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Kamelnia R, Ahmadi-Hamedani M, Darrudi M, Kamelnia E. Improving the stability of insulin through effective chemical modifications: A Comprehensive review. Int J Pharm 2024; 661:124399. [PMID: 38944170 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 06/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/01/2024]
Abstract
Insulin, an essential peptide hormone, conjointly regulates blood glucose levels by its receptor and it is used as vital drug to treat diabetes. This therapeutic hormone may undergo different chemical modifications during industrial processes, pharmaceutical formulation, and through its endogenous storage in the pancreatic β-cells. Insulin is highly sensitive to environmental stresses and readily undergoes structural changes, being also able to unfold and aggregate in physiological conditions. Even; small changes altering the structural integrity of insulin may have significant impacts on its biological efficacy to its physiological and pharmacological activities. Insulin analogs have been engineered to achieve modified properties, such as improved stability, solubility, and pharmacokinetics, while preserving the molecular pharmacology of insulin. The casually or purposively strategies of chemical modifications of insulin occurred to improve its therapeutic and pharmaceutical properties. Knowing the effects of chemical modification, formation of aggregates, and nanoparticles on protein can be a new look at the production of protein analogues drugs and its application in living system. The project focused on effects of chemical modifications and nanoparticles on the structure, stability, aggregation and their results in effective drug delivery system, biological activity, and pharmacological properties of insulin. The future challenge in biotechnology and pharmacokinetic arises from the complexity of biopharmaceuticals, which are often molecular structures that require formulation and delivery strategies to ensure their efficacy and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reyhane Kamelnia
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mahmood Ahmadi-Hamedani
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran.
| | - Majid Darrudi
- Nuclear Medicine Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elahe Kamelnia
- Department of biology, Faculty of sciences, Mashhad branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Manning MC, Holcomb RE, Payne RW, Stillahn JM, Connolly BD, Katayama DS, Liu H, Matsuura JE, Murphy BM, Henry CS, Crommelin DJA. Stability of Protein Pharmaceuticals: Recent Advances. Pharm Res 2024:10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x. [PMID: 38937372 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-024-03726-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024]
Abstract
There have been significant advances in the formulation and stabilization of proteins in the liquid state over the past years since our previous review. Our mechanistic understanding of protein-excipient interactions has increased, allowing one to develop formulations in a more rational fashion. The field has moved towards more complex and challenging formulations, such as high concentration formulations to allow for subcutaneous administration and co-formulation. While much of the published work has focused on mAbs, the principles appear to apply to any therapeutic protein, although mAbs clearly have some distinctive features. In this review, we first discuss chemical degradation reactions. This is followed by a section on physical instability issues. Then, more specific topics are addressed: instability induced by interactions with interfaces, predictive methods for physical stability and interplay between chemical and physical instability. The final parts are devoted to discussions how all the above impacts (co-)formulation strategies, in particular for high protein concentration solutions.'
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cornell Manning
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA.
| | - Ryan E Holcomb
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Robert W Payne
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | - Joshua M Stillahn
- Legacy BioDesign LLC, Johnstown, CO, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, USA
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3
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Ghosh S, Majee M. Protein l-isoAspartyl Methyltransferase (PIMT) and antioxidants in plants. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2022; 121:413-432. [PMID: 36707142 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2022.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
All life forms, including plants, accumulate reactive oxygen species (ROS) as a byproduct of metabolism; however, environmental stresses, including abiotic stresses and pathogen attacks, cause enhanced accumulation of ROS in plants. The increased accumulation of ROS often causes oxidative damage to cells. Organisms are able to maintain levels of ROS below permissible limits by several mechanisms, including efficient antioxidant systems. In addition to antioxidant systems, recent studies suggest that protein l-isoaspartyl methyltransferase (PIMT), a highly conserved protein repair enzyme across evolutionary diverse organisms, plays a critical role in maintaining ROS homeostasis by repairing isoaspartyl-mediated damage to antioxidants in plants. Under stress conditions, antioxidant proteins undergo spontaneous isoaspartyl (isoAsp) modification which is often detrimental to protein structure and function. This reduces the catalytic action of antioxidants and disturbs the ROS homeostasis of cells. This chapter focuses on PIMT and its interaction with antioxidants in plants, where PIMT constitutes a secondary level of protection by shielding a primary level of antioxidants from dysfunction and permitting them to guard during unfavorable situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shraboni Ghosh
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India
| | - Manoj Majee
- National Institute of Plant Genome Research, New Delhi, India.
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4
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Edwards HM, Wu HT, Julian RR, Jackson GP. Differentiating aspartic acid isomers and epimers with charge transfer dissociation mass spectrometry (CTD-MS). Analyst 2022; 147:1159-1168. [PMID: 35188507 DOI: 10.1039/d1an02279b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The ability to understand the function of a protein often relies on knowledge about its detailed structure. Sometimes, seemingly insignificant changes in the primary structure of a protein, like an amino acid substitution, can completely disrupt a protein's function. Long-lived proteins (LLPs), which can be found in critical areas of the human body, like the brain and eye, are especially susceptible to primary sequence alterations in the form of isomerization and epimerization. Because long-lived proteins do not have the corrective regeneration capabilities of most other proteins, points of isomerism and epimerization that accumulate within the proteins can severely hamper their functions and can lead to serious diseases like Alzheimer's disease, cancer and cataracts. Whereas tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) in the form of collision-induced dissociation (CID) generally excels at peptide characterization, MS/MS often struggles to pinpoint modifications within LLPs, especially when the differences are only isomeric or epimeric in nature. One of the most prevalent and difficult-to-identify modifications is that of aspartic acid between its four isomeric forms: L-Asp, L-isoAsp, D-Asp, and D-isoAsp. In this study, peptides containing isomers of Asp were analyzed by charge transfer dissociation (CTD) mass spectrometry to identify spectral features that could discriminate between the different isomers. For the four isomers of Asp in three model peptides, CTD produced diagnostic ions of the form cn+57 on the N-terminal side of iso-Asp residues, but not on the N-terminal side of Asp residues. Using CTD, the L- and D forms of Asp and isoAsp could also be differentiated based on the relative abundance of y- and z ions on the C-terminal side of Asp residues. Differentiation was accomplished through a chiral discrimination factor, R, which compares an ion ratio in a spectrum of one epimer or isomer to the same ion ratio in the spectrum of a different epimer or isomer. The R values obtained using CTD are as robust and statistically significant as other fragmentation techniques, like radical directed dissociation (RDD). In summary, the extent of backbone and side-chain fragments produced by CTD enabled the differentiation of isomers and epimers of Asp in a variety of peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halle M Edwards
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA.
| | - Hoi-Ting Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Ryan R Julian
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Glen P Jackson
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. .,Department of Forensic and Investigative Science, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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5
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Dolai G, Giri RS, Mandal B. Versatility in Self-assembly and Morphology of Non-Coded Anthranilic acid and Phenylglycine based Dipeptide Stereoisomers. CrystEngComm 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2ce00158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Beauty in the self-assembly patterns of isomeric dipeptides of Boc-Ant-L-Phg-OMe (1) bearing two rigid, unnatural amino acids (Ant: Anthranilic acid, Phg: Phenylglycine) is demonstrated. Additionally, self-assembly and morphological variation by...
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6
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Golchinfar Z, Farshi P, Mahmoudzadeh M, Mohammadi M, Tabibiazar M, Smith JS. Last Five Years Development In Food Safety Perception of n-Carboxymethyl Lysine. FOOD REVIEWS INTERNATIONAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/87559129.2021.2011909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Golchinfar
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran and Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parastou Farshi
- Institute of Food Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
| | - Maryam Mahmoudzadeh
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Tabibiazar
- Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | - J. Scott Smith
- Institute of Food Science, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, USA
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7
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Maksimovic I, David Y. Non-enzymatic Covalent Modifications as a New Chapter in the Histone Code. Trends Biochem Sci 2021; 46:718-730. [PMID: 33965314 PMCID: PMC8364488 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2021.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The interior of the cell abounds with reactive species that can accumulate as non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) on biological macromolecules. These adducts interfere with many cellular processes, for example, by altering proteins' surface topology, enzymatic activity, or interactomes. Here, we discuss dynamic NECMs on chromatin, which serves as the cellular blueprint. We first outline the chemistry of NECM formation and then focus on the recently identified effects of their accumulation on chromatin structure and transcriptional output. We next describe the known cellular regulatory mechanisms that prevent or reverse NECM formation. Finally, we discuss recently developed chemical biology platforms for probing and manipulating these NECMs in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maksimovic
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yael David
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY, USA; Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA; Department of Physiology, Biophysics, and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
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8
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The number of catalytic cycles in an enzyme's lifetime and why it matters to metabolic engineering. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2023348118. [PMID: 33753504 PMCID: PMC8020674 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023348118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous replacement of enzymes and other proteins appropriates up to half the maintenance energy budget in microorganisms and plants. High enzyme replacement rates therefore cut the productivity of biosystems ranging from microbial fermentations to crops. However, yardsticks to assess what drives enzyme protein replacement and guidelines on how to reduce it are lacking. Accordingly, we compared enzymes’ life spans across kingdoms using a new yardstick (catalytic cycles until replacement [CCR]) and related CCR to enzyme reaction chemistry. We concluded that 1) many enzymes fail due to collateral damage from the reaction they catalyze, and 2) such damage and its attendant enzyme replacement costs are mitigable by engineering and are therefore promising targets for synthetic biology. Metabolic engineering uses enzymes as parts to build biosystems for specified tasks. Although a part’s working life and failure modes are key engineering performance indicators, this is not yet so in metabolic engineering because it is not known how long enzymes remain functional in vivo or whether cumulative deterioration (wear-out), sudden random failure, or other causes drive replacement. Consequently, enzymes cannot be engineered to extend life and cut the high energy costs of replacement. Guided by catalyst engineering, we adopted catalytic cycles until replacement (CCR) as a metric for enzyme functional life span in vivo. CCR is the number of catalytic cycles that an enzyme mediates in vivo before failure or replacement, i.e., metabolic flux rate/protein turnover rate. We used estimated fluxes and measured protein turnover rates to calculate CCRs for ∼100–200 enzymes each from Lactococcus lactis, yeast, and Arabidopsis. CCRs in these organisms had similar ranges (<103 to >107) but different median values (3–4 × 104 in L. lactis and yeast versus 4 × 105 in Arabidopsis). In all organisms, enzymes whose substrates, products, or mechanisms can attack reactive amino acid residues had significantly lower median CCR values than other enzymes. Taken with literature on mechanism-based inactivation, the latter finding supports the proposal that 1) random active-site damage by reaction chemistry is an important cause of enzyme failure, and 2) reactive noncatalytic residues in the active-site region are likely contributors to damage susceptibility. Enzyme engineering to raise CCRs and lower replacement costs may thus be both beneficial and feasible.
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9
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Maksimovic I, Zheng Q, Trujillo MN, Galligan JJ, David Y. An Azidoribose Probe to Track Ketoamine Adducts in Histone Ribose Glycation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9999-10007. [PMID: 32390412 PMCID: PMC8052992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Reactive cellular metabolites can modify macromolecules and form adducts known as nonenzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs). The dissection of the mechanisms, regulation, and consequences of NECMs, such as glycation, has been challenging due to the complex and often ambiguous nature of the adducts formed. Specific chemical tools are required to directly track the formation of these modifications on key targets in order to uncover their underlying physiological importance. Here, we present the novel chemoenzymatic synthesis of an active azido-modified ribose analog, 5-azidoribose (5-AR), as well as the synthesis of an inactive control derivative, 1-azidoribose (1-AR), and their application toward understanding protein ribose-glycation in vitro and in cellulo. With these new probes we found that, similar to methylglyoxal (MGO) glycation, ribose glycation specifically accumulates on histones. In addition to fluorescent labeling, we demonstrate the utility of the probe in enriching modified targets, which were identified by label-free quantitative proteomics and high-resolution MS/MS workflows. Finally, we establish that the known oncoprotein and hexose deglycase, fructosamine 3-kinase (FN3K), recognizes and facilitates the removal of 5-AR glycation adducts in live cells, supporting the dynamic regulation of ribose glycation as well as validating the probe as a new platform to monitor FN3K activity. Altogether, we demonstrate this probe's utilities to uncover ribose-glycation and deglycation events as well as track FN3K activity toward establishing its potential as a new cancer vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maksimovic
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Qingfei Zheng
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Marissa N Trujillo
- Department of Pharmaocology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - James J Galligan
- Department of Pharmaocology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Yael David
- Tri-Institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Chemical Biology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10065, United States
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10
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Azevedo C, Desfougères Y, Jiramongkol Y, Partington H, Trakansuebkul S, Singh J, Steck N, Jessen HJ, Saiardi A. Development of a yeast model to study the contribution of vacuolar polyphosphate metabolism to lysine polyphosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:1439-1451. [PMID: 31844018 PMCID: PMC7008358 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A recently-discovered protein post-translational modification, lysine polyphosphorylation (K-PPn), consists of the covalent attachment of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) to lysine residues. The nonenzymatic nature of K-PPn means that the degree of this modification depends on both polyP abundance and the amino acids surrounding the modified lysine. K-PPn was originally discovered in budding yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), in which polyP anabolism and catabolism are well-characterized. However, yeast vacuoles accumulate large amounts of polyP, and upon cell lysis, the release of the vacuolar polyP could nonphysiologically cause K-PPn of nuclear and cytosolic targets. Moreover, yeast vacuoles possess two very active endopolyphosphatases, Ppn1 and Ppn2, that could have opposing effects on the extent of K-PPn. Here, we characterized the contribution of vacuolar polyP metabolism to K-PPn of two yeast proteins, Top1 (DNA topoisomerase 1) and Nsr1 (nuclear signal recognition 1). We discovered that whereas Top1-targeting K-PPn is only marginally affected by vacuolar polyP metabolism, Nsr1-targeting K-PPn is highly sensitive to the release of polyP and of endopolyphosphatases from the vacuole. Therefore, to better study K-PPn of cytosolic and nuclear targets, we constructed a yeast strain devoid of vacuolar polyP by targeting the exopolyphosphatase Ppx1 to the vacuole and concomitantly depleting the two endopolyphosphatases (ppn1Δppn2Δ, vt-Ppx1). This strain enabled us to study K-PPn of cytosolic and nuclear targets without the interfering effects of cell lysis on vacuole polyP and of endopolyphosphatases. Furthermore, we also define the fundamental nature of the acidic amino acid residues to the K-PPn target domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Azevedo
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
| | - Yann Desfougères
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yannasittha Jiramongkol
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Hamish Partington
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Sasanan Trakansuebkul
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Jyoti Singh
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Nicole Steck
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany; CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Adolfo Saiardi
- Medical Research Council, Laboratory for Molecular Cell Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.
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11
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Hsueh MF, Önnerfjord P, Bolognesi MP, Easley ME, Kraus VB. Analysis of "old" proteins unmasks dynamic gradient of cartilage turnover in human limbs. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaax3203. [PMID: 31633025 PMCID: PMC6785252 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aax3203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Unlike highly regenerative animals, such as axolotls, humans are believed to be unable to counteract cumulative damage, such as repetitive joint use and injury that lead to the breakdown of cartilage and the development of osteoarthritis. Turnover of insoluble collagen has been suggested to be very limited in human adult cartilage. The goal of this study was to explore protein turnover in articular cartilage from human lower limb joints. Analyzing molecular clocks in the form of nonenzymatically deamidated proteins, we unmasked a position-dependent gradient (distal high, proximal low) of protein turnover, indicative of a gradient of tissue anabolism reflecting innate tissue repair capacity in human lower limb cartilages that is associated with expression of limb-regenerative microRNAs. This association shows a potential link to a capacity, albeit limited, for regeneration that might be exploited to enhance joint repair and establish a basis for human limb regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Feng Hsueh
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Michael P. Bolognesi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mark E. Easley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Virginia B. Kraus
- Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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12
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Abstract
Cells are continuously subjected to an array of reactive/toxic chemical species which are produced both endogenously through metabolic pathways and taken up exogenously by diet and exposure to drugs or toxins. As a result, proteins often undergo non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) by these species, which can alter protein structure, function, stability, and binding partner affinity. NECMs accumulate over time and are linked to various diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, cancer, and diabetes. In the cellular proteome, histones have some of the longest half-lives, making them prime targets for NECMs. In addition, histones have emerged as key regulators of transcription, a function that is primarily controlled by modification of their tails. These modifications are usually installed or removed enzymatically, but recent evidence suggests that some may also occur non-enzymatically. Despite the vast knowledge detailing the relationship between histone modifications and gene regulation, NECMs on histones remain poorly explored. A major reason for this difference stems from the fact that, unlike their enzymatically installed counterparts, NECMs are difficult to both control and test in vivo. Here, we review advances in our understanding of the effect non-enzymatic covalent modifications (NECMs) have on the epigenetic landscape, cellular fate, and their implications in disease. Cumulatively, this illustrates how the epigenetic code is directly toxified by chemicals and detoxified by corresponding eraser enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingfei Zheng
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
| | - Nicholas A. Prescott
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY
| | - Igor Maksimovic
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY
| | - Yael David
- Chemical Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY
- Tri-institutional PhD Program in Chemical Biology, New York, NY
- Department of Pharmacology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
- Department of Physiology, Biophysics and Systems Biology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY
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13
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Racemization of Serine Residues Catalyzed by Dihydrogen Phosphate Ion: A Computational Study. Catalysts 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/catal7120363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous, nonenzymatic reactions in proteins are known to have relevance to aging and age-related diseases, such as cataract and Alzheimer’s disease. Among such reactions is the racemization of Ser residues, but its mechanism in vivo remains to be clarified. The most likely intermediate is an enol. Although being nonenzymatic, the enolization would need to be catalyzed to occur at a biologically relevant rate. In the present study, we computationally found plausible reaction pathways for the enolization of a Ser residue where a dihydrogen phosphate ion, H2PO4−, acts as a catalyst. The H2PO4− ion mediates the proton transfer required for the enolization by acting simultaneously as both a general base and a general acid. Using the B3LYP density functional theory method, reaction pathways were located in the gas phase and hydration effects were evaluated by single-point calculations using the SM8 continuum model. The activation barriers calculated for the reaction pathways found were around 100 kJ mol−1, which is consistent with spontaneous reactions occurring at physiological temperature. Our results are also consistent with experimental observations that Ser residue racemization occurs more readily in flexible regions in proteins.
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14
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Procopio
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
| | - Michael Buckley
- Manchester
Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess
Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K
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15
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Lyons B, Kwan AH, Truscott RJ. Spontaneous cleavage of proteins at serine and threonine is facilitated by zinc. Aging Cell 2016; 15:237-44. [PMID: 26751411 PMCID: PMC4783340 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Old proteins are widely distributed in the body. Over time, they deteriorate and many spontaneous reactions, for example isomerisation of Asp and Asn, can be replicated by incubation of peptides under physiological conditions. One of the signatures of long‐lived proteins that has proven to be difficult to replicate in vitro is cleavage on the N‐terminal side of Ser residues, and this is important since cleavage at Ser, and also Thr, has been observed in a number of human proteins. In this study, the autolysis of Ser‐ and Thr‐containing peptides was investigated with particular reference to discovering factors that promote cleavage adjacent to Ser/Thr at neutral pH. It was found that zinc catalyses cleavage of the peptide bond on the N‐terminal side of Ser residues and further that this process is markedly accelerated if a His residue is adjacent to the Ser. NMR analysis indicated that the imidazole group co‐ordinates zinc and that once zinc is co‐ordinated, it can polarize the carbonyl group of the peptide bond in a manner analogous to that observed in the active site of the metalloexopeptidase, carboxypeptidase A. The hydroxyl side chain of Ser/Thr is then able to cleave the adjacent peptide bond. These observations enable an understanding of the origin of common truncations observed in long‐lived proteins, for example truncation on the N‐terminal side of Ser 8 in Abeta, Ser 19 in alpha B crystallin and Ser 66 in alpha A crystallin. The presence of zinc may therefore significantly affect the long‐term stability of cellular proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Lyons
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Northfields Ave Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
- Save Sight Institute University of Sydney Sydney Eye Hospital 8 Macquarie St Sydney NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Ann H. Kwan
- School of Molecular Bioscience University of Sydney Sydney NSW 2006 Australia
| | - Roger J.W. Truscott
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute University of Wollongong Northfields Ave Wollongong NSW 2522 Australia
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16
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Lee SH, Oe T. Oxidative stress-mediated N-terminal protein modifications and MS-based approaches for N-terminal proteomics. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2016; 31:27-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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17
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Awasthi S, Saraswathi NT. Non-enzymatic glycation mediated structure–function changes in proteins: case of serum albumin. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08283a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Albumin, a major plasma protein with extraordinary ligand binding properties, transports various ligands ranging from drugs, hormones, fatty acids, and toxins to different tissues and organs in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Awasthi
- Molecular Biophysics Lab
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
| | - N. T. Saraswathi
- Molecular Biophysics Lab
- School of Chemical and Biotechnology
- SASTRA University
- Thanjavur-613401
- India
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18
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Wei Y, Han C, Wang Y, Wu B, Su T, Liu Y, He R. Ribosylation triggering Alzheimer's disease-like Tau hyperphosphorylation via activation of CaMKII. Aging Cell 2015; 14:754-63. [PMID: 26095350 PMCID: PMC4568963 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is regarded as one of the serious risk factors for age-related cognitive impairment; however, a causal link between these two diseases has so far not been established. It was recently discovered that, apart from high D-glucose levels, T2DM patients also display abnormally high concentrations of uric D-ribose. Here, we show for the first time that the administration of D-ribose, the most active glycator among monosaccharides, produces high levels of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) and, importantly, triggers hyperphosphorylation of Tau in the brain of C57BL/6 mouse and neuroblastoma N2a cells. However, the administration of D-glucose showed no significant changes in Tau phosphorylation under the same experimental conditions. Crucially, suppression of AGE formation using an AGEs inhibitor (aminoguanidine) effectively prevents hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein. Further study shows AGEs resulted from ribosylation activate calcium-/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase type II (CaMKII), a key kinase responsible for Tau hyperphosphorylation. These data suggest that there is indeed a mechanistic link between ribosylation and Tau hyperphosphorylation. Targeting ribosylation by inhibiting AGE formation may be a promising therapeutic strategy to prevent Alzheimer’s disease-like Tau hyperphosphorylation and diabetic encephalopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
| | - Chanshuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
| | - Yujing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China
| | - Beibei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049China
| | - Tao Su
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
- Alzheimer's Disease Center Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders Capital Medical University Beijing China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science Institute of Biophysics Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health Institute of Psychology Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100101China
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19
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Yang J, He BJ, Jang R, Zhang Y, Shen HB. Accurate disulfide-bonding network predictions improve ab initio structure prediction of cysteine-rich proteins. Bioinformatics 2015; 31:3773-81. [PMID: 26254435 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Cysteine-rich proteins cover many important families in nature but there are currently no methods specifically designed for modeling the structure of these proteins. The accuracy of disulfide connectivity pattern prediction, particularly for the proteins of higher-order connections, e.g., >3 bonds, is too low to effectively assist structure assembly simulations. RESULTS We propose a new hierarchical order reduction protocol called Cyscon for disulfide-bonding prediction. The most confident disulfide bonds are first identified and bonding prediction is then focused on the remaining cysteine residues based on SVR training. Compared with purely machine learning-based approaches, Cyscon improved the average accuracy of connectivity pattern prediction by 21.9%. For proteins with more than 5 disulfide bonds, Cyscon improved the accuracy by 585% on the benchmark set of PDBCYS. When applied to 158 non-redundant cysteine-rich proteins, Cyscon predictions helped increase (or decrease) the TM-score (or RMSD) of the ab initio QUARK modeling by 12.1% (or 14.4%). This result demonstrates a new avenue to improve the ab initio structure modeling for cysteine-rich proteins. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION http://www.csbio.sjtu.edu.cn/bioinf/Cyscon/ CONTACT zhng@umich.edu or hbshen@sjtu.edu.cn. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bao-Ji He
- State Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and
| | - Richard Jang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Hong-Bin Shen
- Institute of Image Processing and Pattern Recognition, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, and Key Laboratory of System Control and Information Processing, Ministry of Education of China, Shanghai 200240, China, Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics and
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20
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Azevedo C, Livermore T, Saiardi A. Protein Polyphosphorylation of Lysine Residues by Inorganic Polyphosphate. Mol Cell 2015; 58:71-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Revised: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Kar S, Tai Y. Marked difference in self-assembly, morphology, and cell viability of positional isomeric dipeptides generated by reversal of sequence. SOFT MATTER 2015; 11:1345-1351. [PMID: 25574757 DOI: 10.1039/c4sm02537g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study two positional isomeric dipeptides Boc-m-ABA-Aib-OMe () and Boc-Aib-m-ABA-OMe () synthesized by reversal of the positions of two rigid amino acids (m-ABA: m-aminobenzoic acid, Aib: α-aminoisobutyric acid) showed marked difference in morphology under the same environmental conditions. Investigation of single crystal structures reveals the difference in crystal packing and higher order self-assembly pattern for both the isomeric peptides, which might be the responsible factor for their different morphological patterns. Moreover, these isomeric dipeptides have produced different cellular viability effects towards normal bone cells. These two peptides would have utilities in the model study of isomeric peptides/proteins, where morphological difference under identical conditions brings changes in their individual bio-activities and where the reversal of sequence causes different cellular viability and generates health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Kar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43 Keelung Road, Taipei-106, Taiwan.
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22
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Hooi MYS, Raftery MJ, Truscott RJW. Age-dependent racemization of serine residues in a human chaperone protein. Protein Sci 2014; 22:93-100. [PMID: 23139182 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Revised: 10/27/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Racemization is one of the most abundant modifications in long-lived proteins. It has been proposed that the accumulation of such modifications over time could lead to changes in tissues and ultimately human age-related diseases. Serine is one of the main amino acids involved in racemization; however, the site of D-Ser in any aged protein has yet to be reported. In this study, racemization of two residues, Ser 59 and Ser 62, has been demonstrated in an unstructured region of the small heat shock protein, αA-crystallin. αA-crystallin is also the most abundant structural protein in the human lens. D-Ser increased linearly with age in normal lenses, until it accounted for approximately 35% of the Ser at both sites by the age of 75 years. In agreement with a possible role in human age-related disease, levels were significantly higher in cataract lenses. It is likely that such prevalent age-related changes contribute to the denaturation of α-crystallin, and therefore its ability to act as a chaperone. Racemization of amino acids, such as serine, in flexible regions of long-lived proteins, could be associated with the development of human age-related conditions such as cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Y S Hooi
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2000, Australia
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23
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Squeglia F, Ruggiero A, Romano M, Vitagliano L, Berisio R. Mutational and structural study of RipA, a key enzyme in Mycobacterium tuberculosis cell division: evidence for the L-to-D inversion of configuration of the catalytic cysteine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 70:2295-300. [PMID: 25195744 DOI: 10.1107/s1399004714013674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
RipA is a key cysteine protease of Mycobacterium tuberculosis as it is responsible for bacterial daughter-cell separation. Although it is an important target for antimicrobial development, its mechanism of action and its interaction pattern with its substrate are hitherto unknown. By combining crystallographic and mutational studies with functional assays and molecular modelling, it is shown that the catalytic activity of the enzyme relies on a Cys-His-Glu triad and the impact of the mutation of each residue of the triad on the structure and function of RipA is analysed. Unexpectedly, the crystallographic analyses reveal that mutation of the glutamic acid to alanine results in inversion of the configuration of the catalytic cysteine. The consequent burial of the catalytic cysteine side chain explains the enzyme inactivation upon mutation. These data point to a novel role of the acidic residue often present in the triad of cysteine proteases as a supervisor of cysteine configuration through preservation of the local structural integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flavia Squeglia
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maria Romano
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Rita Berisio
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimaging, CNR, Naples, Italy
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24
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Roughley PJ, Mort JS. The role of aggrecan in normal and osteoarthritic cartilage. J Exp Orthop 2014; 1:8. [PMID: 26914753 PMCID: PMC4648834 DOI: 10.1186/s40634-014-0008-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggrecan is a large proteoglycan bearing numerous chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains that endow articular cartilage with its ability to withstand compressive loads. It is present in the extracellular matrix in the form of proteoglycan aggregates, in which many aggrecan molecules interact with hyaluronan and a link protein stabilizes each interaction. Aggrecan structure is not constant throughout life, but changes due to both synthetic and degradative events. Changes due to synthesis alter the structure of the chondroitin sulfate and keratan sulfate chains, whereas those due to degradation cause cleavage of all components of the aggregate. These latter changes can be viewed as being detrimental to cartilage function and are enhanced in osteoarthritic cartilage, resulting in aggrecan depletion and predisposing to cartilage erosion. Matrix metalloproteinases and aggrecanases play a major role in aggrecan degradation and their production is upregulated by mediators associated with joint inflammation and overloading. The presence of increased levels of aggrecan fragments in synovial fluid has been used as a marker of ongoing cartilage destruction in osteoarthritis. During the early stages of osteoarthritis it may be possible to retard the destructive process by enhancing the production of aggrecan and inhibiting its degradation. Aggrecan production also plays a central role in cartilage repair techniques involving stem cell or chondrocyte implantation into lesions. Thus aggrecan participates in both the demise and survival of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Roughley
- Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
| | - John S Mort
- Shriners Hospital for Children and McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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25
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Patananan AN, Capri J, Whitelegge JP, Clarke SG. Non-repair pathways for minimizing protein isoaspartyl damage in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:16936-53. [PMID: 24764295 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.564385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The spontaneous degradation of asparaginyl and aspartyl residues to isoaspartyl residues is a common type of protein damage in aging organisms. Although the protein-l-isoaspartyl (d-aspartyl) O-methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.77) can initiate the repair of l-isoaspartyl residues to l-aspartyl residues in most organisms, no gene homolog or enzymatic activity is present in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Therefore, we used biochemical approaches to elucidate how proteins containing isoaspartyl residues are metabolized in this organism. Surprisingly, the level of isoaspartyl residues in yeast proteins (50-300 pmol of isoaspartyl residues/mg of protein extract) is comparable with organisms with protein-l-isoaspartyl (d-aspartyl) O-methyltransferase, suggesting a novel regulatory pathway. Interfering with common protein quality control mechanisms by mutating and inhibiting the proteasomal and autophagic pathways in vivo did not increase isoaspartyl residue levels compared with wild type or uninhibited cells. However, the inhibition of metalloproteases in in vitro aging experiments by EDTA resulted in an ∼3-fold increase in the level of isoaspartyl-containing peptides. Characterization by mass spectrometry of these peptides identified several proteins involved in metabolism as targets of isoaspartyl damage. Further analysis of these peptides revealed that many have an N-terminal isoaspartyl site and originate from proteins with short half-lives. These results suggest that one or more metalloproteases participate in limiting isoaspartyl formation by robust proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander N Patananan
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute and
| | - Joseph Capri
- the Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Neuropsychiatric Institute-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- the Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Neuropsychiatric Institute-Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, UCLA, Los Angeles, California 90095
| | - Steven G Clarke
- From the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and the Molecular Biology Institute and
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26
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Kajita R, Goto T, Lee SH, Oe T. Aldehyde Stress-Mediated Novel Modification of Proteins: Epimerization of the N-Terminal Amino Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:1926-36. [DOI: 10.1021/tx400354d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Kajita
- Department of Bioanalytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Takaaki Goto
- Department of Bioanalytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Seon Hwa Lee
- Department of Bioanalytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Oe
- Department of Bioanalytical
Chemistry, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Aobayama, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8578, Japan
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27
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Ghosh S, Pandey NK, Singha Roy A, Tripathy DR, Dinda AK, Dasgupta S. Prolonged glycation of hen egg white lysozyme generates non amyloidal structures. PLoS One 2013; 8:e74336. [PMID: 24066139 PMCID: PMC3774808 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0074336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycation causes severe damage to protein structure that could lead to amyloid formation in special cases. Here in this report, we have shown for the first time that hen egg white lysozyme (HEWL) does not undergo amyloid formation even after prolonged glycation in the presence of D-glucose, D-fructose and D-ribose. Cross-linked oligomers were formed in all the cases and ribose was found to be the most potent among the three sugars. Ribose mediated oligomers, however, exhibit Thioflavin T binding properties although microscopic images clearly show amorphous and globular morphology of the aggregates. Our study demonstrates that the structural damage of hen egg white lysozyme due to glycation generates unstructured aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudeshna Ghosh
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Nitin Kumar Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Atanu Singha Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Debi Ranjan Tripathy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Amit Kumar Dinda
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Swagata Dasgupta
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
- * E-mail:
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28
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Mulinacci F, Poirier E, Capelle MA, Gurny R, Arvinte T. Influence of methionine oxidation on the aggregation of recombinant human growth hormone. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 85:42-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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29
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Sosa C, Vispe E, Núñez C, Baeta M, Casalod Y, Bolea M, Hedges REM, Martinez-Jarreta B. Association between ancient bone preservation and dna yield: a multidisciplinary approach. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2013; 151:102-9. [PMID: 23595645 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.22262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 02/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Ancient molecular typing depends on DNA survival in archaeological bones. Finding valuable tools to predict DNA presence in ancient samples, which can be measured prior to undertaking a genetic study, has become an important issue as a consequence of the peculiarities of archaeological samples. Since the survival of DNA is explained by complex interrelations of multiple variables, the aim of the present study was to analyze morphological, structural, chemical, and biological aspects of a set of medieval human bones, to provide an accurate reflection of the state of preservation of the bony components and to relate it with DNA presence. Archaeological bones that yielded amplifiable DNA presented high collagen content (generally more than 12%), low racemization values of aspartic acid (lesser than 0.08), leucine and glutamic acid, low infrared splitting factor, small size of crystallite, and more compact appearance of bone in the scanning electron micrographs. Whether these patterns are characteristic of ancient bones or specific of each burial site or specimen requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sosa
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, C/Domingo Miral s/n, Zaragoza, 50009, Spain.
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30
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Trougakos IP, Sesti F, Tsakiri E, Gorgoulis VG. Non-enzymatic post-translational protein modifications and proteostasis network deregulation in carcinogenesis. J Proteomics 2013; 92:274-98. [PMID: 23500136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Organisms are constantly challenged by stressors and thus the maintenance of biomolecules functionality is essential for the assurance of cellular homeostasis. Proteins carry out the vast majority of cellular functions by mostly participating in multimeric protein assemblies that operate as protein machines. Cells have evolved a complex proteome quality control network for the rescue, when possible, or the degradation of damaged polypeptides. Nevertheless, despite these proteostasis ensuring mechanisms, new protein synthesis, and the replication-mediated dilution of proteome damage in mitotic cells, the gradual accumulation of stressors during aging (or due to lifestyle) results in increasingly damaged proteome. Non-enzymatic post-translational protein modifications mostly arise by unbalanced redox homeostasis and/or high glucose levels and may cause disruption of proteostasis as they can alter protein function. This outcome may then increase genomic instability due to reduced fidelity in processes like DNA replication or repair. Herein, we present a synopsis of the major non-enzymatic post-translation protein modifications and of the proteostasis network deregulation in carcinogenesis. We propose that activation of the proteostasis ensuring mechanisms in premalignant cells has tumor-preventive effects, whereas considering that over-activation of these mechanisms represents a hallmark of advanced tumors, their inhibition provides a strategy for the development of anti-tumor therapies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Posttranslational Protein modifications in biology and Medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis P Trougakos
- Department of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis, Athens 15784, Greece.
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31
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Fuchs SM. Chemically modified tandem repeats in proteins: natural combinatorial peptide libraries. ACS Chem Biol 2013; 8:275-82. [PMID: 23157399 DOI: 10.1021/cb3005066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Many proteins composed of tandem repeats (a linear motif, directly repeated within the sequence) are substrates for post-translational modifications (PTMs). Tandem repeats are also dynamic in number, presumably due to instability in the underlying DNA sequence. These observations lead to a hypothesis that cells use a combination of PTMs and variability in repeat number to mediate protein function. Evidence of these processes co-regulating diverse aspects of cellular function can be found in all organisms from bacteria to humans, suggesting a common but poorly described mechanism for regulating and diversifying protein function. This review highlights several examples whereby protein modifications and repetitive protein domains impart diversity. Lastly, it speculates on the possibility of using chemically modified repetitive amino acid sequences to develop peptide-based biomolecules with novel functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen M. Fuchs
- Department of Biology, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Medford, Massachusetts
02155, United States
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32
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Wetie AGN, Sokolowska I, Woods AG, Darie CC. Identification of Post-Translational Modifications by Mass Spectrometry. Aust J Chem 2013. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteins are the effector molecules of many cellular and biological processes and are thus very dynamic and flexible. Regulation of protein activity, structure, stability, and turnover is in part controlled by their post-translational modifications (PTMs). Common PTMs of proteins include phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, ubiquitination, acetylation, and oxidation. Understanding the biology of protein PTMs can help elucidate the mechanisms of many pathological conditions and provide opportunities for prevention, diagnostics, and treatment of these disorders. Prior to the era of proteomics, it was standard to use chemistry methods for the identification of protein modifications. With advancements in proteomic technologies, mass spectrometry has become the method of choice for the analysis of protein PTMs. In this brief review, we will highlight the biochemistry of PTMs with an emphasis on mass spectrometry.
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33
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Karsdal MA, Nielsen MJ, Sand JM, Henriksen K, Genovese F, Bay-Jensen AC, Smith V, Adamkewicz JI, Christiansen C, Leeming DJ. Extracellular matrix remodeling: the common denominator in connective tissue diseases. Possibilities for evaluation and current understanding of the matrix as more than a passive architecture, but a key player in tissue failure. Assay Drug Dev Technol 2012; 11:70-92. [PMID: 23046407 DOI: 10.1089/adt.2012.474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased attention is paid to the structural components of tissues. These components are mostly collagens and various proteoglycans. Emerging evidence suggests that altered components and noncoded modifications of the matrix may be both initiators and drivers of disease, exemplified by excessive tissue remodeling leading to tissue stiffness, as well as by changes in the signaling potential of both intact matrix and fragments thereof. Although tissue structure until recently was viewed as a simple architecture anchoring cells and proteins, this complex grid may contain essential information enabling the maintenance of the structure and normal functioning of tissue. The aims of this review are to (1) discuss the structural components of the matrix and the relevance of their mutations to the pathology of diseases such as fibrosis and cancer, (2) introduce the possibility that post-translational modifications (PTMs), such as protease cleavage, citrullination, cross-linking, nitrosylation, glycosylation, and isomerization, generated during pathology, may be unique, disease-specific biochemical markers, (3) list and review the range of simple enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) that have been developed for assessing the extracellular matrix (ECM) and detecting abnormal ECM remodeling, and (4) discuss whether some PTMs are the cause or consequence of disease. New evidence clearly suggests that the ECM at some point in the pathogenesis becomes a driver of disease. These pathological modified ECM proteins may allow insights into complicated pathologies in which the end stage is excessive tissue remodeling, and provide unique and more pathology-specific biochemical markers.
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34
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The influence of non-enzymatic glycosylation on physicochemical and biological properties of pea globulin 7S. Food Res Int 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2012.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Zizzi A, Tirabassi G, Aspriello SD, Piemontese M, Rubini C, Lucarini G. Gingival advanced glycation end-products in diabetes mellitus-associated chronic periodontitis: an immunohistochemical study. J Periodontal Res 2012; 48:293-301. [PMID: 23017082 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE The accumulation of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) seems to play an important role in the development of diabetes mellitus (DM)-associated periodontitis; however, some aspects of this issue are still scarcely known, such as the expression of AGEs in type 1 DM-associated periodontitis and the clinical factors able to affect their accumulation. This study aimed to clarify these points by evaluating the expression of AGEs in DM-associated periodontitis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Sixteen systemically and periodontally healthy subjects and 48 subjects suffering from generalized, severe, chronic periodontitis (16 with type 1 DM, 16 with type 2 DM and 16 systemically healthy subjects) were studied clinically, periodontally and metabolically. The immunohistochemical expression of AGEs in gingival tissues was also evaluated. RESULTS Subjects affected with type 1 DM presented a significantly higher percentage of AGE-positive cells than did subjects affected with type 2 DM, not only in the epithelium, but also in vessels and fibroblasts. A positive and significant correlation was found between gingival expression of AGEs and length of time affected with DM both in type 1 and type 2 DM; glycated hemoglobin, lipid profile, body mass index and age did not correlate significantly with gingival AGEs in any of the classes of subjects studied. CONCLUSIONS Gingival AGEs are increased in both type 1 and type 2 DM-associated periodontitis; however, the clinical parameter that determines their accumulation, and therefore their degree of influence on the development of DM-associated periodontitis, may be the duration of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Zizzi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health - Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology, School of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Abstract
Genomic analyses increasingly make use of sophisticated statistical and computational approaches in investigations of genomic function and evolution. Scientists implementing and developing these approaches are often computational scientists, physicists, or mathematicians. This article aims to provide a compact overview of genome biology for these scientists. Thus, the article focuses on providing biological context to the genomic features, processes, and structures analysed by these approaches. Topics covered include (1) differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells; (2) the physical structure of genomes and chromatin; (3) different categories of genomic regions, including those serving as templates for RNA and protein synthesis, regulatory regions, repetitive regions, and "architectural" or "organisational" regions, such as centromeres and telomeres; (4) the cell cycle; (5) an overview of transcription, translation, and protein structure; and (6) a glossary of relevant terms.
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Hooi MYS, Raftery MJ, Truscott RJW. Racemization of two proteins over our lifespan: deamidation of asparagine 76 in γS crystallin is greater in cataract than in normal lenses across the age range. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2012; 53:3554-61. [PMID: 22531704 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.11-9085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Long-lived proteins are widespread in man, yet little is known about the processes that affect their function over time, or their role in age-related diseases. METHODS Racemization of two proteins from normal and cataract human lenses were compared with age using tryptic digestion and LC/mass spectrometry. Asp 151 in αA crystallin and Asn 76 in γS crystallin were studied. RESULTS Age-dependent profiles for the two proteins from normal lenses were different. In neither protein did the modifications increase linearly with age. For αA crystallin, racemization occurred most rapidly during the first 15 years of life, with approximately half of L-Asp 151 converted to D-isoAsp, L-isoAsp, and D-Asp in a ratio of 3:1:0.5. Values then changed little. By contrast, racemization of Asn 76 in γS crystallin was slow until age 15, with isoAsp accounting for only 5%. Values remained relatively constant until age 40 when a linear increase (1%/year) took place. When cataract lenses were compared with age-matched normal lenses, there were marked differences in the time courses of the two crystallins. For αA crystallin, there was no significant difference in Asp 151 racemization between cataract and normal lenses. By contrast, in γS crystallin the degree of conversion of Asn 76 to isoAsp in cataract lenses was approximately double that of normals at every age. CONCLUSIONS Modification of Asn and Asp over time may contribute to denaturation of proteins in the human lens. An accelerated rate of deamidation/racemization at selected sites in proteins, such as γS crystallin, may contribute to cataract formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yu Sung Hooi
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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38
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Catterall JB, Hsueh MF, Stabler TV, McCudden CR, Bolognesi M, Zura R, Jordan JM, Renner JB, Feng S, Kraus VB. Protein modification by deamidation indicates variations in joint extracellular matrix turnover. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:4640-51. [PMID: 22179616 PMCID: PMC3281605 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.249649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2011] [Revised: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
As extracellular proteins age, they undergo and accumulate nonenzymatic post-translational modifications that cannot be repaired. We hypothesized that these could be used to systemically monitor loss of extracellular matrix due to chronic arthritic diseases such as osteoarthritis (OA). To test this, we predicted sites of deamidation in cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) and confirmed, by mass spectroscopy, the presence of deamidated (Asp(64)) and native (Asn(64)) COMP epitopes (mean 0.95% deamidated COMP (D-COMP) relative to native COMP) in cartilage. An Asp(64), D-COMP-specific ELISA was developed using a newly created monoclonal antibody 6-1A12. In a joint replacement study, serum D-COMP (p = 0.017), but not total COMP (p = 0.5), declined significantly after replacement demonstrating a joint tissue source for D-COMP. In analyses of 450 participants from the Johnston County Osteoarthritis Project controlled for age, gender, and race, D-COMP was associated with radiographic hip (p < 0.0001) but not knee (p = 0.95) OA severity. In contrast, total COMP was associated with radiographic knee (p < 0.0001) but not hip (p = 0.47) OA severity. D-COMP was higher in soluble proteins extracted from hip cartilage proximal to OA lesions compared with remote from lesions (p = 0.007) or lesional and remote OA knee (p < 0.01) cartilage. Total COMP in cartilage did not vary by joint site or proximity to the lesion. This study demonstrates the presence of D-COMP in articular cartilage and the systemic circulation, and to our knowledge, it is the first biomarker to show specificity for a particular joint site. We believe that enrichment of deamidated epitope in hip OA cartilage indicates a lesser repair response of hip OA compared with knee OA cartilage.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/chemistry
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Hip
- Arthroplasty, Replacement, Knee
- Asparagine/metabolism
- Aspartic Acid/metabolism
- Cartilage/metabolism
- Cartilage/pathology
- Cartilage/surgery
- Cartilage Oligomeric Matrix Protein
- Cohort Studies
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Extracellular Matrix Proteins/metabolism
- Female
- Glycoproteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mass Spectrometry
- Matrilin Proteins
- Middle Aged
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/pathology
- Osteoarthritis, Hip/surgery
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/metabolism
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/pathology
- Osteoarthritis, Knee/surgery
- Protein Processing, Post-Translational
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joanne M. Jordan
- the Thurston Arthritis Research Center and
- Departments of Medicine
- Orthopaedics, and
| | - Jordan B. Renner
- the Thurston Arthritis Research Center and
- Radiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
| | - Sheng Feng
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710 and
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Han C, Lu Y, Wei Y, Liu Y, He R. D-ribose induces cellular protein glycation and impairs mouse spatial cognition. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24623. [PMID: 21966363 PMCID: PMC3169629 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND D-ribose, an important reducing monosaccharide, is highly active in the glycation of proteins, and results in the rapid production of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro. However, whether D-ribose participates in glycation and leads to production of AGEs in vivo still requires investigation. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here we treated cultured cells and mice with D-ribose and D-glucose to compare ribosylation and glucosylation for production of AGEs. Treatment with D-ribose decreased cell viability and induced more AGE accumulation in cells. C57BL/6J mice intraperitoneally injected with D-ribose for 30 days showed high blood levels of glycated proteins and AGEs. Administration of high doses D-ribose also accelerated AGE formation in the mouse brain and induced impairment of spatial learning and memory ability according to the performance in Morris water maze test. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These data demonstrate that D-ribose but not D-glucose reacts rapidly with proteins and produces significant amounts of AGEs in both cultured cells and the mouse brain, leading to accumulation of AGEs which may impair mouse spatial cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanshuai Han
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Anhui, China
| | - Yan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rongqiao He
- State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail:
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40
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Leeming DJ, Bay-Jensen AC, Vassiliadis E, Larsen MR, Henriksen K, Karsdal MA. Post-translational modifications of the extracellular matrix are key events in cancer progression: opportunities for biochemical marker development. Biomarkers 2011; 16:193-205. [PMID: 21506694 DOI: 10.3109/1354750x.2011.557440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the potential usefulness of a novel class of biochemical markers, designated neoepitopes. Neoepitopes are post-translational modifications (PTMs) of proteins and are derived by processes, such as protease cleavage, citrullination, nitrosylation, glycosylation and isomerization. Each PTM results from a specific local physiological or pathobiological process. Identification of each modification to a tissue-specific protein may reveal a unique disease-specific biochemical marker. During cancer metastasis, the host tissue is extensively degraded and replaced by cancer-associated extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins. Furthermore, severe cellular stress and inflammation, caused by cancer, results in generation of PTMs, which will be distributed throughout the ECM. This gives rise to release of protein-specific fragments to the circulation. Here we highlight the importance of remodeling of the ECM in cancer and the generation of PTMs, which may be cancer specific and reflect disease progression; thus having potential for biochemical marker development.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Leeming
- Nordic Bioscience A/S, Herlev Hovedgade 207, Herlev, Denmark
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41
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Selmeci L. Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP): novel uremic toxins, or components of the non-enzymatic antioxidant system of the plasma proteome? Free Radic Res 2011; 45:1115-23. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2011.602074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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42
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Cannizzo ES, Clement CC, Sahu R, Follo C, Santambrogio L. Oxidative stress, inflamm-aging and immunosenescence. J Proteomics 2011; 74:2313-23. [PMID: 21718814 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2011] [Revised: 05/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is characterized by a decreased ability of the immune system to respond to foreign antigens, as well as a decreased ability to maintain tolerance to self-antigens. This results in an increased susceptibility to infection and cancer and reduced responses to vaccination [1-5]. The mechanisms underlying immunosenescence comprise a series of cellular and molecular events involving alteration of several biochemical pathways and different cellular populations, and for the most part our understanding of these molecular mechanisms is still fragmentary. In this review we will focus on the process of senescence associated with oxidative stress, in particular how protein oxidation alters the functionality of immune cells and how oxidative stress contributes to a chronic inflammatory process often referred as inflamm-aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira S Cannizzo
- Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
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43
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Hooi MYS, Truscott RJW. Racemisation and human cataract. D-Ser, D-Asp/Asn and D-Thr are higher in the lifelong proteins of cataract lenses than in age-matched normal lenses. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2011; 33:131-41. [PMID: 20686926 PMCID: PMC3127471 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-010-9171-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/19/2010] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
ASTRACT: Several amino acids were found to undergo progressive age-dependent racemisation in the lifelong proteins of normal human lenses. The two most highly racemised were Ser and Asx. By age 70, 4.5% of all Ser residues had been racemised, along with >9% of Asx residues. Such a high level of inversion, equivalent to between 2 and 3 D- amino acids per polypeptide chain, is likely to induce significant denaturation of the crystallins in aged lenses. Thr, Glx and Phe underwent age-dependent racemisation to a smaller degree. In model experiments, D- amino acid content could be increased simply by exposing intact lenses to elevated temperature. In cataract lenses, the extent of racemisation of Ser, Asx and Thr residues was significantly greater than for age-matched normal lenses. This was true, even for cataract lenses removed from patients at the earliest ages where age-related cataract is observed clinically. Racemisation of amino acids in crystallins may arise due to prolonged exposure of these proteins to ocular temperatures and increased levels of racemisation may play a significant role in the opacification of human lenses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Yu Sung Hooi
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
| | - Roger J. W. Truscott
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Eye Hospital, University of Sydney, 8 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
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44
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Karsdal MA, Henriksen K, Leeming DJ, Woodworth T, Vassiliadis E, Bay-Jensen AC. Novel combinations of Post-Translational Modification (PTM) neo-epitopes provide tissue-specific biochemical markers—are they the cause or the consequence of the disease? Clin Biochem 2010; 43:793-804. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2010] [Revised: 03/22/2010] [Accepted: 03/28/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Frolov A, Hoffmann R. Identification and relative quantification of specific glycation sites in human serum albumin. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:2349-56. [PMID: 20496030 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3810-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2009] [Revised: 04/01/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Glycation (or non-enzymatic glycosylation) is a common non-enzymatic covalent modification of human proteins. Glucose, the highest concentrated monosaccharide in blood, can reversibly react with amino groups of proteins to form Schiff bases that can rearrange to form relatively stable Amadori products. These can be further oxidized to advanced glycation end products (AGEs). Here, we analyzed the glycation patterns of human serum albumin (HSA) in plasma samples obtained from five patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Therefore, glycated peptides from a tryptic digest of plasma were enriched with m-aminophenylboronic acid (mAPBA) affinity chromatography. The glycated peptides were then further separated in the second dimension by RP-HPLC coupled on-line to an electrospray ionization (ESI) tandem mass spectrometer (MS/MS). Altogether, 18 Amadori peptides, encompassing 40% of the HSA sequence, were identified. The majority of the peptides were detected and relatively quantified in all five samples with a high reproducibility among the replicas. Eleven Lys-residues were glycated at similar quantities in all samples, with glycation site Lys(549) (K(Am(Glc))QTALVELVK) being the most abundant. In conclusion, the established mAPBA/nanoRP-HPLC-ESI-MS/MS approach could reproducibly identify and quantify glycation sites in plasma samples, potentially useful in diagnosis and therapeutic control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrej Frolov
- Institute of Bioanalytical Chemistry, Center for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Faculty of Chemistry and Mineralogy, Universität Leipzig, Deutscher Platz 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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46
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Forwood MR, Vashishth D. Translational aspects of bone quality--vertebral fractures, cortical shell, microdamage and glycation: a tribute to Pierre D. Delmas. Osteoporos Int 2009; 20 Suppl 3:S247-53. [PMID: 19430876 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-008-0791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Among vertebral deformities, the prevalence of wedge fractures is about twice that of endplate (biconcave) deformities, both of which are greater than that of crush deformities. The anterior cortex is, therefore, a site of interest for understanding mechanisms of vertebral fracture. Despite its importance to vertebral mechanics, there are limited data describing the role of cortical shell, microdamage, and bone matrix parameters in vertebral fragility. This review of literature emphasizes the translational aspects of bone quality and demonstrates that a greater understanding of bone fractures will be gained through bone quality parameters related to both cortical and cancellous compartments as well as from microdamage and bone matrix parameters. In the context of vertebral fractures, measures of cortical shell and bone matrix parameters related to the organic matrix (advanced glycation products and alpha/beta CTX ratio) are independent of BMD measurements and can therefore provide an additional estimate of fracture risk in older patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Forwood
- School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
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47
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Catterall JB, Barr D, Bolognesi M, Zura RD, Kraus VB. Post-translational aging of proteins in osteoarthritic cartilage and synovial fluid as measured by isomerized aspartate. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R55. [PMID: 19371408 PMCID: PMC2688206 DOI: 10.1186/ar2675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2008] [Revised: 02/20/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Aging proteins undergo non-enzymatic post-translational modification, including isomerization and racemization. We hypothesized that cartilage with many long-lived components could accumulate non-enzymatically modified amino acids in the form of isomerized aspartate and that its liberation due to osteoarthritis (OA)-related cartilage degradation could reflect OA severity. Methods Articular cartilage and synovial fluid were obtained from 14 randomly selected total knee arthroplasty cases (56 to 79 years old) and non-arthritis cartilage from 8 trauma cases (51 to 83 years old). Paired lesional cartilage and non-lesioned OA cartilage were graded histologically using a modified Mankin system. Paired cartilage and synovial fluids were assayed for isomerized aspartate, phosphate-buffered saline/EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid) extractable glycosaminoglycans, and total protein. Macroscopically normal non-lesioned OA cartilage was separated into superficial and deep regions when cartilage thickness was at least 3 mm (n = 6). Results Normalized to cartilage wet weight, normal cartilage and deep non-lesioned OA cartilage contained significantly (P < 0.05) more isomerized aspartate than superficial non-lesioned OA cartilage and lesioned cartilage. Synovial fluid isomerized aspartate correlated positively (R2 = 0.53, P = 0.02) and glycosaminoglycans correlated negatively (R2 = 0.42, P = 0.04) with histological OA lesion severity. Neither synovial fluid isomerized aspartate nor glycosaminoglycans nor total protein correlated with histological scores of non-lesioned areas. Conclusions We show for the first time that human cartilage and synovial fluid contain measurable quantities of an isomerized amino acid and that synovial fluid concentrations of isomerized aspartate reflected severity of histological OA. Further assessment is warranted to identify the cartilage proteins containing this modification and to assess the functional consequences and biomarker applications of this analyte in OA.
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48
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Amino acid racemization reveals differential protein turnover in osteoarthritic articular and meniscal cartilages. Arthritis Res Ther 2009; 11:R34. [PMID: 19267899 PMCID: PMC2688179 DOI: 10.1186/ar2639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2008] [Revised: 12/24/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Certain amino acids within proteins have been reported to change from the L form to the D form over time. This process is known as racemization and is most likely to occur in long-lived low-turnover tissues such as normal cartilage. We hypothesized that diseased tissue, as found in an osteoarthritic (OA) joint, would have increased turnover reflected by a decrease in the racemized amino acid content. Methods Using high-performance liquid chromatography methods, we quantified the L and D forms of amino acids reported to racemize in vivo on a biological timescale: alanine, aspartate (Asp), asparagine (Asn), glutamate, glutamine, isoleucine, leucine (Leu), and serine (Ser). Furthermore, using a metabolically inactive control material (tooth dentin) and a control material with normal metabolism (normal articular cartilage), we developed an age adjustment in order to make inferences about the state of protein turnover in cartilage and meniscus. Results In the metabolically inactive control material (n = 25, ages 13 to 80 years) and the normal metabolizing control material (n = 19, ages 17 to 83 years), only Asp + Asn (Asx), Ser, and Leu showed a significant change (increase) in racemization with age (P < 0.01). The age-adjusted proportions of racemized to total amino acid (D/D+L expressed as a percentage of the control material) for Asx, Ser, and Leu when compared with the normal articular cartilage control were 97%, 74%, and 73% in OA meniscal cartilage and 97%, 70%, and 78% in OA articular cartilage. We also observed lower amino acid content in OA articular and meniscal cartilages compared with normal articular cartilage as well as a loss of total amino acids with age in the OA meniscal but not the OA articular cartilage. Conclusions These data demonstrate comparable anabolic responses for non-lesioned OA articular cartilage and OA meniscal cartilage but an excess of catabolism over anabolism for the meniscal cartilage.
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Pournamdari M, Saadi A, Ellis E, Andrew R, Walker B, Watson DG. Development of a derivatisation method for the analysis of aldehyde modified amino acid residues in proteins by Fourier transform mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 633:216-22. [PMID: 19166725 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.11.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Revised: 11/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/24/2008] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
A method was developed for the analysis of amino acids within bovine serum albumin (BSA) which had been modified by reaction with different enals. BSA was reacted with the aldehydes and the reaction products were stabilised by reaction with NaBH(4). The protein was then hydrolysed with 6N HCl and the hydrolysis products were analysed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). The modified amino acids were derivatised with propylchloroformate. High resolution mass spectrometry carried out using an LTQ-Orbitrap instrument which was able to characterise a wide range of adducts. In addition double adducts were observed to be formed with 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) and lysine or lysine+histidine. Qualitatively it was possible to consistently observe a pyridinium adduct formed between lysine and pentenal in human plasma from normal subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Pournamdari
- Strathclyde Institute for Pharmacy and Biomedical Science (SIPBS), 27 Taylor Street, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom
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50
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Kueper T, Grune T, Muhr GM, Lenz H, Wittern KP, Wenck H, Stäb F, Blatt T. Modification of vimentin: a general mechanism of nonenzymatic glycation in human skin. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1126:328-32. [PMID: 18448838 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1433.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
In a recent study, we were able to show that the intermediate filament protein vimentin aggregates in human dermal fibroblasts because of modification by the advanced glycation endproduct carboxymethyllysine (CML). In this work, we investigated the formation of intracellular CML in relation to the concentration of glucose in the culture medium. The natural degradation product of glucose, methylglyoxal, was able to induce the aggregation of vimentin. This dicarbonyl leads to the formation of the modifications MG-H1 and carboxyethyllysine (CEL) as a result of the reaction with arginine and lysine residues of proteins. Furthermore, we found that the protein vimentin was modified, not only by CML and CEL, but also by pentosidine and pyrraline. These findings underline the special position of vimentin as a preferential target of the Maillard reaction in human skin.
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