1
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Kojak N, Kuno J, Fittipaldi KE, Khan A, Wenger D, Glasser M, Donnianni RA, Tang Y, Zhang J, Huling K, Ally R, Mujica AO, Turner T, Magardino G, Huang PY, Kerk SY, Droguett G, Prissette M, Rojas J, Gomez T, Gagliardi A, Hunt C, Rabinowitz JS, Gong G, Poueymirou W, Chiao E, Zambrowicz B, Siao CJ, Kajimura D. Somatic and intergenerational G4C2 hexanucleotide repeat instability in a human C9orf72 knock-in mouse model. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:5732-5755. [PMID: 38597682 PMCID: PMC11162798 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkae250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Expansion of a G4C2 repeat in the C9orf72 gene is associated with familial Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) and Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD). To investigate the underlying mechanisms of repeat instability, which occurs both somatically and intergenerationally, we created a novel mouse model of familial ALS/FTD that harbors 96 copies of G4C2 repeats at a humanized C9orf72 locus. In mouse embryonic stem cells, we observed two modes of repeat expansion. First, we noted minor increases in repeat length per expansion event, which was dependent on a mismatch repair pathway protein Msh2. Second, we found major increases in repeat length per event when a DNA double- or single-strand break (DSB/SSB) was artificially introduced proximal to the repeats, and which was dependent on the homology-directed repair (HDR) pathway. In mice, the first mode primarily drove somatic repeat expansion. Major changes in repeat length, including expansion, were observed when SSB was introduced in one-cell embryos, or intergenerationally without DSB/SSB introduction if G4C2 repeats exceeded 400 copies, although spontaneous HDR-mediated expansion has yet to be identified. These findings provide a novel strategy to model repeat expansion in a non-human genome and offer insights into the mechanism behind C9orf72 G4C2 repeat instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kojak
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Junko Kuno
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - David Wenger
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Yajun Tang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Jade Zhang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Katie Huling
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Roxanne Ally
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | - Pei Yi Huang
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | - Sze Yen Kerk
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | - Jose Rojas
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Guochun Gong
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
| | | | - Eric Chiao
- Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Tarrytown, NY 10591, USA
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2
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Mbachu CNP, Mbachu II, Hagerman R. A Comprehensive Review of Fragile X Syndrome and Fragile X Premutation Associated Conditions in Africa. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:683. [PMID: 38927619 PMCID: PMC11203117 DOI: 10.3390/genes15060683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a genetic disorder caused by a mutation in the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene and known to be a leading cause of inherited intellectual disability globally. It results in a range of intellectual, developmental, and behavioral problems. Fragile X premutation-associated conditions (FXPAC), caused by a smaller CGG expansion (55 to 200 CGG repeats) in the FMR1 gene, are linked to other conditions that increase morbidity and mortality for affected persons. Limited research has been conducted on the burden, characteristics, diagnosis, and management of these conditions in Africa. This comprehensive review provides an overview of the current literature on FXS and FXPAC in Africa. The issues addressed include epidemiology, clinical features, discrimination against affected persons, limited awareness and research, and poor access to resources, including genetic services and treatment programs. This paper provides an in-depth analysis of the existing worldwide data for the diagnosis and treatment of fragile X disorders. This review will improve the understanding of FXS and FXPAC in Africa by incorporating existing knowledge, identifying research gaps, and potential topics for future research to enhance the well-being of individuals and families affected by FXS and FXPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chioma N. P. Mbachu
- Department of Paediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi 435101, Nigeria
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ikechukwu Innocent Mbachu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Nnewi Campus, Nnewi 435101, Nigeria;
| | - Randi Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
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3
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Ramírez-Cheyne J, López D, Payán-Gómez C, Arcos-Burgos M, Saldarriaga W. Fragile X syndrome in the largest world clustering. I. Genetic epidemiology and founder effect outline. Am J Med Genet A 2024; 194:e63523. [PMID: 38164622 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
The FMR1 5' regulation gene region harbors a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion (CGG-TRE) that causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS) when it expands to more than 200 repetitions. Ricaurte is a small village in southwestern Colombia, with an FXS prevalence of 1 in 38 men and 1 in 100 women (~100 times higher than the worldwide reported prevalence), defining Ricaurte as the largest FXS cluster in the world. In the present study, using next-generation sequencing of whole exome capture, we genotype 55 individuals from Ricaurte (49 with either full mutation or with premutation), four individuals from neighboring villages (with either the full mutation or with the premutation), and one unaffected woman, native of Ricaurte, who did not belong to any of the affected families. With advanced clustering and haplotype reconstruction, we modeled a common haplotype of 33 SNPs spanning 83,567,899 bp and harboring the FMR1 gene. This reconstructed haplotype was found in all the men from Ricaurte who carried the expansion, demonstrating that the genetic conglomerate of FXS in this population is due to a founder effect. The definition of this founder effect and its population outlining will allow a better prediction, follow-up, precise and personalized characterization of epidemiological parameters, better knowledge of the disease's natural history, and confident improvement of the clinical attention, life quality, and health interventions for this community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diana López
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Palmira, Colombia
| | - César Payán-Gómez
- Dirección Académica, Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Sede de La Paz. Cesar, Colombia
| | - Mauricio Arcos-Burgos
- Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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4
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Kumari D, Lokanga RA, McCann C, Ried T, Usdin K. The fragile X locus is prone to spontaneous DNA damage that is preferentially repaired by nonhomologous end-joining to preserve genome integrity. iScience 2024; 27:108814. [PMID: 38303711 PMCID: PMC10831274 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.108814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024] Open
Abstract
A long CGG-repeat tract in the FMR1 gene induces the epigenetic silencing that causes fragile X syndrome (FXS). Epigenetic changes include H4K20 trimethylation, a heterochromatic modification frequently implicated in transcriptional silencing. Here, we report that treatment with A-196, an inhibitor of SUV420H1/H2, the enzymes responsible for H4K20 di-/trimethylation, does not affect FMR1 transcription, but does result in increased chromosomal duplications. Increased duplications were also seen in FXS cells treated with SCR7, an inhibitor of Lig4, a ligase essential for NHEJ. Our study suggests that the fragile X (FX) locus is prone to spontaneous DNA damage that is normally repaired by NHEJ. We suggest that heterochromatinization of the FX allele may be triggered, at least in part, in response to this DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daman Kumari
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Rachel Adihe Lokanga
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Cai McCann
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Thomas Ried
- Section of Cancer Genomics, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Karen Usdin
- Section on Gene Structure and Disease, Laboratory of Cell and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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5
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Chen YS, Dong J, Tan W, Liu H, Zhang SM, Zou J, Chen YQ, Bai SY, Zeng Y. The potential role of ribonucleic acid methylation in the pathological mechanisms of fragile X syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2023; 452:114586. [PMID: 37467965 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2023.114586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a common inherited cause of intellectual disabilities and single-gene cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), resulting from the loss of functional fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein (FMRP), an RNA-binding protein (RBP) encoded by the fragile X messenger ribonucleoprotein 1 (FMR1) gene. Ribonucleic acid (RNA) methylation can lead to developmental diseases, including FXS, through various mechanisms mediated by 5-hydroxymethylcytosine, 5-methylcytosine, N6-methyladenosine, etc. Emerging evidence suggests that modifications of some RNA species have been linked to FXS. However, the underlying pathological mechanism has yet to be elucidated. In this review, we reviewed the implication of RNA modification in FXS and summarized its specific characteristics for facilitating the identification of new therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shan Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Dong
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Tan
- Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Si-Ming Zhang
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Zou
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Qi Chen
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu-Yuan Bai
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Zeng
- Brain Science and Advanced Technology Institute, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Hazard Identification and Control, School of Medicine, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; Geriatric Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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6
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Wright SE, Todd PK. Native functions of short tandem repeats. eLife 2023; 12:e84043. [PMID: 36940239 PMCID: PMC10027321 DOI: 10.7554/elife.84043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Over a third of the human genome is comprised of repetitive sequences, including more than a million short tandem repeats (STRs). While studies of the pathologic consequences of repeat expansions that cause syndromic human diseases are extensive, the potential native functions of STRs are often ignored. Here, we summarize a growing body of research into the normal biological functions for repetitive elements across the genome, with a particular focus on the roles of STRs in regulating gene expression. We propose reconceptualizing the pathogenic consequences of repeat expansions as aberrancies in normal gene regulation. From this altered viewpoint, we predict that future work will reveal broader roles for STRs in neuronal function and as risk alleles for more common human neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon E Wright
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- Department of Neuroscience, Picower InstituteCambridgeUnited States
| | - Peter K Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan–Ann ArborAnn ArborUnited States
- VA Ann Arbor Healthcare SystemAnn ArborUnited States
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7
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Segal O, Kowal T, Banet-Levi Y, Gabis LV. Executive Function and Working Memory Deficits in Females with Fragile X Premutation. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030813. [PMID: 36983968 PMCID: PMC10053193 DOI: 10.3390/life13030813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fragile X premutation is a genetic instability of the FMR1 gene caused by 55–199 recurrences of the CGG sequence, whereas there are only 7–54 repeats of the CGG sequence in the normal condition. While males with the premutation of Fragile X were found to have difficulties in executive functions and working memory, little data have been collected on females. This study is among the first to address executive functions and phonological memory in females with the Fragile X premutation. Twenty-three female carriers aged 20–55 years and twelve non carrier females matched in age and levels of education (in years) participated in this study. Executive functions and phonological memory were assessed using the self-report questionnaire The Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) and behavioral measures (nonword repetitions, forward and backward digit span). Females who were carriers of the premutation of the FMR1 gene reported less efficient executive functions in the BRIEF questionnaire compared to the control group. In addition, a relationship was found between the number of repetitions on the CGG sequence of nucleotides, nonword repetitions, and forward digit span. The findings suggest that the premutation of Fragile X in females affects their performance of executive functions and may have impact on everyday functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Segal
- Department of Communication Disorders, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +972-522998404
| | - Tamar Kowal
- Department of Communication Disorders, The Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | | | - Lidia V. Gabis
- Keshet Autism Center Maccabi Wolfson, Holon 5822012, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
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8
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Mirceta M, Shum N, Schmidt MHM, Pearson CE. Fragile sites, chromosomal lesions, tandem repeats, and disease. Front Genet 2022; 13:985975. [PMID: 36468036 PMCID: PMC9714581 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.985975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Expanded tandem repeat DNAs are associated with various unusual chromosomal lesions, despiralizations, multi-branched inter-chromosomal associations, and fragile sites. Fragile sites cytogenetically manifest as localized gaps or discontinuities in chromosome structure and are an important genetic, biological, and health-related phenomena. Common fragile sites (∼230), present in most individuals, are induced by aphidicolin and can be associated with cancer; of the 27 molecularly-mapped common sites, none are associated with a particular DNA sequence motif. Rare fragile sites ( ≳ 40 known), ≤ 5% of the population (may be as few as a single individual), can be associated with neurodevelopmental disease. All 10 molecularly-mapped folate-sensitive fragile sites, the largest category of rare fragile sites, are caused by gene-specific CGG/CCG tandem repeat expansions that are aberrantly CpG methylated and include FRAXA, FRAXE, FRAXF, FRA2A, FRA7A, FRA10A, FRA11A, FRA11B, FRA12A, and FRA16A. The minisatellite-associated rare fragile sites, FRA10B, FRA16B, can be induced by AT-rich DNA-ligands or nucleotide analogs. Despiralized lesions and multi-branched inter-chromosomal associations at the heterochromatic satellite repeats of chromosomes 1, 9, 16 are inducible by de-methylating agents like 5-azadeoxycytidine and can spontaneously arise in patients with ICF syndrome (Immunodeficiency Centromeric instability and Facial anomalies) with mutations in genes regulating DNA methylation. ICF individuals have hypomethylated satellites I-III, alpha-satellites, and subtelomeric repeats. Ribosomal repeats and subtelomeric D4Z4 megasatellites/macrosatellites, are associated with chromosome location, fragility, and disease. Telomere repeats can also assume fragile sites. Dietary deficiencies of folate or vitamin B12, or drug insults are associated with megaloblastic and/or pernicious anemia, that display chromosomes with fragile sites. The recent discovery of many new tandem repeat expansion loci, with varied repeat motifs, where motif lengths can range from mono-nucleotides to megabase units, could be the molecular cause of new fragile sites, or other chromosomal lesions. This review focuses on repeat-associated fragility, covering their induction, cytogenetics, epigenetics, cell type specificity, genetic instability (repeat instability, micronuclei, deletions/rearrangements, and sister chromatid exchange), unusual heritability, disease association, and penetrance. Understanding tandem repeat-associated chromosomal fragile sites provides insight to chromosome structure, genome packaging, genetic instability, and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mila Mirceta
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Natalie Shum
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Monika H. M. Schmidt
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher E. Pearson
- Program of Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, The Peter Gilgan Centre for Research and Learning, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Program of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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9
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Yamada T, Furuita K, Sakurabayashi S, Nomura M, Kojima C, Nakatani K. NMR determination of the 2:1 binding complex of naphthyridine carbamate dimer (NCD) and CGG/CGG triad in double-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res 2022; 50:9621-9631. [PMID: 36095126 PMCID: PMC9508812 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkac740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trinucleotide repeat (TNR) diseases are caused by the aberrant expansion of CXG (X = C, A, G and T) sequences in genomes. We have reported two small molecules binding to TNR, NCD, and NA, which strongly bind to CGG repeat (responsible sequence of fragile X syndrome) and CAG repeat (Huntington's disease). The NMR structure of NA binding to the CAG/CAG triad has been clarified, but the structure of NCD bound to the CGG/CGG triad remained to be addressed. We here report the structural determination of the NCD-CGG/CGG complex by NMR spectroscopy and the comparison with the NA-CAG/CAG complex. While the NCD-CGG/CGG structure shares the binding characteristics with that of the NA-CAG/CAG complex, a significant difference was found in the overall structure caused by the structural fluctuation at the ligand-bound site. The NCD-CGG/CGG complex was suggested in the equilibrium between stacked and kinked structures, although NA-CAG/CAG complex has only the stacked structures. The dynamic fluctuation of the NCD-CGG/CGG structure at the NCD-binding site suggested room for optimization in the linker structure of NCD to gain improved affinity to the CGG/CGG triad.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Yamada
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
| | - Kyoko Furuita
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Shuhei Sakurabayashi
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan.,Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Makoto Nomura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5 Takayama, Ikoma 630-0192, Japan
| | - Chojiro Kojima
- Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, 3-2 Yamadaoka, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Graduate School of Engineering Science, Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakatani
- Department of Regulatory Bioorganic Chemistry, SANKEN, Osaka University, 8-1 Mihogaoka, Ibaraki 567-0047, Japan
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10
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Jiraanont P, Manor E, Tabatadze N, Zafarullah M, Mendoza G, Melikishvili G, Tassone F. De Novo Large Deletion Leading to Fragile X Syndrome. Front Genet 2022; 13:884424. [PMID: 35646065 PMCID: PMC9130735 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.884424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most frequent cause of X-linked inherited intellectual disabilities (ID) and the most frequent monogenic form of autism spectrum disorders. It is caused by an expansion of a CGG trinucleotide repeat located in the 5'UTR of the FMR1 gene, resulting in the absence of the fragile X mental retardation protein, FMRP. Other mechanisms such as deletions or point mutations of the FMR1 gene have been described and account for approximately 1% of individuals with FXS. Here, we report a 7-year-old boy with FXS with a de novo deletion of approximately 1.1 Mb encompassing several genes, including the FMR1 and the ASFMR1 genes, and several miRNAs, whose lack of function could result in the observed proband phenotypes. In addition, we also demonstrate that FMR4 completely overlaps with ASFMR1, and there are no sequencing differences between both transcripts (i.e., ASFMR1/FMR4 throughout the article).
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonnada Jiraanont
- Faculty of Medicine, King Mongkut's Institute of Technology Ladkrabang, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Esther Manor
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beersheba, Israel.,Genetics Institute, Soroka Medical Center, Beersheba, Israel
| | - Nazi Tabatadze
- Department of Pediatrics, MediClub Georgia Medical Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Guadalupe Mendoza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States
| | - Gia Melikishvili
- Department of Pediatrics, MediClub Georgia Medical Center, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, United States.,UC Davis MIND Institute, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA, United States
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11
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Maltman N, Klusek J, DaWalt L, Hong J, Sterling A, Berry-Kravis E, Mailick MR. Verbal inhibition declines among older women with high FMR1 premutation expansions: A prospective study. Brain Cogn 2022; 159:105851. [PMID: 35279590 PMCID: PMC9018592 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2022.105851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The FMR1 premutation has been associated with difficulties in executive functioning, including verbal inhibition. However, little is known about the longitudinal profiles of verbal inhibition among FMR1 premutation carriers, particularly in women, and how individual factors such as aging and CGG repeat length may contribute to changes in verbal inhibition over time. The present study examined verbal inhibition performance (i.e., inhibition errors) on the Hayling Sentence Completion Task in a cohort of 92 women with the FMR1 premutation across two timepoints approximately three years apart. We examined the effects of age, CGG repeat length, and their interactions on verbal inhibition over time. We also evaluated whether response latency affected verbal inhibition errors. We found no significant change in verbal inhibition in the full cohort during the three-year study period. However, a subset of FMR1 premutation carriers, namely older participants with higher CGG repeats, evidenced greater declines in verbal inhibition over time. Longer response latencies did not compensate for verbal inhibition errors. The findings suggest that a subset of women with the FMR1 premutation may be at earlier, increased risk for changes in executive functioning, which if confirmed, should be considered as part of the clinical profile associated with the premutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Maltman
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
| | - Jessica Klusek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, 1705 College St., Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Leann DaWalt
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - Audra Sterling
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 381 Goodnight Hall, 1975 Willow Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, 1725 West Harrison St., Suite 718, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison 1500 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
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12
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Kong HE, Lim J, Linsalata A, Kang Y, Malik I, Allen EG, Cao Y, Shubeck L, Johnston R, Huang Y, Gu Y, Guo X, Zwick ME, Qin Z, Wingo TS, Juncos J, Nelson DL, Epstein MP, Cutler DJ, Todd PK, Sherman SL, Warren ST, Jin P. Identification of PSMB5 as a genetic modifier of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2118124119. [PMID: 35617426 PMCID: PMC9295734 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2118124119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X–associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a debilitating late-onset neurodegenerative disease in premutation carriers of the expanded CGG repeat in FMR1 that presents with a spectrum of neurological manifestations, such as gait ataxia, intention tremor, and parkinsonism [P. J. Hagerman, R. J. Hagerman, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1338, 58–70 (2015); S. Jacquemont et al., JAMA 291, 460–469 (2004)]. Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing (WGS) on male premutation carriers (CGG55–200) and prioritized candidate variants to screen for candidate genetic modifiers using a Drosophila model of FXTAS. We found 18 genes that genetically modulate CGG-associated neurotoxicity in Drosophila, such as Prosbeta5 (PSMB5), pAbp (PABPC1L), e(y)1 (TAF9), and CG14231 (OSGEPL1). Among them, knockdown of Prosbeta5 (PSMB5) suppressed CGG-associated neurodegeneration in the fly as well as in N2A cells. Interestingly, an expression quantitative trait locus variant in PSMB5, PSMB5rs11543947-A, was found to be associated with decreased expression of PSMB5 and delayed onset of FXTAS in human FMR1 premutation carriers. Finally, we demonstrate evidence that PSMB5 knockdown results in suppression of CGG neurotoxicity via both the RAN translation and RNA-mediated toxicity mechanisms, thereby presenting a therapeutic strategy for FXTAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Junghwa Lim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Alexander Linsalata
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Yunhee Kang
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Indranil Malik
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Emily G. Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yiqu Cao
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Lisa Shubeck
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Rich Johnston
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yanting Huang
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Yanghong Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Xiangxue Guo
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Michael E. Zwick
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Zhaohui Qin
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Thomas S. Wingo
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Jorge Juncos
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David L. Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
| | - Michael P. Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Peter K. Todd
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Veteran’s Affairs Medical Center, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
| | - Stephanie L. Sherman
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Stephen T. Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322
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13
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Sotoudeh Anvari M, Vasei H, Najmabadi H, Badv RS, Golipour A, Mohammadi-Yeganeh S, Salehi S, Mohamadi M, Goodarzynejad H, Mowla SJ. Identification of microRNAs associated with human fragile X syndrome using next-generation sequencing. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5011. [PMID: 35322102 PMCID: PMC8943156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08916-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by a mutation in the FMR1 gene which can lead to a loss or shortage of the FMR1 protein. This protein interacts with specific miRNAs and can cause a range of neurological disorders. Therefore, miRNAs could act as a novel class of biomarkers for common CNS diseases. This study aimed to test this theory by exploring the expression profiles of various miRNAs in Iranian using deep sequencing-based technologies and validating the miRNAs affecting the expression of the FMR1 gene. Blood samples were taken from 15 patients with FXS (9 males, 6 females) and 12 controls. 25 miRNAs were differentially expressed in individuals with FXS compared to controls. Levels of 9 miRNAs were found to be significantly changed (3 upregulated and 6 downregulated). In Patients, the levels of hsa-miR-532-5p, hsa-miR-652-3p and hsa-miR-4797-3p were significantly upregulated while levels of hsa-miR-191-5p, hsa-miR-181-5p, hsa-miR-26a-5p, hsa-miR-30e-5p, hsa-miR-186-5p, and hsa-miR-4797-5p exhibited significant downregulation; and these dysregulations were confirmed by RT-qPCR. This study presents among the first evidence of altered miRNA expression in blood samples from patients with FXS, which could be used for diagnostic, prognostic, and treatment purposes. Larger studies are required to confirm these preliminary results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sotoudeh Anvari
- Department of Molecular Pathology, School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hamed Vasei
- Department of Mathematical Science, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Najmabadi
- Department of Genetics, School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Genetic Research Center, The University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Shervin Badv
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Akram Golipour
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samira Mohammadi-Yeganeh
- Medical Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeede Salehi
- Cell-Based Therapies Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Shariati Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahmood Mohamadi
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Children's Medical Center, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamidreza Goodarzynejad
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Javad Mowla
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Science, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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14
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Behavior Problems and Social Competence in Fragile X Syndrome: A Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13020280. [PMID: 35205326 PMCID: PMC8871871 DOI: 10.3390/genes13020280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) causes intellectual disability and is the known leading cause of autism. Common problems in FXS include behavior and social problems. Along with syndromic characteristics and autism comorbidity, environmental factors might influence these difficulties. This systematic review focuses on the last 20 years of studies concerning behavior and social problems in FXS, considering environmental and personal variables that might influence both problems. Three databases were reviewed, leading to fifty-one studies meeting the inclusion criteria. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) problems remain the greatest behavior problems, with behavioral problems and social competence being stable during the 20 years. Some developmental trajectories might have changed due to higher methodological control, such as aggressive behavior and attention problems. The socialization trajectory from childhood to adolescence remains unclear. Comorbidity with autism in individuals with FXS increased behavior problems and worsened social competence profiles. At the same time, comparisons between individuals with comorbid FXS and autism and individuals with autism might help define the comorbid phenotype. Environmental factors and parental characteristics influenced behavior problems and social competence. Higher methodological control is needed in studies including autism symptomatology and parental characteristics. More studies comparing autism in FXS with idiopathic autism are needed to discern differences between conditions.
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15
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Perche O, Lesne F, Patat A, Raab S, Twyman R, Ring RH, Briault S. Electroretinography and contrast sensitivity, complementary translational biomarkers of sensory deficits in the visual system of individuals with fragile X syndrome. J Neurodev Disord 2021; 13:45. [PMID: 34625026 PMCID: PMC8501595 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-021-09375-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Disturbances in sensory function are an important clinical feature of neurodevelopmental disorders such as fragile X syndrome (FXS). Evidence also directly connects sensory abnormalities with the clinical expression of behavioral impairments in individuals with FXS; thus, positioning sensory function as a potential clinical target for the development of new therapeutics. Using electroretinography (ERG) and contrast sensitivity (CS), we previously reported the presence of sensory deficits in the visual system of the Fmr1-/y genetic mouse model of FXS. The goals of the current study were two-folds: (1) to assess the feasibility of measuring ERG and CS as a biomarker of sensory deficits in individuals with FXS, and (2) to investigate whether the deficits revealed by ERG and CS in Fmr1-/y mice translate to humans with FXS. METHODS Both ERG and CS were measured in a cohort of male individuals with FXS (n = 20, 18-45 years) and age-matched healthy controls (n = 20, 18-45 years). Under light-adapted conditions, and using both single flash and flicker (repeated train of flashes) stimulation protocols, retinal function was recorded from individual subjects using a portable, handheld, full-field flash ERG device (RETeval®, LKC Technologies Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA). CS was assessed in each subject using the LEA SYMBOLS® low-contrast test (Good-Lite, Elgin, IL, USA). RESULTS Data recording was successfully completed for ERG and assessment of CS in most individuals from both cohorts demonstrating the feasibility of these methods for use in the FXS population. Similar to previously reported findings from the Fmr1-/y genetic mouse model, individuals with FXS were found to exhibit reduced b-wave and flicker amplitude in ERG and an impaired ability to discriminate contrasts compared to healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the feasibility of using ERG and CS for assessing visual deficits in FXS and establishes the translational validity of the Fmr1-/y mice phenotype to individuals with FXS. By including electrophysiological and functional readouts, the results of this study suggest the utility of both ERG and CS (ERG-CS) as complementary translational biomarkers for characterizing sensory abnormalities found in FXS, with potential applications to the clinical development of novel therapeutics that target sensory function abnormalities to treat core symptomatology in FXS. TRIAL REGISTRATION ID-RCB number 2019-A01015-52 registered on the 17 May 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Perche
- Genetic Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orléans, Orléans, France
- Kaerus Bioscience Ltd., London, EC1Y 4YX, UK
| | | | - Alain Patat
- Kaerus Bioscience Ltd., London, EC1Y 4YX, UK
| | | | | | - Robert H Ring
- Kaerus Bioscience Ltd., London, EC1Y 4YX, UK
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sylvain Briault
- Genetic Department, Centre Hospitalier Régional d'Orléans, Orléans, France.
- UMR7355, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Orléans, France.
- Experimental and Molecular Immunology and Neurogenetics, University of Orléans, Orléans, France.
- Kaerus Bioscience Ltd., London, EC1Y 4YX, UK.
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16
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FMRP Levels in Human Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Correlates with Intellectual Disability. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11101780. [PMID: 34679478 PMCID: PMC8534530 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11101780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of inherited intellectual disability. FXS is an X-linked, neurodevelopmental disorder caused by a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion in the 5′ untranslated region (UTR) of the Fragile X Mental Retardation gene, FMR1. Greater than 200 CGG repeats results in epigenetic silencing of the gene leading to the deficiency or absence of Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). The loss of FMRP is considered the root cause of FXS. The relationship between neurological function and FMRP expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) has not been well established. Assays to detect and measure FMR1 and FMRP have been described; however, none are sufficiently sensitive, precise, or quantitative to properly characterize the relationships between cognitive ability and CGG repeat number, FMR1 mRNA expression, or FMRP expression measured in PBMCs. To address these limitations, two novel immunoassays were developed and optimized, an electro-chemiluminescence immunoassay and a multiparameter flow cytometry assay. Both assays were performed on PMBCs isolated from 27 study participants with FMR1 CGG repeats ranging from normal to full mutation. After correcting for methylation, a significant positive correlation between CGG repeat number and FMR1 mRNA expression levels and a significant negative correlation between FMRP levels and CGG repeat expansion was observed. Importantly, a high positive correlation was observed between intellectual quotient (IQ) and FMRP expression measured in PBMCs.
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17
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Panov J, Kaphzan H. Angelman Syndrome and Angelman-like Syndromes Share the Same Calcium-Related Gene Signatures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:9870. [PMID: 34576033 PMCID: PMC8469403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22189870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Angelman-like syndromes are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that entail clinical presentation similar to Angelman Syndrome (AS). In our previous study, we showed that calcium signaling is disrupted in AS, and we identified calcium-target and calcium-regulating gene signatures that are able to differentiate between AS and their controls in different models. In the herein study, we evaluated these sets of calcium-target and calcium-regulating genes as signatures of AS-like and non-AS-like syndromes. We collected a number of RNA-seq datasets of various AS-like and non-AS-like syndromes and performed Principle Component Analysis (PCA) separately on the two sets of signature genes to visualize the distribution of samples on the PC1-PC2 plane. In addition to the evaluation of calcium signature genes, we performed differential gene expression analyses to identify calcium-related genes dysregulated in each of the studied syndromes. These analyses showed that the calcium-target and calcium-regulating signatures differentiate well between AS-like syndromes and their controls. However, in spite of the fact that many of the non-AS-like syndromes have multiple differentially expressed calcium-related genes, the calcium signatures were not efficient classifiers for non-AS-like neurodevelopmental disorders. These results show that features based on clinical presentation are reflected in signatures derived from bioinformatics analyses and suggest the use of bioinformatics as a tool for classification.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hanoch Kaphzan
- Laboratory for Neurobiology of Psychiatric Disorders, Sagol Department of Neurobiology, University of Haifa, Haifa 3498838, Israel;
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18
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Rosario R, Anderson R. The molecular mechanisms that underlie fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency: is it RNA or protein based? Mol Hum Reprod 2021; 26:727-737. [PMID: 32777047 PMCID: PMC7566375 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gaaa057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The FMR1 gene contains a polymorphic CGG trinucleotide sequence within its 5′ untranslated region. More than 200 CGG repeats (termed a full mutation) underlie the severe neurodevelopmental condition fragile X syndrome, while repeat lengths that range between 55 and 200 (termed a premutation) result in the conditions fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome and fragile X-associated premature ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI). Premutations in FMR1 are the most common monogenic cause of premature ovarian insufficiency and are routinely tested for clinically; however, the mechanisms that contribute to the pathology are still largely unclear. As studies in this field move towards unravelling the molecular mechanisms involved in FXPOI aetiology, we review the evidence surrounding the two main theories which describe an RNA toxic gain-of-function mechanism, resulting in the loss of function of RNA-binding proteins, or a protein-based mechanism, where repeat-associated non-AUG translation leads to the formation of an abnormal polyglycine containing protein, called FMRpolyG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Richard Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queens Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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19
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Maltman N, Guilfoyle J, Nayar K, Martin GE, Winston M, Lau JCY, Bush L, Patel S, Lee M, Sideris J, Hall DA, Zhou L, Sharp K, Berry-Kravis E, Losh M. The Phenotypic Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation in Women: An Investigation of Clinical-Behavioral, Social-Cognitive, and Executive Abilities. Front Psychiatry 2021; 12:718485. [PMID: 34421690 PMCID: PMC8377357 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.718485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The FMR1 gene in its premutation (PM) state has been linked to a range of clinical and subclinical phenotypes among FMR1 PM carriers, including some subclinical traits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This study attempted to further characterize the phenotypic profile associated with the FMR1 PM by studying a battery of assessments examining clinical-behavioral traits, social-cognitive, and executive abilities in women carrying the FMR1 PM, and associations with FMR1-related variability. Participants included 152 female FMR1 PM carriers and 75 female controls who were similar in age and IQ, and screened for neuromotor impairments or signs of fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. The phenotypic battery included assessments of ASD-related personality and language (i.e., pragmatic) traits, symptoms of anxiety and depression, four different social-cognitive tasks that tapped the ability to read internal states and emotions based on different cues (e.g., facial expressions, biological motion, and complex social scenes), and a measure of executive function. Results revealed a complex phenotypic profile among the PM carrier group, where subtle differences were observed in pragmatic language, executive function, and social-cognitive tasks that involved evaluating basic emotions and trustworthiness. The PM carrier group also showed elevated rates of ASD-related personality traits. In contrast, PM carriers performed similarly to controls on social-cognitive tasks that involved reliance on faces and biological motion. The PM group did not differ from controls on self-reported depression or anxiety symptoms. Using latent profile analysis, we observed three distinct subgroups of PM carriers who varied considerably in their performance across tasks. Among PM carriers, CGG repeat length was a significant predictor of pragmatic language violations. Results suggest a nuanced phenotypic profile characterized by subtle differences in select clinical-behavioral, social-cognitive, and executive abilities associated with the FMR1 PM in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nell Maltman
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Janna Guilfoyle
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kritika Nayar
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Gary E. Martin
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, St. John's University, Staten Island, NY, United States
| | - Molly Winston
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Joseph C. Y. Lau
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Lauren Bush
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Shivani Patel
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Michelle Lee
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - John Sideris
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Deborah A. Hall
- Department of Neurological Sciences, Rush University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Lili Zhou
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kevin Sharp
- Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Molly Losh
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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20
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Yang Q, Mumusoglu S, Qin Y, Sun Y, Hsueh AJ. A kaleidoscopic view of ovarian genes associated with premature ovarian insufficiency and senescence. FASEB J 2021; 35:e21753. [PMID: 34233068 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202100756r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian infertility and subfertility presenting with premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) and diminished ovarian reserve are major issues facing the developed world due to the trend of delaying childbirth. Ovarian senescence and POI represent a continuum of physiological/pathophysiological changes in ovarian follicle functions. Based on advances in whole exome sequencing, evaluation of gene copy variants, together with family-based and genome-wide association studies, we discussed genes responsible for POI and ovarian senescence. We used a gene-centric approach to sort out literature deposited in the Ovarian Kaleidoscope database (http://okdb.appliedbioinfo.net) by sub-categorizing candidate genes as ligand-receptor signaling, meiosis and DNA repair, transcriptional factors, RNA metabolism, enzymes, and others. We discussed individual gene mutations found in POI patients and verification of gene functions in gene-deleted model organisms. Decreased expression of some of the POI genes could be responsible for ovarian senescence, especially those essential for DNA repair, meiosis and mitochondrial functions. We propose to set up a candidate gene panel for targeted sequencing in POI patients together with studies on mitochondria-associated genes in middle-aged subfertile patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingling Yang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sezcan Mumusoglu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yingying Qin
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yingpu Sun
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Henan Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics, First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Aaron J Hsueh
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
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21
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Brighi C, Salaris F, Soloperto A, Cordella F, Ghirga S, de Turris V, Rosito M, Porceddu PF, D’Antoni C, Reggiani A, Rosa A, Di Angelantonio S. Novel fragile X syndrome 2D and 3D brain models based on human isogenic FMRP-KO iPSCs. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:498. [PMID: 33993189 PMCID: PMC8124071 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-03776-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by intellectual disability and sensory deficits, caused by epigenetic silencing of the FMR1 gene and subsequent loss of its protein product, fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP). Delays in synaptic and neuronal development in the cortex have been reported in FXS mouse models; however, the main goal of translating lab research into pharmacological treatments in clinical trials has been so far largely unsuccessful, leaving FXS a still incurable disease. Here, we generated 2D and 3D in vitro human FXS model systems based on isogenic FMR1 knock-out mutant and wild-type human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) lines. Phenotypical and functional characterization of cortical neurons derived from FMRP-deficient hiPSCs display altered gene expression and impaired differentiation when compared with the healthy counterpart. FXS cortical cultures show an increased number of GFAP positive cells, likely astrocytes, increased spontaneous network activity, and depolarizing GABAergic transmission. Cortical brain organoid models show an increased number of glial cells, and bigger organoid size. Our findings demonstrate that FMRP is required to correctly support neuronal and glial cell proliferation, and to set the correct excitation/inhibition ratio in human brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Brighi
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Salaris
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandro Soloperto
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Cordella
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Ghirga
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physics, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria de Turris
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Rosito
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Pier Francesca Porceddu
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907D3 Validation Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Chiara D’Antoni
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Reggiani
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907D3 Validation Research Line, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rosa
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Biology and Biotechnologies “Charles Darwin”, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Di Angelantonio
- grid.25786.3e0000 0004 1764 2907Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Rome, Italy ,grid.7841.aDepartment of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy
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22
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Bhat SA, Yousuf A, Mushtaq Z, Kumar V, Qurashi A. Fragile X Premutation rCGG Repeats Impair Synaptic Growth and Synaptic Transmission at Drosophila larval Neuromuscular Junction. Hum Mol Genet 2021; 30:1677-1692. [PMID: 33772546 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddab087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative disease that develops in some premutation (PM) carriers of the FMR1 gene with alleles bearing 55-200 CGG repeats. The discovery of a broad spectrum of clinical and cell developmental abnormalities among PM carriers with or without FXTAS and in model systems suggests that neurodegeneration seen in FXTAS could be the inevitable end-result of pathophysiological processes set during early development. Hence, it is imperative to trace early PM-induced pathological abnormalities. Previous studies have shown that transgenic Drosophila carrying PM-length CGG repeats are sufficient to cause neurodegeneration. Here, we used the same transgenic model to understand the effect of CGG repeats on the structure and function of the developing nervous system. We show that presynaptic expression of CGG repeats restricts synaptic growth, reduces the number of synaptic boutons, leads to aberrant presynaptic varicosities, and impairs synaptic transmission at the larval neuromuscular junctions. The postsynaptic analysis shows that both glutamate receptors and subsynaptic reticulum proteins were normal. However, a high percentage of boutons show a reduced density of Bruchpilot protein, a key component of presynaptic active zones required for vesicle release. The electrophysiological analysis shows a significant reduction in quantal content, a measure of total synaptic vesicles released per excitation potential. Together, these findings suggest that synapse perturbation caused by rCGG repeats mediates presynaptically during larval NMJ development. We also suggest that the stress-activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase protein Basket and CIDE-N protein Drep-2 positively mediate Bruchpilot active zone defects caused by rCGG repeats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajad A Bhat
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
| | - Aadil Yousuf
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
| | - Zeeshan Mushtaq
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, IISER-Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Vimlesh Kumar
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, IISER-Bhopal, Bhopal, MP, 462066, India
| | - Abrar Qurashi
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, JK, 190006, India
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23
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Winston M, Nayar K, Landau E, Maltman N, Sideris J, Zhou L, Sharp K, Berry-Kravis E, Losh M. A Unique Visual Attention Profile Associated With the FMR1 Premutation. Front Genet 2021; 12:591211. [PMID: 33633778 PMCID: PMC7901883 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.591211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Atypical visual attention patterns have been observed among carriers of the fragile X mental retardation gene (FMR1) premutation (PM), with some similarities to visual attention patterns observed in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and among clinically unaffected relatives of individuals with ASD. Patterns of visual attention could constitute biomarkers that can help to inform the neurocognitive profile of the PM, and that potentially span diagnostic boundaries. This study examined patterns of eye movement across an array of fixation measurements from three distinct eye-tracking tasks in order to investigate potentially overlapping profiles of visual attention among PM carriers, ASD parents, and parent controls. Logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine whether variables constituting a PM-specific looking profile were able to effectively predict group membership. Participants included 65PM female carriers, 188 ASD parents, and 84 parent controls. Analyses of fixations across the eye-tracking tasks, and their corresponding areas of interest, revealed a distinct visual attention pattern in carriers of the FMR1 PM, characterized by increased fixations on the mouth when viewing faces, more intense focus on bodies in socially complex scenes, and decreased fixations on salient characters and faces while narrating a wordless picture book. This set of variables was able to successfully differentiate individuals with the PM from controls (Sensitivity = 0.76, Specificity = 0.85, Accuracy = 0.77) as well as from ASD parents (Sensitivity = 0.70, Specificity = 0.80, Accuracy = 0.72), but did not show a strong distinction between ASD parents and controls (Accuracy = 0.62), indicating that this set of variables comprises a profile that is unique to PM carriers. Regarding predictive power, fixations toward the mouth when viewing faces was able to differentiate PM carriers from both ASD parents and controls, whereas fixations toward other social stimuli did not differentiate PM carriers from ASD parents, highlighting some overlap in visual attention patterns that could point toward shared neurobiological mechanisms. Results demonstrate a profile of visual attention that appears strongly associated with the FMR1 PM in women, and may constitute a meaningful biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Winston
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Kritika Nayar
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Emily Landau
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Nell Maltman
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - John Sideris
- Chan Division of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Lili Zhou
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Kevin Sharp
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Molly Losh
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
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24
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Lovelace JW, Ethell IM, Binder DK, Razak KA. Minocycline Treatment Reverses Sound Evoked EEG Abnormalities in a Mouse Model of Fragile X Syndrome. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:771. [PMID: 32848552 PMCID: PMC7417521 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a leading known genetic cause of intellectual disability. Many symptoms of FXS overlap with those in autism including repetitive behaviors, language delays, anxiety, social impairments and sensory processing deficits. Electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings from humans with FXS and an animal model, the Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse, show remarkably similar phenotypes suggesting that EEG phenotypes can serve as biomarkers for developing treatments. This includes enhanced resting gamma band power and sound evoked total power, and reduced fidelity of temporal processing and habituation of responses to repeated sounds. Given the therapeutic potential of the antibiotic minocycline in humans with FXS and animal models, it is important to determine sensitivity and selectivity of EEG responses to minocycline. Therefore, in this study, we examined if a 10-day treatment of adult Fmr1 KO mice with minocycline (oral gavage, 30 mg/kg per day) would reduce EEG abnormalities. We tested if minocycline treatment has specific effects based on the EEG measurement type (e.g., resting versus sound-evoked) from the frontal and auditory cortex of the Fmr1 KO mice. We show increased resting EEG gamma power and reduced phase locking to time varying stimuli as well as the 40 Hz auditory steady state response in the Fmr1 KO mice in the pre-drug condition. Minocycline treatment increased gamma band phase locking in response to auditory stimuli, and reduced sound-evoked power of auditory event related potentials (ERP) in Fmr1 KO mice compared to vehicle treatment. Minocycline reduced resting EEG gamma power in Fmr1 KO mice, but this effect was similar to vehicle treatment. We also report frequency band-specific effects on EEG responses. Taken together, these data indicate that sound-evoked EEG responses may serve as more sensitive measures, compared to resting EEG measures, to isolate minocycline effects from placebo in humans with FXS. Given the use of minocycline and EEG recordings in a number of neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental conditions, these findings may be more broadly applicable in translational neuroscience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan W Lovelace
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Devin K Binder
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, United States
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25
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Haify SN, Botta-Orfila T, Hukema RK, Tartaglia GG. In silico, in vitro, and in vivo Approaches to Identify Molecular Players in Fragile X Tremor and Ataxia Syndrome. Front Mol Biosci 2020; 7:31. [PMID: 32219099 PMCID: PMC7078329 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a late-onset neurodegenerative monogenetic disorder affecting carriers of premutation (PM) forms of the FMR1 gene, resulting in a progressive development of tremors, ataxia, and neuropsychological problems. This highly disabling disease is quite common in the general population with an estimation of about 20 million PM carriers worldwide. The chances of developing FXTAS increase dramatically with age, with about 45% of male carriers over the age of 50 being affected. Both the gene and pathogenic trigger, a mutant expansion of CGG RNA, causing FXTAS are known. This makes it an interesting disease to develop targeted therapeutic interventions for. Yet, no such interventions are available at this moment. Here we discuss in silico, in vitro, and in vivo approaches and how they have been used to identify the molecular determinants of FXTAS pathology. These approaches have yielded substantial information about FXTAS pathology and, consequently, many markers have emerged to play a key role in understanding the disease mechanism. Integration of the different approaches is expected to provide crucial information about the value of these markers as either therapeutic target or biomarker, essential to monitor therapeutic interventions in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saif N Haify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Teresa Botta-Orfila
- Biological Fluids Bank of the Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gian Gaetano Tartaglia
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biology 'Charles Darwin', Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Winston M, Nayar K, Hogan AL, Barstein J, La Valle C, Sharp K, Berry-Kravis E, Losh M. Physiological regulation and social-emotional processing in female carriers of the FMR1 premutation. Physiol Behav 2020; 214:112746. [PMID: 31765665 PMCID: PMC6992413 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2019.112746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The FMR1 gene is associated with a wide range of clinical and cognitive phenotypes, ranging from intellectual disability and autism symptoms in fragile X syndrome (caused by the FMR1 full mutation), to a more varied, and still poorly understood range of clinical and cognitive phenotypes among carriers of the gene in its premutation state. Because the FMR1 premutation is relatively common among women (as high as 1 in 150), investigations of its phenotypic impact could have broad implications for understanding gene-behavior relationships underlying complex human traits, with potential clinical implications. This study investigated physiological regulation measured by pupillary responses, along with fixation patterns while viewing facial expressions among women who carry the FMR1 premutation (PM group; n = 47), to examine whether the FMR1 gene may relate to physiological regulation, social-emotional functioning, and social language skills (where subclinical differences have been previously reported among PM carriers that resemble those documented in autism-related conditions). Relative to controls (n = 25), the PM group demonstrated atypical pupillary responses and fixation patterns, controlling for IQ. In the PM group, pupillary response and fixation patterns were related to social cognition, social language abilities, and FMR1-related variation. Results indicate a pattern of atypical attention allocation among women who carry the FMR1 PM that could reflect different emotion-processing strategies mediated by autonomic dysregulation and the FMR1 gene. These findings lend insight into the FMR1 gene's potential contributions to complex human traits such as social emotional processing and social language.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Winston
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, United States
| | - Kritika Nayar
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, United States
| | - Abigail L Hogan
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, 1512 Pendleton Street, Barnwell College, Suite 220, Columbia, SC 29208, United States
| | - Jamie Barstein
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, United States
| | - Chelsea La Valle
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, United States
| | - Kevin Sharp
- Rush University Medical Center, Jelke Building, Room 1565, 1750W. Harrison St., Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Elizabeth Berry-Kravis
- Rush University Medical Center, Jelke Building, Room 1565, 1750W. Harrison St., Chicago IL 60612, United States
| | - Molly Losh
- Roxelyn and Richard Pepper Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Northwestern University, Frances Searle Building, 2240 Campus Drive, Evanston IL 60208, United States.
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27
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Urine microRNA Profiling Displays miR-125a Dysregulation in Children with Fragile X Syndrome. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020289. [PMID: 31991700 PMCID: PMC7072127 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A triplet repeat expansion leading to transcriptional silencing of the FMR1 gene results in fragile X syndrome (FXS), which is a common cause of inherited intellectual disability and autism. Phenotypic variation requires personalized treatment approaches and hampers clinical trials in FXS. We searched for microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers for FXS using deep sequencing of urine and identified 28 differentially regulated miRNAs when 219 reliably identified miRNAs were compared in dizygotic twin boys who shared the same environment, but one had an FXS full mutation, and the other carried a premutation allele. The largest increase was found in miR-125a in the FXS sample, and the miR-125a levels were increased in two independent sets of urine samples from a total of 19 FXS children. Urine miR-125a levels appeared to increase with age in control subjects, but varied widely in FXS subjects. Should the results be generalized, it could suggest that two FXS subgroups existed. Predicted gene targets of the differentially regulated miRNAs are involved in molecular pathways that regulate developmental processes, homeostasis, and neuronal function. Regulation of miR-125a has been associated with type I metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling (mGluR), which has been explored as a treatment target for FXS, reinforcing the possibility that urine miR-125a may provide a novel biomarker for FXS.
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28
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Gnanavel S. Maternal Depression and Anxiety in Children and Adolescents with Intellectual Disability. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2019; 10:728-730. [PMID: 31831999 PMCID: PMC6906088 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-3400349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sundar Gnanavel
- Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services, Tees, Esk and Wear Valleys NHS foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom
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29
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Abstract
Expansions of simple trinucleotide repeats, such as (CGG)n, (CAG)n or (GAA)n, are responsible for more than 40 hereditary disorders in humans including fragile X syndrome, Huntington's disease, myotonic dystrophy, and Friedreich's ataxia. While the mechanisms of repeat expansions were intensively studied for over two decades, the final picture has yet to emerge. It was important, therefore, to develop a mammalian experimental system for studying repeat instability, which would recapitulate repeat instability observed in human pedigrees. Here, we describe a genetically tractable experimental system to study the instability of (CGG)n repeats in cultured mammalian cells (Kononenko et al., Nat Struct Mol Biol 25:669-676, 2018). It is based on a selectable cassette carrying the HyTK gene under the control of the FMR1 promoter with carrier-size (CGG)n repeats in its 5' UTR, which was integrated into the unique RL5 site in murine erythroid leukemia cells. Expansions of these repeats and/or repeat-induced mutagenesis shut down the reporter, which results in the accumulation of ganciclovir-resistance cells. This system is useful for understanding the genetic controls of repeat instability in mammalian cells. In the long run, it can be adjusted to screen for drugs that either alleviate repeat expansions or reactivate the FMR1 promoter.
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30
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Reinhard SM, Rais M, Afroz S, Hanania Y, Pendi K, Espinoza K, Rosenthal R, Binder DK, Ethell IM, Razak KA. Reduced perineuronal net expression in Fmr1 KO mice auditory cortex and amygdala is linked to impaired fear-associated memory. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 164:107042. [PMID: 31326533 PMCID: PMC7519848 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a leading cause of heritable intellectual disability and autism. Humans with FXS show anxiety, sensory hypersensitivity and impaired learning. The mechanisms of learning impairments can be studied in the mouse model of FXS, the Fmr1 KO mouse, using tone-associated fear memory paradigms. Our previous study reported impaired development of parvalbumin (PV) positive interneurons and perineuronal nets (PNN) in the auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice. A recent study suggested PNN dynamics in the auditory cortex following tone-shock association is necessary for fear expression. Together these data suggest that abnormal PNN regulation may underlie tone-fear association learning deficits in Fmr1 KO mice. We tested this hypothesis by quantifying PV and PNN expression in the amygdala, hippocampus and auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice following fear conditioning. We found impaired tone-associated memory formation in Fmr1 KO mice. This was paralleled by impaired learning-associated regulation of PNNs in the superficial layers of auditory cortex in Fmr1 KO mice. PV cell density decreased in the auditory cortex in response to fear conditioning in both WT and Fmr1 KO mice. Learning-induced increase of PV expression in the CA3 hippocampus was only observed in WT mice. We also found reduced PNN density in the amygdala and auditory cortex of Fmr1 KO mice in all conditions, as well as reduced PNN intensity in CA2 hippocampus. There was a positive correlation between tone-associated memory and PNN density in the amygdala and auditory cortex, consistent with a tone-association deficit. Altogether our studies suggest a link between impaired PV and PNN regulation within specific regions of the fear conditioning circuit and impaired tone memory formation in Fmr1 KO mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M Reinhard
- Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Maham Rais
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Sonia Afroz
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Yasmien Hanania
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Kasim Pendi
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Katherine Espinoza
- Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Robert Rosenthal
- Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Devin K Binder
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Iryna M Ethell
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
| | - Khaleel A Razak
- Psychology Department and Psychology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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31
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Verma V, Paul A, Amrapali Vishwanath A, Vaidya B, Clement JP. Understanding intellectual disability and autism spectrum disorders from common mouse models: synapses to behaviour. Open Biol 2019; 9:180265. [PMID: 31185809 PMCID: PMC6597757 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal brain development is highly dependent on the timely coordinated actions of genetic and environmental processes, and an aberration can lead to neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). Intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are a group of co-occurring NDDs that affect between 3% and 5% of the world population, thus presenting a great challenge to society. This problem calls for the need to understand the pathobiology of these disorders and to design new therapeutic strategies. One approach towards this has been the development of multiple analogous mouse models. This review discusses studies conducted in the mouse models of five major monogenic causes of ID and ASDs: Fmr1, Syngap1, Mecp2, Shank2/3 and Neuroligins/Neurnexins. These studies reveal that, despite having a diverse molecular origin, the effects of these mutations converge onto similar or related aetiological pathways, consequently giving rise to the typical phenotype of cognitive, social and emotional deficits that are characteristic of ID and ASDs. This convergence, therefore, highlights common pathological nodes that can be targeted for therapy. Other than conventional therapeutic strategies such as non-pharmacological corrective methods and symptomatic alleviation, multiple studies in mouse models have successfully proved the possibility of pharmacological and genetic therapy enabling functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Verma
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhik Paul
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Amrapali Vishwanath
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - Bhupesh Vaidya
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
| | - James P Clement
- Neuroscience Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research , Jakkur, Bengaluru 560 064, Karnataka, India
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32
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Kong HE, Lim J, Zhang F, Huang L, Gu Y, Nelson DL, Allen EG, Jin P. Metabolic pathways modulate the neuronal toxicity associated with fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:980-991. [PMID: 30476102 PMCID: PMC6400045 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is an adult-onset neurodegenerative disorder that affects premutation carriers (55-200 CGG repeats) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Much remains unknown regarding the metabolic alterations associated with FXTAS, especially in the brain, and the most affected region, the cerebellum. Investigating the metabolic changes in FXTAS will aid in the identification of biomarkers as well as in understanding the pathogenesis of disease. To identify the metabolic alterations associated with FXTAS, we took advantage of our FXTAS mouse model that expresses 90 CGG repeats in cerebellar Purkinje neurons and exhibits the key phenotypic features of FXTAS. We performed untargeted global metabolic profiling of age-matched control and FXTAS mice cerebella at 16-20 weeks and 55 weeks. Out of 506 metabolites measured in cerebellum, we identified 186 metabolites that demonstrate significant perturbations due to the (CGG)90 repeat (P<0.05) and found that these differences increase dramatically with age. To identify key metabolic changes in FXTAS pathogenesis, we performed a genetic screen using a Drosophila model of FXTAS. Out of 28 genes that we tested in the fly, 8 genes showed significant enhanced neuronal toxicity associated with CGG repeats, such as Schlank (ceramide synthase), Sk2 (sphingosine kinase) and Ras (IMP dehydrogenase). By combining metabolic profiling with a Drosophila genetic screen to identify genetic modifiers of FXTAS, we demonstrate an effective method for functional validation of high-throughput metabolic data and show that sphingolipid and purine metabolism are significantly perturbed in FXTAS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Junghwa Lim
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Feiran Zhang
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Luoxiu Huang
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Yanghong Gu
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - David L Nelson
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Emily G Allen
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA
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Wenzel HJ, Murray KD, Haify SN, Hunsaker MR, Schwartzer JJ, Kim K, La Spada AR, Sopher BL, Hagerman PJ, Raske C, Severijnen LAWFM, Willemsen R, Hukema RK, Berman RF. Astroglial-targeted expression of the fragile X CGG repeat premutation in mice yields RAN translation, motor deficits and possible evidence for cell-to-cell propagation of FXTAS pathology. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2019; 7:27. [PMID: 30808398 PMCID: PMC6390634 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-019-0677-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The fragile X premutation is a CGG trinucleotide repeat expansion between 55 and 200 repeats in the 5'-untranslated region of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Human carriers of the premutation allele are at risk of developing the late-onset neurodegenerative disorder, fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS). Characteristic neuropathology associated with FXTAS includes intranuclear inclusions in neurons and astroglia. Previous studies recapitulated these histopathological features in neurons in a knock-in mouse model, but without significant astroglial pathology. To determine the role of astroglia in FXTAS, we generated a transgenic mouse line (Gfa2-CGG99-eGFP) that selectively expresses a 99-CGG repeat expansion linked to an enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) reporter in astroglia throughout the brain, including cerebellar Bergmann glia. Behaviorally these mice displayed impaired motor performance on the ladder-rung test, but paradoxically better performance on the rotarod. Immunocytochemical analysis revealed that CGG99-eGFP co-localized with GFAP and S-100ß, but not with NeuN, Iba1, or MBP, indicating that CGG99-eGFP expression is specific to astroglia. Ubiquitin-positive intranuclear inclusions were found in eGFP-expressing glia throughout the brain. In addition, intracytoplasmic ubiquitin-positive inclusions were found outside the nucleus in distal astrocyte processes. Intriguingly, intranuclear inclusions, in the absence of eGFP mRNA and eGFP fluorescence, were present in neurons of the hypothalamus and neocortex. Furthermore, intranuclear inclusions in both neurons and astrocytes displayed immunofluorescent labeling for the polyglycine peptide FMRpolyG, implicating FMRpolyG in the pathology found in Gfa2-CGG99 mice. Considered together, these results show that Gfa2-CGG99 expression in mice is sufficient to induce key features of FXTAS pathology, including formation of intranuclear inclusions, translation of FMRpolyG, and deficits in motor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Jürgen Wenzel
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Karl D Murray
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Saif N Haify
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michael R Hunsaker
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Jared J Schwartzer
- Program in Neuroscience and Behavior, Department of Psychology and Education, Mount Holyoke College, South Hadley, MA, USA
| | - Kyoungmi Kim
- Division of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health Sciences, University California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Albert R La Spada
- Departments of Neurology, Neurobiology, and Cell Biology, and the Duke Center for Neurodegeneration & Neurotherapeutics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bryce L Sopher
- Department of Neurology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Paul J Hagerman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Raske
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | | | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert F Berman
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, USA.
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Pereverzeva DS, Tyushkevich SA, Gorbachevskaya NL, Mamokhina UA, Danilina KK. Heterogeneity of clinical characteristics of FMR1-related disorders. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2019; 119:103-111. [DOI: 10.17116/jnevro2019119071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Jedidi I, Ouchari M, Yin Q. Sex chromosomes-linked single-gene disorders involved in human infertility. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103560. [PMID: 31402110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Human infertility is a healthcare problem that has a worldwide impact. Genetic causes of human infertility include chromosomal aneuploidies and rearrangements and single-gene defects. The sex chromosomes (X and Y) are critical players in human fertility since they contain several genes essential for sex determination and reproductive traits for both men and women. This paper provides a review of the most common sex chromosomes-linked single-gene disorders involved in human infertility and their corresponding phenotypes. In addition to the Y-linked SRY gene, which mutations may cause XY gonadal dysgenesis and sex reversal, the deletions of genes present in AZF regions of the Y chromosome (DAZ, RBMY, DBY and USP9Y genes) are implicated in varying degrees of spermatogenic dysfunction. Furthermore, a list of X-linked genes (KAL1, NR0B1, AR, TEX11, FMR1, PGRMC1, BMP15 and POF1 and 2 regions genes (XPNPEP2, POF1B, DACH2, CHM and DIAPH2)) were reported to have critical roles in pubertal and reproductive deficiencies in humans, affecting only men, only women or both sexes. Mutations in these genes may be transmitted to the offspring by a dominant or a recessive inheritance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ines Jedidi
- Faculty of Medicine of Sousse, Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Mouna Ouchari
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Qinan Yin
- Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, China Meitan General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Melancia F, Trezza V. Modelling fragile X syndrome in the laboratory setting: A behavioral perspective. Behav Brain Res 2018; 350:149-163. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Klusek J, Ruber A, Roberts JE. Impaired eye contact in the FMR1 premutation is not associated with social anxiety or the broad autism phenotype. Clin Neuropsychol 2018; 32:1337-1352. [PMID: 28972453 PMCID: PMC6136977 DOI: 10.1080/13854046.2017.1384063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Fragile X Mental Retardation-1 (FMR1) premutation is a common genetic abnormality, affecting ~1:150 women in the United States. Clinical neuropsychologists are becoming increasingly aware of their role in the clinical management of the FMR1 premutation, which is associated with risk for a range of cognitive, executive, neuromotor, and psychological impairments, including neurodegenerative disease. This study investigated atypical eye contact as a critical neuropsychological phenotype associated with the FMR1 premutation. METHODS Thirty-eight women with the FMR1 premutation and 27 control women engaged in a 20-min conversational sample with an examiner. Eye contact quality was coded from the videotaped samples by blinded coders. Mixed models tested group differences in eye contact during the beginning and the end of the conversation. Social anxiety and broad autism phenotype (BAP) traits were tested as predictors of eye contact quality across the groups. RESULTS Women with the FMR1 premutation exhibited significantly reduced eye contact during both the beginning and the end of the social interaction, despite a 'warm-up' effect where eye contact improved by the end of the interaction. Eye contact quality was not associated with social anxiety or BAP traits. CONCLUSIONS This study supports reduced eye contact as a phenotypic feature of the FMR1 premutation, which presents independent of social anxiety and the BAP. These findings contribute to a growing understanding of the neuropsychological phenotype of the FMR1 premutation, which has public health implications given that >1 million individuals in the United States carry this genetic abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Klusek
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, Keenan Building, Room 358, 1229 Marion Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5049;
| | - Alexis Ruber
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5049;
| | - Jane E. Roberts
- Department of Psychology, 1512 Pendleton Street, University of South Carolina, Columbia SC 29208; phone: 803-777-5676;
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Mechanisms of genetic instability caused by (CGG) n repeats in an experimental mammalian system. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2018; 25:669-676. [PMID: 30061600 PMCID: PMC6082162 DOI: 10.1038/s41594-018-0094-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
We describe a new experimental system to study genome instability caused by fragile X (CGG)n repeats in mammalian cells. It is based on a selectable cassette carrying the HyTK gene under the control of the FMR1 promoter with (CGG)n repeats in its 5′-UTR, which was integrated into the unique RL5 site in murine erythroid leukemia cells. Carrier-size (CGG)n repeats dramatically elevate the frequency of the reporter’s inactivation making cells ganciclovir-resistant. These resistant clones have a unique mutational signature: a change in the repeat length concurrent with mutagenesis in the reporter gene. Inactivation of genes implicated in break-induced replication including POLD3, POLD4, RAD52, RAD51 and SMARCAL1, reduced the frequency of ganciclovir-resistant clones to the baseline level that was observed in the absence of (CGG)n repeats. We propose that replication fork collapse at carrier-size (CGG)n repeats can trigger break-induced replication, which result in simultaneous repeat length changes and mutagenesis at a distance.
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Kouskou M, Thomson DM, Brett RR, Wheeler L, Tate RJ, Pratt JA, Chamberlain LH. Disruption of the Zdhhc9 intellectual disability gene leads to behavioural abnormalities in a mouse model. Exp Neurol 2018; 308:35-46. [PMID: 29944857 PMCID: PMC6104741 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-acylation is a widespread post-translational modification that regulates the trafficking and function of a diverse array of proteins. This modification is catalysed by a family of twenty-three zDHHC enzymes that exhibit both specific and overlapping substrate interactions. Mutations in the gene encoding zDHHC9 cause mild-to-moderate intellectual disability, seizures, speech and language impairment, hypoplasia of the corpus callosum and reduced volume of sub-cortical structures. In this study, we have undertaken behavioural phenotyping, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and isolation of S-acylated proteins to investigate the effect of disruption of the Zdhhc9 gene in mice in a C57BL/6 genetic background. Zdhhc9 mutant male mice exhibit a range of abnormalities compared with their wild-type littermates: altered behaviour in the open-field test, elevated plus maze and acoustic startle test that is consistent with a reduced anxiety level; a reduced hang time in the hanging wire test that suggests underlying hypotonia but which may also be linked to reduced anxiety; deficits in the Morris water maze test of hippocampal-dependent spatial learning and memory; and a 36% reduction in corpus callosum volume revealed by MRI. Surprisingly, membrane association and S-acylation of H-Ras was not disrupted in either whole brain or hippocampus of Zdhhc9 mutant mice, suggesting that other substrates of this enzyme are linked to the observed changes. Overall, this study highlights a key role for zDHHC9 in brain development and behaviour, and supports the utility of the Zdhhc9 mutant mouse line to investigate molecular and cellular changes linked to intellectual disability and other deficits in the human population. Zdhhc9 mutant mice display hypotonia and reduced anxiety. Zdhhc9 mutant mice have an altered performance in the Morris water maze. Zdhhc9 mutant mice have reduced corpus callosum volume. Membrane binding and S-acylation of H-Ras is not affected in Zdhhc9 mutant brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Kouskou
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - David M Thomson
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Ros R Brett
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Lee Wheeler
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Rothwelle J Tate
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Judith A Pratt
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom
| | - Luke H Chamberlain
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0RE, United Kingdom.
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Saxena K, Webster J, Hallas-Potts A, Mackenzie R, Spooner PA, Thomson D, Kind P, Chattarji S, Morris RGM. Experiential contributions to social dominance in a rat model of fragile-X syndrome. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 285:20180294. [PMID: 29899064 PMCID: PMC6015851 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2018.0294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Social withdrawal is one phenotypic feature of the monogenic neurodevelopmental disorder fragile-X. Using a 'knockout' rat model of fragile-X, we examined whether deletion of the Fmr1 gene that causes this condition would affect the ability to form and express a social hierarchy as measured in a tube test. Male fragile-X 'knockout' rats living together could successfully form a social dominance hierarchy, but were significantly subordinate to wild-type animals in mixed group cages. Over 10 days of repeated testing, the fragile-X mutant rats gradually showed greater variance and instability of rank during their tube-test encounters. This affected the outcome of future encounters with stranger animals from other cages, with the initial phenotype of wild-type dominance lost to a more complex picture that reflected, regardless of genotype, the prior experience of winning or losing. Our findings offer a novel insight into the complex dynamics of social interactions between laboratory living groups of fragile-X and wild-type rats. Even though this is a monogenic condition, experience has an impact upon future interactions with other animals. Gene/environment interactions should therefore be considered in the development of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saxena
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - J Webster
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - A Hallas-Potts
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - R Mackenzie
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - P A Spooner
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - D Thomson
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
| | - P Kind
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - S Chattarji
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Bangalore, 560065, India
| | - R G M Morris
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- The Patrick Wild Centre, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Cognitive and Neural Systems, Edinburgh Neuroscience, 1 George Square, Edinburgh EH8 9JZ, UK
- Centre for Brain Development and Repair, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Bangalore, 560065, India
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Do psychoactive drugs have a therapeutic role in compulsivity? Studies on schedule-induced polydipsia. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2018; 235:419-432. [PMID: 29313138 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4819-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Clinical studies have shown that some psychoactive recreational drugs have therapeutic applications in anxiety, depression, and schizophrenia. However, to date, there are few studies on the therapeutic potential efficacy of recreational drugs in compulsive neuropsychiatric disorders. OBJECTIVES We explored the therapeutic potential of different psychoactive and psychedelic drugs in a preclinical model of compulsive behavior. METHODS Outbred male Wistar rats were selected as either high (HD) or low (LD) drinkers according to their behavior in schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP). Subsequently, we assessed the effects of acute administration of scopolamine (0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/kg), methamphetamine (0.25, 0.5, 1.25, and 2.5 mg/kg), ketamine (1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg), cannabidiol (1 and 3 mg/kg), WIN21255-2 (0.5, 075, and 1 mg/kg), and AM404 (0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg) on compulsive drinking in SIP. RESULTS Scopolamine reduced dose-dependent compulsive drinking in HD compared with LD rats in SIP. Methamphetamine induced a dose-dependent inverted U-curve effect in both groups, in which lower doses increased and higher doses reduced compulsive drinking in SIP. Ketamine, cannabidiol, WIN21255-2, and AM404 did not have any relevant effects in SIP. CONCLUSIONS These data provide new evidence that low doses of scopolamine and intermediate doses of methamphetamine might therapeutically reduce compulsive behaviors and suggest that there is not a direct participation of the endocannabinoid system in compulsive behavior on SIP. The research in the underlying neurochemical mechanisms of these psychoactive drugs might provide an additional insight on new therapeutic targets in compulsive neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Lekovich J, Man L, Xu K, Canon C, Lilienthal D, Stewart JD, Pereira N, Rosenwaks Z, Gerhardt J. CGG repeat length and AGG interruptions as indicators of fragile X-associated diminished ovarian reserve. Genet Med 2017; 20:957-964. [PMID: 29267266 DOI: 10.1038/gim.2017.220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Fragile X premutation (PM) carriers may experience difficulties conceiving a child probably due to fragile X-associated diminished ovarian reserve (FXDOR). We investigated which subgroups of carriers with a PM are at higher risk of FXDOR, and whether the number of AGG interruptions within the repeat sequence further ameliorates the risk. METHODS We compared markers of ovarian reserve, including anti-Müllerian hormone, antral follicle count, and number of oocytes retrieved between different subgroups of patients with a PM. RESULTS We found that carriers with midrange repeats size (70-90 CGG) demonstrate significantly lower ovarian reserve. Additionally, the number of AGG interruptions directly correlated with parameters of ovarian reserve. Patients with longer uninterrupted CGG repeats post-AGG interruptions had the lowest ovarian reserve. CONCLUSION This study connects AGG interruptions and certain CGG repeat length to reduced ovarian reserve in carriers with a PM. A possible explanation for our findings is the proposed gonadotoxicity of the FMR1 transcripts. Reduction of AGG interruptions could increase the likelihood that secondary RNA structures in the FMR1 messenger RNA are formed, which could cause cell dysfunction within the ovaries. These findings may provide women with guidance regarding their fertility potential and accordingly assist with their family planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jovana Lekovich
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Limor Man
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Kangpu Xu
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Chelsea Canon
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Debra Lilienthal
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Joshua D Stewart
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nigel Pereira
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Jeannine Gerhardt
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA. .,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA.
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Warren SF, Brady N, Fleming KK, Hahn LJ. The Longitudinal Effects of Parenting on Adaptive Behavior in Children with Fragile X Syndrome. J Autism Dev Disord 2017; 47:768-784. [PMID: 28074357 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-016-2999-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Several studies have reported declines in adaptive behavior amongst children with fragile X syndrome (FXS) starting in middle childhood. We examined the effects of maternal responsivity on adaptive behavior in 55 children with FXS visited 5-6 times in their homes from early through middle childhood. Our analyses indicated that sustained maternal responsivity had a significant positive impact on the trajectories of communication and to a lesser extent other adaptive behavior domains through middle childhood with many effects remaining significant after controlling for autism symptoms and developmental level. For children who showed declines in adaptive behavior during middle childhood, sustained high levels of maternal responsivity minimized the amount of decline observed in the communication, socialization, and daily living domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven F Warren
- Dole Human Development Center, Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Disorders, The Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, The University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, #3045, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7555, USA.
| | - Nancy Brady
- Department of Speech-Language-Hearing: Sciences and Disorders, The Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, The University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7555, USA
| | - Kandace K Fleming
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Spans Studies, The University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7555, USA
| | - Laura J Hahn
- Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Spans Studies, The University of Kansas, 1000 Sunnyside Avenue, Lawrence, KS, 66045-7555, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, 901S. Sixth St., Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
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Man L, Lekovich J, Rosenwaks Z, Gerhardt J. Fragile X-Associated Diminished Ovarian Reserve and Primary Ovarian Insufficiency from Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Manifestations. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:290. [PMID: 28955201 PMCID: PMC5600956 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), is caused by a loss-of-function mutation in the FMR1 gene located on the X-chromosome, which leads to the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability in males and the leading single-gene defect associated with autism. A full mutation (FM) is represented by more than 200 CGG repeats within the FMR1 gene, resulting in FXS. A FM is inherited from women carrying a FM or a premutation (PM; 55–200 CGG repeats) allele. PM is associated with phenotypes distinct from those associated with FM. Some manifestations of the PM are unique; fragile-X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS), and fragile-X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI), while others tend to be non-specific such as intellectual disability. In addition, women carrying a PM may suffer from subfertility or infertility. There is a need to elucidate whether the impairment of ovarian function found in PM carriers arises during the primordial germ cell (PGC) development stage, or due to a rapidly diminishing oocyte pool throughout life or even both. Due to the possibility of expansion into a FM in the next generation, and other ramifications, carrying a PM can have an enormous impact on one’s life; therefore, preconception counseling for couples carrying the PM is of paramount importance. In this review, we will elaborate on the clinical manifestations in female PM carriers and propose the definition of fragile-X-associated diminished ovarian reserve (FXDOR), then we will review recent scientific findings regarding possible mechanisms leading to FXDOR and FXPOI. Lastly, we will discuss counseling, preventative measures and interventions available for women carrying a PM regarding different aspects of their reproductive life, fertility treatment, pregnancy, prenatal testing, contraception and fertility preservation options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Limor Man
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Jovana Lekovich
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Zev Rosenwaks
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, United States
| | - Jeannine Gerhardt
- The Ronald O. Perelman and Claudia Cohen Center for Reproductive Medicine, Weill Cornell MedicineNew York, NY, United States
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this systematic literature review is to describe what is known about fragile X syndrome (FXS) and to identify research gaps. The results can be used to help inform future public health research and provide pediatricians with up-to-date information about the implications of the condition for individuals and their families. METHODS An electronic literature search was conducted, guided by a variety of key words. The search focused on 4 areas of both clinical and public health importance: (1) the full mutation phenotype, (2) developmental trajectories across the life span, (3) available interventions and treatments, and (4) impact on the family. A total of 661 articles were examined and 203 were included in the review. RESULTS The information is presented in the following categories: developmental profile (cognition, language, functional skills, and transition to adulthood), social-emotional profile (cooccurring psychiatric conditions and behavior problems), medical profile (physical features, seizures, sleep, health problems, and physiologic features), treatment and interventions (educational/behavioral, allied health services, and pharmacologic), and impact on the family (family environment and financial impact). Research gaps also are presented. CONCLUSIONS The identification and treatment of FXS remains an important public health and clinical concern. The information presented in this article provides a more robust understanding of FXS and the impact of this complex condition for pediatricians. Despite a wealth of information about the condition, much work remains to fully support affected individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Raspa
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Anne C Wheeler
- RTI International, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina; and
| | - Catharine Riley
- National Center on Birth Defects and Developmental Disabilities, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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de la Peña JB, Dela Peña IJ, Custodio RJ, Botanas CJ, Kim HJ, Cheong JH. Exploring the Validity of Proposed Transgenic Animal Models of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3739-3754. [PMID: 28534274 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0608-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common, behavioral, and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsivity, and inattention. Symptoms of this disorder are managed by treatment with methylphenidate, amphetamine, and/or atomoxetine. The cause of ADHD is unknown, but substantial evidence indicates that this disorder has a significant genetic component. Transgenic animals have become an essential tool in uncovering the genetic factors underlying ADHD. Although they cannot accurately reflect the human condition, they can provide insights into the disorder that cannot be obtained from human studies due to various limitations. An ideal animal model of ADHD must have face (similarity in symptoms), predictive (similarity in response to treatment or medications), and construct (similarity in etiology or underlying pathophysiological mechanism) validity. As the exact etiology of ADHD remains unclear, the construct validity of animal models of ADHD would always be limited. The proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD have substantially increased and diversified over the years. In this paper, we compiled and explored the validity of proposed transgenic animal models of ADHD. Each of the reviewed transgenic animal models has strengths and limitations. Some fulfill most of the validity criteria of an animal model of ADHD and have been extensively used, while there are others that require further validation. Nevertheless, these transgenic animal models of ADHD have provided and will continue to provide valuable insights into the genetic underpinnings of this complex disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- June Bryan de la Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Irene Joy Dela Peña
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Raly James Custodio
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Chrislean Jun Botanas
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jin Kim
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Hoon Cheong
- Uimyung Research Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacy, Sahmyook University, 815 Hwarang-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul, 01795, Republic of Korea.
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Kong HE, Zhao J, Xu S, Jin P, Jin Y. Fragile X-Associated Tremor/Ataxia Syndrome: From Molecular Pathogenesis to Development of Therapeutics. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:128. [PMID: 28529475 PMCID: PMC5418347 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X-associated tremor/ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by a premutation CGG repeat expansion (55-200 repeats) within the 5' UTR of the fragile X gene (FMR1). FXTAS is characterized by intension tremor, cerebellar ataxia, progressive neurodegeneration, parkinsonism and cognitive decline. The development of transgenic mouse and Drosophila melanogaster models carrying an expanded CGG repeat has yielded valuable insight into the pathophysiology of FXTAS. To date, we know of two main molecular mechanisms of this disorder: (1) a toxic gain of function of the expanded CGG-repeat FMR1 mRNA, which results in the binding/sequestration of the CGG-binding proteins; and (2) CGG repeat-associated non-AUG-initiated (RAN) translation, which generates a polyglycine peptide toxic to cells. Besides these CGG-mediated mechanisms, recent studies have shed light on additional mechanisms of pathogenesis, such as the antisense transcript ASFMR1, mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage from R-loop formation and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC)-mediated epigenetic modulation. Here we summarize the recent progress towards understanding the etiology of FXTAS and provide an overview of potential treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ha Eun Kong
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Juan Zhao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Central South UniversityChangsha, China
| | - Shunliang Xu
- Department of Neurology, 2nd Hospital of Shandong UniversityJinan, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Emory UniversityAtlanta, GA, USA
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Second Hospital, Jilin UniversityChangchun, China
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Chan W, Smith LE, Greenberg JS, Hong J, Mailick MR. Executive Functioning Mediates the Effect of Behavioral Problems on Depression in Mothers of Children With Developmental Disabilities. AMERICAN JOURNAL ON INTELLECTUAL AND DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2017; 122:11-24. [PMID: 28095060 PMCID: PMC5303617 DOI: 10.1352/1944-7558-122.1.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present investigation explored long-term relationships of behavioral symptoms of adolescents and adults with developmental disabilities with the mental health of their mothers. Fragile X premutation carrier mothers of an adolescent or adult child with fragile X syndrome (n = 95), and mothers of a grown child with autism (n = 213) were included. Behavioral symptoms at Time 1 were hypothesized to predict maternal depressive symptoms at Time 3 via maternal executive dysfunction at Time 2. Results provided support for the mediating pathway of executive dysfunction. Additionally, the association of behavioral symptoms with executive dysfunction differed across the two groups, suggesting that premutation carriers may be more susceptible to caregiving stress due to their genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Chan
- Wai Chan, Leann E. Smith, Jan S. Greenberg, Jinkuk Hong, and Marsha R. Mailick, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Waisman Center
| | - Leann E Smith
- Wai Chan, Leann E. Smith, Jan S. Greenberg, Jinkuk Hong, and Marsha R. Mailick, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Waisman Center
| | - Jan S Greenberg
- Wai Chan, Leann E. Smith, Jan S. Greenberg, Jinkuk Hong, and Marsha R. Mailick, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Waisman Center
| | - Jinkuk Hong
- Wai Chan, Leann E. Smith, Jan S. Greenberg, Jinkuk Hong, and Marsha R. Mailick, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Waisman Center
| | - Marsha R Mailick
- Wai Chan, Leann E. Smith, Jan S. Greenberg, Jinkuk Hong, and Marsha R. Mailick, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Waisman Center
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Study of the Genetic Etiology of Primary Ovarian Insufficiency: FMR1 Gene. Genes (Basel) 2016; 7:genes7120123. [PMID: 27983607 PMCID: PMC5192499 DOI: 10.3390/genes7120123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Menopause is a period of women’s life characterized by the cessation of menses in a definitive way. The mean age for menopause is approximately 51 years. Primary ovarian insufficiency (POI) refers to ovarian dysfunction defined as irregular menses and elevated gonadotrophin levels before or at the age of 40 years. The etiology of POI is unknown but several genes have been reported as being of significance. The fragile X mental retardation 1 gene (FMR1) is one of the most important genes associated with POI. The FMR1 gene contains a highly polymorphic CGG repeat in the 5′ untranslated region of exon 1. Four allelic forms have been defined with respect to CGG repeat length and instability during transmission. Normal (5–44 CGG) alleles are usually transmitted from parent to offspring in a stable manner. The full mutation form consists of over 200 repeats, which induces hypermethylation of the FMR1 gene promoter and the subsequent silencing of the gene, associated with Fragile X Syndrome (FXS). Finally, FMR1 intermediate (45–54 CGG) and premutation (55–200 CGG) alleles have been principally associated with two phenotypes, fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome (FXTAS) and fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI).
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Rosario R, Filis P, Tessyman V, Kinnell H, Childs AJ, Gray NK, Anderson RA. FMRP Associates with Cytoplasmic Granules at the Onset of Meiosis in the Human Oocyte. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0163987. [PMID: 27695106 PMCID: PMC5047637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0163987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Germ cell development and primordial follicle formation during fetal life is critical in establishing the pool of oocytes that subsequently determines the reproductive lifespan of women. Fragile X-associated primary ovarian insufficiency (FXPOI) is caused by inheritance of the FMR1 premutation allele and approximately 20% of women with the premutation allele develop ovarian dysfunction and premature ovarian insufficiency. However, the underlying disease mechanism remains obscure, and a potential role of FMRP in human ovarian development has not been explored. We have characterised the expression of FMR1 and FMRP in the human fetal ovary at the time of germ cell entry into meiosis through to primordial follicle formation. FMRP expression is exclusively in germ cells in the human fetal ovary. Increased FMRP expression in germ cells coincides with the loss of pluripotency-associated protein expression, and entry into meiosis is associated with FMRP granulation. In addition, we have uncovered FMRP association with components of P-bodies and stress granules, suggesting it may have a role in mRNA metabolism at the time of onset of meiosis. Therefore, this data support the hypothesis that FMRP plays a role regulating mRNAs during pivotal maturational processes in fetal germ cells, and ovarian dysfunction resulting from FMR1 premutation may have its origins during these stages of oocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roseanne Rosario
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Panagiotis Filis
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Victoria Tessyman
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Hazel Kinnell
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J. Childs
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola K. Gray
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, 47 Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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