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Davis E, Avniel-Polak S, Abu-Kamel S, Antman I, Saadoun T, Brim C, Jumaa M, Maron Y, Maimon O, Bel-Ange A, Atlan K, Tzur T, Abu Akar F, Wald O, Izhar U, Hecht M, Grozinsky-Glasberg S, Drier Y. Enhancer landscape of lung neuroendocrine tumors reveals regulatory and developmental signatures with potential theranostic implications. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2405001121. [PMID: 39361648 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405001121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 10/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Well-differentiated low-grade lung neuroendocrine tumors (lung carcinoids or LNETs) are histopathologically classified as typical and atypical LNETs, but each subtype is still heterogeneous at both the molecular level and its clinical manifestation. Here, we report genome-wide profiles of primary LNETs' cis-regulatory elements by H3K27ac ChIP-seq with matching RNA-seq profiles. Analysis of these regulatory landscapes revealed three regulatory subtypes, independent of the typical/atypical classification. We identified unique differentiation signals that delineate each subtype. The "proneuronal" subtype emerges under the influence of ASCL1, SOX4, and TCF4 transcription factors, embodying a pronounced proneuronal signature. The "luminal-like" subtype is characterized by gain of acetylation at markers of luminal cells and GATA2 activation and loss of LRP5 and OTP. The "HNF+" subtype is characterized by a robust enhancer landscape driven by HNF1A, HNF4A, and FOXA3, with notable acetylation and expression of FGF signaling genes, especially FGFR3 and FGFR4, pivotal components of the FGF pathway. Our findings not only deepen the understanding of LNETs' regulatory and developmental diversity but also spotlight the HNF+ subtype's reliance on FGFR signaling. We demonstrate that targeting this pathway with FGF inhibitors curtails tumor growth both in vitro and in xenograft models, unveiling a potential vulnerability and paving the way for targeted therapies. Overall, our work provides an important resource for studying LNETs to reveal regulatory networks, differentiation signals, and therapeutically relevant dependencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Davis
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Shani Avniel-Polak
- The Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Shahd Abu-Kamel
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Israel Antman
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Tsipora Saadoun
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Chava Brim
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Mohammad Jumaa
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yariv Maron
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Ofra Maimon
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Oncology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Anat Bel-Ange
- The Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Karine Atlan
- Department of Pathology, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Tomer Tzur
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Firas Abu Akar
- The Edith Wolfson Medical Center, Holon 5822012, Israel
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestinian Territories
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated to the Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Ori Wald
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestinian Territories
| | - Uzi Izhar
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Department of General Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Al-Quds University, East Jerusalem, Palestinian Territories
| | - Merav Hecht
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Simona Grozinsky-Glasberg
- The Neuroendocrine Tumor Unit, European Neuroendocrine Tumor Society Center of Excellence, Division of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
| | - Yotam Drier
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9112102, Israel
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Engineering an endothelialized, endocrine Neo-Pancreas: Evaluation of islet functionality in an ex vivo model. Acta Biomater 2020; 117:213-225. [PMID: 32949822 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Islet-based recellularization of decellularized, repurposed rat livers may form a transplantable Neo-Pancreas. The aim of this study is the establishment of the necessary protocols, the evaluation of the organ structure and the analysis of the islet functionality ex vivo. After perfusion-based decellularization of rat livers, matrices were repopulated with endothelial cells and mesenchymal stromal cells, incubated for 8 days in a perfusion chamber, and finally repopulated on day 9 with intact rodent islets. Integrity and quality of re-endothelialization was assessed by histology and FITC-dextran perfusion assay. Functionality of the islets of Langerhans was determined on day 10 and day 12 via glucose stimulated insulin secretion. Blood gas analysis variables confirmed the stability of the perfusion cultivation. Histological staining showed that cells formed a monolayer inside the intact vascular structure. These findings were confirmed by electron microscopy. Islets infused via the bile duct could histologically be found in the parenchymal space. Adequate insulin secretion after glucose stimulation after 1-day and 3-day cultivation verified islet viability and functionality after the repopulation process. We provide the first proof-of-concept for the functionality of islets of Langerhans engrafted in a decellularized rat liver. Furthermore, a re-endothelialization step was implemented to provide implantability. This technique can serve as a bioengineered platform to generate implantable and functional endocrine Neo-Pancreases.
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Sahoo S, Singh D, Chakraborty P, Jolly MK. Emergent Properties of the HNF4α-PPARγ Network May Drive Consequent Phenotypic Plasticity in NAFLD. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E870. [PMID: 32235813 PMCID: PMC7141525 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common form of chronic liver disease in adults and children. It is characterized by excessive accumulation of lipids in the hepatocytes of patients without any excess alcohol intake. With a global presence of 24% and limited therapeutic options, the disease burden of NAFLD is increasing. Thus, it becomes imperative to attempt to understand the dynamics of disease progression at a systems-level. Here, we decoded the emergent dynamics of underlying gene regulatory networks that were identified to drive the initiation and the progression of NAFLD. We developed a mathematical model to elucidate the dynamics of the HNF4α-PPARγ gene regulatory network. Our simulations reveal that this network can enable multiple co-existing phenotypes under certain biological conditions: an adipocyte, a hepatocyte, and a "hybrid" adipocyte-like state of the hepatocyte. These phenotypes may also switch among each other, thus enabling phenotypic plasticity and consequently leading to simultaneous deregulation of the levels of molecules that maintain a hepatic identity and/or facilitate a partial or complete acquisition of adipocytic traits. These predicted trends are supported by the analysis of clinical data, further substantiating the putative role of phenotypic plasticity in driving NAFLD. Our results unravel how the emergent dynamics of underlying regulatory networks can promote phenotypic plasticity, thereby propelling the clinically observed changes in gene expression often associated with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarthak Sahoo
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Divyoj Singh
- Undergraduate Programme, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Priyanka Chakraborty
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Centre for BioSystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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4
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Lung T, Sakem B, Risch L, Würzner R, Colucci G, Cerny A, Nydegger U. The complement system in liver diseases: Evidence-based approach and therapeutic options. J Transl Autoimmun 2019; 2:100017. [PMID: 32743505 PMCID: PMC7388403 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2019.100017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is usually seen to largely originate from the liver to accomplish its tasks systemically - its return to the production site has long been underestimated. Recent progress in genomics, therapeutic effects on complement, standardised possibilities in medical laboratory tests and involvement of complosome brings the complement system with its three major functions of opsonization, cytolysis and phagocytosis back to liver biology and pathology. The LOINC™ system features 20 entries for the C3 component of complement to anticipate the application of artificial intelligence data banks algorythms of which are fed with patient-specific data connected to standard lab assays for liver function. These advancements now lead to increased vigilance by clinicians. This reassessment article will further elucidate the distribution of synthesis sites to the three germ layer-derived cell systems and the role complement now known to play in embryogenesis, senescence, allotransplantation and autoimmune disease. This establishes the liver as part of the gastro-intestinal system in connection with nosological entities never thought of, such as the microbiota-liver-brain axis. In neurological disease etiology infectious and autoimmune hepatitis play an important role in the context of causative viz reactive complement activation. The mosaic of autoimmunity, i.e. multiple combinations of the many factors producing varying clinical pictures, leads to the manifold facets of liver autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Lung
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Lagerstrasse 30, CH-9470, Buchs, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Sakem
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Risch
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Würzner
- Medical University Innsbruck, Division of Hygiene & Medical Microbiology, Department of Hygiene, Microbiology and Public Health, Schöpfstrasse 41, A-6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Giuseppe Colucci
- Clinica Luganese Moncucco, Lugano, Via Moncucco, CH-6900, Lugano, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Cerny
- Epatocentro Ticino, Via Soldino 5, CH-6900, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Urs Nydegger
- Labormedizinisches Zentrum Dr. Risch, Waldeggstrasse 37, CH-3097, Liebefeld bei Bern, Switzerland
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5
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Schmelzer E. Hepatic progenitors of the fetal liver: Interactions with hematopoietic stem cells. Differentiation 2019; 106:9-14. [PMID: 30826473 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to summarize and give an overview on the findings of signaling between hepatic and hematopoietic progenitors of the liver. To date, there are not many findings published in the field, and the aim of this review is to cover all current publications in this area. The liver is the main site of hematopoiesis during fetal development. However, little is known about how hepatic and other non-hematopoietic progenitors potentially influence hematopoiesis and vice versa. The concurrent peaks of hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor proliferation during development indicate interactions that could possibly be mediated through cell-cell contact, extracellular matrices, cytokines and growth factors, or other signaling molecules. For example, hepatic progenitors, such as hepatic stem cells and hepatoblasts, possess characteristic surface markers that can be cleaved, giving rise to fragments of various lengths. A surface molecule of hepatoblasts has been demonstrated to play an essential role in hematopoiesis. Particularly, these effects on hematopoiesis were distinct, depending on whether it was membrane-bound or cleaved. In this review, the various hepatic and hematopoietic progenitor cell types are concisely described, and the current findings of their potential interactions are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Schmelzer
- Department of Surgery, McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, 3025 East Carson Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15203, USA.
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6
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Chen Y, Soto-Gutierrez A, Navarro-Alvarez N, Rivas-Carrillo JD, Yamatsuji T, Shirakawa Y, Tanaka N, Basma H, Fox IJ, Kobayashi N. Instant Hepatic Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using Activin a and a Deleted Variant of HGF. Cell Transplant 2017; 15:865-71. [PMID: 17299990 DOI: 10.3727/000000006783981305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem (hES) cells have the ability to differentiate into a variety of different cell lineages and potentially provide a source of differentiated cells for many therapeutic uses. Here we investigated an efficient method of hepatic differentiation from hES cells. A human ES cell line, KhES-1, was used and maintained by a nonfeeder method. KhES-1 cells were cultured for 5 days in the presence of human activin A (50 ng/ml) and then treated with a deleted variant of hepatocyte growth factor (dHGF) at 0, 100, or 500 ng/ml for 7 days. The resultant cells were biologically analyzed. The expression of the endodermal genes SOX17 and FOXA2 increased in KhES-1 cells after activin A treatment. In contrast, Oct4, a self-renewal undifferentiated marker, decreased in a time-dependent manner in KhES-1 cells. Following a 7-day treatment of the resultant cells with dHGF, especially at 500 ng/ml, KhES-1 cells showed an expression of the hepatic makers albumin, AFP, and CK18. Transitional electron microscopy showed well-developed glycogen rosettes and a gap junction in KhES-1 cells treated with 500 ng/ml of dHGF. We developed an efficient method to differentiate KhES-1 cells into hepatocyte-like cells in vitro using 50 ng/ml of activin A and 500 ng/ml of dHGF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Chen
- Department of Surgery, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama 700-8558, Japan
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Corsi A, Riminucci M. Liver heterotopia in the head of a patient with osteosarcoma of the maxilla. A paracrine tumor-induced hepatogenesis? Hum Pathol 2016; 60:147-150. [PMID: 27597524 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2016.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Heterotopia of liver tissue is uncommon. It has been reported at various sites, more frequently near the orthotopic liver, including gallbladder, hepatic ligaments, omentum, and retroperitoneum, rarely within the diaphragm and the thoracic cavity, and never within the head. We report here a 22-year-old patient surgically treated for a maxillary osteosarcoma in which microscopic liver tissue islands were incidentally detected in the respiratory mucosa of the surgical margin. The islands comprised well-differentiated HepPar-1-positive hepatocytes and were surrounded by cytokeratin-7- and cytokeratin-19-positive bile duct-like structures. This case, which is unique in the medical literature, may suggest an inductive paracrine effect of the osteosarcoma cells by secretion of factors promoting hepatocyte specification of primitive endodermal progenitors and subsequent liver morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Corsi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Mara Riminucci
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University, 00161 Rome, Italy.
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8
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Ye J, Shirakigawa N, Ijima H. Fetal liver cell-containing hybrid organoids improve cell viability and albumin production upon transplantation. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 121:701-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Feng L, Cook B, Tsai SY, Zhou T, LaFlamme B, Evans T, Chen S. Discovery of a Small-Molecule BMP Sensitizer for Human Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation. Cell Rep 2016; 15:2063-75. [PMID: 27210748 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sorely missing from the "toolkit" for directed differentiation of stem/progenitor cells are agonists of the BMP-signaling pathway. Using a high-throughput chemical screen, we discovered that PD407824, a checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) inhibitor, increases the sensitivity of cells to sub-threshold amounts of BMP4. We show utility of the compound in the directed differentiation of human embryonic stem cells toward mesoderm or cytotrophoblast stem cells. Blocking CHK1 activity using pharmacological compounds or CHK1 knockout using single guide RNA (sgRNA) confirmed that CHK1 inhibition increases the sensitivity to BMP4 treatment. Additional mechanistic studies indicate that CHK1 inhibition depletes p21 levels, thereby activating CDK8/9, which then phosphorylates the SMAD2/3 linker region, leading to decreased levels of SMAD2/3 protein and enhanced levels of nuclear SMAD1. This study provides insight into mechanisms controlling the BMP/transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) signaling pathways and a useful pharmacological reagent for directed differentiation of stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology (CCNU), Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, Hubei 430079, China; Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brandoch Cook
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Su-Yi Tsai
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Brooke LaFlamme
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Todd Evans
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Shuibing Chen
- Department of Surgery, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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10
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Luo T, He X, Xing K. Lineage analysis by microsatellite loci deep sequencing in mice. Mol Reprod Dev 2016; 83:387-91. [PMID: 26932355 DOI: 10.1002/mrd.22632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lineage analysis is the identification of all the progeny of a single progenitor cell, and has become particularly useful for studying developmental processes and cancer biology. Here, we propose a novel and effective method for lineage analysis that combines sequence capture and next-generation sequencing technology. Genome-wide mononucleotide and dinucleotide microsatellite loci in eight samples from two mice were identified and used to construct phylogenetic trees based on somatic indel mutations at these loci, which were unique enough to distinguish and parse samples from different mice into different groups along the lineage tree. For example, biopsies from the liver and stomach, which originate from the endoderm, were located in the same clade, while samples in kidney, which originate from the mesoderm, were located in another clade. Yet, tissue with a common developmental origin may still contain cells of a mixed ancestry. This genome-wide approach thus provides a non-invasive lineage analysis method based on mutations that accumulate in the genomes of opaque multicellular organism somatic cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 387-391, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xionglei He
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of High Performance Computing, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Ke Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, College of Ecology and Evolution, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yatsen University, Guangzhou, China
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Kanninen LK, Porola P, Niklander J, Malinen MM, Corlu A, Guguen-Guillouzo C, Urtti A, Yliperttula ML, Lou YR. Hepatic differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells on human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix. Exp Cell Res 2016; 341:207-17. [PMID: 26854693 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Human hepatocytes are extensively needed in drug discovery and development. Stem cell-derived hepatocytes are expected to be an improved and continuous model of human liver to study drug candidates. Generation of endoderm-derived hepatocytes from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), including human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells, is a complex, challenging process requiring specific signals from soluble factors and insoluble matrices at each developmental stage. In this study, we used human liver progenitor HepaRG-derived acellular matrix (ACM) as a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix to induce hepatic commitment of hPSC-derived definitive endoderm (DE) cells. The DE cells showed much better attachment to the HepaRG ACM than other matrices tested and then differentiated towards hepatic cells, which expressed hepatocyte-specific makers. We demonstrate that Matrigel overlay induced hepatocyte phenotype and inhibited biliary epithelial differentiation in two hPSC lines studied. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that the HepaRG ACM, a hepatic progenitor-specific matrix, plays an important role in the hepatic differentiation of hPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liisa K Kanninen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pauliina Porola
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Niklander
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Melina M Malinen
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anne Corlu
- Inserm UMR991, Liver Metabolisms and Cancer, Université de Rennes 1, F-35043 Rennes, France
| | | | - Arto Urtti
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, 70211 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Marjo L Yliperttula
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yan-Ru Lou
- Centre for Drug Research, Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 56, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland.
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12
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TGF-β signaling alters the pattern of liver tumorigenesis induced by Pten inactivation. Oncogene 2014; 34:3273-82. [PMID: 25132272 PMCID: PMC4333137 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocarcinogenesis results from the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic changes in liver cells. A common mechanism through which these alterations induce liver cancer is by deregulating signaling pathways. A number of signaling pathways, including the PI3K/PTEN/AKT and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) pathways have been implicated in normal liver development as well as in cancer formation. In this study, we assessed the effect of the TGF-β signaling pathway on liver tumors induced by phosphatase and tensin homolog (Pten) loss. Inactivation of only the TGF-β receptor type II, Tgfbr2, in the mouse liver (Tgfbr2(LKO)) had no overt phenotype, while inactivation of Pten alone (Pten(LKO)), resulted in the formation of both hepatocellular carcinomas and cholangiocarcinomas (CC). Interestingly, deletion of both Pten and Tgfbr2 (Pten(LKO);Tgfbr2(LKO)) in the mouse liver resulted in a dramatic shift in tumor type to predominantly CC. Assessment of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway revealed increased phosphorylation of AKT and glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK-3β) in both the Pten(LKO) and Pten(LKO);Tgfbr2(LKO) mice, suggesting that this pathway is constitutively active regardless of the status of the TGF-β signaling pathway. However, phosphorylation of p70 S6 kinase was observed in the liver of all three phenotypes (Tgfbr2(LKO), Pten(LKO), Pten(LKO);Tgfbr2(LKO)) indicating that the loss of Tgfbr2 and/or Pten leads to an increase in this signaling pathway. Analysis of markers of liver progenitor/stem cells revealed that the loss of TGF-β signaling resulted in increased expression of c-Kit and CD133. Furthermore, in addition to increased c-Kit and CD133, Scf and EpCam expression were also increased in the double knock-out mice. These results suggest that the alteration in tumor types between the Pten(LKO) mice and Pten(LKO);Tgfbr2(LKO) mice is secondary to the altered regulation of stem-cell features induced by the loss of TGF-β signaling.
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13
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Avolio F, Pfeifer A, Courtney M, Gjernes E, Ben-Othman N, Vieira A, Druelle N, Faurite B, Collombat P. From pancreas morphogenesis to β-cell regeneration. Curr Top Dev Biol 2014; 106:217-38. [PMID: 24290351 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-416021-7.00006-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a metabolic disease resulting in the selective loss of pancreatic insulin-producing β-cells and affecting millions of people worldwide. The side effects of diabetes are varied and include cardiovascular, neuropathologic, and kidney diseases. Despite the most recent advances in diabetes care, patients suffering from type 1 diabetes still display a shortened life expectancy compared to their healthy counterparts. In an effort to improve β-cell-replacement therapies, numerous approaches are currently being pursued, most of these aiming at finding ways to differentiate stem/progenitor cells into β-like cells by mimicking embryonic development. Unfortunately, these efforts have hitherto not allowed the generation of fully functional β-cells. This chapter summarizes recent findings, allowing a better insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of β-cells during the course of pancreatic morphogenesis. Furthermore, a focus is made on new research avenues concerning the conversion of pre-existing pancreatic cells into β-like cells, such approaches holding great promise for the development of type 1 diabetes therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Avolio
- Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, iBV, UMR 7277, Nice, France; Inserm, iBV, U1091, Nice, France; CNRS, iBV, UMR 7277, Nice, France
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14
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Tomellini E, Lagadec C, Polakowska R, Le Bourhis X. Role of p75 neurotrophin receptor in stem cell biology: more than just a marker. Cell Mol Life Sci 2014; 71:2467-81. [PMID: 24481864 PMCID: PMC11113797 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-014-1564-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2013] [Revised: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
p75(NTR), the common receptor for both neurotrophins and proneurotrophins, has been widely studied because of its role in many tissues, including the nervous system. More recently, a close relationship between p75(NTR) expression and pluripotency has been described. p75(NTR) was shown to be expressed in various types of stem cells and has been used to prospectively isolate stem cells with different degrees of potency. Here, we give an overview of the current knowledge on p75(NTR) in stem cells, ranging from embryonic to adult stem cells, and cancer stem cells. In an attempt to address its potential role in the control of stem cell biology, the molecular mechanisms underlying p75(NTR) signaling in different models are also highlighted. p75(NTR)-mediated functions include survival, apoptosis, migration, and differentiation, and depend on cell type, (pro)neurotrophin binding, interacting transmembrane co-receptors expression, intracellular adaptor molecule availability, and post-translational modifications, such as regulated proteolytic processing. It is therefore conceivable that p75(NTR) can modulate cell-fate decisions through its highly ramified signaling pathways. Thus, elucidating the potential implications of p75(NTR) activity as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms of p75(NTR) will shed new light on the biology of both normal and cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Tomellini
- Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Inserm U908, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
| | - Chann Lagadec
- Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Inserm U908, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
| | - Renata Polakowska
- Inserm U837 Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Institut pour la Recherche sur le Cancer de Lille (IRCL), 59045 Lille, France
- SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
| | - Xuefen Le Bourhis
- Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Inserm U908, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- Inserm U908, Université Lille 1, Batiment SN3, 59655 Villeneuve d’Ascq, France
- SIRIC ONCOLille, Lille, France
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15
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Microarray comparison of the gene expression profiles in the adult vs. embryonic day 14 rat liver. Biomed Rep 2014; 2:664-670. [PMID: 25054008 DOI: 10.3892/br.2014.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to identify the differentially-expressed genes of embryonic day 14 (ED 14) rat liver in comparison to adult rat liver, which may provide specific information for the investigation of the hepatogenesis mechanism. The gene expression profiles of ED 14 and adult rat livers were investigated using microarray analysis (the Illumina RatRef-12 Expression BeadChip). Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) analyses were conducted to confirm the gene expression. There were 787 genes upregulated in the embryonic liver. Based on the gene ontology classification system, which was analyzed by the database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery software, a number of the upregulated genes were categorized into the distinct and differentially-expressed functional groups, including metabolism pathway, cell cycle, transcription, signal transduction, purine metabolism, cell structure, transportation and apoptosis. qPCR analyses confirmed the gene expression. Eleven upregulated genes were found in the ED 14 rat liver, which may provide specific information for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control hepatogenesis. These overexpressed genes are potential markers for identifying hepatic progenitor cells.
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16
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Hoveizi E, Khodadadi S, Tavakol S, Karima O, Nasiri-Khalili MA. Small molecules differentiate definitive endoderm from human induced pluripotent stem cells on PCL scaffold. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2014; 173:1727-36. [PMID: 24861317 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-014-0960-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are attractive sources of cells for disease modeling in vitro, and they may eventually provide access to cells/tissues for the treatment of many degenerative diseases. Stepwise differentiation from hiPSCs to definitive endoderm (DE) will identify a key step in hepatocytes and beta cell development and may prove useful for transplantation therapy for liver diseases and diabetes. Inducer of definitive endoderm 1 (IDE1) is known to play an important role in the regional specification of DE. Here, we have investigated the effect of stimulation with IDE1 on the development of hiPSCs into DE cells in three-dimensional (3D) cultures. The differentiation was determined by immunofluorescence staining with Sox17, FoxA2, and goosecoid (Gsc) and also by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) analysis. In this study, we showed that hiPSCs with 6-day IDE1 treatment (as chemical tool) on poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) nanofibrous scaffold were able to differentiate into DE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hoveizi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran,
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17
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The role of H1 linker histone subtypes in preserving the fidelity of elaboration of mesendodermal and neuroectodermal lineages during embryonic development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96858. [PMID: 24802750 PMCID: PMC4011883 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
H1 linker histone proteins are essential for the structural and functional integrity of chromatin and for the fidelity of additional epigenetic modifications. Deletion of H1c, H1d and H1e in mice leads to embryonic lethality by mid-gestation with a broad spectrum of developmental alterations. To elucidate the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying H1 linker histone developmental functions, we analyzed embryonic stem cells (ESCs) depleted of H1c, H1d and H1e subtypes (H1-KO ESCs) by utilizing established ESC differentiation paradigms. Our study revealed that although H1-KO ESCs continued to express core pluripotency genes and the embryonic stem cell markers, alkaline phosphatase and SSEA1, they exhibited enhanced cell death during embryoid body formation and during specification of mesendoderm and neuroectoderm. In addition, we demonstrated deregulation in the developmental programs of cardiomyocyte, hepatic and pancreatic lineage elaboration. Moreover, ectopic neurogenesis and cardiomyogenesis occurred during endoderm-derived pancreatic but not hepatic differentiation. Furthermore, neural differentiation paradigms revealed selective impairments in the specification and maturation of glutamatergic and dopaminergic neurons with accelerated maturation of glial lineages. These impairments were associated with deregulation in the expression profiles of pro-neural genes in dorsal and ventral forebrain-derived neural stem cell species. Taken together, these experimental observations suggest that H1 linker histone proteins are critical for the specification, maturation and fidelity of organ-specific cellular lineages derived from the three cardinal germ layers.
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18
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Hoveizi E, Nabiuni M, Parivar K, Ai J, Massumi M. Definitive endoderm differentiation of human-induced pluripotent stem cells using signaling molecules and IDE1 in three-dimensional polymer scaffold. J Biomed Mater Res A 2014; 102:4027-36. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Revised: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Hoveizi
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Chamran University, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Nabiuni
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University (TMU); Tehran Iran
| | - Kazem Parivar
- Department of Biology; Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University (TMU); Tehran Iran
| | - Jafar Ai
- Department of Tissue Engineering; School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
- Brain and Spinal Injury Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences; Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad Massumi
- Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Biotechnology Team (iBT), Stem Cells Department; National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology; Tehran Iran
- Stem Cells Biology Department; Stem Cell Technology Research Center; Tehran Iran
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19
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Ham DS, Shin J, Kim JW, Park HS, Cho JH, Yoon KH. Generation of functional insulin-producing cells from neonatal porcine liver-derived cells by PDX1/VP16, BETA2/NeuroD and MafA. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79076. [PMID: 24260156 PMCID: PMC3829837 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Surrogate β-cells derived from stem cells are needed to cure type 1 diabetes, and neonatal liver cells may be an attractive alternative to stem cells for the generation of β-cells. In this study, we attempted to generate insulin-producing cells from neonatal porcine liver-derived cells using adenoviruses carrying three genes: pancreatic and duodenal homeobox factor1 (PDX1)/VP16, BETA2/NeuroD and v-maf musculo aponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homolog A (MafA), which are all known to play critical roles in pancreatic development. Isolated neonatal porcine liver-derived cells were sequentially transduced with triple adenoviruses and grown in induction medium containing a high concentration of glucose, epidermal growth factors, nicotinamide and a low concentration of serum following the induction of aggregation for further maturation. We noted that the cells displayed a number of molecular characteristics of pancreatic β-cells, including expressing several transcription factors necessary for β-cell development and function. In addition, these cells synthesized and physiologically secreted insulin. Transplanting these differentiated cells into streptozotocin-induced immunodeficient diabetic mice led to the reversal of hyperglycemia, and more than 18% of the cells in the grafts expressed insulin at 6 weeks after transplantation. These data suggested that neonatal porcine liver-derived cells can be differentiated into functional insulin-producing cells under the culture conditions presented in this report and indicated that neonatal porcine liver-derived cells (NPLCs) might be useful as a potential source of cells for β-cell replacement therapy in efforts to cure type I diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sik Ham
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
| | - Juyoung Shin
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heon-Seok Park
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hyoung Cho
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Ho Yoon
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea
- Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital Convergent Research Consortium for Immunologic Disease, Seoul, Korea
- * E-mail:
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20
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Abstract
In the neonate, the liver is relatively immature and undergoes several changes in its functional capacity during the early postnatal period. The essential liver functions can be classified into three categories: metabolism, detoxification, and bile synthesis. In general, the immature liver function has limited consequences on the healthy term neonate. However, preterm neonates are particularly susceptible to the effects of the immature liver function placing them at risk of hypoglycemia, hyperbilirubinemia, cholestasis, bleeding, and impaired drug metabolism. An appreciation of the dynamic changes in liver function during the neonatal period is essential for successful management of neonates who require medical and surgical interventions. This review will focus on the neonatal liver function as well as the changes that the liver undergoes as it matures.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Grijalva
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
| | - Khashayar Vakili
- Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, 300 Longwood Ave, Boston, Massachusetts 02115.
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21
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Dunworth WP, Cardona-Costa J, Bozkulak EC, Kim JD, Meadows S, Fischer JC, Wang Y, Cleaver O, Qyang Y, Ober EA, Jin SW. Bone morphogenetic protein 2 signaling negatively modulates lymphatic development in vertebrate embryos. Circ Res 2013; 114:56-66. [PMID: 24122719 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE The emergence of lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) seems to be highly regulated during development. Although several factors that promote the differentiation of LECs in embryonic development have been identified, those that negatively regulate this process are largely unknown. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to delineate the role of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) 2 signaling in lymphatic development. METHODS AND RESULTS BMP2 signaling negatively regulates the formation of LECs. Developing LECs lack any detectable BMP signaling activity in both zebrafish and mouse embryos, and excess BMP2 signaling in zebrafish embryos and mouse embryonic stem cell-derived embryoid bodies substantially decrease the emergence of LECs. Mechanistically, BMP2 signaling induces expression of miR-31 and miR-181a in a SMAD-dependent mechanism, which in turn results in attenuated expression of prospero homeobox protein 1 during development. CONCLUSIONS Our data identify BMP2 as a key negative regulator for the emergence of the lymphatic lineage during vertebrate development.
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Affiliation(s)
- William P Dunworth
- From the Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT (W.P.D., J.C.-C., E.C.B., J.-D.K., Y.W., Y.Q., S-W.J.); MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Division of Developmental Biology, Mill Hill, London, United Kingdom (J.C.F., E.A.O.); and Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX (S.M., O.C.)
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22
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Functions of huntingtin in germ layer specification and organogenesis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72698. [PMID: 23967334 PMCID: PMC3742581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disease caused by abnormal polyglutamine expansion in the huntingtin protein (Htt). Although both Htt and the HD pathogenic mutation (mHtt) are implicated in early developmental events, their individual involvement has not been adequately explored. In order to better define the developmental functions and pathological consequences of the normal and mutant proteins, respectively, we employed embryonic stem cell (ESC) expansion, differentiation and induction experiments using huntingtin knock-out (KO) and mutant huntingtin knock-in (Q111) mouse ESC lines. In KO ESCs, we observed impairments in the spontaneous specification and survival of ectodermal and mesodermal lineages during embryoid body formation and under inductive conditions using retinoic acid and Wnt3A, respectively. Ablation of BAX improves cell survival, but failed to correct defects in germ layer specification. In addition, we observed ensuing impairments in the specification and maturation of neural, hepatic, pancreatic and cardiomyocyte lineages. These developmental deficits occurred in concert with alterations in Notch, Hes1 and STAT3 signaling pathways. Moreover, in Q111 ESCs, we observed differential developmental stage-specific alterations in lineage specification and maturation. We also observed changes in Notch/STAT3 expression and activation. Our observations underscore essential roles of Htt in the specification of ectoderm, endoderm and mesoderm, in the specification of neural and non-neural organ-specific lineages, as well as cell survival during early embryogenesis. Remarkably, these developmental events are differentially deregulated by mHtt, raising the possibility that HD-associated early developmental impairments may contribute not only to region-specific neurodegeneration, but also to non-neural co-morbidities.
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Ben-Othman N, Courtney M, Vieira A, Pfeifer A, Druelle N, Gjernes E, Faurite B, Avolio F, Collombat P. From pancreatic islet formation to beta-cell regeneration. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2013; 101:1-9. [PMID: 23380136 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2013.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus represents a major healthcare burden and, due to the increasing prevalence of type I diabetes and the complications arising from current treatments, other alternative therapies must be found. Type I diabetes arises as a result of a cell-mediated autoimmune destruction of insulin producing pancreatic β-cells. Thus, a cell replacement therapy would be appropriate, using either in vitro or in vivo cell differentiation/reprogramming from different cell sources. Increasing our understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling endocrine cell specification during pancreas morphogenesis and gaining further insight into the complex transcriptional network and signaling pathways governing β-cell development should facilitate efforts to achieve this ultimate goal, that is to regenerate insulin-producing β-cells. This review will therefore describe briefly the genetic program underlying mouse pancreas development and present new insights regarding β-cell regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nouha Ben-Othman
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Monica Courtney
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Andhira Vieira
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Anja Pfeifer
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Noémie Druelle
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Elisabet Gjernes
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Biljana Faurite
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Fabio Avolio
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA
| | - Patrick Collombat
- Université de Nice-Sophia Antipolis, FR-06108 Nice, France; Inserm U1091, IBV, Diabetes Genetics Team, FR-06108 Nice, France; JDRF, 26 Broadway, NY-10004, USA.
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24
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Sato M, Matsuda Y, Wakai T, Kubota M, Osawa M, Fujimaki S, Sanpei A, Takamura M, Yamagiwa S, Aoyagi Y. P21-activated kinase-2 is a critical mediator of transforming growth factor-β-induced hepatoma cell migration. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013; 28:1047-55. [PMID: 23425030 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.12150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) has been shown to play a central role in the promotion of cell motility, but its functional mechanism has remained unclear. With the aim of investigating the diagnostic and treatment modalities for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), the signaling pathway that may contribute to TGF-β-mediated cell invasion in hepatoma cells was evaluated. METHODS Three hepatoma cell lines, HepG2, PLC/PRF/5, and HLF, were treated with TGF-β, and the involvement of the non-canonical TGF-β pathway was analyzed by cell migration assays. HepG2 cells were treated with a p21-activated kinase-2 (PAK2)-targeting small interfering RNA and analyzed for their cell motility. The relationships between the PAK2 status and the clinicopathological characteristics of 62 HCC patients were also analyzed. RESULTS The cell migration assays showed that Akt is a critical regulator of TGF-β-mediated cell migration. Western blotting analyses showed that TGF-β stimulated Akt and PAK2 in all three hepatoma cell lines, and phosphorylated PAK2 was blocked by Akt inhibitor. Suppression of PAK2 expression by small interfering RNA resulted in increased focal adhesions with significantly repressed cell migration in the presence of TGF-β. Clinicopathological analyses showed that the phosphorylation level of PAK2 was closely associated with tumor progression, metastasis, and early recurrence of HCC. CONCLUSIONS PAK2 may be a critical mediator of TGF-β-mediated hepatoma cell migration, and may represent a potential target for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munehiro Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Japan
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25
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Gao L, Thilakavathy K, Nordin N. A plethora of human pluripotent stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:875-87. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2012] [Accepted: 04/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liyang Gao
- Clinical Genetics Unit; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology; Faculty of Medicine & Health Sciences; Universiti Putra Malaysia; 43400; UPM Serdang; Selangor; Malaysia
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26
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Abstract
Liver is a prime organ responsible for synthesis, metabolism, and detoxification. The organ is endodermal in origin and its development is regulated by temporal, complex, and finely balanced cellular and molecular interactions that dictate its origin, growth, and maturation. We discuss the relevance of endoderm patterning, which truly is the first step toward mapping of domains that will give rise to specific organs. Once foregut patterning is completed, certain cells within the foregut endoderm gain competence in the form of expression of certain transcription factors that allow them to respond to certain inductive signals. Hepatic specification is then a result of such inductive signals, which often emanate from the surrounding mesenchyme. During hepatic specification bipotential hepatic stem cells or hepatoblasts become apparent and undergo expansion, which results in a visible liver primordium during the stage of hepatic morphogenesis. Hepatoblasts next differentiate into either hepatocytes or cholangiocytes. The expansion and differentiation is regulated by cellular and molecular interactions between hepatoblasts and mesenchymal cells including sinusoidal endothelial cells, stellate cells, and also innate hematopoietic elements. Further maturation of hepatocytes and cholangiocytes continues during late hepatic development as a function of various growth factors. At this time, liver gains architectural novelty in the form of zonality and at cellular level acquires polarity. A comprehensive elucidation of such finely tuned developmental cues have been the basis of transdifferentiation of various types of stem cells to hepatocyte-like cells for purposes of understanding health and disease and for therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghun Shin
- Department of Developmental Biology, University of Pittsburgh, School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.
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27
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Domínguez-Bendala J, Ricordi C. Present and future cell therapies for pancreatic beta cell replenishment. World J Gastroenterol 2012; 18:6876-84. [PMID: 23322984 PMCID: PMC3531670 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v18.i47.6876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 05/27/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
If only at a small scale, islet transplantation has successfully addressed what ought to be the primary endpoint of any cell therapy: the functional replenishment of damaged tissue in patients. After years of less-than-optimal approaches to immunosuppression, recent advances consistently yield long-term graft survival rates comparable to those of whole pancreas transplantation. Limited organ availability is the main hurdle that stands in the way of the widespread clinical utilization of this pioneering intervention. Progress in stem cell research over the past decade, coupled with our decades-long experience with islet transplantation, is shaping the future of cell therapies for the treatment of diabetes. Here we review the most promising avenues of research aimed at generating an inexhaustible supply of insulin-producing cells for islet regeneration, including the differentiation of pluripotent and multipotent stem cells of embryonic and adult origin along the beta cell lineage and the direct reprogramming of non-endocrine tissues into insulin-producing cells.
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28
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Mavila N, James D, Utley S, Cu N, Coblens O, Mak K, Rountree CB, Kahn M, Wang KS. Fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated activation of AKT-β-catenin-CBP pathway regulates survival and proliferation of murine hepatoblasts and hepatic tumor initiating stem cells. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50401. [PMID: 23308088 PMCID: PMC3540100 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/19/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF)-10 promotes the proliferation and survival of murine hepatoblasts during early stages of hepatogenesis through a Wnt-β-catenin dependent pathway. To determine the mechanism by which this occurs, we expanded primary culture of hepatoblasts enriched for progenitor markers CD133 and CD49f from embryonic day (E) 12.5 fetal liver and an established tumor initiating stem cell line from Mat1a(-/-) livers in media conditioned with recombinant (r) FGF10 or rFGF7. FGF Receptor (R) activation resulted in the downstream activation of MAPK, PI3K-AKT, and β-catenin pathways, as well as cellular proliferation. Additionally, increased levels of nuclear β-catenin phosphorylated at Serine-552 in cultured primary hepatoblasts, Mat1a(-/-) cells, and also in ex vivo embryonic liver explants indicate AKT-dependent activation of β-catenin downstream of FGFR activation; conversely, the addition of AKT inhibitor Ly294002 completely abrogated β-catenin activation. FGFR activation-induced cell proliferation and survival were also inhibited by the compound ICG-001, a small molecule inhibitor of β-catenin-CREB Binding Protein (CBP) in hepatoblasts, further indicating a CBP-dependent regulatory mechanism of β-catenin activity. CONCLUSION FGF signaling regulates the proliferation and survival of embryonic and transformed progenitor cells in part through AKT-mediated activation of β-catenin and downstream interaction with the transcriptional co-activator CBP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirmala Mavila
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - David James
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah Utley
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Nguyen Cu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Orly Coblens
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Katrina Mak
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - C. Bart Rountree
- Pediatric Gastroenterology, Bon Secours St. Mary’s Hospital, Richmond, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Michael Kahn
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Kasper S. Wang
- Saban Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The liver has an enormous potential to restore the parenchymal tissue loss due to injury. This is accomplished by the proliferation of either the hepatocytes or liver progenitor cells in cases where massive damage prohibits hepatocytes from entering the proliferative response. Under debate is still whether hepatic stem cells are involved in liver tissue maintenance and regeneration or even whether they exist at all. The definition of an adult tissue-resident stem cell comprises basic functional stem cell criteria like the potential of self-renewal, multipotent, i.e. at least bipotent differentiation capacity and serial transplantability featuring the ability of functional tissue repopulation. The relationship between a progenitor and its progeny should exemplify the lineage commitment from the putative stem cell to the differentiated cell. This is mainly assessed by lineage tracing and immunohistochemical identification of markers specific to progenitors and their descendants. Flow cytometry approaches revealed that the liver stem cell population in animals is likely to be heterogeneous giving rise to progeny with different molecular signatures, depending on the stimulus to activate the putative stem cell compartment. The stem cell criteria are met by a variety of cells identified in the fetal and adult liver both under normal and injury conditions. It is the purpose of this review to verify hepatic stem cell candidates in the light of the stem cell definition criteria mentioned. Also from this point of view adult stem cells from non-hepatic tissues such as bone marrow, umbilical cord blood or adipose tissue, have the potential to differentiate into cells featuring functional hepatocyte characteristics. This has great impact because it opens the possibility of generating hepatocyte-like cells from adult stem cells in a sufficient amount and quality for their therapeutical application to treat end-stage liver diseases by stem cell-based hepatocytes in place of whole organ transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Christ
- Translational Centre for Regenerative Medicine-TRM, University of Leipzig, Philipp-Rosenthal-Straße 55, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Evaluation of hepatotoxicity of chemicals using hepatic progenitor and hepatocyte-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells. Cell Biol Toxicol 2012; 29:1-11. [DOI: 10.1007/s10565-012-9223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Nejak-Bowen K, Monga SP. Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in hepatic organogenesis. Organogenesis 2012; 4:92-9. [PMID: 19279720 DOI: 10.4161/org.4.2.5855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/06/2008] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Wnt/beta-catenin signaling has come to the forefront of liver biology in recent years. This pathway regulates key pathophysiological events inherent to the liver including development, regeneration and cancer, by dictating several biological processes such as proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, adhesion, zonation and metabolism in various cells of the liver. This review will examine the studies that have uncovered the relevant roles of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during the process of liver development. We will discuss the potential roles of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during the phases of development, including competence, hepatic induction, expansion and morphogenesis. In addition, we will discuss the role of negative and positive regulation of this pathway and how the temporal expression of Wnt/beta-catenin can direct key processes during hepatic development. We will also identify some of the major deficits in the current understanding of the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling in liver development in order to provide a perspective for future studies. Thus, this review will provide a contextual overview of the role of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling during hepatic organogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari Nejak-Bowen
- Department of Pathology University of Pittsburgh School of Medcine; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania USA
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32
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Sheaffer KL, Kaestner KH. Transcriptional networks in liver and intestinal development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2012; 4:a008284. [PMID: 22952394 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a008284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the gastrointestinal tract is a complex process that integrates signaling processes with downstream transcriptional responses. Here, we discuss the regionalization of the primitive gut and formation of the intestine and liver. Anterior-posterior position in the primitive gut is important for establishing regions that will become functional organs. Coordination of signaling between the epithelium and mesenchyme and downstream transcriptional responses is required for intestinal development and homeostasis. Liver development uses a complex transcriptional network that controls the establishment of organ domains, cell differentiation, and adult function. Discussion of these transcriptional mechanisms gives us insight into how the primitive gut, composed of simple endodermal cells, develops into multiple diverse cell types that are organized into complex mature organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karyn L Sheaffer
- Department of Genetics, Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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Bukong TN, Lo T, Szabo G, Dolganiuc A. Novel developmental biology-based protocol of embryonic stem cell differentiation to morphologically sound and functional yet immature hepatocytes. Liver Int 2012; 32:732-41. [PMID: 22292891 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2011.02743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Liver diseases are common in the United States and often require liver transplantation; however, donated organs are limited and thus alternative sources for liver cells are in high demand. Embryonic stem cells (ESC) can provide a continuous and readily available source of liver cells. ESC differentiation to liver cells is yet to be fully understood and comprehensive differentiation protocols are yet to be defined. Here, we aimed to achieve human (h)ESC differentiation into mature hepatocytes using defined recombinant differentiation factors and metabolites. METHODS Embryonic stem cell H1 line was sub-cultured on feeder layer. We induced hESCs into endodermal differentiation succeeded by early/late hepatic specification and finally into hepatocyte maturation using step combinations of Activin A and fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-2 for 7 days; followed by FGF-4 and bone morphogenic protein 2 (BMP2) for 7 days, succeeded by FGF-10 + hepatocyte growth factor 4 + epidermal growth factor for 14 days. Specific inhibitors/stimulators were added sequentially throughout differentiation. Cells were analysed by PCR, flow cytometry, microscopy or functional assays. RESULTS Our hESC differentiation protocol resulted in viable cells with hepatocyte shape and morphology. We observed gradual changes in cell transcriptome, including up-regulation of differentiation-promoting GATA4, GATA6, POU5F1 and HNF4 transcription factors, steady levels of stemness-promoting SOX-2 and low levels of Nanog, as defined by PCR. The hESC-derived hepatocytes expressed alpha-antitrypsin, CD81, cytokeratin 8 and low density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor. The levels of alpha-fetoprotein and proliferation marker Ki-67 in hESC-derived hepatocytes remained elevated. Unlike stem cells, the hESC-derived hepatocytes performed LDL uptake, produced albumin and alanine aminotransferase and had functional alcohol dehydrogenase. CONCLUSION We report a novel protocol for hESC differentiation into morphological and functional yet immature hepatocytes as an alternative method for hepatocyte generation.
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Abstract
Regenerative medicine using stem cells has attracted much attention, since stem cells are responsible for highly proliferative activity and multipotential ability of differentiation. Induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells or the adult stem cells such as bone marrow-derived stem cells and adipose tissue-derived stem cells have been expected as a cell source of regenerative medicine. Since differentiating methods of human stem cells into the defined lineage of cells remains to be developed, we focus on the differentiating strategies of pluripotent stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells into liver lineage, especially on cytokine function and gene expression during hepatic differentiation. The survey of previously published papers discloses that the protocols that mimic the liver developmental process seem to be effective in obtaining functional hepatocytes. However, in order to develop hepatic regenerative medicine that is useful in a clinical setting, more effective and potent strategies that obtain mature hepatocytes are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goshi Shiota
- Division of Molecular and Genetic Medicine, Department of Genetic Medicine and Regenerative Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
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35
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A crucial role of bone morphogenetic protein signaling in the wound healing response in acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride. Int J Hepatol 2012; 2012:476820. [PMID: 22701178 PMCID: PMC3372049 DOI: 10.1155/2012/476820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/12/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Acute liver injury induced by administration of carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4)) has used a model of wound repair in the rat liver. Previously, we reported transient expression of bone morphogenetic protein (Bmp) 2 or Bmp4 at 6-24 h after CCl(4) treatment, suggesting a role of BMP signaling in the wound healing response in the injured liver. In the present study, we investigated the biological meaning of the transient Bmp expression in liver injury. Methods. Using conditional knockout mice carrying a floxed exon in the BMP receptor 1A gene, we determined the hepatic gene expressions and proliferative activity following CCl(4)-treated liver. Results. We observed retardation of the healing response in the knockout mice treated with CCl(4), including aggravated histological feature and reduced expressions of the albumin and Tdo2 genes, and a particular decrease in the proliferative activity shown by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry. Conclusion. Our findings suggest a crucial role of BMP signaling in the amelioration of acute liver injury.
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New approaches in the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells toward hepatocytes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:748-59. [PMID: 21336836 PMCID: PMC3137783 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Orthotropic liver transplantation is the only established treatment for end-stage liver diseases. Utilization of hepatocyte transplantation and bio-artificial liver devices as alternative therapeutic approaches requires an unlimited source of hepatocytes. Stem cells, especially embryonic stem cells, possessing the ability to produce functional hepatocytes for clinical applications and drug development, may provide the answer to this problem. New discoveries in the mechanisms of liver development and the emergence of induced pluripotent stem cells in 2006 have provided novel insights into hepatocyte differentiation and the use of stem cells for therapeutic applications. This review is aimed towards providing scientists and physicians with the latest advancements in this rapidly progressing field.
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37
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Funakoshi N, Duret C, Pascussi JM, Blanc P, Maurel P, Daujat-Chavanieu M, Gerbal-Chaloin S. Comparison of hepatic-like cell production from human embryonic stem cells and adult liver progenitor cells: CAR transduction activates a battery of detoxification genes. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:518-31. [PMID: 21210253 PMCID: PMC3137774 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-010-9225-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
In vitro production of human hepatocytes is of primary importance in basic research, pharmacotoxicology and biotherapy of liver diseases. We have developed a protocol of differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (ES) towards hepatocyte-like cells (ES-Hep). Using a set of human adult markers including CAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBPalpha), hepatocyte nuclear factor 4/7 ratio (HNF4alpha1/HNF4alpha7), cytochrome P450 7A1 (CYP7A1), CYP3A4 and constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), and fetal markers including alpha-fetoprotein, CYP3A7 and glutathione S-transferase P1, we analyzed the expression of a panel of 41 genes in ES-Hep comparatively with human adult primary hepatocytes, adult and fetal liver. The data revealed that after 21 days of differentiation, ES-Hep are representative of fetal hepatocytes at less than 20 weeks of gestation. The glucocorticoid receptor pathway was functional in ES-Hep. Extending protocols of differentiation to 4 weeks did not improve cell maturation. When compared with hepatocyte-like cells derived from adult liver non parenchymal epithelial (NPE) cells (NPE-Hep), ES-Hep expressed several adult and fetal liver makers at much greater levels (at least one order of magnitude), consistent with greater expression of liver-enriched transcription factors Forkhead box A2, C/EBPalpha, HNF4alpha and HNF6. It therefore seems that ES-Hep reach a better level of differentiation than NPE-Hep and that these cells use different lineage pathways towards the hepatic phenotype. Finally we showed that lentivirus-mediated expression of xenoreceptor CAR in ES-Hep induced the expression of several detoxification genes including CYP2B6, CYP2C9, CYP3A4, UDP-glycosyltransferase 1A1, solute carriers 21A6, as well as biotransformation of midazolam, a CYP3A4-specific substrate.
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Abstract
Hepcidin, a hormone mainly synthesized by hepatocytes and secreted in plasma, controls iron bioavailability. Thus, by inducing the internalization of the iron exporter ferroportin, it regulates iron release from macrophages, enterocytes and hepatocytes towards plasma. Abnormal levels of hepcidin expression alter plasma iron parameters and lead to iron metabolism disorders. Understanding the mechanisms controlling hepcidin (HAMP encodes hepcidin) gene expression is therefore an important goal. We identified a potential GATA-binding site within the human hepcidin promoter. Indeed, in hepatic HepG2 cells, luciferase experiments demonstrated that mutation of this GATA-binding site impaired the hepcidin promoter transcriptional activity in basal conditions. Gel-retardation experiments showed that GATA-4 could bind to this site. Co-transfection of a GATA-4 expression vector with a hepcidin promoter reporter construct enhanced hepcidin promoter transcriptional activity. Furthermore, modulation of GATA4 mRNA expression using specific siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) down-regulated endogenous hepcidin gene expression. Finally, we found that mutation of the GATA-binding site impaired the interleukin-6 induction of hepcidin gene expression, but did not prevent the bone morphogenetic protein-6 response. In conclusion, the findings of the present study (i) indicate that GATA-4 may participate in the control of hepcidin expression, and (ii) suggest that alteration of its expression could contribute to the development of iron-related disorders.
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Iwamuro M, Shahid JM, Yamamoto K, Kobayashif N. Prospects for Induced Phiripotent Stem Cell-Derived Hepatocytes in Cell Therapy. CELL MEDICINE 2011; 2:1-8. [PMID: 26998398 DOI: 10.3727/215517911x575975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, first established in 2006, have the same characteristics of self-renew-ability and pluripotency as embryonic stem (ES) cells. iPS cells are inducible from patient-specific somatic cells; therefore, they hold significant advantages for overcoming immunological rejection as well as the ethical issues associated with the derivation of ES cells from embryos. Generation of patient-derived hepatocytes by iPS technology and their use in cell transplantation therapy for patients with liver disease is quite attractive. Here, we discuss recent advances and challenges in hepatocyte differentiation from iPS cells and their utility in cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Iwamuro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Javed M Shahid
- † Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashif
- † Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences , Okayama , Japan
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40
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Chen X, Zeng F. Directed hepatic differentiation from embryonic stem cells. Protein Cell 2011; 2:180-8. [PMID: 21468890 DOI: 10.1007/s13238-011-1023-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 03/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The liver is the largest internal organ in mammals, and is important for the maintenance of normal physiological functions of other tissues and organs. Hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver cancer and other chronic liver diseases are serious threats to human health, and these problems are compounded by a scarcity of liver donors for transplantation therapies. Directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells to liver cells is a promising strategy for obtaining hepatocytes that can be used for cell transplantation. In vitro hepatocyte differentiation of embryonic stem cells requires a profound understanding of normal development during embryonic hepatogenesis. Here we provide a simple description of hepatogenesis in vivo and discuss directed differentiation of embryonic stem cells into hepatocytes in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuesong Chen
- Laboratory of Developmental Biology, Institute of Medical Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Ghaedi M, Tuleuova N, Zern MA, Wu J, Revzin A. Bottom-up signaling from HGF-containing surfaces promotes hepatic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2011; 407:295-300. [PMID: 21382341 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The capacity of stem cells to differentiate into specific cell types makes them very promising in tissue regeneration and repair. However, realizing this promise requires novel methods for guiding lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. In this study, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), an important morphogen in liver development, was co-printed with collagen I (Col) to create arrays of protein spots on glass. Human adipose stem cells (ASCs) were cultured on top of the HGF/Col spots for 2weeks. The effects of surface-immobilized HGF on hepatic differentiation of ASCs were analyzed using RT-PCR, ELISA and immunocytochemistry. Stimulation of stem cells with HGF from the bottom-up caused an upregulation in synthesis of α-fetoprotein and albumin, as determined by immunocytochemistry and ELISA. RT-PCR results showed that the mRNA levels for albumin, α-fetoprotein and α1-antitrypsin were 10- to 20-fold higher in stem cells cultured on the HGF/Col arrays compared to stem cells on Col only spots. Our results show that surfaces containing HGF co-printed with ECM proteins may be used to differentiate mesenchymal stem cells such as ASCs into hepatocyte-like cells. These results underscore the utility of growth factor-containing culture surfaces for stem cell differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahboobe Ghaedi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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42
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Epidermal growth factor induces cytokeratin 19 expression accompanied by increased growth abilities in human hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2011; 91:262-72. [PMID: 20856226 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2010.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokeratin (CK) 19-positive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been reported to have a poor prognosis. The mechanism of the development of CK19-positive HCC remains to be studied. To clarify this, in vitro experiments were performed using human HCC cell lines (PLC-5, HepG2), and the phenotypic changes after stimulation with several growth factors were examined using quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR, western blotting, and immunofluorescence staining. In vivo experiments using human HCC specimens obtained from a total of 78 patients and clinicopathological analysis were also performed. Among the growth factors tested, epidermal growth factor (EGF) had prominent effects on inducing CK19 expression in PLC-5 and HepG2, which was accompanied by the reduced expression of α-fetoprotein in PLC-5. The induction of CK19 expression after EGF stimulation was accompanied by the phosphorylation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK)/stress-activated protein kinase, which was blocked by the addition of JNK inhibitors. EGF also increased proliferative abilities and invasive properties of the HCC cell lines. In vivo, 9 (12%) of 78 HCC cases showed positive immunohistochemical staining of CK19. The extent of positive immunohistochemical signals of EGF, EGF receptor (EGFR), and JNK expression was significantly intense in CK-19-positive HCC than those of CK19-negative HCC. Clinicopathological analysis showed that CK19-positive HCC had a high incidence of portal vein invasion, extrahepatic metastasis and an early relapse, which was associated with the worsened 2-year disease free survival. These results indicate that the activation of the EGF-EGFR signaling pathway is associated with the development of CK19-positive HCC, and the EGF-induced increase in growth abilities of HCC may account for the poor prognosis of the patients.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The promise of islet transplantation for type 1 diabetes has been hampered by the lack of a renewable source of insulin-producing cells. However, steadfast advances in the field have set the stage for stem cell-based approaches to take over in the near future. This review focuses on the most intriguing findings reported in recent years, which include not only progress in adult and embryonic stem cell differentiation, but also the direct reprogramming of nonendocrine tissues into insulin-producing beta cells. RECENT FINDINGS In spite of their potential for tumorigenesis, human embryonic stem (hES) cells are poised to be in clinical trials within the next decade. This situation is mainly due to the preclinical success of a differentiation method that recapitulates beta cell development. In contrast, adult stem cells still need one such gold standard of differentiation, and progress is somewhat impeded by the lack of consensus on the best source. A concerted effort is necessary to bring their potential to clinical fruition. In the meantime, reported success in reprogramming might offer a 'third way' towards the rescue of pancreatic endocrine function. SUMMARY Here we discuss the important strategic decisions that need to be made in order to maximize the therapeutic chances of each of the presented approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Domínguez-Bendala
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; 1450 NW 10 Ave, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Luca Inverardi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; 1450 NW 10 Ave, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
| | - Camillo Ricordi
- Diabetes Research Institute, University of Miami Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine; 1450 NW 10 Ave, Miami, FL 33136
- Department of Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine
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Payne C, King J, Hay D. The role of activin/nodal and Wnt signaling in endoderm formation. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2011; 85:207-16. [PMID: 21353882 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385961-7.00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are located within the inner cell mass of the preimplantation blastocysts. hESCs exhibit two important properties, the ability to generate exact copies of themselves, termed self-renewal, and pluripotency, the ability of stem cells to differentiate into every cell type of the embryo. This means that in theory it may be possible to generate an inexhaustible supply of primary human somatic cells in vitro which are suitable for application in regenerative medicine. Maintaining stem cell self-renewal and eliciting differentiation are dependent on the coordination of a number of signaling pathways which include members of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) and Wnt families. The work in our laboratory has focused on the efficient generation of hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) from hESCs and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In order to mimic signaling during primitive streak and endoderm development, we have utilized TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways in vitro. This has resulted in the generation of homogeneous populations of HLCs exhibiting liver specific function. This chapter will focus on TGFβ and Wnt signaling pathways and their role in primitive streak, endoderm, and HLC development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Payne
- MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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45
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Su J, You P, Li WL, Tao XR, Zhu HY, Yao YC, Yu HY, Han QW, Yu B, Liu FX, Xu J, Lau JTY, Hu YP. The existence of multipotent stem cells with epithelial-mesenchymal transition features in the human liver bud. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2010; 42:2047-55. [PMID: 20884372 PMCID: PMC2975744 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2010.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2010] [Revised: 09/09/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
During early stage of embryonic development, the liver bud, arising from the foregut endoderm, is the beginning for the formation of future liver three-dimensional structure. While the gene expression profiles associated with this developmental stage have been well explored, the detailed cellular events are not as clear. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) was thought to be essential for cell migration in the early vertebrate embryo but seldom demonstrated in human liver development. In this study, we tried to identify the cell populations with both stem cell and EMT features in the human liver bud. Our in situ studies show that the phenotype of EMT occurs at initiation of human liver development, accompanied by up-regulation of EMT associated genes. A human liver bud derived stem cell line (hLBSC) was established, which expressed not only genes specific to both mesenchymal cells and hepatic cells, but also octamer-binding protein 4 (OCT4) and nanog. Placed in appropriate media, hLBSC differentiated into hepatocytes, adipocytes, osteoblast-like cells and neuron-like cells in vitro. When transplanted into severe combined immunodeficiency mice pre-treated by carbon tetrachloride, hLBSC engrafted into the liver parenchyma and proliferated. These data suggests that there are cell populations with stem cell and EMT-like properties in the human liver bud, which may play an important role in the beginning of the spatial structure construction of the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, Second Military Medical University, Xiangyin Rd. 800, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Tuleuova N, Lee JY, Lee J, Ramanculov E, Zern MA, Revzin A. Using growth factor arrays and micropatterned co-cultures to induce hepatic differentiation of embryonic stem cells. Biomaterials 2010; 31:9221-31. [PMID: 20832855 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 08/23/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The success in driving embryonic stem cells towards hepatic lineage has been confounded by the complexity and cost of differentiation protocols that employ large quantities of expensive growth factors (GFs). Instead of supplementing culture media with soluble GFs, we investigated cultivation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) on printed arrays of GFs. Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP4) were mixed in solution with fibronectin and collagen (I) and then printed onto silane-modified glass slides to form 500 μm diameter protein spots. mESCs were cultured on top of GF spots for up to 12 days and analyzed by RT-PCR and immunostaining at different time points. The stem cells residing on HGF-containing combinations of GFs exhibited requisite features of hepatic differentiation including pronounced loss in pluripotency (Oct4), transient (up and down) expression of endoderm (Sox17) and upregulation of early hepatic markers--albumin and alpha-fetoprotein. The hepatic differentiation was enhanced further by adding hepatic stellate cells to surfaces that already contained mESCs on GF spots. A combination of co-culture with non-parenchymal liver cells and the optimal GF stimulation was found to induce endoderm and hepatic phenotype earlier and to a much greater extent than the GF arrays or micropatterned co-cultures used individually. While this paper investigated hepatic differentiation of mouse ESCs, our findings and stem cell culture approaches are likely to be relevant for human ESC cultivation. Overall, the platform combining printed GF arrays and heterotypic co-cultures will be broadly applicable for identifying the composition of the microenvironment niche for ESC differentiation into various tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgul Tuleuova
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California-Davis, 451 Health Sciences Drive #2519, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Duan Y, Ma X, Ma X, Zou W, Wang C, Bahbahan IS, Ahuja TP, Tolstikov V, Zern MA. Differentiation and characterization of metabolically functioning hepatocytes from human embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2010; 28:674-86. [PMID: 20135682 DOI: 10.1002/stem.315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) may provide a cell source for functional hepatocytes for clinical applications and drug development. Initially, the hESC population was enriched to be more than 85% definitive endoderm (DE) as assessed by the expression of CXCR4, SOX17, and FOXA2. We then successfully converted DE into hepatic progenitors with 93% of the cells being positive for alpha-feto protein within 9 days. The percentage of albumin positive cells gradually increased to 90% at days 20-22 after differentiation. Moreover, our hESC-derived hepatocytes (hEH) developed a complete biotransformation system including phase I and II metabolizing enyzmes and phase III transporters. Nuclear receptors, which are critical in regulating the expression of metabolizing enzymes, were also expressed by our hEH. Using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry technology, we identified seven metabolic pathways of the drug bufuralol including four newly-reported ones in our hEH, which are the same as those in freshly isolated human primary hepatocytes (hPH). In addition, the results of the metabolism of four drugs indicate that our hEH have the capacity to metabolize these drugs at levels that are comparable to hPH. In conclusion, we have generated a relatively homogenous population of hepatocytes from hESCs, which appear to have complete metabolic function that is comparable to primary liver cells. These results represent a significant step towards the efficient differentiation of mature hepatocytes for cell-based therapeutics as well as for pharmacology and toxicology studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyou Duan
- Transplant Research Program, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, California, USA
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Iwamuro M, Komaki T, Kubota Y, Seita M, Kawamoto H, Yuasa T, Shahid JM, Hassan RARA, Hassan WARA, Nakaji S, Nishikawa Y, Kondo E, Yamamoto K, Kobayashi N. Comparative Analysis of Endoderm Formation Efficiency between Mouse ES Cells and iPS Cells. Cell Transplant 2010; 19:831-9. [PMID: 20955658 DOI: 10.3727/096368910x508951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Definitive endoderm (DE) derived from stem cells holds potential to differentiate into hepatocytes. Stem cell therapy using those cells has potential for a treatment of liver disease. To date, various ways of inducing hepatocytes from embryonic stem (ES) cells have been reported by researchers. However, it has not been proved enough that induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells behave in the same manner as ES cells in endoderm differentiation. The purpose of this study was to establish an efficient method to induce DE from iPS cells, through comparatively analyzing the efficacy of endoderm formation from mouse ES cells. Furthermore, the efficiency of a serum-free medium in the differentiation into DE was investigated. Mouse ES cells and iPS cells were floated in culture medium for 2 or 5 days and embryoid bodies (EB) were formed. Subsequently, DE was induced with 100 ng/ml activin A and 100 ng/ml basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). RT-PCR and real-time PCR analyses were carried out at each step to determine the gene expression of EB markers. The difference in cellular proliferation between serum-containing and serum-free media was examined by an MTS assay in EB and DE induction. iPS cells showed the paralleled mRNA expression to ES cells in each step of differentiation into EB, but the levels of expression of Sox17 and Foxa2 were relatively higher in ES cell-derived DE, whereas Cxcr4 expression was higher in iPS cell-derived DE. The utilization of serum-free medium for iPS cells showed significantly favorable cellular proliferation during EB formation and subsequent DE induction. Forming EB for 5 days and subsequently DE induction with activin A and bFGF with serum-free medium was an appropriate protocol in iPS cells. This may represent an important step for generating hepatocytes from iPS cells for the development of cell therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaya Iwamuro
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Yasuhiro Kubota
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masayuki Seita
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Hironobu Kawamoto
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yuasa
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Javed M. Shahid
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Reham A. R. A. Hassan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Wael A. R. A. Hassan
- Department of Pathophysiology-Periodontal Science, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shuhei Nakaji
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Okayama University of Science, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuriko Nishikawa
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Eisaku Kondo
- Department of Pathology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Yamamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
| | - Naoya Kobayashi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Transplant and Surgical Oncology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry, and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama, Japan
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49
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Portal venous endothelium in developing human liver contains haematopoietic and epithelial progenitor cells. Exp Cell Res 2010; 316:1637-47. [PMID: 20211168 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2009] [Revised: 02/22/2010] [Accepted: 02/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Future treatments for chronic liver disease are likely to involve manipulation of liver progenitor cells (LPCs). In the human, data characterising the regenerative response is limited and the origin of adult LPCs is unknown. However, these remain critical factors in the design of cell-based liver therapies. The developing human liver provides an ideal model to study cell lineage derivation from progenitors and to understand how foetal haematopoiesis and liver development might explain the nature of the adult LPC population. In 1st trimester human liver, portal venous endothelium (PVE) expressed adult LPC markers and markers of haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) shared with haemogenic endothelium found in the embryonic dorsal aorta. Sorted PVE cells were able to generate hepatoblast-like cells co-expressing CK18 and CK19 in addition to Dlk/pref-1, E-cadherin, albumin and fibrinogen in vitro. Furthermore, PVE cells could initiate haematopoiesis. These data suggest that PVE shares phenotypical and functional similarities both with adult LPCs and embryonic haemogenic endothelium. This indicates that a temporal relationship might exist between progenitor cells in foetal liver development and adult liver regeneration, which may involve progeny of PVE.
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Negishi T, Nagai Y, Asaoka Y, Ohno M, Namae M, Mitani H, Sasaki T, Shimizu N, Terai S, Sakaida I, Kondoh H, Katada T, Furutani-Seiki M, Nishina H. Retinoic acid signaling positively regulates liver specification by inducing wnt2bb gene expression in medaka. Hepatology 2010; 51:1037-45. [PMID: 19957374 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED During vertebrate embryogenesis, the liver develops at a precise location along the endodermal primitive gut tube because of signaling delivered by adjacent mesodermal tissues. Although several signaling molecules have been associated with liver formation, the molecular mechanism that regulates liver specification is still unclear. We previously performed a screen in medaka to isolate mutants with impaired liver development. The medaka hio mutants exhibit a profound (but transient) defect in liver specification that resembles the liver formation defect found in zebrafish prometheus (prt) mutants, whose mutation occurs in the wnt2bb gene. In addition to their liver abnormality, hio mutants lack pectoral fins and die after hatching. Positional cloning indicated that the hio mutation affects the raldh2 gene encoding retinaldehyde dehydrogenase type2 (RALDH2), the enzyme principally responsible for retinoic acid (RA) biosynthesis. Mutations of raldh2 in zebrafish preclude the development of pectoral fins. Interestingly, in hio mutants, expression of wnt2bb in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) directly adjacent to the liver-forming endoderm was completely lost. CONCLUSION Our data reveal the unexpected finding that RA signaling positively regulates the wnt2bb gene expression required for liver specification in medaka. These results suggest that a common molecular mechanism may underlie liver and pectoral fin specification during piscine embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Negishi
- Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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