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Liang J, Chen Y, Wang Z, Wang Y, Mu S, Zhang D, Wang Z, Zeng W. Exploring the association between rosacea and acne by integrated bioinformatics analysis. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3065. [PMID: 38321132 PMCID: PMC10847114 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Clinically, rosacea occurs frequently in acne patients, which hints the existence of shared signals. However, the connection between the pathophysiology of rosacea and acne are not yet fully understood. This study aims to unveil molecular mechanism in the pathogenesis of rosacea and acne. We identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by limma and weighted gene co-expression network analysis and screened hub genes by constructing a protein-protein interaction network. The hub genes were verified in different datasets. Then, we performed a correlation analysis between the hub genes and the pathways. Finally, we predicted and verified transcription factors of hub genes, performed the immune cell infiltration analysis using CIBERSORT, and calculated the correlation between hub genes and immune cells. A total of 169 common DEGs were identified, which were mainly enriched in immune-related pathways. Finally, hub genes were identified as IL1B, PTPRC, CXCL8, MMP9, CCL4, CXCL10, CD163, CCR5, CXCR4, and TLR8. 9 transcription factors that regulated the expression of hub genes were identified. The infiltration of γδT cells was significantly increased in rosacea and acne lesions and positively linked with almost all hub genes. These identified hub genes and immune cells may play a crucial role in the development of rosacea and acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchen Liang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yawen Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shengzhi Mu
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Dewu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Weihui Zeng
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
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Huang L, Yang S, Yu X, Fang F, Zhu L, Wang L, Zhang X, Yang C, Qian Q, Zhu T. Association of different cell types and inflammation in early acne vulgaris. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1275269. [PMID: 38357543 PMCID: PMC10864487 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1275269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris, one of the most common skin diseases, is a chronic cutaneous inflammation of the upper pilosebaceous unit (PSU) with complex pathogenesis. Inflammation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of acne vulgaris. During the inflammatory process, the innate and adaptive immune systems are coordinately activated to induce immune responses. Understanding the infiltration and cytokine secretion of differential cells in acne lesions, especially in the early stages of inflammation, will provide an insight into the pathogenesis of acne. The purpose of this review is to synthesize the association of different cell types with inflammation in early acne vulgaris and provide a comprehensive understanding of skin inflammation and immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyun Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The People’s Hospital of Baoshan, Baoshan, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiuqin Yu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Fumin Fang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Liping Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Changzhi Yang
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qihong Qian
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Hasanoor Reja AH, De A, Chakraborty D, Ahmed SS, Sarda A. A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate the Alteration of Cytokine Expression and Activation of Inflammatory Pathway in Response to NOD1 and NOD2 Signal in Leprosy. Indian J Dermatol 2023; 68:724. [PMID: 38371539 PMCID: PMC10868971 DOI: 10.4103/ijd.ijd_386_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Leprae bacilli are identified as foreign by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) present in the microbes but absent in the host. The Nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)-like receptor (NLR) family comprises the nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain (NOD1 and NOD2) proteins, which are two well-known PRRs. The objectives of this study were to study the expression of cytoplasmic NOD1 and NOD2 in the pathogenesis of leprosy and the serum level of expressed cytokines and to measure the messenger Ribonucleic Acid (mRNA) expression. Methods Clinically suspected Hansen's patients were analysed for 4 years. Newly diagnosed leprosy patients were considered leprosy disease control (LDC). The cases with active or new lesions and an increase in Bacteriological index (BI) by at least 2 + after 12 months of completion of Multidrug therapy (MDT) were considered leprosy disease relapse (LDR) cases. Age- and sex-matched healthy individuals served as our control group (healthy control (HC)). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was performed to measure the concentration of five human cytokines in serum, including three pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, Interferon gamma (IFN-γ) and IL-6), one anti-inflammatory cytokine (IL-10) and one chemokine (IL-8). Quantitative expression of receptor genes (NOD1 and NOD2) and cytokine genes (TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10 and IL-8) was evaluated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) (qRT-PCR). We studied NOD1 and NOD2 expression in the tissues through fluorescence immunohistochemistry. Differential NLR intracellular expression on peripheral blood monocytes (PBMs) and their response to stimulation with specific ligands (lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and muramyl dipeptide (MDP)) were studied. Results A significant difference in the expression of the NOD1 gene was observed in unstimulated monocytes of the LDC and LDR cases when compared to HC. The NOD2 transcript level was significantly higher in stimulated monocytes from LDC and LDR patients than in similarly stimulated cells from HC. The LDC patients had a significantly higher level of pro-inflammatory cytokines as compared to the HC. Conclusion In conclusion, this study has demonstrated the expression of both cytokines and chemokines in response to NLR activation in the skin of leprosy patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abhishek De
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Disha Chakraborty
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Sk. S. Ahmed
- Department of Dermatology, Calcutta National Medical College, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Aarti Sarda
- Department of Dermatology, Wizderm Skin and Hair Specialty Clinic, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Hwang HJ, Kim JE, Lee KW. Sulforaphene Attenuates Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammation. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1390-1395. [PMID: 36437519 PMCID: PMC9720075 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2209.09051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a chronic inflammatory disease of the sebaceous gland attached to the hair follicles. Cutibacterium acnes is a major cause of inflammation caused by acne. It is well known that C. acnes secretes a lipolytic enzyme to break down lipids in sebum, and free fatty acids produced at this time accelerate the inflammatory reaction. There are several drugs used to treat acne; however, each one has various side effects. According to previous studies, sulforaphene (SFEN) has several functions associated with lipid metabolism, brain function, and antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities. In this study, we examined the effects of SFEN on bacterial growth and inflammatory cytokine production induced by C. acnes. The results revealed that SFEN reduced the growth of C. acnes and inhibited proinflammatory cytokines in C. acnes-treated HaCaT keratinocytes through inhibiting NF-κB-related pathways. In addition, SFEN regulated the expression level of IL-1α, a representative pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in co-cultured HaCaT keratinocytes and THP-1 monocytes induced by C. acnes. In conclusion, SFEN showed antibacterial activity against C. acnes and controlled the inflammatory response on keratinocytes and monocytes. This finding means that SFEN has potential as both a cosmetic material for acne prevention and a pharmaceutical material for acne treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwan Ju Hwang
- WCU Biomodulation Major and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Eun Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Korea National University of Transportation, Jeungpyeong 27909, Republic of Korea,Corresponding authors J.E. Kim Phone: +82-43-820-5245 Fax: +82-43-820-5240 E-mail:
| | - Ki Won Lee
- WCU Biomodulation Major and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea,
K.W. Lee Phone: +82-2-880-4661 Fax: +82-2-878-6178 E-mail:
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Kraaijvanger R, Veltkamp M. The Role of Cutibacterium acnes in Sarcoidosis: From Antigen to Treatable Trait? Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10081649. [PMID: 36014067 PMCID: PMC9415339 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10081649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes, formerly Propionibacterium acnes) is considered to be a non-pathogenic resident of the human skin, as well as mucosal surfaces. However, it also has been demonstrated that C. acnes plays a pathogenic role in diseases such as acne vulgaris or implant infections after orthopedic surgery. Besides a role in infectious disease, this bacterium also seems to harbor immunomodulatory effects demonstrated by studies using C. acnes to enhance anti-tumor activity in various cancers or vaccination response. Sarcoidosis is a systemic inflammatory disorder of unknown causes. Cultures of C. acnes in biopsy samples of sarcoidosis patients, its presence in BAL fluid, tissue samples as well as antibodies against this bacterium found in serum of patients with sarcoidosis suggest an etiological role in this disease. In this review we address the antigenic as well as immunomodulatory potential of C. acnes with a focus on sarcoidosis. Furthermore, a potential role for antibiotic treatment in patients with sarcoidosis will be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Kraaijvanger
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Centre of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Veltkamp
- Interstitial Lung Diseases Centre of Excellence, Department of Pulmonology, St. Antonius Hospital, 3435 CM Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
- Division of Hearth and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3584 CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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Noh HH, Shin SH, Roh YJ, Moon NJ, Seo SJ, Park KY. Particulate matter increases Cutibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in human epidermal keratinocytes via the TLR4/NF-κB pathway. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0268595. [PMID: 35947554 PMCID: PMC9365135 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0268595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that particulate matter (PM) can induce oxidative stress and inflammatory responses that are related to the development or exacerbation of several inflammatory dermatoses. However, the effect of PM on acne vulgaris has yet to be determined. In this study, we induced acne-like inflammation in HEKn cells with several concentrations of Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan (PGN) to investigate whether PM exposure exacerbates acne-like inflammation and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. To confirm whether PM increases the messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) and protein levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression in C. acnes- or PGN-treated HEKn cells, we used quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, and western blot assays. The results demonstrated that C. acnes, PGN, and PM induced the expression of proinflammatory cytokines in a time- and dose-dependent manner at the mRNA and protein levels, respectively. Moreover, PM further increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines, COX2, TLR4, and the phosphorylation of NF-κB in C. acnes- and PGN-treated HEKn cells. In conclusion, our results suggest that PM may exacerbate acne symptoms by increasing the inflammatory response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Ha Noh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sun Hye Shin
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoon Jin Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Nam Ju Moon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Chung-Ang University Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Jun Seo
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KYP); (SJS)
| | - Kui Young Park
- Department of Dermatology, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail: (KYP); (SJS)
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Szymańska A, Budzisz E, Erkiert-Polguj A. The Anti-Acne Effect of Near-Infrared Low-Level Laser Therapy. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2021; 14:1045-1051. [PMID: 34471368 PMCID: PMC8403573 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s323132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background Acne vulgaris is a skin problem affecting many people of different ages. Phototherapy is one of the acne treatment options. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of near-infrared low-level laser therapy on acne lesions. Materials and Methods The prospective study involved a total number of 27 women, aged 18 to 45 years, with mild to severe acne. All the participants underwent a series of six treatments with the use of a 785 nm low-level laser with the power density 80mW/cm2, performed every two weeks. The analysis of the effectiveness of the performed procedures was based on sebumetric examination, photographic documentation and assessment of the change in the number of acne lesions. Results Significant improvements in acne lesions (assessed as non-inflammatory and inflammatory lesion counts) and a significant decrease in skin sebum excretion were observed after the treatment. No adverse effects were reported. Conclusion A series of six treatments using a near-infrared low-level laser represents a safe and effective non-invasive therapy option for acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Szymańska
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Budzisz
- Department of Cosmetic Raw Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Erkiert-Polguj
- Department of Cosmetology and Aesthetic Dermatology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Brüggemann H, Salar-Vidal L, Gollnick HPM, Lood R. A Janus-Faced Bacterium: Host-Beneficial and -Detrimental Roles of Cutibacterium acnes. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:673845. [PMID: 34135880 PMCID: PMC8200545 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.673845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterial species Cutibacterium acnes (formerly known as Propionibacterium acnes) is tightly associated with humans. It is the dominant bacterium in sebaceous regions of the human skin, where it preferentially colonizes the pilosebaceous unit. Multiple strains of C. acnes that belong to phylogenetically distinct types can co-exist. In this review we summarize and discuss the current knowledge of C. acnes regarding bacterial properties and traits that allow host colonization and play major roles in host-bacterium interactions and also regarding the host responses that C. acnes can trigger. These responses can have beneficial or detrimental consequences for the host. In the first part of the review, we highlight and critically review disease associations of C. acnes, in particular acne vulgaris, implant-associated infections and native infections. Here, we also analyse the current evidence for a direct or indirect role of a C. acnes-related dysbiosis in disease development or progression, i.e., reduced C. acnes strain diversity and/or the predominance of a certain phylotype. In the second part of the review, we highlight historical and recent findings demonstrating beneficial aspects of colonization by C. acnes such as colonization resistance, immune system interactions, and oxidant protection, and discuss the molecular mechanisms behind these effects. This new insight led to efforts in skin microbiota manipulation, such as the use of C. acnes strains as probiotic options to treat skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Llanos Salar-Vidal
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Fundacion Jimenez Diaz University Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - Harald P. M. Gollnick
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Lood
- Division of Infection Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Fang F, Xie Z, Quan J, Wei X, Wang L, Yang L. Baicalin suppresses Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin inflammation by downregulating the NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 53:e9949. [PMID: 33111746 PMCID: PMC7584154 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20209949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Acne is a kind of common, chronic skin condition caused by the inflammation of the sebaceous glands in hair follicles. Recent studies have demonstrated that baicalin (BA) possesses potential anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, we evaluated the anti-inflammatory activity of BA in vitro and in vivo. Heat-killed Propionibacterium acnes-induced THP-1 cells and live P. acnes-injected male Sprague Dawley rats were used for establishing the acne model. The rate of ear swelling was calculated, and the severity was determined by hematoxylin and eosin staining. The production of cytokines [interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α)] in the cell supernatant and ear tissue homogenates was measured by ELISA. Protein levels of JNK, ERK, P38, IκBα, P65, Nod-like receptor pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), pro-caspase-1, and IL-1β in THP-1 cells and ear tissues were detected by western blotting. NLRP3 and IL-1β were detected by immunohistochemistry, and the NLRP3, IL-1β and pro-caspase-1 mRNAs were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that BA decreased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, BA down-regulated the phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2, and κBα and inhibited the nuclear translocation of p65. Furthermore, BA inhibited the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome, at both the gene and protein levels. Taken together, the results demonstrated that BA might exert its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways and consequently suppressing the activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome both in vivo and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Fang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeping Xie
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingyu Quan
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohan Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Fischer K, Tschismarov R, Pilz A, Straubinger S, Carotta S, McDowell A, Decker T. Cutibacterium acnes Infection Induces Type I Interferon Synthesis Through the cGAS-STING Pathway. Front Immunol 2020; 11:571334. [PMID: 33178195 PMCID: PMC7593769 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.571334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cutibacterium (previously Propionibacterium) acnes is an anaerobic, Gram-positive commensal of the human body. The bacterium has been associated with a variety of diseases, including acne vulgaris, prosthetic joint infections, prostate cancer, and sarcoidosis. The accumulation of C. acnes in diseases such as acne and prostate cancer has been shown to correlate with enhanced inflammation. While the C. acnes-induced proinflammatory axis, via NF-κB and MAPK signaling and inflammasome activation, has been investigated over the last few decades, the potential role of C. acnes in triggering the type I interferon (IFN-I) pathway has not been addressed. Our results show that C. acnes induces the IFN-I signaling axis in human macrophages by triggering the cGAS-STING pathway. In addition, IFN-I signaling induced by C. acnes strongly depends on the adapter protein TRIF in a non-canonical manner; these signaling events occurred in the absence of any detectable intracellular replication of the bacterium. Collectively, our results provide important insight into C. acnes-induced intracellular signaling cascades in human macrophages and suggest IFN-I as a factor in the etiology of C. acnes-induced diseases. This knowledge may be valuable for developing novel therapies targeting C. acnes in diseases where the accumulation of the bacterium leads to an inflammatory pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Fischer
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Andreas Pilz
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
| | - Susy Straubinger
- Department of Cancer Research, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sebastian Carotta
- Department of Cancer Research, Boehringer Ingelheim RCV GmbH & Co KG, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andrew McDowell
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), School of Biomedical Sciences, Ulster University, Coleraine, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Decker
- Max Perutz Labs, Department of Microbiology, Immunobiology and Genetics, University of Vienna, Vienna Biocenter, Vienna, Austria
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Yim MJ, Lee JM, Kim HS, Choi G, Kim YM, Lee DS, Choi IW. Inhibitory Effects of a Sargassum miyabei Yendo on Cutibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation. Nutrients 2020; 12:E2620. [PMID: 32867396 PMCID: PMC7551756 DOI: 10.3390/nu12092620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory condition of skin sebaceous follicles. To explore its effects on acne vulgaris, we investigated the antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of Sargassum miyabei Yendo (a brown alga) ethanolic extract (SMYEE) on Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes)-stimulated inflammatory responses, both in vivo and in vitro. To induce inflammation in vivo, C. acnes was intradermally injected into the dorsal skin of mice, to which SMYEE was applied. The antimicrobial activity of SMYEE was evaluated by the determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs). To explore in vitro anti-inflammatory effects, HaCaT cells were stimulated with C. acnes after treatment with SMYEE. The levels of IL-8 and the underlying molecular effects in C. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, Western blotting, and an electrophoretic mobility shift assay. Mouse skin lesions improved after treatment with SMYEE (50 μg/mouse). Neutrophil infiltration was significantly reduced in SMYEE-treated compared to SMYEE-untreated skin lesions. SMYEE reversed the C. acnes-induced increase in IL-8 levels in HaCaT cells and suppressed dHL-60 cell migration. SMYEE also inhibited C. acnes-induced phosphorylation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and inhibited activator protein-1 signaling. SMYEE may be a useful treatment for C. acnes-induced acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Jin Yim
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (J.M.L.); (H.-S.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Jeong Min Lee
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (J.M.L.); (H.-S.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Hyun-Soo Kim
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (J.M.L.); (H.-S.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Grace Choi
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (J.M.L.); (H.-S.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Young-Mog Kim
- Marine-Integrated Bionics Research Center, Pukyong National University, Busan 48513, Korea;
| | - Dae-Sung Lee
- Department of Genetic Resources, National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, Seocheon 33662, Korea; (M.-J.Y.); (J.M.L.); (H.-S.K.); (G.C.)
| | - Il-Whan Choi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine Inje University, Busan 47392, Korea
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12
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Rosa davurica Pall. Improves Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammatory Responses in Mouse Ear Edema Model and Suppresses Pro-Inflammatory Chemokine Production via MAPK and NF-κB Pathways in HaCaT Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051717. [PMID: 32138302 PMCID: PMC7084861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne, also known as acne vulgaris, is a common disorder of human skin involving the sebaceous gland and Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes). Although there are a number of treatments suggested for acne, many of them have limitations in their safety and have efficacy issues. Therefore, there is a high demand to develop safe and effective novel acne treatments. In the present study, we demonstrate the protective effects of Rosa davurica Pall. leaves (RDL) extract against P. acnes-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that RDL dose-dependently inhibited the growth of skin bacteria, including P. acnes (KCTC3314) and aerobic Staphylococcus aureus (KCTC1621) or Staphylococcus epidermidis (KCTC1917). The downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines by RDL appears to be mediated by blocking the phosphorylations of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and subsequent nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) pathways in P. acnes-stimulated HaCaT cells. In a mouse model of acne vulgaris, histopathological changes were examined in the P. acnes-induced mouse ear edema. The concomitant intradermal injection of RDL resulted in the reduction of ear swelling in mice along with microabscess but exerted no cytotoxic effects for skin cells. Instrumental analysis demonstrated there were seven major components in the RDL extract, and they seemed to have important roles in the anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects of RDL. Conclusively, our present work showed for the first time that RDL has anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial effects against P. acnes, suggesting RDL as a promising novel strategy for the treatment of acne, including natural additives in anti-acne cosmetics or pharmaceutical products.
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Thompson KG, Rainer BM, Antonescu C, Florea L, Mongodin EF, Kang S, Chien AL. Minocycline and Its Impact on Microbial Dysbiosis in the Skin and Gastrointestinal Tract of Acne Patients. Ann Dermatol 2020; 32:21-30. [PMID: 33911705 PMCID: PMC7992645 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2020.32.1.21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Associations between acne and gastrointestinal comorbidities suggest that microbial dysbiosis and intestinal permeability may promote inflammatory acne, a condition often managed with oral antibiotics. Objective We performed a case-control study to investigate the skin and gut microbiota in 8 acne patients before and after receiving oral minocycline compared to controls matched by age ±5 years, sex, and race. Methods DNA was extracted from stool samples and facial skin swabs. Sequencing of the V3V4 region of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene was performed using Illumina MiSeq and analyzed using QIIME/MetaStats 2.0 software. Results Acne patients included 7 female and 1 male, ages 20~32. Shannon diversity was not significantly different between the skin (p=0.153) or gut (p<0.999) microbiota of acne patients before and after antibiotics. The gut microbiota in pre-antibiotic acne patients compared to acne-free controls was depleted in probiotics Lactobacillus iners (p=0.001), Lactobacillus zeae (p=0.001), and Bifidobacterium animalis (p=0.026). After antibiotics, the gut microbiota of acne patients was depleted in Lactobacillus salivarius (p=0.001), Bifidobacterium adolescentis (p=0.002), Bifidobacterium pseudolongum (p=0.010), and Bifidobacterium breve (p=0.042), while the skin microbiota was enriched in probiotics Bifidobacterium longum (p=0.028) and Leuconostoc mesenteroides (p=0.029) and depleted in Staphylococcus epidermidis (p=0.009) and Prevotella nigrescens (p=0.028). At the phylum level, significant enrichment of Bacteroidetes in stool of acne patients following antibiotic treatment (p=0.033) led to a decreased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes ratio. Conclusion Minocycline produces significant derangements in the microbiota of the skin and gut, including many probiotic species, highlighting the potential for more targeted antimicrobial treatments for acne.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Barbara M Rainer
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Corina Antonescu
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liliana Florea
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Sewon Kang
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anna L Chien
- Department of Dermatology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Prieux R, Eeman M, Rothen-Rutishauser B, Valacchi G. Mimicking cigarette smoke exposure to assess cutaneous toxicity. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 62:104664. [PMID: 31669394 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke stands among the most toxic environmental pollutants and is composed of thousands of chemicals including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Despite restrict cigarette smoking ban in indoor or some outdoor locations, the risk of non-smokers to be exposed to environmental cigarette smoke is not yet eliminated. Beside the well-known effects of cigarette smoke to the respiratory and cardiovascular systems, a growing literature has shown during the last 3 decades its noxious effects also on cutaneous tissues. Being the largest organ as well as the interface between the outer environment and the body, human skin acts as a natural shield which is continuously exposed to harmful exogenous agents. Thus, a prolonged and/or repetitive exposure to significant levels of toxic smoke pollutants may have detrimental effects on the cutaneous tissue by disrupting the epidermal barrier function and by exacerbating inflammatory skin disorders (i.e. psoriasis, atopic dermatitis). With the development of very complex skin tissue models and sophisticated cigarette smoke exposure systems it has become important to better understand the toxicity pathways induced by smoke pollutants in more realistic laboratory conditions to find solutions for counteracting their effects. This review provides an update on the skin models currently available to study cigarette smoke exposure and the known pathways involved in cutaneous toxicity. In addition, the article will briefly cover the inflammatory skin pathologies potentially induced and/or exacerbated by cigarette smoke exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Prieux
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marc Eeman
- Home & Personal Care, Dow Silicones Belgium, Seneffe, Belgium
| | | | - Giuseppe Valacchi
- Department of Biomedical and Specialist Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy; Plants for Human Health Institute, North Carolina State University, Kannapolis, United States; Department of Food and Nutrition, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
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15
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Lee EH, Shin JH, Kim SS, Joo JH, Choi E, Seo SR. Suppression of Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Skin Inflammation by Laurus nobilis Extract and Its Major Constituent Eucalyptol. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143510. [PMID: 31319552 PMCID: PMC6678599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne is an inflammatory skin disorder in puberty with symptoms including papules, folliculitis, and nodules. Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is the main anaerobic bacteria that cause acne. It is known to proliferate within sebum-blocked skin hair follicles. P. acnes activates monocytic cell immune responses to induce the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. Although the anti-inflammatory function of the Laurus nobilis (L. nobilis) extract (LNE) on several immunological disorders have been reported, the effect of LNE in P. acnes-mediated skin inflammation has not yet been explored. In the present study, we examined the ability of the LNE to modulate the P. acnes-induced inflammatory signaling pathway, and evaluated its mechanism. LNE significantly suppressed the expression of P. acnes-mediated proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β, IL-6, and NLRP3. We also found that LNE inhibited the inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in response to P. acnes. In addition, eucalyptol, which is the main constituent of LNE, consistently inhibited P. acnes-induced inflammatory signaling pathways. Moreover, LNE significantly ameliorated P. acnes-induced inflammation in a mouse model of acne. We suggest for the first time that LNE hold therapeutic value for the improvement of P. acnes-induced skin inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Hye Lee
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Jin Hak Shin
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Seon Sook Kim
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji-Hye Joo
- R&D Center, Greensolutions Co., Chuncheon 24342, Korea
| | - Eunmi Choi
- R&D Center, Greensolutions Co., Chuncheon 24342, Korea
| | - Su Ryeon Seo
- Department of Molecular Bioscience, College of Biomedical Science, Institute of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea.
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Geyfman M, Debabov D, Poloso N, Alvandi N. Mechanistic insight into the activity of a sulfone compound dapsone on Propionibacterium
(Newly Reclassified as Cutibacterium
) Acnes-
mediated cytokine production. Exp Dermatol 2019; 28:190-197. [DOI: 10.1111/exd.13869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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17
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Xu N, Deng W, He G, Gan X, Gao S, Chen Y, Gao Y, Xu K, Qi J, Lin H, Shen L, Li X, Hu Z. Alpha- and gamma-mangostins exhibit anti-acne activities via multiple mechanisms. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:415-422. [DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1519831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nuo Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Gaiying He
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Shuang Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yitian Gao
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junmei Qi
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Haojie Lin
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Li Shen
- LB Cosmeceutical Technology Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhenlin Hu
- Institute of Life Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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New Approach in Acne Therapy: A Specific Bacteriocin Activity and a Targeted Anti IL-8 Property in Just 1 Probiotic Strain, the L. salivarius LS03. J Clin Gastroenterol 2018; 52 Suppl 1, Proceedings from the 9th Probiotics, Prebiotics and New Foods, Nutraceuticals and Botanicals for Nutrition & Human and Microbiota Health Meeting, held in Rome, Italy from September 10 to 12, 2017:S78-S81. [PMID: 29782471 DOI: 10.1097/mcg.0000000000001053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
GOALS The aim of this research was to assess the antibacterial activity of Lactobacillus salivarius LS03 (DSM 22776) against Propionibacterium acnes and its anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting P. acnes-induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) release. BACKGROUND Acne is the most common skin disease, causing significant psychosocial problems for those afflicted. Currently available agents for acne treatment, such as oral antibiotics, have limited use. Thus, development of novel agents to treat this disease is needed. In the generation of inflammatory lesions, proliferation of P. acnes in the obstructed follicles is critical. The administration of beneficial microorganisms represents a promising approach for treating several skin alterations and can have many favorable effects. STUDY For the inhibition assay, P. acnes was spread on Propionibacter Isolation Agar Base plates, and LS03-soaked disks were placed directly on the agar surface. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells, isolated from healthy volunteers, were preincubated with phytohemagglutinin 1 μg/mL for 1 hour and stimulated with the probiotic strains for 24 hours to simulate an in vitro IL-8 release model. The IL-8 concentration in the supernatants was analyzed in duplicate using ELISA Kit. RESULTS L. salivarius LS03 exerted a significant inhibitory capacity against the target pathogen strain. This antagonistic activity was primarily ascribable to the feature of LS03 strain of secreting active bacteriocins against P. acnes. Concerning the IL-8 analysis, 3 different L. salivarius strains were able to inhibit the release of this chemokine by 10% to 25%. CONCLUSIONS L. salivarius LS03 probiotic strain could be an alternative treatment to antibiotic/anti-inflammatory therapy in subjects presenting acne vulgaris.
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Li Y, Zhou Y. The therapeutic effect of tanshinone IIA on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammation in vitro. Dermatol Ther 2018; 31:e12716. [PMID: 30246913 DOI: 10.1111/dth.12716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Acne vulgaris, a chronic inflammatory skin disease, affects many adolescents. New therapeutic agents for acne allow for a higher therapeutic activity, but fewer side effects. Tanshinone IIA, a natural product, has been proved to exhibit antibacterial and anti-inflammatory abilities in many diseases. However, its antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities against Propionibacterium acnes have not been described. In the present study, the broth microdilution method was used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of tanshinone IIA and it had an inhibitory effect on the growth of P. acnes. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and quantitative real-time PCR were used to investigate the effect of tanshinone IIA on IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α expression, and western blot was used to examine TLR2, NF-κB, and intercellular cell adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) protein level induced by P. acnes in THP-1 cells. Results showed that the expression of inflammatory cytokines and TLR2, NF-κB, ICAM-1 protein levels were inhibited by Tanshinone IIA, suggesting that tanshinone IIA appeared to suppress P. acnes-induced inflammation by blockade of TLR2/NF-κB signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present study revealed the inhibitory effect of tanshinone IIA on P. acnes-induced inflammation, providing an evidence to support the mechanism of anti-acne properties of tanshinone IIA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Department of Dermatology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yali Zhou
- Cuiying Biomedical Research Center, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Lanzhou, China
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20
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A Rationally Designed Multifunctional Antibiotic for the Treatment of Drug-Resistant Acne. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 138:1400-1408. [PMID: 29409921 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2017.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Acne is a multifactorial skin disease, underpinned by colonization of Propionibacterium acnes and inflammation. The emergence of resistant P. acnes strains has affected the current acne treatment algorithm. This setback served as an impetus for rationally designing a library of next-generation antibiotics that exhibit a bactericidal effect on resistant P. acnes and exert an immunomodulatory function to reduce inflammation. In silico screening showed that one of the molecules, VCD-004, exhibits improved mode of binding to bacterial DNA gyrase. VCD-004 shows high potency against clinical isolates of resistant P. acnes and excellent efficacy in vivo. Furthermore, VCD-004 exhibits a superior mutant prevention index, suggesting that it impedes the development of resistance better than clindamycin. Additionally, it shows optimal skin penetration and has a potent anti-inflammatory effect via reduction of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6) independent of its antibacterial action. VCD-004 affects P. acnes-induced nuclear accumulation of NF-κB in THP-1 cells. The in vitro viability of human keratinocytes in the presence of VCD-004 indicates a desirable therapeutic window for topical use. Such rationally designed bactericidal and immunomodulatory dual pharmacophore-based lipophilic molecule(s) can emerge as the next-generation topical therapy for acne with underlying resistant P. acnes etiology.
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21
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Chen Z, Cao P, Zhou Z, Yuan Y, Jiao Y, Zheng Y. Overview: the role of Propionibacterium acnes in nonpyogenic intervertebral discs. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2016; 40:1291-8. [PMID: 26820744 DOI: 10.1007/s00264-016-3115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), an important opportunistic anaerobic Gram-positive bacterium, causes bone and joint infections, discitis and spondylodiscitis. Accumulated evidence suggested that this microbe can colonise inside intervertebral discs without causing symptoms of discitis. Epidemiological investigation shows that the prevalence ranges from 13 % to 44 %. Furthermore, colonisation by P. acnes inside nonpyogenic intervertebral discs is thought to be one pathogen causing sciatica, Modic changes and nonspecific low back pain. Specially, patients can attain significant relief of low back pain, amelioration of Modic changes and alleviation of sciatica after antibiotic therapy, indicating the role of P. acnes in these pathological changes. However, until now, there were hypotheses only to explain problems such as how P. acnes access intervertebral discs and what the exact pathological mechanism it employs during its latent infection period. In addition, research regarding diagnostic procedures and treatment strategies were also rare. Overall, the prevalence and possible pathological role that P. acnes plays inside nonpyogenic intervertebral discs is summarised in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Zezhu Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ye Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Yucheng Jiao
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, 197 Ruijin Er Road, Shanghai, 200025, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory for Prevention and Treatment of Bone and Joint Diseases with Integrated Chinese-Western Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Traumatology and Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuehuan Zheng
- Department of Orthopedics, Ruijin Hospital North, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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22
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Kum H, Roh KB, Shin S, Jung K, Park D, Jung E. Evaluation of anti-acne properties of phloretin in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cosmet Sci 2015. [PMID: 26212527 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the anti-acne properties of phloretin in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Anti-microbial activity against Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), Propionibacterium granulosum (P. granulosum) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (S. epidermidis) were observed by the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and disc diffusion methods. The anti-inflammatory effects were studied in HaCaT cells based on P. acnes-induced inflammatory mediators, including PGE2 and COX-2, examined through enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and luciferase reporter gene assay. Thirty healthy subjects with whiteheads participated in the clinical study. Comedo counting, and the amount of sebum and porphyrin were measured before treatment and following 4 consecutive weeks of treatment with phloretin. RESULTS Phloretin showed anti-microbial activities against P. acnes, P. granulosum, S. epidermidis with the MIC of 0.5, 0.5 and 0.25 mg mL(-1) , respectively. P. acnes-induced activation of the COX-2 promoter was markedly attenuated by phloretin treatment. Consistent with these results, inhibition of PGE2 production was also observed. In 1-month, placebo-controlled trials, phloretin showed clinically and statistically significant reduction of comedo counts and sebum output level. Compared to before treatment, whiteheads, blackheads, papules, sebum output level and amount of sebum and porphyrin were significantly decreased at 4 weeks in the test group. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed that phloretin inhibits the growth of P. acnes, P. granulosum, and S. epidermidis. In addition, we demonstrated that phloretin attenuates COX-2 and PGE2 expression during the P. acnes-induced upregulation of inflammatory signalling. Clinical studies further suggested that treatment with formulations containing phloretin confers anti-acne benefits. Based on these results, we suggest that phloretin may be introduced as a possible acne-mitigating agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kum
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - K-B Roh
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - S Shin
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - K Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - D Park
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
| | - E Jung
- Biospectrum Life Science Institute, Sangdaewon-Dong, Seongnam City, 442-13, Gyeonggi Do, Korea
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Sibi G. Inhibition of lipase and inflammatory mediators by Chlorella lipid extracts for antiacne treatment. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 2015; 6:7-12. [PMID: 25709963 PMCID: PMC4330611 DOI: 10.4103/2231-4040.150364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is a chronic inflammatory disease, and its treatment is challenging due to the multifactorial etiology and emergence of antibiotic-resistant Propionibacterium acnes strains. This study was focused to reduce antibiotics usage and find an alternate therapeutic source for treating acne. Lipid extracts of six Chlorella species were tested for inhibition of lipase, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, cytokine production using P. acnes (Microbial Type Culture Collection 1951). Lipase inhibitory assay was determined by dimercaprol Tributyrate - 5, 5'- dithiobis 2-nitrobenzoic acid method and ROS production assay was performed using nitro-blue tetrazolium test. The anti-inflammatory activity of algal lipid extracts was determined by in vitro screening method based on inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) produced by human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of lipid extracts were determined by microdilution method, and the fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. Chlorella ellipsoidea has the highest lipase inhibitory activity with 61.73% inhibition, followed by Chlorella vulgaris (60.31%) and Chlorella protothecoides (58.9%). Lipid extracts from C. protothecoides and C. ellipsoidea has significantly reduced the ROS production by 61.27% and 58.34% respectively. Inhibition of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α showed the inhibition ranging from 58.39% to 78.67%. C. vulgaris has exhibited the MICvalue of 10 μg/ml followed by C. ellipsoidea, C. protothecoides and Chlorella pyrenoidosa (20 μg/ml). FAME analysis detected 19 fatty acids of which 5 were saturated fatty acids, and 14 were unsaturated fatty acids ranging from C14 to C24. The results suggest that lipid extracts of Chlorella species has significant inhibitory activity on P. acnes by inhibiting lipase activity. Further, anti-inflammatory reaction caused by the pathogen could be reduced by the inhibiting the production of ROS and inflammatory mediators TNF-α and exposes new frontiers on the antiacne activities of Chlorella lipid extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sibi
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Academy Degree College, Centre for Research and Post Graduate Studies, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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24
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Lee WR, Kim KH, An HJ, Kim JY, Han SM, Lee KG, Park KK. Protective effect of melittin against inflammation and apoptosis on Propionibacterium acnes-induced human THP-1 monocytic cell. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 740:218-26. [PMID: 25062791 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Revised: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is a cationic, hemolytic peptide that is the main toxic component in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It has been used in treatment of various chronic inflammatory diseases. However, the cellular mechanism and the anti-apoptotic effect of melittin in Propionibactierium acnes (P. acnes)-induced THP-1 cells have not been explored. In the present study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic mechanism by examining the effect of melittin on P. acnes-induced THP-1 monocytic cells. THP-1 monocytic cells were stimulated by heat-killed P. acnes in the presence of melittin. The expression levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, NF-κB signaling, caspase family, and PARP signaling were measured by ELISA or Western blot analysis. The number of apoptotic cells and changes of cell morphology were examined using fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry. Heat-killed P. acnes increased the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of caspase-3 and -8 in heat-killed P. acnes-induced THP-1 cells. However, treatment with melittin inhibited the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cleavage of the caspase-3 and -8. Moreover, the cleaved PARP appeared after 8h of heat-killed P. acnes treatment and its cleavage was reduced by melittin treatment. These results demonstrate that 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes induces THP-1 cell apoptosis and secretion of inflammatory cytokines. Also, administration of melittin significantly decreases the expression of various inflammatory cytokines in heat-killed P. acnes-treated THP-1 monocytic cells. In particular, melittin exerts anti-apoptotic effects against 1.0×10(7) CFU/ml of heat-killed P. acnes injury to THP-1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Ram Lee
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Kyung-Hyun Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin An
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Jung-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Han
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Gil Lee
- Department of Agricultural Biology, National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Suwon, South Korea
| | - Kwan-Kyu Park
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Catholic University of Daegu, 3056-6, Daemyung-4-Dong, Nam-gu, Daegu 705-718, South Korea.
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25
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Pretsch A, Nagl M, Schwendinger K, Kreiseder B, Wiederstein M, Pretsch D, Genov M, Hollaus R, Zinssmeister D, Debbab A, Hundsberger H, Eger A, Proksch P, Wiesner C. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of endophytic fungi Talaromyces wortmannii extracts against acne-inducing bacteria. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97929. [PMID: 24887557 PMCID: PMC4041568 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Acne vulgaris is the most common skin disease, causing significant psychosocial problems such as anxiety and depression similar to a chronic illness for those afflicted. Currently, obtainable agents for acne treatment have limited use. Thus, development of novel agents to treat this disease is a high medical need. The anaerobic bacterium Propionibacterium acnes has been implicated in the inflammatory phase of acne vulgaris by activating pro-inflammatory mediators such as the interleukin-8 (IL-8) via the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Talaromyces wortmannii is an endophytic fungus, which is known to produce high bioactive natural compounds. We hypothesize that compound C but also the crude extract from T. wortmannii may possess both antibacterial activity especially against P. acnes and also anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting TNF-α-induced ICAM-1 expression and P. acnes-induced IL-8 release. Treatment of keratinocytes (HaCaT) with P. acnes significantly increased NF-κB and activator protein-1 (AP-1) activation, as well as IL-8 release. Compound C inhibited P. acnes-mediated activation of NF-κB and AP-1 by inhibiting IκB degradation and the phosphorylation of ERK and JNK MAP kinases, and IL-8 release in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, compound C has effective antimicrobial activity against P. acnes and anti-inflammatory activity, and we suggest that this substance or the crude extract are alternative treatments for antibiotic/anti-inflammatory therapy for acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Abdesamad Debbab
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Harald Hundsberger
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Andreas Eger
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences, Krems, Austria
| | - Peter Proksch
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Biology and Biotechnology, Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
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26
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Jung YS, Matsumoto SE, Yamashita M, Tomimatsu K, Teruya K, Katakura Y, Shirahata S. Propionibacterium AcnesActs as an Adjuvant inin VitroImmunization of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 71:1963-9. [PMID: 17690460 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We have established an in vitro immunization protocol whereby human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are initially treated with L-leucyl-L-leucine methyl ester (LLME) and subsequently sensitized with antigen in the presence of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and adjuvant. This protocol resulted in the production of antigen-specific antibodies. PBMCs are potentiated to react with exogenous antigens upon treatment with LLME. We are using this system to investigate the immunomodulatory activity of additives. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the immunomodulatory activity of Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes), which is known to exhibit various immunomodulatory effects in murine models, using this in vitro immunization protocol. P. acnes was found to augment the production of antigen-specific antibodies by PBMC, possibly through increased production of inflammatory cytokines and/or increased T-B cell interaction. P. acnes hence appears to act as an adjuvant in the antibody response in in vitro immunization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Suk Jung
- Department of Genetic Resources Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Hakozaki, Fukuoka, Japan
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27
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Sandeep Varma R, Shamsia S, Thiyagarajan OS, Vidyashankar S, Patki PS. Yashada bhasma (Zinc calx) and Tankana (Borax) inhibitPropionibacterium acneand suppresses acne induced inflammationin vitro. Int J Cosmet Sci 2014; 36:361-8. [DOI: 10.1111/ics.12134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Sandeep Varma
- Department of Cell Biology; Research and Development; The Himalaya Drug Company; Bangalore 562 162 India
| | - S. Shamsia
- Department of Microbiology; Research and Development; The Himalaya Drug Company; Bangalore 562 162 India
| | - O. S. Thiyagarajan
- Department of Cell Biology; Research and Development; The Himalaya Drug Company; Bangalore 562 162 India
| | - S. Vidyashankar
- Department of Cell Biology; Research and Development; The Himalaya Drug Company; Bangalore 562 162 India
| | - P. S. Patki
- Medical Services and Clinical Trials; Research and Development; The Himalaya Drug Company; Bangalore 562 162 India
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28
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Chen AC, Damian DL. Nicotinamide and the skin. Australas J Dermatol 2014; 55:169-75. [PMID: 24635573 DOI: 10.1111/ajd.12163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide, an amide form of vitamin B3, boosts cellular energy and regulates poly-ADP-ribose-polymerase 1, an enzyme with important roles in DNA repair and the expression of inflammatory cytokines. Nicotinamide shows promise for the treatment of a wide range of dermatological conditions, including autoimmune blistering disorders, acne, rosacea, ageing skin and atopic dermatitis. In particular, recent studies have also shown it to be a potential agent for reducing actinic keratoses and preventing skin cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew C Chen
- Discipline of Dermatology, Bosch Institute, Central Clinical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Department of Dermatology, Sydney Cancer Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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29
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Huang WC, Tsai TH, Chuang LT, Li YY, Zouboulis CC, Tsai PJ. Anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties of capric acid against Propionibacterium acnes: A comparative study with lauric acid. J Dermatol Sci 2014; 73:232-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Revised: 10/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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30
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The protective effects of melittin on Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo. J Invest Dermatol 2014; 134:1922-1930. [PMID: 24496237 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2014.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2013] [Revised: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Melittin is the main component in the venom of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). It has multiple effects including antibacterial, antiviral, and anti-inflammatory activities in various cell types. However, the anti-inflammatory mechanisms of melittin have not been elucidated in Propionibactierium acnes (P. acnes)-induced keratinocyte or inflammatory skin disease animal models. In this study, we examined the effects of melittin on the production of inflammatory cytokines in heat-killed P. acnes-induced HaCaT cells. Heat-killed P. acnes-treated keratinocytes increased the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and Toll-like receptor 2. However, melittin treatment significantly suppressed the expression of these cytokines through regulation of the NF-κB and MAPK signaling pathways. Subsequently, the living P. acnes (1 × 10(7) CFU) were intradermally injected into the ear of mice. Living P. acnes-injected ears showed cutaneous erythema, swelling, and granulomatous response at 24 hours after injection. However, melittin-treated ears showed markedly reduced swelling and granulomatous responses compared with ears injected with only living P. acnes. These results demonstrate the feasibility of applying melittin for the prevention of inflammatory skin diseases induced by P. acnes.
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31
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Sato T, Akimoto N, Kitamura K, Kurihara H, Hayashi N, Ito A. Adapalene suppresses sebum accumulation via the inhibition of triacylglycerol biosynthesis and perilipin expression in differentiated hamster sebocytes in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2013; 70:204-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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32
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Tsai TH, Chuang LT, Lien TJ, Liing YR, Chen WY, Tsai PJ. Rosmarinus officinalis extract suppresses Propionibacterium acnes-induced inflammatory responses. J Med Food 2013; 16:324-33. [PMID: 23514231 PMCID: PMC3624774 DOI: 10.1089/jmf.2012.2577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is a key pathogen involved in the progression of acne inflammation. The development of a new agent possessing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity against P. acnes is therefore of interest. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) extract on P. acnes-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo. The results showed that ethanolic rosemary extract (ERE) significantly suppressed the secretion and mRNA expression of proinflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-8, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-α in P. acnes-stimulated monocytic THP-1 cells. In an in vivo mouse model, concomitant intradermal injection of ERE attenuated the P. acnes-induced ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation. Since ERE suppressed the P. acnes-induced nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) activation and mRNA expression of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, the suppressive effect of ERE might be due, at least partially, to diminished NF-κB activation and TLR2-mediated signaling pathways. Furthermore, three major constituents of ERE, carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmarinic acid, exerted different immumodulatory activities in vitro. In brief, rosmarinic acid significantly suppressed IL-8 production, while the other two compounds inhibited IL-1β production. Further study is needed to explore the role of bioactive compounds of rosemary in mitigation of P. acnes-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Tsai
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lu-Te Chuang
- Department of Biotechnology, Yuanpei University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Jung Lien
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Rong Liing
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Yu Chen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Po-Jung Tsai
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Polyphenon-60 displays a therapeutic effect on acne by suppression of TLR2 and IL-8 expression via down-regulating the ERK1/2 pathway. Arch Dermatol Res 2012; 304:655-63. [PMID: 22684779 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-012-1249-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) is a well-known acne-inducing factor which causes inflammatory skin lesions by enhancing cytokine production through toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2). Green tea extract catechin has been documented to possess anti-inflammatory effects. However, little is known about the mechanisms involved or any direct effect of green tea catechin on acne. The present study investigated the therapeutic effects and mechanism of polyphenon-60, also known as green tea catechin compound, on acne in vitro and in vivo. In a clinical study using topical polyphenon-60 treatment, acne patients showed symptomatic improvement with decrease in the number of comedos and pustules. To investigate the mechanism underlying the activity of polyphenon-60 in acne therapy, an in vitro study was performed. We found that polyphenon-60 reduced the levels of P. acnes-enhanced TLR2 and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in THP-1 cells, human monocyte cell line and human primary monocytes. Taken together, these data demonstrate that polyphenon-60 has a therapeutic effect on acne by suppressing inflammation, specifically by inhibiting TLR2 expression and IL-8 secretion via down-regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) pathway and activator protein-1 (AP-1) pathway.
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34
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SATO T, SHIRANE T, NOGUCHI N, SASATSU M, ITO A. Novel anti-acne actions of nadifloxacin and clindamycin that inhibit the production of sebum, prostaglandin E2 and promatrix metalloproteinase-2 in hamster sebocytes. J Dermatol 2012; 39:774-80. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2012.01525.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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35
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Kim SS, Kim JE, Hyun CG, Lee NH. Neolitsea aciculata Essential Oil Inhibits Drug-Resistant Skin Pathogen Growth and Propionibacterium acnes-Induced Inflammatory Effects of Human Monocyte Leukemia. Nat Prod Commun 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1100600837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the chemical composition of Neolitsea aciculata essential oil (NAE) and its biological activities. NAE was obtained by hydrodistillation of N. aciculata leaves collected in Jeju Island and analyzed by gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer detector. 1-Dodecen-3-yne (12.5%), calarene (11.5%) and elemol (9.5%) were identified as the major components of NAE. The antibacterial and anti-inflammatory activities of NAE against skin pathogens were examined to determine the protective properties against acne vulgaris. NAE exhibited moderate to strong antibacterial activity against drug-susceptible and -resistant Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are known as acne-causing bacteria. In addition, NAE reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) in THP-1 cells, highlighting its anti-inflammatory effects. The DPPH radical scavenging activities of NAE also revealed moderate antioxidant properties (IC50, 21.3 μL/mL). Overall, NAE is an attractive candidate as an ingredient in skin care products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang Suk Kim
- Department Department of Chemistry, Cheju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea
| | | | - Chang-Gu Hyun
- Bio-Industry Development Center, Jeju Technopark, Jeju 690-121, Korea
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Department Department of Chemistry, Cheju National University, Ara-1-dong, Jeju 690-756, Korea
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36
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Wang Y, Zhang Z, Chen L, Guang H, Li Z, Yang H, Li J, You D, Yu H, Lai R. Cathelicidin-BF, a snake cathelicidin-derived antimicrobial peptide, could be an excellent therapeutic agent for acne vulgaris. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22120. [PMID: 21789223 PMCID: PMC3137605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cathelicidins are a family of antimicrobial peptides acting as multifunctional effector molecules in innate immunity. Cathelicidin-BF has been purified from the snake venoms of Bungarus fasciatus and it is the first identified cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide in reptiles. In this study, cathelicidin-BF was found exerting strong antibacterial activities against Propionibacterium acnes. Its minimal inhibitory concentration against two strains of P. acnes was 4.7 µg/ml. Cathelicidin-BF also effectively killed other microorganisms including Staphylococcus epidermidis, which was possible pathogen for acne vulgaris. Cathelicidin-BF significantly inhibited pro-inflammatory factors secretion in human monocytic cells and P. acnes-induced O2.− production of human HaCaT keratinocyte cells. Observed by scanning electron microscopy, the surfaces of the treated pathogens underwent obvious morphological changes compared with the untreated controls, suggesting that this antimicrobial peptide exerts its action by disrupting membranes of microorganisms. The efficacy of cathelicidin-BF gel topical administering was evaluated in experimental mice skin colonization model. In vivo anti-inflammatory effects of cathelicidin-BF were confirmed by relieving P. acnes-induced mice ear swelling and granulomatous inflammation. The anti-inflammatory effects combined with potent antimicrobial activities and O2.− production inhibition activities of cathelicidin-BF indicate its potential as a novel therapeutic option for acne vulgaris.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiye Zhang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Chen
- Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Huijuan Guang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zheng Li
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Hailong Yang
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxu Li
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Dewen You
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Haining Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RL)
| | - Ren Lai
- Biotoxin Units of Key Laboratory of Animal Models and Human Disease Mechanisms, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, Yunnan, China
- * E-mail: (HY); (RL)
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Otsu K, Ishinaga H, Suzuki S, Sugawara A, Sunazuka T, Omura S, Jono H, Takeuchi K. Effects of a Novel Nonantibiotic Macrolide, EM900, on Cytokine and Mucin Gene Expression in a Human Airway Epithelial Cell Line. Pharmacology 2011; 88:327-32. [DOI: 10.1159/000334339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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38
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Sato T, Kurihara H, Akimoto N, Noguchi N, Sasatsu M, Ito A. Augmentation of Gene Expression and Production of Promatrix Metalloproteinase 2 by Propionibacterium acnes-Derived Factors in Hamster Sebocytes and Dermal Fibroblasts: A Possible Mechanism for Acne Scarring. Biol Pharm Bull 2011; 34:295-9. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.34.295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Hirokazu Kurihara
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Noriko Akimoto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Norihisa Noguchi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Masanori Sasatsu
- Department of Microbiology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
| | - Akira Ito
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences
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39
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Drott JB, Alexeyev O, Bergström P, Elgh F, Olsson J. Propionibacterium acnes infection induces upregulation of inflammatory genes and cytokine secretion in prostate epithelial cells. BMC Microbiol 2010; 10:126. [PMID: 20420679 PMCID: PMC2867951 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-10-126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The immune stimulating bacterium Propionibacterium acnes is a frequent colonizer of benign and malignant prostate tissue. To understand the pathogenesis of the earliest phase of this infection, we examined the P. acnes triggered immune response in cultivated prostate epithelial cells. Results Prostate epithelial cells are triggered to secrete IL-6, IL-8 and GM-CSF when infected with P. acnes. The secretion of cytokines is accompanied by NFκB related upregulation of the secreted cytokines as well as several components of the TLR2-NFκB signaling pathway. Conclusions P. acnes has potential to trigger a strong immune reaction in the prostate glandular epithelium. Upon infection of prostate via the retrograde urethral route, the induced inflammatory reaction might facilitate bacterial colonization deeper in the prostate tissue where persistent inflammation may impact the development of prostate diseases as hyperplasia and/or malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna B Drott
- Department of Clinical Microbiology/Virology, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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40
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Nicotinamide inhibits Propionibacterium acnes-induced IL-8 production in keratinocytes through the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. J Dermatol Sci 2009; 56:106-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Revised: 07/23/2009] [Accepted: 08/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Involvement of Propionibacterium acnes in the augmentation of lipogenesis in hamster sebaceous glands in vivo and in vitro. J Invest Dermatol 2009; 129:2113-9. [PMID: 19282842 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2009.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes is considered to be involved in the aggravation of acne vulgaris, but it remains unclear whether P. acnes directly influences lipogenesis in sebaceous glands. In this study, we showed that a culture medium of P. acnes (acnes-CM) and formalin-killed P. acnes (F-acnes) prepared from P. acnes strains, JCM6473 and JCM6425, intracellularly augmented lipid droplet formation and triacylglycerol (TG) synthesis in undifferentiated and insulin-differentiated hamster sebocytes. Acnes-CM and F-acnes prepared from four clinical P. acnes strains elicited the same lipogenesis augmentation. The augmented TG production resulted from an increase in the diacylglycerol acyltransferase activity. Topical application of acnes-CM to the skin of hamster auricles every day for 4 weeks revealed that sebum accumulation was augmented in sebaceous glands and ducts. Furthermore, both acnes-CM and F-acnes increased the production of 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-prostaglandin J(2) (15d-PGJ(2)), a cytochrome P450 (CYP)-linked sebaceous lipogenic factor, in differentiated sebocytes. A CYP inhibitor, SKF-525A, decreased the acnes-CM- and F-acnes-augmented production of TG and 15d-PGJ(2). Thus, to our knowledge these results provide previously unreported evidence that P. acnes directly participates in the augmentation of sebaceous lipogenesis through a proposed mechanism in which an increase of 15d-PGJ(2) production through the CYP pathway is closely associated with the enhancement of TG production.
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42
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Oh TH, Kim SS, Yoon WJ, Kim JY, Yang EJ, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Chemical composition and biological activities of Jeju Thymus quinquecostatus essential oils against Propionibacterium species inducing acne. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2009; 55:63-8. [DOI: 10.2323/jgam.55.63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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43
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Kang MS, Oh HJ, Lee HC, Oh JS. Isolation and Identification of Lactic Acid Bacteria Inhibiting the Proliferation of Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.4167/jbv.2009.39.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sun Kang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Ju Oh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Hyun-Chul Lee
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Jong-Suk Oh
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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Biological activities of Korean Citrus obovoides and Citrus natsudaidai essential oils against acne-inducing bacteria. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2008; 72:2507-13. [PMID: 18838824 DOI: 10.1271/bbb.70388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
This study was designed to analyze the chemical composition of Citrus obovoides (Geumgamja) and Citrus natsudaidai (Cheonyahagyul) oils and to test their biological activities. These citrus essential oils were obtained by steam distillation of fruits collected from Jeju Island, Korea, and were analyzed using gas chromatograph (GC)-flame ionization detectors (FID) and GC-MS. Limonene and gamma-terpinene were the major components of the two citrus species. To evaluate in vitro anti-acne activity, they were tested against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis, which are involved in acne. The Geumgamja and Cheonyahagyul oils exhibited antibacterial activity against both P. acnes and S. epidermidis. Their effects on DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion radical scavenging, and nitric oxide radical were also assessed. Cheonyahagyul and Geumgamja exhibited only superoxide anion radical-scavenging activity. To assess their potential usefulness in future cosmetic product applications, the cytotoxic effects of the two oils were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using two animal cell lines: normal human fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. They exhibited low cytotoxicity at 0.1 microl/ml in both cell lines. In addition, they reduced P. acnes-induced secretion of interleukin-8 (IL-8) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 cells, an indication of anti-inflammatory effects. Therefore, based on these results, we suggest that Geumgamja and Cheonyahagyul essential oils are attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application.
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Kim SS, Kim JY, Lee NH, Hyun CG. Antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects of Jeju medicinal plants against acne-inducing bacteria. J GEN APPL MICROBIOL 2008; 54:101-6. [PMID: 18497484 DOI: 10.2323/jgam.54.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis are pus-forming bacteria that trigger inflammation in acne. The present study was conducted to evaluate the antimicrobial activities of Jeju medicinal plants against these etiologic agents of acne vulgaris. Ethanol extracts of Jeju plants were tested for antimicrobial activities by disc diffusion and broth dilution methods. The results from the disc diffusion assays revealed that four medicinal plants, Mollugo pentaphylla, Angelica anomala, Matteuccia orientalis, and Orixa japonica inhibited the growth of both pathogens. Among these, A. anomala had strong inhibitory effects. Its MIC values were 15.6 microg/ml and 125 microg/ml against P. acnes and S. epidermidis, respectively. The cytotoxic effects of the four extracts were determined by colorimetric MTT assays using two animal cell lines: human dermal fibroblasts and HaCaT cells. Although the M. orientalis root extract had moderate cytotoxicity in HaCaT cells at 200 microg/ml, most extracts exhibited low cytotoxicity at 200 microg/ml in both cell lines. In addition, the extracts reduced the P. acnes-induced secretion of interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) in THP-1 cells, an indication of their anti-inflammatory effects. Based on these results, we suggest that M. pentaphylla, A. anomala, M. orientalis, and O. japonica are attractive acne-mitigating candidates for topical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Suk Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Cheju National University
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Hurtado-Nedelec M, Chollet-Martin S, Nicaise-Roland P, Grootenboer-Mignot S, Ruimy R, Meyer O, Hayem G. Characterization of the immune response in the synovitis, acne, pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis (SAPHO) syndrome. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2008; 47:1160-7. [PMID: 18559374 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/ken185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aetiology of SAPHO (synovitis, acne, palmoplantar pustulosis, hyperostosis, osteitis) syndrome seems to involve genetic, infectious and immunological components. We examined innate and adaptive immune responses in SAPHO syndrome, as compared with PsA and RA. We also studied the effect of etanercept on immunological parameters. METHODS We studied 29 patients with SAPHO syndrome, as well as 22 patients with RA, 21 patients with PsA and 15 healthy controls. Adaptive immune responses were investigated by assaying total serum immunoglobulins and several autoantibodies. Innate immunity was studied by quantifying blood PMN functions and plasma cytokine levels. PMN responses to Propionibacterium acnes were tested ex vivo. Eight patients who received etanercept for refractory rheumatic disorders were tested before and after 28 days of treatment. RESULTS SAPHO syndrome was associated with elevated IL-8 and IL-18 plasma levels. IL-8 and TNF-alpha production by purified PMN was higher in the three patient groups than in the healthy controls, but the oxidative burst and IL-18 production were normal. No autoantibodies were detected in SAPHO patients. Induction of PMN IL-8 and TNF-alpha production by P. acnes was impaired in the SAPHO group as compared with the RA and PsA groups. After 28 days of etanercept therapy, PMN IL-8 and TNF-alpha production was down-regulated and TNF-alpha plasma levels were increased. CONCLUSIONS These results support the view that the SAPHO syndrome may be triggered by an infectious state involving P. acnes, contributing to the strong humoral and cellular pro-inflammatory responses. Etanercept modulation of PMN activation status emphasizes these new immunological findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hurtado-Nedelec
- Immunology, Auto-immunity and Hypersensibility Unit, AP-HP Bichat Claude Bernard Hospital, Paris, France
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Propionibacterium acnes Stimulates Pro-Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Expression through Tumor Necrosis Factor-α in Human Dermal Fibroblasts. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:846-54. [DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5701188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Sur R, Babad JM, Garay M, Liebel FT, Southall MD. Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Sertaconazole Nitrate Is Mediated via Activation of a p38–COX-2–PGE2 Pathway. J Invest Dermatol 2008; 128:336-44. [PMID: 17637821 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sertaconazole nitrate is an antifungal agent that exhibits anti-inflammatory activity; however, the mechanism for this action was unknown. We investigated the cellular mechanisms by which sertaconazole exerts its anti-inflammatory activity in keratinocytes and human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Paradoxically, sertaconazole was found to activate the proinflammatory p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Treatment with sertaconazole also resulted in the induction of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the subsequent release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). Knocking down p38 in keratinocytes using small interfering RNA resulted in an inhibition of sertaconazole-induced PGE2 release confirming that activation of p38 was required for PGE2 production. Additionally, in stimulated keratinocytes and human PBMCs, sertaconazole was found to suppress the release of cytokines. Treatment with anti-PGE2 antiserum or the COX-2 inhibitor NS398 reversed the inhibitory effects of sertaconazole on the release of proinflammatory cytokines, linking endogenous PGE2 with the anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, in an in vivo mouse model of tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA)-induced dermatitis, the sertaconazole-mediated inhibition of TPA-induced ear edema was reversed by NS398. Biochemical analysis of tissue biopsies revealed increase in PGE2 levels in sertaconazole-treated mice. Thus, activation of the p38-COX-2-PGE2 pathway by agents such as sertaconazole provides anti-inflammatory therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runa Sur
- Preclinical Pharmacology, Johnson and Johnson Skin Research Center, CPPW, a unit of Johnson & Johnson Consumer Companies, Inc., Skillman, New Jersey 08558, USA
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Chomnawang MT, Surassmo S, Nukoolkarn VS, Gritsanapan W. Effect of Garcinia mangostana on inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes. Fitoterapia 2007; 78:401-8. [PMID: 17644272 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2007.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Accepted: 02/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study was aimed to investigate the activity of Thai medicinal plants on inflammation caused by Propionibacterium acnes in terms of free radical scavenging and cytokine reducing properties. P. acnes have been recognized as pus-forming bacteria triggering an inflammation in acne. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH scavenging and NBT reduction assay. The result showed that Garcinia mangostana possessed the most significant antioxidant activity and reduced reactive oxygen species production. Houttuynia cordata, Eupatorium odoratum, and Senna alata had a moderate antioxidant effect. In addition, Garcinia mangostana extracts could reduce the TNF-alpha production as determined by ELISA. Garcinia mangostana was highly effective in scavenging free radicals and was able to suppress the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This study has identified the promising source of anti-inflammatory agent which could be useful in treatment of acne vulgaris.
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Trivedi NR, Gilliland KL, Zhao W, Liu W, Thiboutot DM. Gene array expression profiling in acne lesions reveals marked upregulation of genes involved in inflammation and matrix remodeling. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1071-9. [PMID: 16528362 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis of acne has been linked to multiple factors such as increased sebum production, inflammation, follicular hyperkeratinization, and the action of Propionibacterium acnes within the follicle. In an attempt to understand the specific genes involved in inflammatory acne, we performed gene expression profiling in acne patients. Skin biopsies were obtained from an inflammatory papule and from normal skin in six patients with acne. Biopsies were also taken from normal skin of six subjects without acne. Gene array expression profiling was conducted using Affymetrix HG-U133A 2.0 arrays comparing lesional to nonlesional skin in acne patients and comparing nonlesional skin from acne patients to skin from normal subjects. Within the acne patients, 211 genes are upregulated in lesional skin compared to nonlesional skin. A significant proportion of these genes are involved in pathways that regulate inflammation and extracellular matrix remodeling, and they include matrix metalloproteinases 1 and 3, IL-8, human beta-defensin 4, and granzyme B. These data indicate a prominent role of matrix metalloproteinases, inflammatory cytokines, and antimicrobial peptides in acne lesions. These studies are the first describing the comprehensive changes in gene expression in inflammatory acne lesions and are valuable in identifying potential therapeutic targets in inflammatory acne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishit R Trivedi
- The Jake Gittlen Cancer Research Foundation, The Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, 500 University Drive, Hershey, PA 17033, USA
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