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Velluto D, Bojadzic D, De Toni T, Buchwald P, Tomei AA. Drug-Integrating Amphiphilic Nanomaterial Assemblies: 1. Spatiotemporal control of cyclosporine delivery and activity using nanomicelles and nanofibrils. J Control Release 2021; 329:955-970. [PMID: 33086102 PMCID: PMC7904645 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Immunomodulatory therapies are limited by unavoidable side effects as well as poor solubility, stability, and pharmacokinetic properties. Nanomaterial-based drug delivery may overcome these limitations by increasing drug solubility, site-targeting, and duration of action. Here, we prepared innovative drug-integrating amphiphilic nanomaterial assemblies (DIANA) with tunable hydrophobicity, size, and morphology, and we evaluated their ability to deliver cyclosporine A (CsA) for immunomodulatory applications. We synthesized amphiphilic block copolymers made of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(propylene sulfide) (PEG-PPS) and poly(ethylene glycol)-oligo(ethylene sulfide) (PEG-OES) that can self-assemble into solid core nanomicelles (nMIC, with ≈20 nm diameter) and nanofibrils (nFIB, with ≈5 nm diameter and > 500 nm length), respectively. nMIC and nFIB displayed good CsA encapsulation efficiency (up to 4.5 and 2 mg/mL, respectively in aqueous solution), superior to many other solubilization methods, and provided sustained release (>14 and > 7 days for the nMIC and nFIB) without compromising CsA's pharmacological activity. Treatment of insulin-secreting cells with unloaded DIANAs did not impair cell viability and functionality. Both CsA-loaded DIANAs inhibited the proliferation and activation of insulin-reactive cytotoxic T cells in vitro. Subcutaneous injections of CsA-loaded DIANAs in mice provided CsA sustained release, decreasing alloantigen-induced immune responses in the draining lymph node at lower doses and reduced administration frequency than unformulated CsA. While nMIC solubilized higher amounts and provided more sustained release of CsA in vitro, nFIB enhanced cellular uptake and promoted local retention due to slower trafficking in vivo. DIANAs provide a versatile platform for a local immune suppression regimen that can be applied to allogeneic cell transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Velluto
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Damir Bojadzic
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Teresa De Toni
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Peter Buchwald
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
| | - Alice A Tomei
- Diabetes Research Institute, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA; Department of Surgery, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA.
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Salivary Redox Biomarkers in the Course of Caries and Periodontal Disease. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10186240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Caries are a pathological process of extracorporeal nature, characterized by demineralization of inorganic substances as well as proteolysis triggered by acids produced by bacteria present in dental plaque, as a result of metabolism of sugars of both external and internal origin. Periodontal disease, on the other hand, is a multifactorial degenerative disease associated with inflammation, involving a group of tissues that surround the dental cervix and root of the tooth. It is believed that one of the mechanisms in the etiopathogenesis of caries and periodontitis are disorders of local and/or general oxidative stress (OS) parameters. Numerous clinical studies have confirmed the relationship between oxidative stress markers and oral diseases. In most analyzed studies, technical and biological variability was so high that none of the markers so far has proven suitable for routine clinical use. The aim of systematic reviews of the literature is to present the existing studies on OS parameters, mainly concerning the activity of antioxidant enzymes in saliva of patients with caries and periodontitis.
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3
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Tuo Y, Xiang M. mTOR: A double‐edged sword for diabetes. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 106:385-395. [DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mr0317-095rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yali Tuo
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of PharmacologySchool of PharmacyTongji Medical CollegeHuazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan China
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Alvaro-Benito M, Morrison E, Wieczorek M, Sticht J, Freund C. Human leukocyte Antigen-DM polymorphisms in autoimmune diseases. Open Biol 2017; 6:rsob.160165. [PMID: 27534821 PMCID: PMC5008016 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.160165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Classical MHC class II (MHCII) proteins present peptides for CD4+ T-cell surveillance and are by far the most prominent risk factor for a number of autoimmune disorders. To date, many studies have shown that this link between particular MHCII alleles and disease depends on the MHCII's particular ability to bind and present certain peptides in specific physiological contexts. However, less attention has been paid to the non-classical MHCII molecule human leucocyte antigen-DM, which catalyses peptide exchange on classical MHCII proteins acting as a peptide editor. DM function impacts the presentation of both antigenic peptides in the periphery and key self-peptides during T-cell development in the thymus. In this way, DM activity directly influences the response to pathogens, as well as mechanisms of self-tolerance acquisition. While decreased DM editing of particular MHCII proteins has been proposed to be related to autoimmune disorders, no experimental evidence for different DM catalytic properties had been reported until recently. Biochemical and structural investigations, together with new animal models of loss of DM activity, have provided an attractive foundation for identifying different catalytic efficiencies for DM allotypes. Here, we revisit the current knowledge of DM function and discuss how DM function may impart autoimmunity at the organism level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Alvaro-Benito
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Eliot Morrison
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marek Wieczorek
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jana Sticht
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Freund
- Protein Biochemistry Group, Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Biology, Chemistry and Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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McGuire HM, Walters S, Vogelzang A, Lee CM, Webster KE, Sprent J, Christ D, Grey S, King C. Interleukin-21 is critically required in autoimmune and allogeneic responses to islet tissue in murine models. Diabetes 2011; 60:867-75. [PMID: 21357471 PMCID: PMC3046847 DOI: 10.2337/db10-1157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Type 1 diabetes is an incurable chronic autoimmune disease. Although transplantation of pancreatic islets may serve as a surrogate source of insulin, recipients are subjected to a life of immunosuppression. Interleukin (IL)-21 is necessary for type 1 diabetes in NOD mice. We examined the efficacy of an IL-21-targeted therapy on prevention of diabetes in NOD mice, in combination with syngeneic islet transplantation. In addition, we assessed the role of IL-21 responsiveness in islet allograft rejection in mouse animal models. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS NOD mice were treated with IL-21R/Fc, an IL-21-neutralizing chimeric protein. This procedure was combined with syngeneic islet transplantation to treat diabetic NOD mice. Survival of allogeneic islet grafts in IL-21R-deficient mice was also assessed. RESULTS Evidence is provided that IL-21 is continually required by the autoimmune infiltrate, such that insulitis was reduced and reversed and diabetes inhibited by neutralization of IL-21 at a late preclinical stage. Recovery from autoimmune diabetes was achieved by combining neutralization of IL-21 with islet transplantation. Furthermore, IL-21-responsiveness by CD8+ T-cells was sufficient to mediate islet allograft rejection. CONCLUSIONS Neutralization of IL-21 in NOD mice can inhibit diabetes, and when paired with islet transplantation, this therapeutic approach restored normoglycemia. The influence of IL-21 on a graft-mounted immune response was robust, since the absence of IL-21 signaling prevented islet allograft rejection. These findings suggest that therapeutic manipulation of IL-21 may serve as a suitable treatment for patients with type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen M. McGuire
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Biotechnology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stacey Walters
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Alexis Vogelzang
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Carol M.Y. Lee
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kylie E. Webster
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jonathan Sprent
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Daniel Christ
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Shane Grey
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Cecile King
- Department of Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia
- St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- Corresponding author: Cecile King,
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6
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Yi W, Seth NP, Martillotti T, Wucherpfennig KW, Sant'Angelo DB, Denzin LK. Targeted regulation of self-peptide presentation prevents type I diabetes in mice without disrupting general immunocompetence. J Clin Invest 2010; 120:1324-36. [PMID: 20200448 DOI: 10.1172/jci40220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptide loading of MHC class II (MHCII) molecules is directly catalyzed by the MHCII-like molecule HLA-DM (DM). Another MHCII-like molecule, HLA-DO (DO), associates with DM, thereby modulating DM function. The biological role of DO-mediated regulation of DM activity in vivo remains unknown; however, it has been postulated that DO expression dampens presentation of self antigens, thereby preventing inappropriate T cell activation that ultimately leads to autoimmunity. To test the idea that DO modulation of the MHCII self-peptide repertoire mediates self tolerance, we generated NOD mice that constitutively overexpressed DO in DCs (referred to herein as NOD.DO mice). NOD mice are a mouse model for type 1 diabetes, an autoimmune disease mediated by the destruction of insulin-secreting pancreatic beta cells. Our studies showed that diabetes development was completely blocked in NOD.DO mice. Similar to NOD mice, NOD.DO animals selected a diabetogenic T cell repertoire, and the numbers and function of Tregs were normal. Indeed, immune system function in NOD.DO mice was equivalent to that in NOD mice. NOD.DO DCs, however, presented an altered MHCII-bound self-peptide repertoire, thereby preventing the activation of diabetogenic T cells and subsequent diabetes development. These studies show that DO expression can shape the overall MHCII self-peptide repertoire to promote T cell tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woelsung Yi
- Immunology Program, Sloan-Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, USA
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Brodie GM, Wallberg M, Santamaria P, Wong FS, Green EA. B-cells promote intra-islet CD8+ cytotoxic T-cell survival to enhance type 1 diabetes. Diabetes 2008; 57:909-17. [PMID: 18184927 DOI: 10.2337/db07-1256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the role of B-cells in promoting CD8(+) T-cell-mediated beta cell destruction in chronically inflamed islets. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-RIP: TNFalpha-NOD mice were crossed to B-cell-deficient NOD mice, and diabetes development was monitored. We used in vitro antigen presentation assays and in vivo administration of bromodeoxyuridine coupled to flow cytometry assays to assess intra-islet T-cell activation in the absence or presence of B-cells. CD4(+)Foxp3(+) activity in the absence or presence of B-cells was tested using in vivo depletion techniques. Cytokine production and apoptosis assays determined the capacity of CD8(+) T-cells transform to cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (CTLs) and survive within inflamed islets in the absence or presence of B-cells. RESULTS B-cell deficiency significantly delayed diabetes development in chronically inflamed islets. Reintroduction of B-cells incapable of secreting immunoglobulin restored diabetes development. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell activation was unimpaired by B-cell deficiency, and delayed disease was not due to CD4(+)Foxp3(+) T-cell suppression of T-cell responses. Instead, at the CTL transition stage, B-cell deficiency resulted in apoptosis of intra-islet CTLs. CONCLUSIONS In inflamed islets, B-cells are central for the efficient intra-islet survival of CTLs, thereby promoting type 1 diabetes development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gillian M Brodie
- Department of Pathology, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0XY, UK
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8
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Putnam AL, Vendrame F, Dotta F, Gottlieb PA. CD4+CD25high regulatory T cells in human autoimmune diabetes. J Autoimmun 2005; 24:55-62. [PMID: 15725577 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2004] [Revised: 11/02/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In mouse models, CD4+CD25+ T cells are involved in maintenance of peripheral tolerance. In humans, a subset of CD4+CD25+ T cells expressing high levels of CD25 (CD4+CD25high) with characteristics identical to murine CD4+CD25+ was recently described. We evaluated the characteristics of CD4+CD25high T cells in peripheral blood of type 1 diabetic subjects (T1D) and normal controls (NC). In contrast to a previous report, we found no difference in the number of CD4+CD25high and CD4+CD25+ T cells between T1D and NC. We confirmed previous studies that demonstrated that human CD4+CD25high cells can suppress the proliferation of co-cultured CD4+CD25- cells stimulated in conditions of sub-maximal cross-linking by anti-CD3 either with or without anti-CD28. However, we did not observe statistical differences between the normal controls and the chronic diabetic subjects we tested. Culturing of these cell populations did not appear to affect their ability to suppress proliferation in both groups. In conclusion, we found no significant differences in number or in vitro regulatory function of CD4+CD25high in chronic human T1D subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy L Putnam
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East Ninth Avenue, Box B140, Denver, CO, USA
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9
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Hettiarachchi KD, Zimmet PZ, Myers MA. Transplacental exposure to bafilomycin disrupts pancreatic islet organogenesis and accelerates diabetes onset in NOD mice. J Autoimmun 2004; 22:287-96. [PMID: 15120752 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2004.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2003] [Revised: 01/28/2004] [Accepted: 02/19/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Bafilomycin, a plecomacrolide produced by plant-pathogenic Streptomyces, contaminates tuberous vegetables and has adverse effects on beta cells in adult mice. We therefore determined whether dietary bafilomycin influenced the progression of diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes. Parent NOD mice were fed sub-toxic doses of bafilomycin in drinking water from conception until weaning, or various times after birth and blood glucose was monitored in the offspring. Pancreatic islets in neonatal offspring were examined histologically by quantitative morphometry and islet cell apoptosis was estimated by TUNEL assay. Exposure in utero to bafilomycin but not after birth significantly accelerated onset and increased the frequency of diabetes. In exposed mice, pancreatic islet organogenesis was disrupted, characterized by a striking increase in beta-cell mass and a shift in timing of the normal wave of neonatal islet cell apoptosis from 2 weeks to 4 weeks of age. We postulate that accelerated onset and increased incidence of diabetes later in life result from disruption of the normal turnover of beta cells in the neonatal pancreas. Since bafilomycin and related plecomacrolides contaminate Streptomyces-infected vegetables, dietary exposure during pregnancy could be an important and previously unsuspected environmental component of human Type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K D Hettiarachchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Building 13D, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Vendrame
- Department of Pediatrics, Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, 4200 East 9th Avenue, Box B-140, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A Myers
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria, 3800 Australia.
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12
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Chakrabarti S, Kobayashi KS, Flavell RA, Marks CB, Miyake K, Liston DR, Fowler KT, Gorelick FS, Andrews NW. Impaired membrane resealing and autoimmune myositis in synaptotagmin VII-deficient mice. J Cell Biol 2003; 162:543-9. [PMID: 12925704 PMCID: PMC2173791 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200305131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the synaptotagmin family have been proposed to function as Ca2+ sensors in membrane fusion. Syt VII is a ubiquitously expressed synaptotagmin previously implicated in plasma membrane repair and Trypanosoma cruzi invasion, events which are mediated by the Ca2+-regulated exocytosis of lysosomes. Here, we show that embryonic fibroblasts from Syt VII-deficient mice are less susceptible to trypanosome invasion, and defective in lysosomal exocytosis and resealing after wounding. Examination of mutant mouse tissues revealed extensive fibrosis in the skin and skeletal muscle. Inflammatory myopathy, with muscle fiber invasion by leukocytes and endomysial collagen deposition, was associated with elevated creatine kinase release and progressive muscle weakness. Interestingly, similar to what is observed in human polymyositis/dermatomyositis, the mice developed a strong antinuclear antibody response, characteristic of autoimmune disorders. Thus, defective plasma membrane repair in tissues under mechanical stress may favor the development of inflammatory autoimmune disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Chakrabarti
- Section of Microbial Pathogenesis, Boyer Center for Molecular Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, 295 Congress Avenue, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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13
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Bregenholt S, Wang M, Wolfe T, Hughes A, Baerentzen L, Dyrberg T, von Herrath MG, Petersen JS. The cholera toxin B subunit is a mucosal adjuvant for oral tolerance induction in type 1 diabetes. Scand J Immunol 2003; 57:432-8. [PMID: 12753499 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-3083.2003.01248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
When conjugated to various proteins, the nontoxic B-chain of cholera toxin (CTB) significantly increases the ability of these proteins to induce immunological tolerance after oral administration. Here, we investigated if a nonconjugated form of CTB enhances the induction of immune tolerance after oral insulin administration. Induction of immunological tolerance was studied after oral administration of insulin preparations in three mouse models; an insulin/ovalbumin coimmunization model, a model of virus-induced diabetes in transgenic RIP-LCMV-NP mice and in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice serving as a model of spontaneous diabetes. In the immunization model, we demonstrate that mixing with CTB increases the tolerogenic potential of insulin, approximately 10 fold. Titration of the CTB concentration in this system revealed that an insulin : CTB ratio of 100 : 1 was optimal for the induction of bystander suppression. Further studies revealed that this insulin : CTB ratio also was optimal for the prevention of diabetes in a virus-induced, transgenic diabetes model. In addition, the administration of this optimal insulin-CTB preparation significantly prevented the onset of diabetes in old NOD mice with established islet infiltration. The data presented here demonstrate that CTB, even in its unconjugated form, functions as a mucosal adjuvant, increasing the specific tolerogenic effect of oral insulin.
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MESH Headings
- Adjuvants, Immunologic/administration & dosage
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Autoantigens/administration & dosage
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Bystander Effect
- Cholera Toxin/administration & dosage
- Cholera Toxin/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/etiology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Female
- Humans
- Immune Tolerance/immunology
- Immunity, Mucosal/immunology
- Immunization
- Insulin/administration & dosage
- Insulin/genetics
- Insulin/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Ovalbumin/immunology
- Pharmaceutical Vehicles
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bregenholt
- Islet Discovery Research, Novo Nordisk, Bagsvaerd, Denmark.
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14
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Grohmann U, Fallarino F, Bianchi R, Vacca C, Orabona C, Belladonna ML, Fioretti MC, Puccetti P. Tryptophan catabolism in nonobese diabetic mice. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 527:47-54. [PMID: 15206715 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0135-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Autoimmune diseases including insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) are characterized by the loss of tolerance to self determinants, activation of autoreactive lymphocytes, and subsequent damage to target organs. Recent evidence suggests that the development of autoimmune diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD), an animal model of IDDM, is under the control of dendritic cells. The potent antigen-presenting capacity of dendritic cells can be strongly influenced by the cell maturation state and by the cytokine milieu, and in fact these cells may acquire disparate functional abilities, from immunity to tolerance. We have previously demonstrated that, in the DBA/2 mouse, IFN-gamma potentiates the tolerogenic potential of a subset of splenic dendritic cells via activation of the enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and production of tryptophan catabolites capable of inducing apoptosis in T cells. In the present study, we wanted to examine whether dendritic cells from NOD mice could be subjected to regulation by proinflammatory cytokines in the same fashion as in conventional mice. We found that IFN-gamma does not potentiate the tolerogenic effects of dendritic cells from NOD mice at four weeks of age. This finding correlates with a low expression of IDO activity, thus suggesting that poor expression of IDO by dendritic cells may play a role in the development of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursula Grohmann
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Italy.
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15
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Jyothi MD, Flavell RA, Geiger TL. Targeting autoantigen-specific T cells and suppression of autoimmune encephalomyelitis with receptor-modified T lymphocytes. Nat Biotechnol 2002; 20:1215-20. [PMID: 12426577 DOI: 10.1038/nbt758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2002] [Accepted: 09/24/2002] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate here the feasibility of antigen-specifically redirecting T cells against autoreactive T lymphocytes and thereby treating a model autoimmune disease. We created and transgenically expressed on T cells a heterodimeric chimeric receptor that genetically links an autoantigenic peptide, its restricting MHC, and the signal transduction domain of the T-cell receptor (TCR) zeta-chain. Engagement of the chimeric receptor by the TCR of autoreactive T cells activated the receptor-modified T cells in vitro and in vivo, inducing proliferation and cytolysis. Adoptively transferred receptor-modified T cells prevented and treated a model autoimmune disease, experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE), even after epitope spreading had diversified the autoantigenic response. Treatment reduced disease severity and increased survival of affected animals, and was durable for >75 days. The receptor-modified cells acted both by strongly attenuating T-cell response to autoantigen as well as by shifting the residual response from an immunopathologic Th1 to a protective Th2 format.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoantigens/immunology
- Autoimmune Diseases/therapy
- Cell Line
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/therapy
- Feasibility Studies
- Female
- Gene Targeting/methods
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Immunization, Passive/methods
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Major Histocompatibility Complex/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Suppressor Factors, Immunologic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M Divya Jyothi
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, 332 N. Lauderdale Street, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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Abstract
Cytokines have crucial functions in the development, differentiation and regulation of immune cells. As a result, dysregulation of cytokine production or action is thought to have a central role in the development of autoimmunity and autoimmune disease. Some cytokines, such as interleukin-2, tumour-necrosis factor and interferons--ostensibly, the 'bad guys' in terms of disease pathogenesis--are well known for the promotion of immune and inflammatory responses. However, these cytokines also have crucial immunosuppressive functions and so, paradoxically, can also be 'good guys'. The balance between the pro-inflammatory and immunosuppressive functions of these well-known cytokines and the implications for the pathogenesis of autoimmune disease is the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J O'Shea
- Lymphocyte Cell Biology Section, Arthritis and Rheumatism Branch and Autoimmunity Branch, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Shifrin AL, Auricchio A, Yu QC, Wilson J, Raper SE. Adenoviral vector-mediated insulin gene transfer in the mouse pancreas corrects streptozotocin-induced hyperglycemia. Gene Ther 2001; 8:1480-9. [PMID: 11593361 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3301544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2001] [Accepted: 06/20/2001] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Therapy for type 1 diabetes consists of tight blood glucose (BG) control to minimize complications. Current treatment relies on multiple insulin injections or an insulin pump placement, beta-cell or whole pancreas transplantation. All approaches have significant limitations and have led to the realization that novel treatment strategies are needed. Pancreatic acinar cells have features that make them a good target for insulin gene transfer. They are not subject to autoimmune attack, a problem with pancreas or islets transplantation, they are avidly transduced by recombinant adenoviral vectors, and capable of exporting a variety of peptides into the portal circulation. Recombinant adenoviral vectors were engineered to express either wild-type or furin-modified human insulin cDNA (AdCMVhInsM). Immunodeficient mice were made diabetic with streptozotocin and injected intrapancreatically with the vectors. BG and blood insulin levels have normalized after administration of AdCMVhInsM. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy showed the presence of insulin in acinar cells throughout the pancreas and localization of insulin molecules to acinar cell vesicles. The data clearly establish a relationship between intrapancreatic vector administration, decreased BG and elevated blood insulin levels. The findings support the use of pancreatic acinar cells to express and secrete insulin into the blood stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Shifrin
- Department of Surgery, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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18
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Abstract
Antigen delivers both immunogenic and tolerogenic signals to lymphocytes. The outcome of antigen exposure represents a complex integration of the timing of antigen binding with signals from many other immunogenic and tolerogenic costimulatory pathways. A road map of these signalling pathways is only beginning to be charted, revealing the mechansim of action and limitations of current immunotherapeutic agents and the points of attack for new agents. Ciclosporin and tacrolimus interfere with tolerogenic signals from antigen in addition to blocking immunogenic signals, thus preventing active establishment of tolerance. Corticosteroids inhibit a key immunogenic pathway, NFkappaB, and more specific inhibitors of this pathway may allow tolerance to be actively established while immune responses are blocked. New experimental therapies aim to mimic tolerogenic antigen signals by chronically stimulating antigen receptors with antigen or antibodies to the receptor, or aim to block costimulatory pathways involving CD40 ligand, B7, or interleukin 2. Obtaining the desired response with these strategies is unpredictable because many of these signals have both tolerogenic and immunogenic roles. The cause of autoimune diseases has been determined for several rare monogenic disorders, revealing inherited deficiencies in tolerogenic costimulatory pathways such as FAS. Common autoimmune disorders may have a biochemically related pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C C Goodnow
- Australian Cancer Research Foundation, Genetics Laboratory, Medical Genome Centre, John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
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19
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Christen U, Wolfe T, Möhrle U, Hughes AC, Rodrigo E, Green EA, Flavell RA, von Herrath MG. A dual role for TNF-alpha in type 1 diabetes: islet-specific expression abrogates the ongoing autoimmune process when induced late but not early during pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:7023-32. [PMID: 11390446 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.12.7023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
We report here that islet-specific expression of TNF-alpha can play a dual role in autoimmune diabetes, depending on its precise timing in relation to the ongoing autoimmune process. In a transgenic model (rat insulin promoter-lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus) of virally induced diabetes, TNF-alpha enhanced disease incidence when induced through an islet-specific tetracycline-dependent promoter system early during pathogenesis. Blockade of TNF-alpha during this phase prevented diabetes completely, suggesting its pathogenetic importance early in disease development. In contrast, TNF-alpha expression abrogated the autoimmune process when induced late, which was associated with a reduction of autoreactive CD8 lymphocytes in islets and their lytic activities. Thus, the fine-tuned kinetics of an autoreactive process undergo distinct stages that respond in a differential way to the presence of TNF-alpha. This observation has importance for understanding the complex role of inflammatory cytokines in autoimmunity.
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MESH Headings
- Administration, Oral
- Animals
- Apoptosis/genetics
- Apoptosis/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Movement/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/pathology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Doxycycline/administration & dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Incidence
- Insulin/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Islets of Langerhans/metabolism
- Islets of Langerhans/pathology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/genetics
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/immunology
- Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis/virology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic/immunology
- Rats
- Time Factors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/antagonists & inhibitors
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/biosynthesis
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/physiology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- U Christen
- Department of Neuropharmacology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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20
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Hudrisier D, Riond J, Burlet-Schiltz O, von Herrath MG, Lewicki H, Monsarrat B, Oldstone MB, Gairin JE. Structural and functional identification of major histocompatibility complex class I-restricted self-peptides as naturally occurring molecular mimics of viral antigens. Possible role in CD8+ T cell-mediated, virus-induced autoimmune disease. J Biol Chem 2001; 276:19396-403. [PMID: 11278441 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m008864200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Structural similarity (molecular mimicry) between viral epitopes and self-peptides can lead to the induction of autoaggressive CD4(+) as well as CD8(+) T cell responses. Based on the flexibility of T cell receptor/antigen/major histocompatibility complex recognition, it has been proposed that a self-peptide could replace a viral epitope for T cell recognition and therefore participate in pathophysiological processes in which T cells are involved. To address this issue, we used, as a molecular model of viral antigen, the H-2D(b)-restricted immunodominant epitope nucleoprotein (NP)-(396-404) (FQPQNGQFI) of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV). We identified peptide sequences from murine self-proteins that share structural and functional homology with LCMV NP-(396-404) and that bound to H-2D(b) with high affinity. One of these self-peptides, derived from tumor necrosis factor receptor I (FGPSNWHFM, amino acids 302-310), maintained LCMV-specific CD8(+) T cells in an active state as observed both in vitro in cytotoxic assays and in vivo in a model of virus-induced autoimmune diabetes, the rat insulin promoter-LCMV NP transgenic mouse. The natural occurrence and molecular concentration at the surface of H-2(b) spleen cells of tumor necrosis factor receptor I-(302-310) were determined by on-line micro-high pressure liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry and supported its biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Hudrisier
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale, CNRS, 205 route de Narbonne, 31400 Toulouse, France
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21
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Garcia MC, Zhou J, Henning D, Arnett FC, Valdez BC. Unique epitopes in RNA helicase II/Gu protein recognized by serum from a watermelon stomach patient. Mol Immunol 2000; 37:351-9. [PMID: 11074253 DOI: 10.1016/s0161-5890(00)00062-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RNA helicase II/Gu (RH II/Gu) is a nucleolar antigen originally identified using an autoimmune serum from a patient with watermelon stomach. A later report showed that anti-RH II/Gu autoantibodies were also present at low frequency in connective tissue disease (CTD) patients who did not show any symptoms suggestive of a watermelon stomach lesion. In an attempt to understand the relationship between watermelon stomach, also called gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE), and autoimmune disorder, we identified the antigenic sites recognized by these autoantibodies. Serum Gu uniquely recognized epitopes at amino acids 646-748 of RH II/Gu and all four CTD patient sera recognized antigenic sites within amino acids 1-173. Anti-RH II/Gu serum produced by immunizing rabbit with recombinant human RH II/Gu protein bound to the same antigenic sites recognized by the CTD patient sera, but it did not recognize the serum Gu epitopes. Results are also presented showing the use of these anti-RH II/Gu antibodies in the analysis of the evolutionary conservation of RH II/Gu in human, monkey and mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Garcia
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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