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Identification and analysis of putative tRNA genes in baculovirus genomes. Virus Res 2022; 322:198949. [PMID: 36181979 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2022.198949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Transfer RNAs (tRNAs) genes are both coded for and arranged along some viral genomes representing the entire virosphere and seem to play different biological functions during infection, other than transferring the correct amino acid to a growing peptide chain. Baculovirus genome description and annotation has focused mostly on protein-coding genes, microRNA, and homologous regions. Here we carried out a large-scale in silico search for putative tRNA genes in baculovirus genomes. Ninety-six of 257 baculovirus genomes analyzed was found to contain at least one putative tRNA gene. We found great diversity in primary and secondary structure, in location within the genome, in intron presence and size, and in anti-codon identity. In some cases, genes of tRNA-containing genomes were found to have a bias for the codons specified by the tRNAs present in such genomes. Moreover, analysis revealed that most of the putative tRNA genes possessed conserved motifs for tRNA type 2 promoters, including the A-box and B-box motifs with few mismatches from the eukaryotic canonical motifs. From publicly available small RNA deep sequencing datasets of baculovirus-infected insect cells, we found evidence that a putative Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus Gln-tRNA gene was transcribed and modified with the addition of the non-templated 3'-CCA tail found at the end of all tRNAs. Further research is needed to determine the expression and functionality of these viral tRNAs.
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2
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Kumar A, Basak S, Chakrapani S. Recombinant expression and purification of pentameric ligand-gated ion channels for Cryo-EM structural studies. Methods Enzymol 2021; 652:81-103. [PMID: 34059291 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are central players in synaptic neurotransmission and are targets to a range of drugs used to treat neurological disorders and pain. pLGICs are intrinsically dynamic membrane proteins that upon stimulation by neurotransmitters, undergo global conformational changes across multiple domains spanning a distance of over 165Å. The inter-domain flexibility, a feature crucial for their function as signal transducers in chemical synapses, has been problematic in the efforts toward determining high-resolution structures. Earlier structural studies tackled this issue with a variety of strategies that included partial truncation of flexible domains and the use of antibodies and small-molecule inhibitors to restrict domain movement. With the recent advances in cryo-electron microscopy and single-particle analysis, many of these limitations have been overcome. Here, we describe the methods used in the recombinant expression and purification of full-length constructs of two members of the pentameric ligand-gated ion channel family and the approaches used for capturing multiple conformations in cryo-EM imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arvind Kumar
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sandip Basak
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States
| | - Sudha Chakrapani
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States; Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, United States.
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Rowland RJ, Wu L, Liu F, Davies GJ. A baculoviral system for the production of human β-glucocerebrosidase enables atomic resolution analysis. Acta Crystallogr D Struct Biol 2020; 76:565-580. [PMID: 32496218 PMCID: PMC7271948 DOI: 10.1107/s205979832000501x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal glycoside hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA; sometimes called GBA1 or GCase) catalyses the hydrolysis of glycosphingolipids. Inherited deficiencies in GBA cause the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD). Consequently, GBA is of considerable medical interest, with continuous advances in the development of inhibitors, chaperones and activity-based probes. The development of new GBA inhibitors requires a source of active protein; however, the majority of structural and mechanistic studies of GBA today rely on clinical enzyme-replacement therapy (ERT) formulations, which are incredibly costly and are often difficult to obtain in adequate supply. Here, the production of active crystallizable GBA in insect cells using a baculovirus expression system is reported, providing a nonclinical source of recombinant GBA with comparable activity and biophysical properties to ERT preparations. Furthermore, a novel crystal form of GBA is described which diffracts to give a 0.98 Å resolution unliganded structure. A structure in complex with the inactivator 2,4-dinitrophenyl-2-deoxy-2-fluoro-β-D-glucopyranoside was also obtained, demonstrating the ability of this GBA formulation to be used in ligand-binding studies. In light of its purity, stability and activity, the GBA production protocol described here should circumvent the need for ERT formulations for structural and biochemical studies and serve to support GD research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhianna J. Rowland
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Wu
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z1, Canada
| | - Gideon J. Davies
- Department of Chemistry, York Structural Biology Laboratory, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
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Detection of autoantibodies in central nervous system inflammatory disorders: Clinical application of cell-based assays. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 38:101858. [PMID: 31775115 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.101858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The identification of autoantibodies in central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory disorders improves diagnostic accuracy and the identification of patients with a relapsing disease. Usual methods to detect autoantibodies are usually divided into 3 categories: tissue-based assays, protein-based assays and cell-based assays (CBA). Tissue-based assays are commonly used for initial identification of autoantibodies based on staining patterns and co-localization. Once the antigen is known, autoantibodies can be detected using other antigen-specific methods based on recombinant proteins and CBA using transfected cells expressing the protein in their cell membranes. Compared to traditional methods using recombinant proteins such as ELISA and western blot, the CBA have advantage of detecting conformational sensitive antibodies using natively folded proteins in the cell membrane. This article reviews the utility of CBA into the clinical practice.
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Genome Analysis of a Novel Clade II.b Alphabaculovirus Obtained from Artaxa digramma. Viruses 2019; 11:v11100925. [PMID: 31601038 PMCID: PMC6832367 DOI: 10.3390/v11100925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Artaxa digramma is a lepidopteran pest distributed throughout southern China, Myanmar, Indonesia, and India. Artaxa digramma nucleopolyhedrovirus (ArdiNPV) is a specific viral pathogen of A. digramma and deemed as a promising biocontrol agent against the pest. In this study, the complete genome sequence of ArdiNPV was determined by deep sequencing. The genome of ArdiNPV contains a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) of 161,734 bp in length and 39.1% G+C content. Further, 149 hypothetical open reading frames (ORFs) were predicted to encode proteins >50 amino acids in length, covering 83% of the whole genome. Among these ORFs, 38 were baculovirus core genes, 22 were lepidopteran baculovirus conserved genes, and seven were unique to ArdiNPV, respectively. No typical baculoviral homologous regions (hrs) were identified in the genome. ArdiNPV had five multi-copy genes including baculovirus repeated ORFs (bros), calcium/sodium antiporter B (chaB), DNA binding protein (dbp), inhibitor of apoptosis protein (iap), and p26. Interestingly, phylogenetic analyses showed that ArdiNPV belonged to Clade II.b of Group II Alphabaculoviruses, which all contain a second copy of dbp. The genome of ArdiNPV was the closest to Euproctis pseudoconspersa nucleopolyhedrovirus, with 57.4% whole-genome similarity. Therefore, these results suggest that ArdiNPV is a novel baculovirus belonging to a newly identified cluster of Clade II.b Alphabaculoviruses.
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Wang J, Hou D, Wang Q, Kuang W, Zhang L, Li J, Shen S, Deng F, Wang H, Hu Z, Wang M. Genome analysis of a novel Group I alphabaculovirus obtained from Oxyplax ochracea. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0192279. [PMID: 29390020 PMCID: PMC5794183 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0192279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxyplax ochracea (Moore) is a pest that causes severe damage to a wide range of crops, forests and fruit trees. The complete genome sequence of Oxyplax ochracea nucleopolyhedrovirus (OxocNPV) was determined using a Roche 454 pyrosequencing system. OxocNPV has a double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) genome of 113,971 bp with a G+C content of 31.1%. One hundred and twenty-four putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding proteins of >50 amino acids in length and with minimal overlapping were predicted, which covered 92% of the whole genome. Six baculoviral typical homologous regions (hrs) were identified. Phylogenetic analysis and gene parity plot analysis showed that OxocNPV belongs to clade “a” of Group I alphabaculoviruses, and it seems to be close to the most recent common ancestor of Group I alphabaculoviruses. Three unique ORFs (with no homologs in the National Center for Biotechnology Information database) were identified. Interestingly, OxocNPV lacks three auxiliary genes (lef7, ie-2 and pcna) related to viral DNA replication and RNA transcription. In addition, OxocNPV has significantly different sequences for several genes (including ie1 and odv-e66) in comparison with those of other baculoviruses. However, three dimensional structure prediction showed that OxocNPV ODV-E66 contain the conserved catalytic residues, implying that it might possess polysaccharide lyase activity as AcMNPV ODV-E66. All these unique features suggest that OxocNPV represents a novel species of the Group I alphabaculovirus lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Dianhai Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Bioscience and Technology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Qianran Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Fei Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail:
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Pymm P, Vivian JP. Production of Recombinant Killer Immunoglobulin-Like Receptors for Crystallography and Luminex-Based Assays. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1725:281-299. [PMID: 29322425 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7568-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are a highly diverse family of cell-surface receptors that are of importance to the effector function of Natural Killer cells. KIR have been implicated in the detection and clearance of malignantly transformed cells and in the immune-control of viruses including HIV, HCV and CMV. Recently, the mismatching of donor and recipient KIR has been demonstrated to improve success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation treatments of leukemias. Due to the high degree of diversity amongst the KIR, a number of strategies are required for the production of recombinant protein for medical, biochemical and structural applications. Each of these strategies has advantages and limitations and is suitable for different subsets of the KIR and their intended use. Here we describe the preparation of these proteins for crystallography and the novel adaptation of tetramer production for this protein family that is suitable for a number of assays including single-antigen bead binding by Luminex. These methods are intended to provide comprehensive details for the production and characterization of each KIR and to be broadly applicable to other cell surface receptors of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Pymm
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Julian P Vivian
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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8
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Expression, purification and biochemical characterization of AtFUT1, a xyloglucan-specific fucosyltransferase from Arabidopsis thaliana. Biochimie 2016; 128-129:183-92. [PMID: 27580247 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Efforts to identify genes and characterize enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides have yet to produce and purify to homogeneity an active plant cell wall synthesizing enzyme suitable for structural studies. In Arabidopsis, the last step of xyloglucan (XG) biosynthesis is catalyzed by fucosyltransferase 1 (AtFUT1), which transfers l-fucose from GDP-β-l-fucose to a specific galactose on the XG core. Here, we describe the production of a soluble form of AtFUT1 (HisΔ68-AtFUT1) and its purification to milligram quantities. An active form of AtFUT1 was produced in an insect cell culture medium, using a large-scale expression system, and purified in a two-step protocol. Characterization of purified HisΔ68-AtFUT1 revealed that the enzyme behaves as a non-covalent homodimer in solution. A bioluminescent transferase assay confirmed HisΔ68-AtFUT1 activity on its substrates, namely GDP-fucose and tamarind XG, with calculated Km values of 42 μM and 0.31 μM, respectively. Moreover, the length of the XG-derived acceptor quantitatively affected fucosyltransferase activity in a size-dependent manner. The affinity of HisΔ68-AtFUT1 for tamarind XG and GDP was determined using isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC). Interestingly, ITC data suggest that HisΔ68-AtFUT1 undergoes conformational changes in the presence of its first co-substrate (XG or GDP), which then confers greater affinity for the second co-substrate. The procedure described in this study can potentially be transferred to other enzymes involved in plant cell wall synthesis.
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9
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Forzan M, Maan S, Mazzei M, Belaganahalli MN, Bonuccelli L, Calamari M, Carrozza ML, Cappello V, Di Luca M, Bandecchi P, Mertens PPC, Tolari F. Generation of virus like particles for epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Res Vet Sci 2016; 107:116-122. [PMID: 27473984 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a distinct species within the genus Orbivirus, within the family Reoviridae. The epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus genome comprises ten segments of linear, double stranded (ds) RNA, which are packaged within each virus particle. The EHDV virion has a three layered capsid-structure, generated by four major viral proteins: VP2 and VP5 (outer capsid layer); VP7 (intermediate, core-surface layer) and VP3 (innermost, sub-core layer). Although EHDV infects cattle sporadically, several outbreaks have recently occurred in this species in five Mediterranean countries, indicating a potential threat to the European cattle industry. EHDV is transmitted by biting midges of the genus Culicoides, which can travel long distances through wind-born movements (particularly over water), increasing the potential for viral spread in new areas/countries. Expression systems to generate self-assembled virus like particles (VLPs) by simultaneous expression of the major capsid-proteins, have been established for several viruses (including bluetongue virus). This study has developed expression systems for production of EHDV VLPs, for use as non-infectious antigens in both vaccinology and serology studies, avoiding the risk of genetic reassortment between vaccine and field strains and facilitating large scale antigen production. Genes encoding the four major-capsid proteins of a field strain of EHDV-6, were isolated and cloned into transfer vectors, to generate two recombinant baculoviruses. The expression of these viral genes was assessed in insect cells by monitoring the presence of specific viral mRNAs and by western blotting. Electron microscopy studies confirmed the formation and purification of assembled VLPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Forzan
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | - Maurizio Mazzei
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università di Pisa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Valentina Cappello
- Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Center for Nanotechnology Innovation, NEST, Pisa, Italy
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Brown LE, Nicholson MW, Arama JE, Mercer A, Thomson AM, Jovanovic JN. γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A (GABAA) Receptor Subunits Play a Direct Structural Role in Synaptic Contact Formation via Their N-terminal Extracellular Domains. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:13926-13942. [PMID: 27129275 PMCID: PMC4933154 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.714790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The establishment of cell-cell contacts between presynaptic GABAergic neurons and their postsynaptic targets initiates the process of GABAergic synapse formation. GABAA receptors (GABAARs), the main postsynaptic receptors for GABA, have been recently demonstrated to act as synaptogenic proteins that can single-handedly induce the formation and functional maturation of inhibitory synapses. To establish how the subunit composition of GABAARs influences their ability to induce synaptogenesis, a co-culture model system incorporating GABAergic medium spiny neurons and the HEK293 cells, stably expressing different combinations of receptor subunits, was developed. Analyses of HEK293 cell innervation by medium spiny neuron axons using immunocytochemistry, activity-dependent labeling, and electrophysiology have indicated that the γ2 subunit is required for the formation of active synapses and that its effects are influenced by the type of α/β subunits incorporated into the functional receptor. To further characterize this process, the large N-terminal extracellular domains (ECDs) of α1, α2, β2, and γ2 subunits were purified using the baculovirus/Sf9 cell system. When these proteins were applied to the co-cultures of MSNs and α1/β2/γ2-expressing HEK293 cells, the α1, β2, or γ2 ECD each caused a significant reduction in contact formation, in contrast to the α2 ECD, which had no effect. Together, our experiments indicate that the structural role of GABAARs in synaptic contact formation is determined by their subunit composition, with the N-terminal ECDs of each of the subunits directly participating in interactions between the presynaptic and postsynaptic elements, suggesting the these interactions are multivalent and specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Brown
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Martin W Nicholson
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica E Arama
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Audrey Mercer
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Alex M Thomson
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom
| | - Jasmina N Jovanovic
- Research Department of Pharmacology, UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, London WC1N 1AX, United Kingdom.
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11
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Somasundaram B, Chang C, Fan YY, Lim PY, Cardosa J, Lua L. Characterizing Enterovirus 71 and Coxsackievirus A16 virus-like particles production in insect cells. Methods 2015; 95:38-45. [PMID: 26410190 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2015.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterovirus 71 (EV71) and Coxsackievirus A16 (CVA16) are two viruses commonly responsible for hand, foot and mouth disease (HFMD) in children. The lack of prophylactic or therapeutic measures against HFMD is a major public health concern. Insect cell-based EV71 and CVA16 virus-like particles (VLPs) are promising vaccine candidates against HFMD and are currently under development. In this paper, the influence of insect cell line, incubation temperature, and serial passaging effect and stability of budded virus (BV) stocks on EV71 and CVA16 VLP production was investigated. Enhanced EV71 and CVA16 VLP production was observed in Sf9 cells compared to High Five™ cells. Lowering the incubation temperature from the standard 27°C to 21°C increased the production of both VLPs in Sf9 cells. Serial passaging of CVA16 BV stocks in cell culture had a detrimental effect on the productivity of the structural proteins and the effect was observed with only 5 passages of BV stocks. A 2.7× higher production yield was achieved with EV71 compared to CVA16. High-resolution asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation couple with multi-angle light scattering (AF4-MALS) was used for the first time to characterize EV71 and CVA16 VLPs, displaying an average root mean square radius of 15±1nm and 15.3±5.8 nm respectively. This study highlights the need for different approaches in the design of production process to develop a bivalent EV71 and CVA16 vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balaji Somasundaram
- The University of Queensland, Protein Expression Facility, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Cindy Chang
- The University of Queensland, Protein Expression Facility, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yuan Y Fan
- The University of Queensland, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Pei-Yin Lim
- Sentinext Therapeutics Sdn Bhd, Sains@USM, 10050 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Jane Cardosa
- Sentinext Therapeutics Sdn Bhd, Sains@USM, 10050 Penang, Malaysia
| | - Linda Lua
- The University of Queensland, Protein Expression Facility, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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Yu Q, Xiong Y, Gao H, Liu J, Chen Z, Wang Q, Wen D. Comparative proteomics analysis of Spodoptera frugiperda cells during Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus infection. Virol J 2015; 12:115. [PMID: 26239618 PMCID: PMC4524103 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-015-0346-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increasing evidence sugggest that in addition of balculovirus controling insect host, host cells also responds to balculovirus infection. However, compared to existing knowledge on virus gene, host cell responses are relatively poorly understood. Methods In this study, Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells were infected with Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV). The protein composition and protein changes of Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) cells of different infection stages were analysed by isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) techniques. Results A total of 4004 Sf9 proteins were identified by iTRAQ and 413 proteins were found as more than 1.5-fold changes in abundance. The 413 proteins were categorised according to GO classification for insects and were categorised into: biological process, molecular function and cellular component. Conclusions The determination of the protein changes in infected Sf9 cells would help to better understanding of host cell responses and facilitate better design of this virus-host cell interaction in pest insect control and other related fields. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12985-015-0346-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Yu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Youhua Xiong
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hang Gao
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jianliang Liu
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qin Wang
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
| | - Dongling Wen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, No. 501 Zhongkai Road, Haizhu District, Guangdong, 510225, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Semliki forest virus-based expression of recombinant GPCRs. Methods Enzymol 2015. [PMID: 25857789 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2014.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Due to their importance as targets for drug development, rapid and consistent high-level production of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has become an essential part of drug discovery. Alphaviruses, particularly recombinant Semliki Forest virus (SFV) particles, have provided the means for expression of a number of GPCRs in a broad range of mammalian host cell lines for pharmacological characterization by determination of receptor binding activity and functional coupling to G proteins. The rapid high-titer virus particle production has made it possible to study a large number of GPCRs in parallel. Moreover, large-scale production in adherent and suspension cultures of mammalian cells has provided sufficient amounts of GPCRs for purification and subsequent structural studies. Furthermore, the high preference for neuronal delivery of SFV particles has allowed functional and localization studies of recombinant proteins in hippocampal slice cultures, in primary neurons, and in vivo.
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Tomasiak TM, Pedersen BP, Chaudhary S, Rodriguez A, Colmanares YR, Roe-Zurz Z, Thamminana S, Tessema M, Stroud RM. General qPCR and Plate Reader Methods for Rapid Optimization of Membrane Protein Purification and Crystallization Using Thermostability Assays. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN PROTEIN SCIENCE 2014; 77:29.11.1-29.11.14. [PMID: 25081745 PMCID: PMC4672949 DOI: 10.1002/0471140864.ps2911s77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This unit describes rapid and generally applicable methods to identify conditions that stabilize membrane proteins using temperature-based denaturation measurements as a proxy for target time-dependent stability. Recent developments with thiol-reactive dyes sensitive to the unmasking of cysteine residues upon protein unfolding have allowed for routine application of thermostability assays to systematically evaluate the stability of membrane protein preparations after various purification procedures. Test conditions can include different lipid cocktails, lipid-detergent micelles, pH, salts, osmolytes, and potential active-site ligands. Identification and use of conditions that stabilize the structure have proven successful in enabling the structure determination of numerous families of membrane proteins that otherwise were intractable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Tomasiak
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Bjørn P Pedersen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sarika Chaudhary
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Andrew Rodriguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Yaneth Robles Colmanares
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Zygy Roe-Zurz
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sobha Thamminana
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Meseret Tessema
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert M Stroud
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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Human acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2 expressed in silkworm Bombyx mori exhibits posttranslational biotinylation and phosphorylation. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 98:8201-9. [PMID: 24740690 PMCID: PMC4163189 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-5715-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Biotin-dependent human acetyl-CoA carboxylases (ACCs) are integral in homeostatic lipid metabolism. By securing posttranslational biotinylation, ACCs perform coordinated catalytic functions allosterically regulated by phosphorylation/dephosphorylation and citrate. The production of authentic recombinant ACCs is heeded to provide a reliable tool for molecular studies and drug discovery. Here, we examined whether the human ACC2 (hACC2), an isoform of ACC produced using the silkworm BmNPV bacmid system, is equipped with proper posttranslational modifications to carry out catalytic functions as the silkworm harbors an inherent posttranslational modification machinery. Purified hACC2 possessed genuine biotinylation capacity probed by biotin-specific streptavidin and biotin antibodies. In addition, phosphorylated hACC2 displayed limited catalytic activity whereas dephosphorylated hACC2 revealed an enhanced enzymatic activity. Moreover, hACC2 polymerization, analyzed by native page gel analysis and atomic force microscopy imaging, was allosterically regulated by citrate and the phosphorylation/dephosphorylation modulated citrate-induced hACC2 polymerization process. Thus, the silkworm BmNPV bacmid system provides a reliable eukaryotic protein production platform for structural and functional analysis and therapeutic drug discovery applications implementing suitable posttranslational biotinylation and phosphorylation.
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Abstract
High-throughput, automated or semiautomated methodologies implemented by companies and structural genomics initiatives have accelerated the process of acquiring structural information for proteins via x-ray crystallography. This has enabled the application of structure-based drug design technologies to a variety of new structures that have potential pharmacologic relevance. Although there remain major challenges to applying these approaches more broadly to all classes of drug discovery targets, clearly the continued development and implementation of these structure-based drug design methodologies by the scientific community at large will help to address and provide solutions to these hurdles. The result will be a growing number of protein structures of important pharmacologic targets that will help to streamline the process of identification and optimization of lead compounds for drug development. These lead agonist and antagonist pharmacophores should, in turn, help to alleviate one of the current critical bottlenecks in the drug discovery process; that is, defining the functional relevance of potential novel targets to disease modification. The prospect of generating an increasing number of potential drug candidates will serve to highlight perhaps the most significant future bottleneck for drug development, the cost and complexity of the drug approval process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie W Tari
- ActiveSight, 4045 Sorrento Valley Blvd, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
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Drugmand JC, Schneider YJ, Agathos SN. Insect cells as factories for biomanufacturing. Biotechnol Adv 2012; 30:1140-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2011.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 09/16/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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18
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Extractive purification of recombinant peroxidase isozyme c from insect larvae in aqueous two-phase systems. Sep Purif Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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The ac53, ac78, ac101, and ac103 genes are newly discovered core genes in the family Baculoviridae. J Virol 2012; 86:12069-79. [PMID: 22933288 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01873-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The family Baculoviridae is a large group of insect viruses containing circular double-stranded DNA genomes of 80 to 180 kbp, which have broad biotechnological applications. A key feature to understand and manipulate them is the recognition of orthology. However, the differences in gene contents and evolutionary distances among the known members of this family make it difficult to assign sequence orthology. In this study, the genome sequences of 58 baculoviruses were analyzed, with the aim to detect previously undescribed core genes because of their remote homology. A routine based on Multi PSI-Blast/tBlastN and Multi HaMStR allowed us to detect 31 of 33 accepted core genes and 4 orthologous sequences in the Baculoviridae which were not described previously. Our results show that the ac53, ac78, ac101 (p40), and ac103 (p48) genes have orthologs in all genomes and should be considered core genes. Accordingly, there are 37 orthologous genes in the family Baculoviridae.
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Xu YP, Gu LZ, Lou YH, Cheng RL, Xu HJ, Wang WB, Zhang CX. A baculovirus isolated from wild silkworm encompasses the host ranges of Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus in cultured cells. J Gen Virol 2012; 93:2480-2489. [PMID: 22855783 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.043836-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A baculovirus, named BomaNPV S2, was isolated from a diseased larva of the wild silkworm, Bombyx mandarina. Notably, BomaNPV S2 exhibited a distinguishing feature in that its host range covered that of both Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) and Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) in cultured cells. It could replicate in cells of B. mori (Bm5 and BmN), Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) and Trichoplusia ni (Tn-5B1-4). However, occlusion-derived virions of BomaNPV S2 in B. mori cells contained only a single nucleocapsid, whereas they contained multiple nucleocapsids in Tn-5B1-4 cells. The complete genome sequence of BomaNPV S2, including predicted ORFs, was determined and compared with the genome sequence of its close relatives. The comparison results showed that most of the BomaNPV S2 genome sequence was shared with BmNPV (BmNPV T3) or BomaNPV S1, but several regions seemed more similar to regions of AcMNPV. This observation might explain why BomaNPV S2 covers the host ranges of BmNPV and AcMNPV. Further recombinant virus infection experiments demonstrated that GP64 plays an important role in BomaNPV S2 host-range determination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Peng Xu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Biometrology and Inspection and Quarantine, College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, PR China
| | - Lin-Zhu Gu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Yi-Han Lou
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Ruo-Lin Cheng
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Hai-Jun Xu
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
| | - Wen-Bing Wang
- School of Life Science, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, PR China
| | - Chuan-Xi Zhang
- Institute of Insect Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, PR China
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Occurrence and phylogenetic characterization of a baculovirus isolated from Culex quinquefasciatus in São Paulo State, Brazil. Arch Virol 2012; 157:1741-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-012-1372-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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22
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Unger T, Peleg Y. Recombinant protein expression in the baculovirus-infected insect cell system. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 800:187-99. [PMID: 21964790 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-349-3_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last two decades, the use of eukaryotic cells for expression of recombinant proteins has become the preferred choice for many applications. This is primarily the case when posttranslational modifications and correct disulfide-bond formation are necessary for protein folding and activity. Among the eukaryotic expression systems, the baculovirus-infected insect cell platform has gained particular attention, resulting in the development and implementation of multiple strategies for protein expression. Here, we present baculovirus-infected insect cells as an efficient expression system for eukaryotic proteins. We demonstrate a simplified and a shortened procedure for recombinant virus production that is sufficient for large-scale production of proteins in insect cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Unger
- Israel Structural Proteomics Center, Faculty of Biochemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science, Meyer Building, Rehovot, Israel.
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23
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Bernaudat F, Frelet-Barrand A, Pochon N, Dementin S, Hivin P, Boutigny S, Rioux JB, Salvi D, Seigneurin-Berny D, Richaud P, Joyard J, Pignol D, Sabaty M, Desnos T, Pebay-Peyroula E, Darrouzet E, Vernet T, Rolland N. Heterologous expression of membrane proteins: choosing the appropriate host. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29191. [PMID: 22216205 PMCID: PMC3244453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2011] [Accepted: 11/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Membrane proteins are the targets of 50% of drugs, although they only represent 1% of total cellular proteins. The first major bottleneck on the route to their functional and structural characterisation is their overexpression; and simply choosing the right system can involve many months of trial and error. This work is intended as a guide to where to start when faced with heterologous expression of a membrane protein. Methodology/Principal Findings The expression of 20 membrane proteins, both peripheral and integral, in three prokaryotic (E. coli, L. lactis, R. sphaeroides) and three eukaryotic (A. thaliana, N. benthamiana, Sf9 insect cells) hosts was tested. The proteins tested were of various origins (bacteria, plants and mammals), functions (transporters, receptors, enzymes) and topologies (between 0 and 13 transmembrane segments). The Gateway system was used to clone all 20 genes into appropriate vectors for the hosts to be tested. Culture conditions were optimised for each host, and specific strategies were tested, such as the use of Mistic fusions in E. coli. 17 of the 20 proteins were produced at adequate yields for functional and, in some cases, structural studies. We have formulated general recommendations to assist with choosing an appropriate system based on our observations of protein behaviour in the different hosts. Conclusions/Significance Most of the methods presented here can be quite easily implemented in other laboratories. The results highlight certain factors that should be considered when selecting an expression host. The decision aide provided should help both newcomers and old-hands to select the best system for their favourite membrane protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Bernaudat
- Institut de Biologie Structurale Jean-Pierre Ebel, CEA, Grenoble, France.
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Parham JH, Iannone MA, Overton LK, Hutchins JT. Optimization of transient gene expression in mammalian cells and potential for scale-up using flow electroporation. Cytotechnology 2011; 28:147-55. [PMID: 19003416 DOI: 10.1023/a:1008046101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The goals of this study were to identify mammalian cell lines which could be efficiently transiently-transfected and scaled-up for protein production. The transfection efficiencies of eight cell lines (NSO, NSO-TAg, CV-1, COS-7, CHO, CHO-TAg, HEK 293, and 293-EBNA) were measured using electroporation for DNA delivery and green fluorescent protein (Evans, 1996) as the reporter gene. In addition, we have evaluated the effects of stable expression of viral proteins, cell cycle manipulation, and butyrate post-treatment in small scale experiments. The cell lines varied widely in their GFP transfection efficiencies. Stable expression of simian virus 40 large T-antigen or Epstein Barr nuclear antigen failed to significantly increase transfection efficiency above that seen in the parental lines. Aphidicolin (a DNA polymerase inhibitor), which blocked cells from S or G2/M, brought about an increase in transfection efficiency in two cell lines. The primary effect of butyrate (a histone deacetylase inhibitor) post-treatment was an increased intensity of the fluorescent signal of green fluorescent protein, as measured by flow cytometry (1.0 to 4.2-fold, depending on the cell line). The combined use of aphidicolin pretreatment followed by butyrate treatment post- electroporation yielded increases in fluorescence intensities ranging from 0.9 to 6.8-fold. Based on their high transfection efficiencies in small scale experiments, rapid growth, and ability to grow in suspension culture, CHO, CHO-TAg, and 293-EBNA were selected to assess the feasibility of using flow electroporation for large-scale transfections. Using secreted placental alkaline phosphatase as a reporter, 293-EBNA cells produced the highest protein levels in both the presence and absence of butyrate. These data indicate that flow electroporation provides an efficient method of DNA delivery into large numbers of cells for mammalian protein production.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Parham
- Glaxo Wellcome, 5 Moore Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, U.S.A., parham-
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25
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Kato T, Suzuki F, Park EY. Purification of functional baculovirus particles from silkworm larval hemolymph and their use as nanoparticles for the detection of human prorenin receptor (PRR) binding. BMC Biotechnol 2011; 11:60. [PMID: 21635720 PMCID: PMC3118113 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-11-60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 06/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Baculovirus, which has a width of 40 nm and a length of 250-300 nm, can display functional peptides, receptors and antigens on its surface by their fusion with a baculovirus envelop protein, GP64. In addition, some transmembrane proteins can be displayed without GP64 fusion, using the native transmembrane domains of the baculovirus. We used this functionality to display human prorenin receptor fused with GFPuv (GFPuv-hPRR) on the surface of silkworm Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV) and then tested whether these baculovirus particles could be used to detect protein-protein interactions. Results BmNPV displaying GFPuv-hPRR (BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR) was purified from hemolymph by using Sephacryl S-1000 column chromatography in the presence of 0.01% Triton X-100. Its recovery was 86% and the final baculovirus particles number was 4.98 × 108 pfu. Based on the results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), 3.1% of the total proteins in BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR were GFPuv-hPRR. This value was similar to that calculated from the result of western blot by a densitometry (2.7%). To determine whether BmNPV-GFPuv-hPRR particles were bound to human prorenin, ELISA results were compared with those from ELISAs using protease negative BmNPV displaying β1,3-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase 2 fused with the gene encoding GFPuv (GGT2) (BmNPV-CP--GGT2) particles, which do not display hPRR on their surfaces. Conclusion The display of on the surface of the BmNPV particles will be useful for the detection of protein-protein interactions and the screening of inhibitors and drugs in their roles as nanobioparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Kato
- Laboratory of Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
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Miele SAB, Garavaglia MJ, Belaich MN, Ghiringhelli PD. Baculovirus: molecular insights on their diversity and conservation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY 2011; 2011:379424. [PMID: 21716740 PMCID: PMC3119482 DOI: 10.4061/2011/379424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2010] [Revised: 01/04/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Baculoviridae is a large group of insect viruses containing circular double-stranded DNA genomes of 80 to 180 kbp. In this study, genome sequences from 57 baculoviruses were analyzed to reevaluate the number and identity of core genes and to understand the distribution of the remaining coding sequences. Thirty one core genes with orthologs in all genomes were identified along with other 895 genes differing in their degrees of representation among reported genomes. Many of these latter genes are common to well-defined lineages, whereas others are unique to one or a few of the viruses. Phylogenetic analyses based on core gene sequences and the gene composition of the genomes supported the current division of the Baculoviridae into 4 genera: Alphabaculovirus, Betabaculovirus, Gammabaculovirus, and Deltabaculovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Ana Belen Miele
- LIGBCM (Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular), Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 352, Bernal, Argentina
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27
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Yun EY, Kim SW, Hwang JS, Yoon YI, Kwon OY, Goo TW. Identification of the unfolded protein response (UPR)-related genes from Bombyx mori cell lines by a subtractive hybridization approach. Genes Genomics 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s13258-010-0029-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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28
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Lin YJ, Jinn TR, Chen YJ, Deng MC, Hwang CS, Hsieh FC, Kao SS, Chen YJ, Tung KL, Wu TY, Huang CC. Vaccination with hemagglutinin produced in Trichoplusia ni larvae protects chickens against lethal H5N1 challenge. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2010.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Romero LV, Targovnik AM, Wolman FJ, Cascone O, Miranda MV. Rachiplusia nu larva as a biofactory to achieve high level expression of horseradish peroxidase. Biotechnol Lett 2011; 33:947-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10529-011-0540-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Kitidee K, Nangola S, Gonzalez G, Boulanger P, Tayapiwatana C, Hong SS. Baculovirus display of single chain antibody (scFv) using a novel signal peptide. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:80. [PMID: 21092083 PMCID: PMC3002913 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 11/19/2010] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cells permissive to virus can become refractory to viral replication upon intracellular expression of single chain fragment variable (scFv) antibodies directed towards viral structural or regulatory proteins, or virus-coded enzymes. For example, an intrabody derived from MH-SVM33, a monoclonal antibody against a conserved C-terminal epitope of the HIV-1 matrix protein (MAp17), was found to exert an inhibitory effect on HIV-1 replication. Results Two versions of MH-SVM33-derived scFv were constructed in recombinant baculoviruses (BVs) and expressed in BV-infected Sf9 cells, N-myristoylation-competent scFvG2/p17 and N-myristoylation-incompetent scFvE2/p17 protein, both carrying a C-terminal HA tag. ScFvG2/p17 expression resulted in an insoluble, membrane-associated protein, whereas scFvE2/p17 was recovered in both soluble and membrane-incorporated forms. When coexpressed with the HIV-1 Pr55Gag precursor, scFvG2/p17 and scFvE2/p17 did not show any detectable negative effect on virus-like particle (VLP) assembly and egress, and both failed to be encapsidated in VLP. However, soluble scFvE2/p17 isolated from Sf9 cell lysates was capable of binding to its specific antigen, in the form of a synthetic p17 peptide or as Gag polyprotein-embedded epitope. Significant amounts of scFvE2/p17 were released in the extracellular medium of BV-infected cells in high-molecular weight, pelletable form. This particulate form corresponded to BV particles displaying scFvE2/p17 molecules, inserted into the BV envelope via the scFv N-terminal region. The BV-displayed scFvE2/p17 molecules were found to be immunologically functional, as they reacted with the C-terminal epitope of MAp17. Fusion of the N-terminal 18 amino acid residues from the scFvE2/p17 sequence (N18E2) to another scFv recognizing CD147 (scFv-M6-1B9) conferred the property of BV-display to the resulting chimeric scFv-N18E2/M6. Conclusion Expression of scFvE2/p17 in insect cells using a BV vector resulted in baculoviral progeny displaying scFvE2/p17. The function required for BV envelope incorporation was carried by the N-terminal octadecapeptide of scFvE2/p17, which acted as a signal peptide for BV display. Fusion of this peptide to the N-terminus of scFv molecules of interest could be applied as a general method for BV-display of scFv in a GP64- and VSV-G-independent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuntida Kitidee
- University Lyon 1, INRA UMR-754, Retrovirus & Comparative Pathology, 50, avenue Tony Garnier, 69366 Lyon Cedex 07, France
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Oliveira VC, Bartasson L, de Castro MEB, Corrêa JR, Ribeiro BM, Resende RO. A silencing suppressor protein (NSs) of a tospovirus enhances baculovirus replication in permissive and semipermissive insect cell lines. Virus Res 2010; 155:259-67. [PMID: 20971139 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Revised: 10/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/15/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The nonstructural protein (NSs) of the Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has been identified as an RNAi suppressor in plant cells. A recombinant Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) designated vAcNSs, containing the NSs gene under the control of the viral polyhedrin (polh) gene promoter, was constructed and the effects of NSs in permissive, semipermissive and nonpermissive insect cells to vAcNSs infection were evaluated. vAcNSs produced more budded virus when compared to wild type in semipermissive cells. Co-infection of vAcNSs with wild type baculoviruses clearly enhanced polyhedra production in all host cells. Confocal microscopy analysis showed that NSs accumulated in abundance in the cytoplasm of permissive and semipermissive cells. In contrast, high amounts of NSs were detected in the nuclei of nonpermissive cells. Co-infection of vAcNSs with a recombinant AcMNPV containing the enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) gene, significantly increased EGFP expression in semipermissive cells and in Anticarsia gemmatalis-hemocytes. Absence of small RNA molecules of egfp transcripts in this cell line and in a permissive cell line indicates the suppression of gene silencing activity. On the other hand, vAcNSs was not able to suppress RNAi in a nonpermissive cell line. Our data showed that NSs protein of TSWV facilitates baculovirus replication in different lepidopteran cell lines, and these results indicate that NSs could play a similar role during TSWV-infection in its thrips vector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Carla Oliveira
- Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade de Brasília, 70910-900 Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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Mengual Gómez DL, Belaich MN, Rodríguez VA, Ghiringhelli PD. Effects of fetal bovine serum deprivation in cell cultures on the production of Anticarsia gemmatalis multinucleopolyhedrovirus. BMC Biotechnol 2010; 10:68. [PMID: 20843354 PMCID: PMC2949788 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6750-10-68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 09/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anticarsia gemmatalis is a pest in South America's soybean crops, which could be controlled by the Multinucleopolyhedrovirus of A. gemmatalis (AgMNPV). Currently, its commercial production is based on infected larvae. However, the possibility of using modified baculoviruses in Integrated Pest Management programs has stimulated an interest to develop alternative multiplication processes. This study evaluated the AgMNPV production in UFL-Ag-286 cells previously deprived Fetal Bovine Serum. RESULTS Culture media containing 1% FBS during the previous 48 hours achieved a synchronized condition where 90% of cells were found in G0/G1 stage, showing the presence of non-filamentous actin. All characteristics were estimated from cellular viability tests, cell actin detection trials and flow cytometer cell cycle analysis. AgMNPV production was tested by transcript studies and budded viruses (BVs) and occlusion bodies (OBs) yield quantitation. Results showed that the productivity in FBS deprived cells was 9.8 times more in BVs and 3.8 times more in OBs with respect to non-treated cells. CONCLUSIONS UFL-Ag-286 cells previously deprived in FBS shown to be a better host for AgMNPV propagation, increasing the useful for both in vitro bioinsecticide production and applications such as recombinant protein expression or gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego L Mengual Gómez
- Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes Roque Saenz Peña 352, CP B1876BXD Bernal, Argentina
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33
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Walden H. Selenium incorporation using recombinant techniques. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D: BIOLOGICAL CRYSTALLOGRAPHY 2010; 66:352-7. [PMID: 20382987 PMCID: PMC2852298 DOI: 10.1107/s0907444909038207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An overview of techniques for recombinant incorporation of selenium and subsequent purification and crystallization of the resulting labelled protein. Using selenomethionine to phase macromolecular structures is common practice in structure determination, along with the use of selenocysteine. Selenium is consequently the most commonly used heavy atom for MAD. In addition to the well established recombinant techniques for the incorporation of selenium in prokaryal expression systems, there have been recent advances in selenium labelling in eukaryal expression, which will be discussed. Tips and things to consider for the purification and crystallization of seleno-labelled proteins are also included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen Walden
- Protein Structure and Function Laboratory, Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, England.
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Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus efficiently infects Sf9 cells and transduces mammalian cells via direct fusion with the plasma membrane at low pH. J Virol 2010; 84:5351-9. [PMID: 20219938 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02517-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The budded virus (BV) of the Autographa californica multicapsid nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) infects insect cells and transduces mammalian cells mainly through the endocytosis pathway. However, this study revealed that the treatment of the virus bound to Sf9 cells at low pH could efficiently rescue the infectivity of AcMNPV in the presence of endocytosis pathway inhibitors. A colocalization assay of the major capsid protein VP39 with the early endosome marker EEA1 showed that at low pH, AcMNPV entered Sf9 cells via an endosome-independent pathway. Using a fluorescent probe (R18), we showed that at low pH, the viral nucleocapsid entered Sf9 cells via direct fusion at the cell surface. By using the myosin-specific inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) and the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole, the low pH-triggered direct fusion was demonstrated to be dependent on myosin-like proteins and independent of microtubules. The reverse transcription-PCR of the IE1 gene as a marker for viral entry showed that the kinetics of AcMNPV in cells triggered by low pH was similar to that of the normal entry via endocytosis. The low pH-mediated infection assay and VP39 and EEA1 colocalization assay also demonstrated that AcMNPV could efficiently transduce mammalian cells via direct membrane fusion at the cell surface. More importantly, we found that a low-pH trigger could significantly improve the transduction efficiency of AcMNPV in mammalian cells, leading to the potential application of this method when using baculovirus as a vector for heterologous gene expression and for gene therapy.
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Trowitzsch S, Bieniossek C, Nie Y, Garzoni F, Berger I. New baculovirus expression tools for recombinant protein complex production. J Struct Biol 2010; 172:45-54. [PMID: 20178849 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2010.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/12/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Most eukaryotic proteins exist as large multicomponent assemblies with many subunits, which act in concert to catalyze specific cellular activities. Many of these molecular machines are only present in low amounts in their native hosts, which impede purification from source material. Unraveling their structure and function at high resolution will often depend on heterologous overproduction. Recombinant expression of multiprotein complexes for structural studies can entail considerable, sometimes inhibitory, investment in both labor and materials, in particular if altering and diversifying of the individual subunits are necessary for successful structure determination. Our laboratory has addressed this challenge by developing technologies that streamline the complex production and diversification process. Here, we review several of these developments for recombinant multiprotein complex production using the MultiBac baculovirus/insect cell expression system which we created. We also addressed parallelization and automation of gene assembly for multiprotein complex expression by developing robotic routines for multigene vector generation. In this contribution, we focus on several improvements of baculovirus expression system performance which we introduced: the modifications of the transfer plasmids, the methods for generation of composite multigene baculoviral DNA, and the simplified and standardized expression procedures which we delineated using our MultiBac system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Trowitzsch
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL), Grenoble Outstation, and Unit of Virus Host Cell Interactions UVHCI, UMI3265, 6 rue Jules Horowitz, Grenoble Cedex 9, France
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36
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Wu YL, Chao YC. The establishment of a controllable expression system in baculovirus: stimulated overexpression of polyhedrin promoter by LEF-2. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 24:1232-40. [PMID: 19194936 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Previously, controllable gene expression in baculovirus was not possible using an insect system. We found that this was due to a high background activation of minimal promoter by the viral polyhedrin upstream (pu) sequence. Here, by truncation of the pu sequence, regulatory gene expression was established through the tetracycline regulatory expression system. This novel system was used to test the stimulatory function of the polyhedrin promoter by the controlled expression of the late expression factor-2 (lef-2). To efficiently trace lef-2 expression and analyze suppression of this gene, the coding sequences of lef-2 and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) were ligated together to generate a fusion protein, and an approximately 100-fold suppression of egfp-lef-2 expression was achieved by doxycycline treatment. A very low level expression of lef-2 was found to be sufficient for proper expression of polyhedrin promoter; however, progressively higher levels of lef-2 expression could stimulate much higher-than-original polyhedrin promoter expression in the viral genome. This system was found to exhibit significantly better suppression than the double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) strategy, and would be useful for expression of foreign or viral genes whose functions require the interaction of multiple and/or unknown baculovirus gene products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueh-Lung Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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37
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Jinn TR, Kao SS, Tseng YC, Chen YJ, Wu TY. Aerosol infectivity of a Baculovirus toTrichoplusia nilarvae: An alternative larval inoculation strategy for recombinant protein production. Biotechnol Prog 2009; 25:384-9. [PMID: 19334290 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tzyy-Rong Jinn
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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38
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Thomas C, Young NJ, Heaney J, Collins ME, Brownlie J. Evaluation of efficacy of mammalian and baculovirus expressed E2 subunit vaccine candidates to bovine viral diarrhoea virus. Vaccine 2009; 27:2387-93. [PMID: 19428855 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2008] [Revised: 01/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV) is a worldwide pathogen of cattle causing a wide spectrum of clinical disease. The major envelope glycoprotein of BVDV, E2, induces the production of neutralising antibodies. In this study we compared the protection afforded to cattle after BVDV challenge by two separate E2 vaccine candidates produced by different heterologous protein expression systems. E2 antigen was expressed using the baculovirus expression system (brE2) and a mammalian cell expression system (mrE2). In the first vaccination study the quantity of recombinant protein expressed by the two systems differed. Vaccination of cattle with a higher dose of brE2 or low dose mrE2 gave comparable protection from viral challenge. Immunised animals showed no pyrexia and reduced leucopaenia which contrasted to the unvaccinated controls. In addition virus shedding from the nasal mucosa was decreased in the vaccinated groups and strong humoral responses were evident post-challenge. However, the efficacy of the brE2 vaccine was greatly diminished when a reduced dose was tested, indicating the importance of assessing the type of expression system used in antigen production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carole Thomas
- Department of Pathology and Infectious Diseases, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hertfordshire, AL9 7TA, UK.
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39
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Real-time PCR assay for detection of a new simulant for poxvirus biothreat agents. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:1614-20. [PMID: 19168659 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02120-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Research and financial efforts spent on biodefense technologies highlight the current concern for biothreat event preparedness. Nonhazardous but relevant "simulant" microorganisms are typically used to simplify technological developments, testing, and staff training. The bacteriophage MS2, a small RNA virus, is classically used as the reference simulant for biothreat viruses within the biodefense community. However, variola virus, considered a major threat, displays very different features (size, envelope, and double-stranded DNA genome). The size parameter is critical for aerosol sampling, detection, and protection/filtration technologies. Therefore, a panel of relevant simulants should be used to cover the diversity of biothreat agents. Thus, we investigated a new virus model, the Cydia pomonella granulovirus (baculovirus), which is currently used as a biopesticide. It displays a size similar to that of poxviruses, is enveloped, and contains double-stranded DNA. To provide a molecular tool to detect and quantify this model virus, we developed an assay based on real-time PCR, with a limit of detection ranging from roughly 10 to a few tens of target copies per microl according to the sample matrix. The specificity of the assay against a large panel of potential cross-reactive microorganisms was checked, and the suitability of the assay for environmental samples, especially aerosol studies, was determined. In conclusion, we suggest that our PCR assay allows Cydia pomonella granulovirus to be used as a simulant for poxviruses. This assay may also be useful for environmental or crop treatment studies.
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40
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An extensive analysis on the global codon usage pattern of baculoviruses. Arch Virol 2008; 153:2273-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00705-008-0260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2008] [Accepted: 10/27/2008] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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41
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Honjo E, Shoyama Y, Tamada T, Shigematsu H, Hatanaka T, Kanaji S, Arima K, Ito Y, Izuhara K, Kuroki R. Expression of the extracellular region of the human interleukin-4 receptor α chain and interleukin-13 receptor α1 chain by a silkworm–baculovirus system. Protein Expr Purif 2008; 60:25-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2008.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Revised: 02/25/2008] [Accepted: 03/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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42
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Wijesinghe DS, Lamour NF, Gomez-Munoz A, Chalfant CE. Ceramide kinase and ceramide-1-phosphate. Methods Enzymol 2007; 434:265-92. [PMID: 17954253 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(07)34015-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been over a decade since the sphingolipid ceramide-1-phosphate (C1P) was described. Until recently, only sparse reports on possible biological functions for this lipid have been published. A large number of reports have now surfaced demonstrating distinct biological mechanisms regulated by C1P produced from ceramide kinase (CERK). In the following methods chapter, the methodologies for examining CERK function in vitro and in cells are outlined in detail. The methodologies for examining C1P levels and the use of exogenous C1P on cells to observe lipid specific effects on a particular biology are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayanjan S Wijesinghe
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA
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43
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Hanson MA, Brooun A, Baker KA, Jaakola VP, Roth C, Chien E, Alexandrov A, Velasquez J, Davis L, Griffith M, Moy K, Ganser-Pornillos B, Kuhn P, Ellis S, Yeager M, Stevens RC. Profiling of membrane protein variants in a baculovirus system by coupling cell-surface detection with small-scale parallel expression. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 56:85-92. [PMID: 17723307 PMCID: PMC2274776 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2007] [Revised: 06/12/2007] [Accepted: 06/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Production of structure-grade mammalian membrane proteins in substantial quantities has been hindered by a lack of methods for effectively profiling multiple constructs expression in higher eukaryotic systems such as insect or mammalian cells. To address this problem, a specialized small-scale eukaryotic expression platform by Thomson Instrument Company (Vertiga-IM) was developed and used in tandem with a Guava EasyCyte microcapillary 96-well cytometer to monitor cell density and health and evaluate membrane protein expression. Two proof of concept experiments were conducted using the human beta(2)-adrenergic receptor (beta(2)AR) and the gap junction protein connexin26 (Cx26) in a baculovirus expression system. First, cell surface expression was used to assess the expression levels of 14 beta(2)AR truncation variants expressed using the Vertiga-IM shaker. Three of these variants were then compared to wild-type beta(2)AR using three metrics: cell surface expression, saturation ligand binding and protein immunoblot analysis of dodecylmaltoside extracted material. Second, a series of systematic Cx26 truncation variants were evaluated for expression by protein immunoblot analysis. The cumulative results for these two systems show that the Vertiga-IM instrument can be used effectively in the parallel insect cell microexpression of membrane protein variants, and that the expression of cell surface molecules as monitored with the Guava EasyCyte instrument can be used to rapidly assess the production of properly folded proteins in the baculovirus expression system. This approach expedites the in vitro evaluation of a large number of mammalian membrane protein variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Hanson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexei Brooun
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kent A. Baker
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Veli-Pekka Jaakola
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Chris Roth
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Ellen Chien
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Alexander Alexandrov
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Jeffrey Velasquez
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Leila Davis
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Mark Griffith
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Kin Moy
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Barbie Ganser-Pornillos
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Peter Kuhn
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Sam Ellis
- Thomson Instrument Company, 1121 South Cleveland Street, Oceanside, CA 92054, USA
| | - Mark Yeager
- Department of Cell Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
- *corresponding author: Raymond C. Stevens, Ph.D., The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road; SR101, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA, , Tel: +1 (858) 784-9416, Fax: +1 (858) 784-9483
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44
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Hsu CJ, Wang CY, Lee LH, Shih WL, Chang CI, Cheng HL, Chulu JLC, Ji WT, Liu HJ. Development and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against avian reovirus σC protein and their application in detection of avian reovirus isolates. Avian Pathol 2007; 35:320-6. [PMID: 16854646 DOI: 10.1080/03079450600823386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Avian reovirus (ARV) is a non-enveloped virus with a segmented double-stranded RNA genome surrounded by a double icosahedral capsid shell. ARVs are associated with viral arthritis, immunosuppression, and enteric diseases in poultry. The sigma C protein was involved in induction of apoptosis and neutralization antibody. In the present study, sigma C-His protein was expressed in Sf9 insect cells and purified by immobilized metal affinity chromatography. Eight monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against sigma C-His and three mAbs against His were screened from hybridoma cells produced by fusion of splenocytes from immunized mice with NS1 myeloma cells. Among the eight mAbs against sigma C protein, all belonged to the IgG isotype except three for IgM. It was discovered that all anti-His mAbs were mixtures of IgG and IgM isotypes. mAbs reacted with sigma C-His protein in a conformation-independent manner based on dot blot and western blotting assays. The competitive binding assay indicated that all mAbs recognized the same epitope on sigma C protein that was conserved in different isolates. Compared with the commercial anti-ARV S1133 polyclonal antibody, mAb (D15) had universal reactivity to all serotypes or genotypes of ARVs tested. This monoclonal antibody may therefore be useful for the development of an antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for rapid detection of field isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien J Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung, Taiwan
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45
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Regev A, Rivkin H, Gurevitz M, Chejanovsky N. New measures of insecticidal efficacy and safety obtained with the 39K promoter of a recombinant baculovirus. FEBS Lett 2006; 580:6777-82. [PMID: 17141223 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2006.11.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2006] [Accepted: 11/16/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Baculoviruses are orally infectious to insects and considered to be natural insecticides. To enhance their speed-of-kill these viruses were engineered to express arthropod neurotoxins under the control of various strong promoters. Although this strategy proved to be efficient, it raised recently concerns about safety. We analyzed the speed-of-kill and safety of Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus expressing the insecticidal scorpion neurotoxin AaIT and found that the mortality of Helicoverpa armigera larvae was enhanced significantly when the expression was controlled by the baculovirus delayed-early promoter 39K rather than the very late promoter p10. This improvement was also reflected in better protection of cotton leaves on which these insects were fed. Using lacZ as a sensitive reporter we also found that expression driven by the 39K promoter was detected in insect but not in mammalian cells. These results imply that by selection of an appropriate viral promoter, engineered baculoviruses may comply with the high standard biosafety requirements from a genetically modified organism (GMO). Our results provide further support for the potential use of engineered baculoviruses in insect pest control in a safely manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avital Regev
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, ARO, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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46
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Application of on-line OUR measurements to detect actions points to improve baculovirus-insect cell cultures in bioreactors. J Biotechnol 2006; 125:385-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2006.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2005] [Revised: 02/09/2006] [Accepted: 03/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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47
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Rivkin H, Kroemer JA, Bronshtein A, Belausov E, Webb BA, Chejanovsky N. Response of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed Spodoptera littoralis larvae to baculovirus infection. J Gen Virol 2006; 87:2217-2225. [PMID: 16847117 DOI: 10.1099/vir.0.81918-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Mediterranean lepidopteran pest Spodoptera littoralis is highly resistant to infection with the Autographa californica multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (AcMNPV) via the oral route, but highly sensitive to infection with budded virus (BV) via the intrahaemocoelic route. To study the fate of AcMNPV infection in S. littoralis, vHSGFP, an AcMNPV recombinant that expresses the reporter green fluorescent protein gene under the control of the Drosophila heat-shock promoter, and high-resolution fluorescence microscopy were utilized. S. littoralis fourth-instar larvae infected orally with vHSGFP showed melanization and encapsulation of virus-infected tracheoblast cells serving the midgut columnar cells. At 72 h post-infection, the viral foci were removed during the moult clearing the infection. Thus, oral infection was restricted by immune responses to the midgut and midgut-associated tracheal cells. By contrast, injection of BV into the haemocoel resulted in successful infection of tracheoblasts, followed by spread of the virus through the tracheal epidermis to other tissues. However, in contrast to fully permissive infections where tracheoblasts and haemocytes are equally susceptible to infection, a severe limitation to vHSGFP infection of haemocytes was observed. To investigate the resistance of S. littoralis haemocytes to BV infection with AcMNPV, the larval immune system was suppressed with the Chelonus inanitus polydnavirus or a putatively immunosuppressive polydnavirus gene, P-vank-1. Both treatments increased the susceptibility of S. littoralis larvae to AcMNPV. It is concluded that the resistance of S. littoralis to AcMNPV infection involves both humoral and cellular immune responses that act at the gut and haemocyte levels. The results also support the hypothesis that tracheolar cells mediate establishment of systemic baculovirus infections in lepidopteran larvae. The finding that polydnaviruses and their encoded genes synergize baculovirus infection also provides an approach to dissecting the responses of the lepidopteran immune system to viruses by using specific polydnavirus immunosuppressive genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadassah Rivkin
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Jeremy A Kroemer
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Sciences Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Alexander Bronshtein
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Eduard Belausov
- Institute of Plant Sciences, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Bruce A Webb
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Sciences Center North, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Nor Chejanovsky
- Entomology Department, Institute of Plant Protection, The Volcani Center, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
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48
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Belaich MN, Rodríguez VA, Bilen MF, Pilloff MG, Romanowski V, Sciocco-Cap A, Ghiringhelli PD. Sequencing and characterisation of p74 gene in two isolates of Anticarsia gemmatalis MNPV. Virus Genes 2006; 32:59-70. [PMID: 16525736 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-005-5846-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2005] [Accepted: 06/26/2005] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
P74 is a protein encoded in the genome of baculoviruses, associated with the envelopes of occluded virus. Its presence proved to be essential for per os infection. In first place, in this work we designed two universal primers to amplify a sequence region of the p74 ORF in baculoviruses from different classification groups. Then, by the use of these amplicons we obtained the complete sequence of the p74 locus from two isolates of AgMNPV, 2D (Brazil) and SF (Argentina). In the flanking regions we determined the complete sequence of p10 gene and a portion of p26 gene. Comparing both p74 sequence data (ORFs of 1935 bp) we found fifteen nucleotide changes that result in six amino acid changes. Comparisons of AgMNPV p74s with other baculovirus homologous genes indicate a close relationship with other group I Nucleopolyhedrovirus, in particular CfDEFNPV. These results were based on ORF sequence, amino acid sequence and gene order. The predictive studies about secondary structure and hydrophobic index point at six regions potentially associated to its function or native conformation. Finally, the detection of p74 mRNA after virus DNA replication confirms a late expression pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Nicolás Belaich
- LIGBCM (Laboratorio de Ingeniería Genética y Biología Celular y Molecular), Departamento Ciencia y Tecnología, Universidad Nacional de Quilmes, Roque Saenz Peña 180, Bernal (1876), Argentina
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49
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Tamás L, Shewry PR. Heterologous expression and protein engineering of wheat gluten proteins. J Cereal Sci 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2006.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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50
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Lee GY, Jung WW, Kang CS, Bang IS. Expression and characterization of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF165) in insect cells. Protein Expr Purif 2006; 46:503-9. [PMID: 16289914 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2005.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2005] [Revised: 09/27/2005] [Accepted: 09/29/2005] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is the best characterized multifunctional protein which plays a key role in normal and pathologic angiogenesis. The gene encoding the human VEGF165 was cloned from the ovarian carcinoma cell line (OVCAR3) and expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression vector system. The recombinant human VEGF165 (rhVEGF165) protein produced by Sf21 (Spodoptera frugiperda) cells underwent a similar processing compared with mammalian cells, including efficient glycosylation, formation of a disulfide-linked dimer and secretion into the media. The rhVEGF165 had a high affinity for heparin and this characteristic was used to purify this form to homogeneity by heparin affinity, Resource S and Resource RPC columns. The biological activity of the purified 42-kDa homodimer was shown by the induction of the proliferation of human umbilical vein derived endothelial cells. These results demonstrate that an angiogenic growth factor whose normal processing requires glycosylation and disulfide-bridge formation can be efficiently expressed in high concentration (up to 20mg/L) in Sf21 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geum Young Lee
- MyGene Bioscience Institute, 202-16, Nonhyun-Dong, Kangnam-Gu, Seoul 135-010, Republic of Korea
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