875-9890. [PMID: 33861086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.0c02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic and progressive movement disorder with the urgent unmet need for efficient symptomatic therapies with fewer side effects. GPR6 is an orphan G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) with highly restricted expression in dopamine receptor D2-type medium spiny neurons (MSNs) of the indirect pathway, a striatal brain circuit which shows aberrant hyperactivity in PD patients. Potent and selective GPR6 inverse agonists (IAG) were developed starting from a low-potency screening hit (EC50 = 43 μM). Herein, we describe the multiple parameter optimization that led to the discovery of multiple nanomolar potent and selective GPR6 IAG, including our clinical compound CVN424. GPR6 IAG reversed haloperidol-induced catalepsy in rats and restored mobility in the bilateral 6-OHDA-lesioned rat PD model demonstrating that inhibition of GPR6 activity in vivo normalizes activity in basal ganglia circuitry and motor behavior. CVN424 is currently in clinical development to treat motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huikai Sun
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Holger Monenschein
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Hans H Schiffer
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Holly A Reichard
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Shota Kikuchi
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Maria Hopkins
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Todd K Macklin
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Stephen Hitchcock
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Mark Adams
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Green
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Jason Brown
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sean T Murphy
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nidhi Kaushal
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Deanna R Collia
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Steve Moore
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - William J Ray
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Nicole Marion English
- Takeda California, 9625 Towne Centre Drive, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | | | - Nicola L Brice
- Cerevance Ltd, 418 Cambridge Science Park, Cambridge, U.K
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Characterization of Four Orphan Receptors (GPR3, GPR6, GPR12 and GPR12L) in Chickens and Ducks and Regulation of GPR12 Expression in Ovarian Granulosa Cells by Progesterone. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12040489. [PMID: 33801713 PMCID: PMC8065388 DOI: 10.3390/genes12040489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The three structurally related orphan G protein-coupled receptors, GRP3, GPR6, and GPR12, are reported to be constitutively active and likely involved in the regulation of many physiological/pathological processes, such as neuronal outgrowth and oocyte meiotic arrest in mammals. However, the information regarding these orphan receptors in nonmammalian vertebrates is extremely limited. Here, we reported the structure, constitutive activity, and tissue expression of these receptors in two representative avian models: chickens and ducks. The cloned duck GPR3 and duck/chicken GPR6 and GPR12 are intron-less and encode receptors that show high amino acid (a.a.) sequence identities (66–88%) with their respective mammalian orthologs. Interestingly, a novel GPR12-like receptor (named GPR12L) sharing 66% a.a. identity to that in vertebrates was reported in the present study. Using dual-luciferase reporter assay and Western blot, we demonstrated that GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L are constitutively active and capable of stimulating the cAMP/PKA signaling pathway without ligand stimulation in birds (and zebrafish), indicating their conserved signaling property across vertebrates. RNA-seq data/qRT-PCR assays revealed that GPR6 and GPR12L expression is mainly restricted to the chicken brain, while GPR12 is highly expressed in chicken ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) and oocytes of 6 mm growing follicles and its expression in cultured GCs is upregulated by progesterone. Taken together, our data reveal the structure, function, and expression of GPR3, GPR6, GPR12, and GPR12L in birds, thus providing the first piece of evidence that GPR12 expression is upregulated by gonadal steroid (i.e., progesterone) in vertebrates.
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28
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Zhang M, Yang X, Chen S, Jia W, Ma X, Wang J, Qian Y, Lei D, Liu H, Pan X. GPR12 inhibits migration and promotes apoptosis in esophageal cancer and hypopharyngeal cancer cells. Thorac Cancer 2021; 12:1525-1535. [PMID: 33742771 PMCID: PMC8107035 DOI: 10.1111/1759-7714.13933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background G protein‐coupled receptor 12 (GPR12) is an orphan receptor with no confirmed endogenous ligands. It plays important roles in both physiological and pathological conditions such as neurogenesis and neural inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether GPR12 regulates carcinogenesis and progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), such as esophageal cancer (EC) and hypopharyngeal cancer (HC). Methods The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database was applied to explore the expression of GPR12. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) was used to detect the expression of GPR12 in cancer tissues. Wound healing and transwell assays were carried out to verify the effect of GPR12 on cell migration. Flow cytometric analysis and caspase‐Glo 3/7 assay were carried out to verify the influence of GPR12 on cell apoptosis. Western blotting was used to measure the expression of proteins related to migration and apoptosis. Result The qRT‐PCR analyses showed that the expression of GPR12 decreased in EC and HC than that in their paired adjacent normal tissues. Wound healing assay and transwell assay demonstrated that GPR12 inhibited tumor cell migration. Flow cytometry analysis and Caspase‐Glo 3/7 Assay suggested that GPR12 promoted apoptosis. The mechanism of GPR12 may function via modulating caspase‐7, E‐cadherin, and α‐catenin in EC and HC cells. Conclusion In conclusion, GPR12 induced apoptosis by activating caspase‐7 and inhibited migration through epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in EC and HC. Our findings demonstrated that GPR12 as a potential tumor suppressor mediated cell migration and apoptosis in EC and HC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minfa Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoqi Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wenming Jia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaojie Ma
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ye Qian
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Dapeng Lei
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Heng Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xinliang Pan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Otorhinolaryngology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Hsiao K, Noble C, Pitman W, Yadav N, Kumar S, Keele GR, Terceros A, Kanke M, Conniff T, Cheleuitte-Nieves C, Tolwani R, Sethupathy P, Rajasethupathy P. A Thalamic Orphan Receptor Drives Variability in Short-Term Memory. Cell 2020; 183:522-536.e19. [PMID: 32997977 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Working memory is a form of short-term memory that involves maintaining and updating task-relevant information toward goal-directed pursuits. Classical models posit persistent activity in prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a primary neural correlate, but emerging views suggest additional mechanisms may exist. We screened ∼200 genetically diverse mice on a working memory task and identified a genetic locus on chromosome 5 that contributes to a substantial proportion (17%) of the phenotypic variance. Within the locus, we identified a gene encoding an orphan G-protein-coupled receptor, Gpr12, which is sufficient to drive substantial and bidirectional changes in working memory. Molecular, cellular, and imaging studies revealed that Gpr12 enables high thalamus-PFC synchrony to support memory maintenance and choice accuracy. These findings identify an orphan receptor as a potent modifier of short-term memory and supplement classical PFC-based models with an emerging thalamus-centric framework for the mechanistic understanding of working memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuangfu Hsiao
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Chelsea Noble
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Wendy Pitman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Nakul Yadav
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Suraj Kumar
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Andrea Terceros
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Matt Kanke
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Tara Conniff
- Laboratory of Neural Dynamics & Cognition, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | | | - Ravi Tolwani
- Comparative Bioscience Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Praveen Sethupathy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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Mizuno H, Kihara Y. Druggable Lipid GPCRs: Past, Present, and Prospects. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1274:223-258. [PMID: 32894513 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-50621-6_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have seven transmembrane spanning domains and comprise the largest superfamily with ~800 receptors in humans. GPCRs are attractive targets for drug discovery because they transduce intracellular signaling in response to endogenous ligands via heterotrimeric G proteins or arrestins, resulting in a wide variety of physiological and pathophysiological responses. The endogenous ligands for GPCRs are highly chemically diverse and include ions, biogenic amines, nucleotides, peptides, and lipids. In this review, we follow the KonMari method to better understand druggable lipid GPCRs. First, we have a comprehensive tidying up of lipid GPCRs including receptors for prostanoids, leukotrienes, specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), lysophospholipids, sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), cannabinoids, platelet-activating factor (PAF), free fatty acids (FFAs), and sterols. This tidying up consolidates 46 lipid GPCRs and declutters several perplexing lipid GPCRs. Then, we further tidy up the lipid GPCR-directed drugs from the literature and databases, which identified 24 clinical drugs targeting 16 unique lipid GPCRs available in the market and 44 drugs under evaluation in more than 100 clinical trials as of 2019. Finally, we introduce drug designs for GPCRs that spark joy, such as positive or negative allosteric modulators (PAM or NAM), biased agonism, functional antagonism like fingolimod, and monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These strategic drug designs may increase the efficacy and specificity of drugs and reduce side effects. Technological advances will help to discover more endogenous lipid ligands from the vast number of remaining orphan GPCRs and will also lead to the development novel lipid GPCR drugs to treat various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yasuyuki Kihara
- Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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31
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Romero-Nava R, García N, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Sánchez Muñoz F, Huang F, Hong E, Villafaña S. Modifications in GPR21 and GPR82 genes expression as a consequence of metabolic syndrome etiology. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2020; 41:38-44. [PMID: 32583711 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2020.1784228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) has been related with alterations in expression levels of orphan G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as GPR21 and GPR82, which could be involved in some of the elements that characterizes the metabolic syndrome. The aim of this work was to evaluate changes in GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expression in two models of metabolic syndrome: one genetic (Zucker rats), and the other based on a diet (70% fructose for 9 weeks). GPR21 and GPR82 gene expressions were evaluated in brain, heart, aorta, liver and kidney by RT-qPCR. Rats with a high fructose diet, as well as obese Zucker rats, showed initial stages of pancreatic damage and alterations in some biochemical parameters related to the model consistent with the classification of MS. GPR21 and GPR82 receptors expressed in all tissues. The expression of GPR21 decreased in heart, aorta and kidney, but in liver the expression was different: decreased in diet model and increased in genetic model. In contrast, GPR82 expression depended of tissue and metabolic syndrome model. The results highlight the possible role of GPR21 and GPR82 receptors in the development MS. We conclude that the expression of GPR21 and GPR82 in different tissues is related with MS and depend of the origin of the syndrome, so they could be a therapeutic target for that syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Noemí García
- Escuela Nacional de Medicina, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Monterrey, México
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fausto Sánchez Muñoz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Ciudad de México, México
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Neurofarmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Santiago Villafaña
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Ciudad de México, México
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32
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Watkins LR, Orlandi C. Orphan G Protein Coupled Receptors in Affective Disorders. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E694. [PMID: 32599826 PMCID: PMC7349732 DOI: 10.3390/genes11060694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the main mediators of signal transduction in the central nervous system. Therefore, it is not surprising that many GPCRs have long been investigated for their role in the development of anxiety and mood disorders, as well as in the mechanism of action of antidepressant therapies. Importantly, the endogenous ligands for a large group of GPCRs have not yet been identified and are therefore known as orphan GPCRs (oGPCRs). Nonetheless, growing evidence from animal studies, together with genome wide association studies (GWAS) and post-mortem transcriptomic analysis in patients, pointed at many oGPCRs as potential pharmacological targets. Among these discoveries, we summarize in this review how emotional behaviors are modulated by the following oGPCRs: ADGRB2 (BAI2), ADGRG1 (GPR56), GPR3, GPR26, GPR37, GPR50, GPR52, GPR61, GPR62, GPR88, GPR135, GPR158, and GPRC5B.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cesare Orlandi
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA;
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Tomczyk MM, Dolinsky VW. The Cardiac Lipidome in Models of Cardiovascular Disease. Metabolites 2020; 10:E254. [PMID: 32560541 PMCID: PMC7344916 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10060254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death worldwide. There are numerous factors involved in the development of CVD. Among these, lipids have an important role in maintaining the myocardial cell structure as well as cardiac function. Fatty acids (FA) are utilized for energy, but also contribute to the pathogenesis of CVD and heart failure. Advances in mass spectrometry methods have enabled the comprehensive analysis of a plethora of lipid species from a single sample comprised of a heterogeneous population of lipid molecules. Determining cardiac lipid alterations in different models of CVD identifies novel biomarkers as well as reveals molecular mechanisms that underlie disease development and progression. This information could inform the development of novel therapeutics in the treatment of CVD. Herein, we provide a review of recent studies of cardiac lipid profiles in myocardial infarction, obesity, and diabetic and dilated cardiomyopathy models of CVD by methods of mass spectrometry analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz M. Tomczyk
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Vernon W. Dolinsky
- Diabetes Research Envisioned and Accomplished in Manitoba (DREAM) Theme of the Children’s Hospital Research Institute of Manitoba, 715 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, MB R3E 3P4, Canada;
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
- Rady Faculty of Health Science, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Allende G, Chávez-Reyes J, Guerrero-Alba R, Vázquez-León P, Marichal-Cancino BA. Advances in Neurobiology and Pharmacology of GPR12. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:628. [PMID: 32457622 PMCID: PMC7226366 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR12 is a G protein-coupled orphan receptor genetically related to type 1 and type 2 cannabinoid receptors (CB1 and CB2) which are ancient proteins expressed all over the body. Both cannabinoid receptors, but especially CB1, are involved in neurodevelopment and cognitive processes such as learning, memory, brain reward, coordination, etc. GPR12 shares with CB1 that both are mainly expressed into the brain. Regrettably, very little is known about physiology of GPR12. Concerning its pharmacology, GPR12 seems to be endogenously activated by the lysophospholipids sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) and sphingosyl-phosphorylcholine (SPC). Exogenously, GPR12 is a target for the phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD). Functionally, GPR12 seems to be related to neurogenesis and neural inflammation, but its relationship with cognitive functions remains to be characterized. Although GPR12 was initially suggested to be a cannabinoid receptor, it does not meet the five criteria proposed in 2010 by the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology (IUPHAR). In this review, we analyze all the direct available information in PubMed database about expression, function, and pharmacology of this receptor in central nervous system (CNS) trying to provide a broad overview of its current and prospective neurophysiology. Moreover, in this mini-review we highlight the need to produce more relevant data about the functions of GPR12 in CNS. Hence, this work should motivate further research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonzalo Allende
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Jesús Chávez-Reyes
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Raquel Guerrero-Alba
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Priscila Vázquez-León
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico
| | - Bruno A Marichal-Cancino
- Departamento de Fisiología y Farmacología, Centro de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes, Ciudad Universitaria, Aguascalientes, Mexico
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Jessus C, Munro C, Houliston E. Managing the Oocyte Meiotic Arrest-Lessons from Frogs and Jellyfish. Cells 2020; 9:E1150. [PMID: 32392797 PMCID: PMC7290932 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During oocyte development, meiosis arrests in prophase of the first division for a remarkably prolonged period firstly during oocyte growth, and then when awaiting the appropriate hormonal signals for egg release. This prophase arrest is finally unlocked when locally produced maturation initiation hormones (MIHs) trigger entry into M-phase. Here, we assess the current knowledge of the successive cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for keeping meiotic progression on hold. We focus on two model organisms, the amphibian Xenopus laevis, and the hydrozoan jellyfish Clytia hemisphaerica. Conserved mechanisms govern the initial meiotic programme of the oocyte prior to oocyte growth and also, much later, the onset of mitotic divisions, via activation of two key kinase systems: Cdk1-Cyclin B/Gwl (MPF) for M-phase activation and Mos-MAPkinase to orchestrate polar body formation and cytostatic (CSF) arrest. In contrast, maintenance of the prophase state of the fully-grown oocyte is assured by highly specific mechanisms, reflecting enormous variation between species in MIHs, MIH receptors and their immediate downstream signalling response. Convergence of multiple signalling pathway components to promote MPF activation in some oocytes, including Xenopus, is likely a heritage of the complex evolutionary history of spawning regulation, but also helps ensure a robust and reliable mechanism for gamete production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Jessus
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement - Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, LBD - IBPS, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Catriona Munro
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France;
- Inserm, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Biology, Collège de France, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Evelyn Houliston
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-mer (LBDV), Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 06230 Villefranche-sur-mer, France;
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Isawi IH, Morales P, Sotudeh N, Hurst DP, Lynch DL, Reggio PH. GPR6 Structural Insights: Homology Model Construction and Docking Studies. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030725. [PMID: 32046081 PMCID: PMC7037797 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
GPR6 is an orphan G protein-coupled receptor that has been associated with the cannabinoid family because of its recognition of a sub-set of cannabinoid ligands. The high abundance of GPR6 in the central nervous system, along with high constitutive activity and a link to several neurodegenerative diseases make GPR6 a promising biological target. In fact, diverse research groups have demonstrated that GPR6 represents a possible target for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington's disease. Several patents have claimed the use of a wide range of pyrazine derivatives as GPR6 inverse agonists for the treatment of Parkinson's disease symptoms and other dyskinesia syndromes. However, the full pharmacological importance of GPR6 has not yet been fully explored due to the lack of high potency, readily available ligands targeting GPR6. The long-term goal of the present study is to develop such ligands. In this paper, we describe our initial steps towards this goal. A human GPR6 homology model was constructed using a suite of computational techniques. This model permitted the identification of unique GPR6 structural features and the exploration of the GPR6 binding crevice. A subset of patented pyrazine analogs were docked in the resultant GPR6 inactive state model to validate the model, rationalize the structure-activity relationships from the reported patents and identify the key residues in the binding crevice for ligand recognition. We will take this structural knowledge into the next phase of GPR6 project, in which scaffold hopping will be used to design new GPR6 ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israa H. Isawi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Paula Morales
- Instituto de Química Medica (IQM-CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Noori Sotudeh
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Dow P. Hurst
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Diane L. Lynch
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA; (I.H.I.); (D.P.H.); (D.L.L.)
- Correspondence:
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37
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Shrader SH, Song ZH. Discovery of endogenous inverse agonists for G protein-coupled receptor 6. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 522:1041-1045. [PMID: 31818461 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) is highly expressed in the striatum and has been linked to multiple striatal pathologies. The identification of endogenous ligands and their mechanisms of action at GPR6 will help to elucidate the physiological and pathological roles of the receptor. In the current study, we tested the concentration-dependent effects of a variety of endocannabinoid-like N-acylamides on GPR6 signaling. Here, we demonstrate for the first time that N-arachidonoyl dopamine, N-docosahexaenoyl dopamine, N-oleoyl dopamine and N-palmitoyl dopamine exert inverse agonism at GPR6. This effect was concentration-dependent, with potencies in the micromolar range, and functionally selective for β-arrestin2 recruitment. Structure-activity relationship studies demonstrate that both the N-acyl side chain and the dopamine head group are important for these ligands to act on GPR6. Our discovery of these N-acyl dopamines as endogenous inverse agonists for GPR6 moves us one step further in understanding the roles GPR6 play in neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders related to striatal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States.
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Ayukawa K, Suzuki C, Ogasawara H, Kinoshita T, Furuno M, Suzuki G. Development of a High-Throughput Screening-Compatible Assay for Discovery of GPR3 Inverse Agonists Using a cAMP Biosensor. SLAS DISCOVERY 2019; 25:287-298. [PMID: 31516076 DOI: 10.1177/2472555219875101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
While G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) represent the largest class of cell surface proteins, there are ≥100 orphan GPCRs whose endogenous ligands are unknown. Accordingly, these could prove to be potential therapeutic targets for the pharmaceutical intervention of various diseases. Constitutively active orphan GPCRs are activated without ligands; thus, inverse agonists may be very useful pharmacological tools for inhibiting constitutive activity. However, in general, inverse agonist screening is considered more difficult to perform with high quality than antagonist screening, particularly due to the narrow assay window. We developed a high-throughput screening (HTS)-compatible assay to identify inverse agonists of GPR3. GPR3 is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and is known to be related to Alzheimer's disease and other CNS diseases. The GPR3 inducible cell line was established using T-REx 293 cells that stably expressed the tetracycline repressor protein, and the cAMP biosensor, GloSensor, was stably co-expressed. After optimization of the induction level of GPR3 and assay conditions, the GloSensor assay showed an approximately 20-fold signal-to-background ratio and high sensitivity. Using the HTS method, we successfully screened a library of hundreds of thousands of compounds for the inhibition of constitutive activity with good quality and excellent reproducibility. Finally, 35 compounds were identified as GPR3 selective inverse agonists. This inverse agonist screening approach using GloSensor in combination with the inducible expression of orphan GPCR indicates universal applicability to the search for inverse agonists of constitutively active orphan GPCRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Ayukawa
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Chie Suzuki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Ogasawara
- Pharmaceutical Frontier Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kinoshita
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masahiro Furuno
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
| | - Gentaroh Suzuki
- Biological/Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Central Pharmaceutical Research Institute, Japan Tobacco Inc., Takatsuki, Osaka, Japan
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Anand A, Liu B, Dicroce Giacobini J, Maeda K, Rohde M, Jäättelä M. Cell Death Induced by Cationic Amphiphilic Drugs Depends on Lysosomal Ca 2+ Release and Cyclic AMP. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:1602-1614. [PMID: 31285280 PMCID: PMC7611280 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-18-1406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Repurposing cationic amphiphilic drugs (CAD) for cancer treatment is emerging as an attractive means to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy. Many commonly used CADs, including several cation amphiphilic antihistamines and antidepressants, induce cancer-specific, lysosome-dependent cell death and sensitize cancer cells to chemotherapy. CAD-induced inhibition of lysosomal acid sphingomyelinase is necessary, but not sufficient, for the subsequent lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death, while other pathways regulating this cell death pathway are largely unknown. Prompted by significant changes in the expression of genes involved in Ca2+ and cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways in CAD-resistant MCF7 breast cancer cells, we identified here an early lysosomal Ca2+ release through P2X purinergic receptor 4 (P2RX4) and subsequent Ca2+- and adenylyl cyclase 1 (ADCY1)-dependent synthesis of cAMP as a signaling route mediating CAD-induced lysosomal membrane permeabilization and cell death. Importantly, pharmacologic and genetic means to increase cellular cAMP levels either by activating cAMP-inducing G-protein-coupled receptors (GPR3 or β2 adrenergic receptor) or ADCY1, or by inhibiting cAMP-reducing guanine nucleotide-binding protein G(i) subunit α2, C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 4, or cAMP phosphodiesterases, sensitized cancer cells to CADs. These data reveal a previously unrecognized lysosomal P2RX4- and ADCY1-dependent signaling cascade as a pathway essential for CAD-induced lysosome-dependent cell death and encourage further investigations to find the most potent combinations of CADs and cAMP-inducing drugs for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Anand
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bin Liu
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jano Dicroce Giacobini
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mikkel Rohde
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marja Jäättelä
- Cell Death and Metabolism Unit, Center for Autophagy, Recycling and Disease (CARD), Danish Cancer Society Research Center (DCRC), Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Tomas A, Jones B, Leech C. New Insights into Beta-Cell GLP-1 Receptor and cAMP Signaling. J Mol Biol 2019; 432:1347-1366. [PMID: 31446075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Harnessing the translational potential of the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in pancreatic beta cells has led to the development of established GLP-1R-based therapies for the long-term preservation of beta cell function. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the current research on the GLP-1/GLP-1R system in beta cells, including the regulation of signaling by endocytic trafficking as well as the application of concepts such as signal bias, allosteric modulation, dual agonism, polymorphic receptor variants, spatial compartmentalization of cAMP signaling and new downstream signaling targets involved in the control of beta cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Tomas
- Section of Cell Biology and Functional Genomics, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Ben Jones
- Section of Investigative Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Colin Leech
- Department of Surgery, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA
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41
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Romero-Nava R, Aguayo-Cerón KA, Ruiz-Hernández A, Huang F, Hong E, Aguilera-Mendez A, Villafaña Rauda S. Silencing of GPR82 with Interference RNA Improved Metabolic Profiles in Rats with High Fructose Intake. J Vasc Res 2019; 57:1-7. [PMID: 31266033 DOI: 10.1159/000500781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a clinical condition, constituted by alterations that lead to the onset of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It has been reported that orphan G-protein-coupled receptor 82 (GPR82) participates in metabolic processes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the function of GPR82 in MS using a small interfering RNA (siRNA) against this receptor. We used Wistar rats of 10-12 weeks of age fed with a high-fructose solution (70%) for 9 weeks to induce MS. Subsequently, the rats were treated with an intrajugular dose of an siRNA against GPR82 and the effects were evaluated on day 3 and 7 after administration. On day 3 the siRNA had a transient effect on decreasing blood pressure and triglycerides and increasing high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, which recovered to the MS control on day 7. Decreased gene expressions of GPR82 mRNA in the aorta and heart were observed on day 3; moreover, decreased gene expression was maintained in the aorta on day 7. Therefore, we conclude that the orphan receptor GPR82 participates in the development of MS induced by fructose and the silencing of this receptor could ameliorate metabolic components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Romero-Nava
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico.,Laboratorio de Farmacología, Departamento Ciencias de la Salud, Div. C.B.S., Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Unidad Iztapalapa, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Karla Aidee Aguayo-Cerón
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando Ruiz-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexicali, Mexico
| | - Fengyang Huang
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Farmacología, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez (HIMFG), Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Enrique Hong
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Asdrubal Aguilera-Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Químico Biológicas, Universidad Michoacana de San Nicolás Hidalgo, Morelia, Mexico
| | - Santiago Villafaña Rauda
- Laboratorio de Señalización Intracelular, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado, Escuela Superior de Medicina del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico,
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42
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Laun AS, Shrader SH, Brown KJ, Song ZH. GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 as novel molecular targets: their biological functions and interaction with cannabidiol. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2019; 40:300-308. [PMID: 29941868 PMCID: PMC6460361 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-018-0031-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptors 3, 6, and 12 (GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12) comprise a family of closely related orphan receptors with no confirmed endogenous ligands. These receptors are constitutively active and capable of signaling through G protein-mediated and non-G protein-mediated mechanisms. These orphan receptors have previously been reported to play important roles in many normal physiological functions and to be involved in a variety of pathological conditions. Although they are orphans, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are phylogenetically most closely related to the cannabinoid receptors. Using β-arrestin2 recruitment and cAMP accumulation assays, we recently found that the nonpsychoactive phytocannabinoid cannabidiol (CBD) is an inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. This discovery highlights these orphan receptors as potential new molecular targets for CBD, provides novel mechanisms of action, and suggests new therapeutic uses of CBD for illnesses such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, and infertility. Furthermore, identification of CBD as a new inverse agonist for GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 provides the initial chemical scaffolds upon which potent and efficacious agents acting on these receptors can be developed, with the goal of developing chemical tools for studying these orphan receptors and ultimately new therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Laun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Kevin J Brown
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, USA.
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Laun AS, Shrader SH, Song ZH. Novel inverse agonists for the orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00933. [PMID: 30480157 PMCID: PMC6240797 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The orphan G protein-coupled receptor 6 (GPR6) displays unique promise as a therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders due to its high expression in the striatopallidal neurons of the basal ganglia. GPR6, along with closely related orphan receptors GPR3 and GPR12, are phylogenetically related to CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. In the current study, we performed concentration-response studies on the effects of three different classes of cannabinoids: endogenous, phyto-, and synthetic, on both GPR6-mediated cAMP accumulation and β-arrestin2 recruitment. In addition, structure-activity relationship studies were conducted on cannabidiol (CBD), a recently discovered inverse agonist for GPR6. We have identified four additional cannabinoids, cannabidavarin (CBDV), WIN55212-2, SR141716A and SR144528, that exert inverse agonism on GPR6. Furthermore, we have discovered that these cannabinoids exhibit functional selectivity toward the β-arrestin2 recruitment pathway. These novel, functionally selective inverse agonists for GPR6 can be used as research tools and potentially developed into therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alyssa S Laun
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Sarah H Shrader
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
| | - Zhao-Hui Song
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY, 40292, United States
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Nourbakhsh F, Atabaki R, Roohbakhsh A. The role of orphan G protein-coupled receptors in the modulation of pain: A review. Life Sci 2018; 212:59-69. [PMID: 30236869 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) comprise a large number of receptors. Orphan GPCRs are divided into six families. These groups contain orphan receptors for which the endogenous ligands are unclear. They have various physiological effects in the body and have the potential to be used in the treatment of different diseases. Considering their important role in the central and peripheral nervous system, their role in the treatment of pain has been the subject of some recent studies. At present, there are effective therapeutics for the treatment of pain including opioid medications and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. However, the side effects of these drugs and the risks of tolerance and dependence remain a major problem. In addition, neuropathic pain is a condition that does not respond to currently available analgesic medications well. In the present review article, we aimed to review the most recent findings regarding the role of orphan GPCRs in the treatment of pain. Accordingly, based on the preclinical findings, the role of GPR3, GPR7, GPR8, GPR18, GPR30, GPR35, GPR40, GPR55, GPR74, and GPR147 in the treatment of pain was discussed. The present study highlights the role of orphan GPCRs in the modulation of pain and implies that these receptors are potential new targets for finding better and more efficient therapeutics for the management of pain particularly neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fahimeh Nourbakhsh
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Rabi Atabaki
- Rayan Center for Neuroscience & Behavior, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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45
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Allosteric sodium binding cavity in GPR3: a novel player in modulation of Aβ production. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11102. [PMID: 30038319 PMCID: PMC6056553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-29475-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The orphan G-protein coupled receptor 3 (GPR3) belongs to class A G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and is highly expressed in central nervous system neurons. Among other functions, it is likely associated with neuron differentiation and maturation. Recently, GPR3 has also been linked to the production of Aβ peptides in neurons. Unfortunately, the lack of experimental structural information for this receptor hampers a deep characterization of its function. Here, using an in-silico and in-vitro combined approach, we describe, for the first time, structural characteristics of GPR3 receptor underlying its function: the agonist binding site and the allosteric sodium binding cavity. We identified and validated by alanine-scanning mutagenesis the role of three functionally relevant residues: Cys2676.55, Phe1203.36 and Asp2.50. The latter, when mutated into alanine, completely abolished the constitutive and agonist-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity of GPR3 receptor by disrupting its sodium binding cavity. Interestingly, this is correlated with a decrease in Aβ production in a model cell line. Taken together, these results suggest an important role of the allosteric sodium binding site for GPR3 activity and open a possible avenue for the modulation of Aβ production in the Alzheimer’s Disease.
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Fumagalli M, Lecca D, Coppolino GT, Parravicini C, Abbracchio MP. Pharmacological Properties and Biological Functions of the GPR17 Receptor, a Potential Target for Neuro-Regenerative Medicine. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1051:169-192. [PMID: 28828731 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2017_92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In 2006, cells heterologously expressing the "orphan" receptor GPR17 were shown to acquire responses to both uracil nucleotides and cysteinyl-leukotrienes, two families of signaling molecules accumulating in brain or heart as a result of hypoxic/traumatic injuries. In subsequent years, evidence of GPR17 key role in oligodendrogenesis and myelination has highlighted it as a "model receptor" for new therapies in demyelinating and neurodegenerative diseases. The apparently contrasting evidence in the literature about the role of GPR17 in promoting or inhibiting myelination can be due to its transient expression in the intermediate stages of differentiation, exerting a pro-differentiating function in early oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs), and an inhibitory role in late stage maturing cells. Meanwhile, several papers extended the initial data on GPR17 pharmacology, highlighting a "promiscuous" behavior of this receptor; indeed, GPR17 is able to respond to other emergency signals like oxysterols or the pro-inflammatory cytokine SDF-1, underlying GPR17 ability to adapt its responses to changes of the surrounding extracellular milieu, including damage conditions. Here, we analyze the available literature on GPR17, in an attempt to summarize its emerging biological roles and pharmacological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Fumagalli
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Davide Lecca
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giusy T Coppolino
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Parravicini
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria P Abbracchio
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology of Purinergic Transmission, Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133, Milan, Italy.
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Morales P, Isawi I, Reggio PH. Towards a better understanding of the cannabinoid-related orphan receptors GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12. Drug Metab Rev 2018; 50:74-93. [PMID: 29390908 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2018.1428616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are three orphan receptors that belong to the Class A family of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs). These GPCRs share over 60% of sequence similarity among them. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 share a high percentage of homology with other lipid receptors such as the lysophospholipid and the cannabinoid receptors. On the basis of sequence similarities at key structural motifs, these orphan receptors have been related to the cannabinoid family. However, further experimental data are required to confirm this association. GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 are predominantly expressed in mammalian brain. Their high constitutive activation of adenylyl cyclase triggers increases in cAMP levels similar in amplitude to fully activated GPCRs. This feature defines their physiological role under certain pathological conditions. In this review, we aim to summarize the knowledge attained so far on the understanding of these receptors. Expression patterns, pharmacology, physiopathological relevance, and molecules targeting GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12 will be analyzed herein. Interestingly, certain cannabinoid ligands have been reported to modulate these orphan receptors. The current debate about sphingolipids as putative endogenous ligands will also be addressed. A special focus will be on their potential role in the brain, particularly under neurological conditions such as Parkinson or Alzheimer's disease. Reported physiological roles outside the central nervous system will also be covered. This critical overview may contribute to a further comprehension of the physiopathological role of these orphan GPCRs, hopefully attracting more research towards a future therapeutic exploitation of these promising targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Israa Isawi
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
| | - Patricia H Reggio
- a Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of North Carolina at Greensboro , Greensboro , NC , USA
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Alavi MS, Shamsizadeh A, Azhdari-Zarmehri H, Roohbakhsh A. Orphan G protein-coupled receptors: The role in CNS disorders. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 98:222-232. [PMID: 29268243 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There are various types of receptors in the central nervous system (CNS). G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have the highest expression with a wide range of physiological functions. A newer sub group of these receptors namely orphan GPCRs have been discovered. GPR3, GPR6, GPR17, GPR26, GPR37, GPR39, GPR40, GPR50, GPR52, GPR54, GPR55, GPR85, GPR88, GPR103, and GPR139 are the selected orphan GPCRs for this article. Their roles in the central nervous system have not been understood well so far. However, recent studies show that they may have very important functions in the CNS. Hence, in the present study, we reviewed most recent findings regarding the physiological roles of the selected orphan GPCRs in the CNS. After a brief presentation of each receptor, considering the results from genetic and pharmacological manipulation of the receptors, their roles in the pathophysiology of different diseases and disorders including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, epilepsy, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and substance abuse will be discussed. At present, our knowledge regarding the role of GPCRs in the brain is very limited. However, previous limited studies show that orphan GPCRs have an important place in psychopharmacology and these receptors are potential new targets for the treatment of major CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohaddeseh Sadat Alavi
- Division of Neurocognitive Sciences, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Shamsizadeh
- Physiology-Pharmacology Research Center, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Hassan Azhdari-Zarmehri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences and Neuroscience Research Center, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Ali Roohbakhsh
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Fatima A, Connaughton RM, Weiser A, Murphy AM, O'Grada C, Ryan M, Brennan L, O'Gaora P, Roche HM. Weighted Gene Co-Expression Network Analysis Identifies Gender Specific Modules and Hub Genes Related to Metabolism and Inflammation in Response to an Acute Lipid Challenge. Mol Nutr Food Res 2017; 62. [PMID: 28952191 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201700388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
SCOPE Inflammation is characteristic of diet-related diseases including obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). However, biomarkers of inflammation that reflect the early stage metabolic derangements are not optimally sensitive. Lipid challenges elicit postprandial inflammatory and metabolic responses. Gender-specific transcriptomic networks of the peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) were constructed in response to a lipid challenge. METHODS AND RESULTS Eighty-six adult males and females of comparable age, anthropometric, and biochemical profiles completed an oral lipid tolerance test (OLTT). PBMC transcriptome was profiled following OLTT. Weighted gene coexpression networks were constructed separately for males and females. Functional ontology analysis of network modules was performed and hub genes identified. Two modules of interest were identified in females-an "inflammatory" module and an "energy metabolism" module. NLRP3, which plays a central role in inflammation and STARD3 that is involved in cholesterol metabolism, were identified as hub genes for the respective modules. CONCLUSION The OLTT induced some gender-specific correlations of gene coexpression network modules. In females, biological processes relating to energy metabolism and inflammation pathways were evident. This suggests a gender specific link between inflammation and energy metabolism in response to lipids. In contrast, G-protein coupled receptor protein signaling pathway was common to both genders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attia Fatima
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.,National Center for Bioinformatics, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ruth M Connaughton
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.,Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Anna Weiser
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.,Nutritional Physiology, Technische Universität München, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Aoife M Murphy
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.,Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Colm O'Grada
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Miriam Ryan
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Lorraine Brennan
- Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Peadar O'Gaora
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
| | - Helen M Roche
- Nutrigenomics Research Group, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland.,Institute of Food and Health, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Republic of Ireland
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50
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Morales P, Reggio PH. An Update on Non-CB 1, Non-CB 2 Cannabinoid Related G-Protein-Coupled Receptors. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2017; 2:265-273. [PMID: 29098189 PMCID: PMC5665501 DOI: 10.1089/can.2017.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) has been shown to be of great importance in the regulation of numerous physiological and pathological processes. To date, two Class A G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) have been discovered and validated as the main therapeutic targets of this system: the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1), which is the most abundant neuromodulatory receptor in the brain, and the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2), predominantly found in the immune system among other organs and tissues. Endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligands (endocannabinoids) and the enzymes involved in their synthesis, cell uptake, and degradation have also been identified as part of the ECS. However, its complex pharmacology suggests that other GPCRs may also play physiologically relevant roles in this therapeutically promising system. In the last years, GPCRs such as GPR18 and GPR55 have emerged as possible missing members of the cannabinoid family. This categorization still stimulates strong debate due to the lack of pharmacological tools to validate it. Because of their close phylogenetic relationship, the Class A orphan GPCRs, GPR3, GPR6, and GPR12, have also been associated with the cannabinoids. Moreover, certain endo-, phyto-, and synthetic cannabinoid ligands have displayed activity at other well-established GPCRs, including the opioid, adenosine, serotonin, and dopamine receptor families. In addition, the cannabinoid receptors have also been shown to form dimers with other GPCRs triggering cross-talk signaling under specific conditions. In this mini review, we aim to provide insight into the non-CB1, non-CB2 cannabinoid-related GPCRs that have been reported thus far. We consider the physiological relevance of these molecular targets in modulating the ECS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Morales
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
| | - Patricia H. Reggio
- Chemistry and Biochemistry Department, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina
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