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Yao CK, Sarbagili-Shabat C. Gaseous metabolites as therapeutic targets in ulcerative colitis. World J Gastroenterol 2023; 29:682-691. [PMID: 36742165 PMCID: PMC9896612 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v29.i4.682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Diet therapies are currently under-utilised in optimising clinical outcomes for patients with active ulcerative colitis (UC). Furthermore, existing dietary therapies are framed by poorly defined mechanistic targets to warrant its success. There is good evidence to suggest that microbial production of gaseous metabolites, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and nitric oxide (NO) are implicated in the development of mucosal inflammation in UC. On a cellular level, exposure of the colonic epithelium to excessive concentrations of these gases are shown to promote functional defects described in UC. Hence, targeting bacterial production of these gases could provide an opportunity to formulate new dietary therapies in UC. Despite the paucity of evidence, there is epidemiological and clinical data to support the concept of reducing mucosal inflammation in UC via dietary strategies that reduce H2S. Several dietary components, namely sulphur-containing amino acids and inorganic sulphur have been shown to be influential in enhancing colonic H2S production. More recent data suggests increasing the supply of readily fermentable fibre as an effective strategy for H2S reduction. Conversely, very little is known regarding how diet alters microbial production of NO. Hence, the current evidence suggest that a whole diet approach is needed. Finally, biomarkers for assessing changes in microbial gaseous metabolites in response to dietary interventions are very much required. In conclusion, this review identifies a great need for high quality randomised-controlled trials to demonstrate the efficacy of a sulphide-reducing dietary therapy for patients with active UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu K Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University, Melbourne 3004, Australia
| | - Chen Sarbagili-Shabat
- Pediatric Gastroenterology Unit, PIBD Research Center, Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 5822012, Israel
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Yao CK, Burgell RE, Taylor KM, Ward MG, Friedman AB, Barrett JS, Muir JG, Gibson PR. Effects of fiber intake on intestinal pH, transit, and predicted oral mesalamine delivery in patients with ulcerative colitis. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021; 36:1580-1589. [PMID: 33091174 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.15311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Limited data are available on the effects of fermentable fiber in altering intestinal pH and transit to predict efficacy-based delivery profiles of pH-dependent mesalamine coatings in ulcerative colitis (UC). This study aimed to examine regional pH and transit after acute changes in fermentable fiber intake in quiescent UC patients and their effects on drug release systems. METHODS In a randomized, double-blind study, 18 patients with quiescent UC and 10 healthy controls were supplied meals high (13 g) or low (≤ 2 g) in fermentable fiber and subsequently ingested a wireless pH-motility capsule. After a ≥ 3-day washout, they crossed over to the other diet. Measurements of intestinal pH and transit were used to predict drug release for the various pH-dependent coatings. RESULTS Increasing fermentable fiber intake lowered overall (median 6.2 [6.1-6.7] vs low: 6.9 [range or interquartile range: 6.4-7.4]; P = 0.01) and distal pH (7.8 [7.3-8.1] vs 8.2 [8.0-8.5]; P = 0.04) in controls. In UC patients, only cecal pH was decreased (high: 5.1 [4.8-5.5] vs low: 5.5 [5.3-5.7]; P < 0.01). Colonic transit in the UC cohort varied widely after a low-fiber intake but tended to normalize after the high fermentable fiber intake. Hypothetical coating dissolution profiles were heterogeneous in UC patients, with a multi-matrix delayed release system having the highest likelihood of patients (20-40%) with incomplete dissolution, and predominant small intestinal dissolution predicted for Eudragit L (94% patients) and S (44-69%). CONCLUSIONS Patients with quiescent UC have abnormalities in intestinal pH and transit in response to acute changes in fermentable fiber intake. These have potentially detrimental effects on predicted luminal release patterns of pH-dependent 5-aminosalicylic acid release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chu K Yao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Burgell
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kirstin M Taylor
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mark G Ward
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Antony B Friedman
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline S Barrett
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jane G Muir
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter R Gibson
- Department of Gastroenterology, Monash University and Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Roediger WEW. Causation of human ulcerative colitis: A lead from an animal model that mirrors human disease. JGH Open 2019; 3:277-280. [PMID: 31406919 PMCID: PMC6684511 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Most models of experimental colitis do not replicate human ulcerative colitis and do not help in defining the causation of human ulcerative colitis. Inducing pantothenic acid deficiency in pigs produces an ideal model in terms of extent, histology, and chronicity of human ulcerative colitis. Comparing metabolic changes in human ulcerative colitis with metabolic changes in experimental colitis in pigs provided a guide for the search of initiating factors of human ulcerative colitis. Observations showed that bacterial nitric oxide with bacterial hydrogen sulphide reproduced the metabolic changes of human ulcerative colitis. Decreasing colon-produced nitric oxide and hydrogen sulphide by bacteria through diet and medication resulted in pronounced therapeutic improvement, both clinically and histologically, of human ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E W Roediger
- Department of Surgery and GastroenterologyUniversity of Adelaide at The Queen Elizabeth HospitalAdelaideAustralia
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Sahu KK, Minz S, Kaurav M, Pandey RS. Proteins and peptides: The need to improve them as promising therapeutics for ulcerative colitis. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 44:642-53. [PMID: 25379956 DOI: 10.3109/21691401.2014.975239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The present review briefly describes the nature, type and pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, and explores the potential use of peptides and proteins in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, especially ulcerative colitis. Intestinal absorption and the barrier mechanism of peptide and protein drugs are also discussed, with special emphasis on various strategies which make these drugs better therapeutics having high specificity, potency and molecular targeting ability. However, the limitation of such therapeutics are oral administration, poor pharmacokinetic profile and decreased bioavailability. The recent findings illustrated in this review will be helpful in designing the peptide/protein drugs as a promising treatment of choice for ulcerative colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kantrol Kumar Sahu
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Sunita Minz
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Monika Kaurav
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
| | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- a Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya , Bilaspur, C.G. , India
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Pouillart PR, Dépeint F, Abdelnour A, Deremaux L, Vincent O, Mazière JC, Madec JY, Chatelain D, Younes H, Wils D, Saniez MH, Dupas JL. Nutriose, a prebiotic low-digestible carbohydrate, stimulates gut mucosal immunity and prevents TNBS-induced colitis in piglets. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2010; 16:783-94. [PMID: 19998458 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We investigated a prebiotic low-digestible carbohydrate (LDC) as a possible food ingredient to stimulate bowel functions in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. The study aimed to assess a fermentable dextrin fiber (Nutriose) and its relationship to the immune management of the disease and the microbiota profile in colitis-bearing piglets. METHODS In a randomized placebo-controlled parallel blind preclinical study, 32 male piglets were fed LDC (4% Nutriose) or dextrose placebo for 44 days before being challenged with trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS) to induce colitis. We followed the microbiota profile using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeted to 9 bacterial genera. Secretory IgA was evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Inflammatory protein profiles were monitored in blood and colonic tissues. Both histological scoring of biopsy samples and live endoscopic scoring were used to measure colitis development. RESULTS Prior and continuing LDC supplementation alleviated the symptoms of colitis (body weight loss, bloody stools) induced by a TNBS challenge. This effect was associated with an improvement in endoscopic and histological scores. LDC was shown to selectively downregulate some of the proinflammatory factors and their concomitant pyretic events and to stimulate the Th2-related immune pathway (IL-10 and s-IgA). CONCLUSIONS At the dose tested, LDC is a well-tolerated prebiotic agent able to not only stimulate butyrogenic bacteria strains and reduce intestinal transit disorders and energy intake, but also to prevent chronic inflammatory intestinal injuries.
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Irving PM, Gibson PR. Infections and IBD. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 5:18-27. [PMID: 18174904 DOI: 10.1038/ncpgasthep1004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
An interaction between infection and IBD was identified soon after Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis were first described. Since then it has become apparent that infectious agents are involved with both the etiopathogenesis and clinical course of IBD on several levels. Whilst our understanding of this interplay is incomplete, it is clear that infections can initiate both the onset and relapse of IBD. Furthermore, the disease process itself predisposes patients to certain infections, and many drugs used to treat IBD also increase the risk of infectious complications. Attempts to establish the relative infectious risks associated with the drugs used to treat IBD remain in an early stage; but it seems that the greatest risks relate to the combined use of immunomodulating agents rather than to individual drugs. The risk of infections in patients with IBD might also be exacerbated by underuse of, and perhaps substandard response to, vaccinations. It is axiomatic that physicians treating patients with IBD must be aware of these infectious risks and of strategies to minimize them. Meanwhile, intriguing advances in the use of parasitic agents as a treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease have introduced a new angle to the interplay between infections and IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Irving
- Department of Gastroenterology, Box Hill Hospital, Box Hill, Victoria, Australia
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Pedersen G, Andresen L, Matthiessen MW, Rask-Madsen J, Brynskov J. Expression of Toll-like receptor 9 and response to bacterial CpG oligodeoxynucleotides in human intestinal epithelium. Clin Exp Immunol 2005; 141:298-306. [PMID: 15996194 PMCID: PMC1809430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2249.2005.02848.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of repeat CpG motifs, which are common in bacterial, but not in mammalian, DNA, through Toll-like receptor (TLR)9 is an integral part of the innate immune system. As the role of TLR9 in the human gut is unknown, we determined the spectrum of TLR9 expression in normal and inflamed colon and examined how epithelial cells respond to specific TLR9 ligand stimulation. TLR9 expression was measured in human colonic mucosal biopsies, freshly isolated human colonic epithelial cells and HT-29 cells by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction or Western blotting. Colonic epithelial cell cultures were stimulated with a synthetic CpG-oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN), exhibiting strong immunostimulatory effects in B cells. Interleukin (IL)-8 secretion was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and IkB phosphorylation by Western blotting. TLR9 mRNA was equally expressed in colonic mucosa from controls (n = 6) and patients with ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease disease (n = 13). HT-29 cells expressed TLR9 mRNA and protein and responded to CpG-ODN (P < 0.01), but not to non-CpG-ODN stimulation, by secreting IL-8, apparently in the absence of NF-kB activation. Primary epithelial cells isolated from normal human colon expressed TLR9 mRNA, but were completely unresponsive to CpG-ODN stimulation in vitro. In conclusion, differentiated human colonic epithelial cells are unresponsive to TLR9 ligand stimulation in vitro despite spontaneous TLR9 gene expression. This suggests that the human epithelium is able to avoid inappropriate immune responses to luminal bacterial products through modulation of the TLR9 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Pedersen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Herlev University Hospital, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark.
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Venkatraman A, Ramakrishna BS, Shaji RV, Kumar NSN, Pulimood A, Patra S. Amelioration of dextran sulfate colitis by butyrate: role of heat shock protein 70 and NF-kappaB. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003; 285:G177-84. [PMID: 12637250 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00307.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Butyrate enemas have been demonstrated to ameliorate inflammation in ulcerative colitis. The mechanism of this protective effect of butyrate is not known, and this study examines the effect of butyrate on epithelial function, inducible heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression, and NF-kappaB activation in experimental colitis. Colitis was induced in rats by oral dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) and by butyrate or saline enemas. Mucosal barrier function was assessed by electrical resistance and [14C]mannitol permeability. HSP70 production was determined by [35S]methionine labeling, Western blot analysis, and immunohistochemistry. Activation of heat shock factors (HSFs) and NF-kappaB was evaluated by EMSA. Butyrate showed a significant protection against the decrease in cell viability, increase in mucosal permeability, and polymorphonuclear neutrophil infiltration seen in DSS colitis. Butyrate inhibited HSP70 expression in DSS colitis and also inhibited the activation of HSF and NF-kappaB. Thus butyrate enema was found to be cytoprotective in DSS colitis, an effect partly mediated by suppressing activation of HSP70 and NF-kappaB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aparna Venkatraman
- Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Department of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore 632004, India
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Ye YN, Li Y, Koo MWL, Cho CH. A new role of heparin: A polysaccharide for gastrointestinal diseases. Inflammopharmacology 2002. [DOI: 10.1163/156856002321544837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Kolios G, Valatas V, Psilopoulos D, Petraki K, Kouroumalis E. Depletion of non specific esterase activity in the colonic mucosa of patients with ulcerative colitis. Eur J Clin Invest 2002; 32:265-73. [PMID: 11952812 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2362.2002.00969.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Non specific esterases (NSE) are a group of cellular carboxylesterases, enzyme markers of monocytes/macrophages, whose tissue distribution in the human body and changes in various disease states have not been adequately studied. We investigate the presence and localization of NSE, in the normal and inflamed human colonic mucosa. DESIGN NSE were studied histochemically and biochemically using alpha-naphthyl acetate as the substrate, in the colonic mucosa from 67 patients with colitis of various aetiologies and 10 normal controls. In addition, esterase activity was studied biochemically in serum from colitic patients and normal controls. RESULTS Histochemical study of the colonic tissue demonstrated that NSE were localised in the epithelial brush border, the goblet cells of the glands and a macrophage population of the lamina propria in the colonic mucosa of normal controls and patients with non specific colitis. In active ulcerative colitis, esterase depletion and esterase negative macrophages were identified in parallel with goblet cell disappearance. Gradual reappearance of esterase activity was found after successful treatment. Biochemical study of NSE activity showed that serum and colonic tissue esterase levels were greatly (P < 0.001) reduced in active ulcerative colitis compared to the normal controls or non specific colitis patients and they were increased after successful treatment. Despite this increase, the esterase activity in the colonic tissue from ulcerative colitis patients after treatment was significantly reduced compared to the normal controls. Interestingly, the enzyme levels from non-inflamed areas of the bowel of patients with ulcerative colitis were also significantly (P < 0.01) decreased compared to the normal controls. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that esterase reduction in ulcerative colitis is not a simple result of the inflammatory process but rather it precedes its development. This enzyme depletion might have an important pathogenetic implication in the inflammatory process.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Kolios
- Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece.
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Abstract
Despite intensive medical treatment with steroids and immunosuppressants, acute colitis is still associated with a colectomy rate of up to 15%. Following the observation that a patient with severe steroid-resistant colitis went into remission when treated with heparin for a deep vein thrombosis, there have been a number of reports on the use of heparin in acute ulcerative colitis. Although small and uncontrolled, these studies consistently demonstrate the beneficial effects of heparin, with surprisingly few side-effects in a disease characterized by mucosal haemorrhage. The mechanisms by which heparin may ameliorate ulcerative colitis remain unclear. A simple anticoagulant effect may be responsible, but similar effects are not seen with warfarin. As a result of their intense negative charge, the glycosaminoglycans that constitute heparin have diverse biological effects. These include potent anti-inflammatory actions, in vitro and in vivo, and the potentiation of the activity of the peptide growth factors necessary for mucosal regeneration and repair. This review summarizes the clinical reports on heparin treatment for ulcerative colitis and explores the mechanisms by which this novel form of treatment may exert its effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N P Michell
- Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
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Venkatraman A, Ramakrishna BS, Pulimood AB, Patra S, Murthy S. Increased permeability in dextran sulphate colitis in rats: time course of development and effect of butyrate. Scand J Gastroenterol 2000; 35:1053-9. [PMID: 11099058 DOI: 10.1080/003655200451171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased mucosal permeability is an important factor in the genesis of mucosal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease. This study examined the time course of increased permeability and the effect of butyrate on permeability in experimental colitis in rats. METHODS Colitis was induced in albino rats by administration of 4% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS) orally for up to 7 days. Rats were killed sequentially after 1-7 days of DSS feeding and compared with control animals. Distal colon sheets, from normal and DSS rats, were mounted in Ussing chambers. Electric resistance and passive permeation of 14C-mannitol were measured over 90 min. In control and 5-day DSS rats additional permeability measurements were made in the presence of butyrate (25 mmol/l) in the bathing solutions. The permeability of the normal distal colon was measured after addition of DSS in vitro. Sections of colon were examined by light microscopy. The viability of colonocytes, from normal and DSS rat colon, was measured by release of lactate dehydrogenase immediately and during a 60-min incubation after isolation. RESULTS Focal mild inflammation and shedding of epithelium were noted after 2 days of DSS administration; crypt loss with flattened epithelium in adjacent areas after 5 days; and fibrosis after 7 days. Decreased epithelial cell survival after 60 min of incubation was noted after 1 day of DSS administration, whereas decreased viability at the time of isolation was noted after 2 days of DSS administration (viability, 72.7% +/- 1.4%; mean +/- standard error) compared with control (89.3% +/- 0.8%) (P < 0.01). Increased permeability was noted after 1 day of DSS administration. Electric resistance (mu omega/cm2/h) was significantly reduced after 1 day of DSS administration to 85.9 +/- 4.6 (mean +/- standard error) compared with control animals (117.2 +/- 2.2; P < 0.001). Serosa-mucosa flux of mannitol (micromol/cm2/h) was also significantly increased after 1 day of DSS feeding (0.169 +/- 0.01) compared with control (0.061 +/- 0.08) (P < 0.01). Electric resistance and mannitol permeability were significantly returned towards normal by the presence of butyrate. DSS added directly to the bathing solution did not significantly alter the colon permeability in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Increased mucosal permeability is a very early change in colitis induced by DSS, is accompanied by decreased cell survival, and precedes detectable changes in histology. Reversal of increased mucosal permeability by butyrate may explain its utility in the therapy of inflammatory disease of the colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venkatraman
- Dept. of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College Hospital, Vellore, India
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Venkatraman A, Ramakrishna BS, Pulimood AB. Butyrate hastens restoration of barrier function after thermal and detergent injury to rat distal colon in vitro. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999; 34:1087-92. [PMID: 10582758 DOI: 10.1080/003655299750024878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epithelial migration restores barrier function after superficial injury to any mucosa. The present study aimed to determine whether butyrate, important to colonic epithelial physiology in diverse ways, influences restoration of barrier function in the injured rat colon. METHODS Rat distal colon was transiently exposed in vitro to heat (55 degrees C for 10 sec) or to detergent (deoxycholic acid, 7.5 mM, for 15 min), and tissue damage was verified histologically. Epithelial barrier function was assessed, in colon tissue mounted in Ussing chambers, by measuring electric resistance and passive serosa-to-mucosa fluxes of 22Na and of 14C PEG 4000 under voltage clamp conditions. Studies were done in the absence and presence of 25 mM butyrate in the bathing solutions. RESULTS Heat exposure induced superficial epithelial damage, and the electric resistance decreased significantly. This was accompanied by increase in flux of 14C PEG and increased passive flux of 22Na. Electric resistance was significantly higher, and PEG flux significantly lower, in tissues bathed with butyrate. Exposure to deoxycholic acid also induced superficial epithelial damage, reduced tissue electric resistance, and increased passive flux of Na and PEG. Electric resistance was significantly higher, and PEG flux significantly lower, in injured tissues bathed in butyrate, than in injured tissues bathed in butyrate-free solution. The effect of butyrate on restoration of electric resistance towards normal was seen in colon both from adult rats and from younger rats that were 2 or 6 weeks old. CONCLUSIONS Butyrate enhanced restoration of mucosal barrier function in rat distal colon in response to heat and detergent injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Venkatraman
- The Wellcome Trust Research Laboratory, Dept. of Gastrointestinal Sciences, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, India
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