1
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Merzhyievskyi DO, Shablykin OV, Shablykina OV, Kozytskiy AV, Rusanov EB, Moskvina VS, Brovarets VS. Functionalized 5‐Amino‐4‐cyanoxazoles, their Hetero‐ and Macrocyclic Derivatives: Preparation and Synthetic Applications. European J Org Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202100412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Danylo O. Merzhyievskyi
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Oleh V. Shablykin
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Olga V. Shablykina
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Andriy V. Kozytskiy
- L.V. Pisarzhevskii Institute of Physical Chemistry of NAS of Ukraine Nauky Avenue 31 Kyiv 03028 Ukraine
- Enamine Ltd. (www.enamine.net) Chervonotkatska Street 78 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Eduard B. Rusanov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 5 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
| | - Viktoriia S. Moskvina
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
- Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv Volodymyrska Street 60 Kyiv 01601 Ukraine
| | - Volodymyr S. Brovarets
- V. P. Kukhar Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry and Petrochemistry NAS of Ukraine Murmanska Street 1 Kyiv 02094 Ukraine
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2
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Shen J, Jiang X, Wu H, Xu J, Zhu Q, Zhang P. Copper-catalyzed selective oxidation of hydrazones through C(sp 3)-H functionalization. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:8917-8923. [PMID: 34617555 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob01563j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
A simple and mild protocol for copper-catalyzed oxidation of hydrazones at the α-position has been reported. Various substrates are compatible, providing the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. This strategy provides an efficient and convenient solution for the synthesis of carbonyl hydrazone. A free radical pathway mechanism is suggested for the transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiabin Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China. .,College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaoying Jiang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China. .,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central south University, Changsha, 410083, P.R. China
| | - Haifeng Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China. .,College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jun Xu
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Zhu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- College of Material, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Organosilicon Chemistry and Material Technology, Ministry of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Abstract
The endocannabinoids are lipid-derived messengers that play a diversity of regulatory roles in mammalian physiology. Dysfunctions in their activity have been implicated in various disease conditions, attracting attention to the endocannabinoid system as a possible source of therapeutic drugs. This signaling complex has three components: the endogenous ligands, anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl-sn-glycerol (2-AG); a set of enzymes and transporters that generate, eliminate, or modify such ligands; and selective cell surface receptors that mediate their biological actions. We provide an overview of endocannabinoid formation, deactivation, and biotransformation and outline the properties and therapeutic potential of pharmacological agents that interfere with those processes. We describe small-molecule inhibitors that target endocannabinoid-producing enzymes, carrier proteins that transport the endocannabinoids into cells, and intracellular endocannabinoid-metabolizing enzymes. We briefly discuss selected agents that simultaneously interfere with components of the endocannabinoid system and with other functionally related signaling pathways. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Volume 62 is January 2022. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Piomelli
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA; .,Departments of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA
| | - Alex Mabou Tagne
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, USA;
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4
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Nguyen LA, Nguyen TTT, Ngo QA, Nguyen TB. Fe/S-Catalyzed synthesis of 2-benzoylbenzoxazoles and 2-quinolylbenzoxazoles via redox condensation of o-nitrophenols with acetophenones and methylquinolines. Org Biomol Chem 2021; 19:6015-6020. [PMID: 34156054 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob00976a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An Fe/S catalyst generated in situ from FeCl2·4H2O and elemental sulfur S8 in the presence of a tertiary amine as a base was found to catalyze efficiently a 6e- redox condensation of o-nitrophenols with acetophenones and methylquinolines. The condensed products 2-benzoylbenzoxazoles and 2-quinolylbenzoxazoles were obtained in reasonable yields with water as the only byproduct at a temperature as low as 80 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Anh Nguyen
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thi Thu Tram Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Can Tho University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam
| | - Quoc Anh Ngo
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam. and Graduate University of Science and Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thanh Binh Nguyen
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS UPR 2301, Université Paris-Sud, Université Paris-Saclay, 1, av de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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5
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Aman H, Chen Y, Tu J, Chang C, Chuang GJ. Catalyst/Additive Free Oxidation of Benzyl Bromides to Benzaldehydes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202004483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hasil Aman
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li Taiwan 32023
| | - Yuan‐Ching Chen
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li Taiwan 32023
| | - Jing‐Wen Tu
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li Taiwan 32023
| | - Chia‐Chi Chang
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li Taiwan 32023
| | - Gary Jing Chuang
- Department of Chemistry Chung Yuan Christian University Chung-Li Taiwan 32023
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6
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Ye R, Cao Y, Xi X, Liu L, Chen T. Metal- and radical-free aerobic oxidation of heteroaromatic methanes: an efficient synthesis of heteroaromatic aldehydes. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:4220-4224. [PMID: 30946414 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00490d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
A metal-free and radical-free synthesis of heteroaromatic aldehydes was developed through aerobic oxidation of methyl groups in an I2/DMSO/O2 catalytic system. Under the reaction conditions, various functional groups such as methoxy, aldehyde, ester, nitro, amide, and halo (F, Cl, Br) groups were well tolerated. The bioactive compounds like chlorchinaldin derivative and papaverine were also oxidized to the corresponding aldehydes and ketones. This reaction provided an efficient method for preparing the valuable heteroaromatic aldehydes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongzi Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
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7
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Monier M, Abdel-Latif D, El-Mekabaty A, Elattar KM. Recent progress in the chemistry of heterocycles incorporated oxazolo[4,5-b]pyridine and oxazolo[5,4-b]pyridine skeletons. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2019.1686644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Monier
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Doaa Abdel-Latif
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Taibah University, Yanbu Al-Bahr, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Ahmed El-Mekabaty
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Khaled M. Elattar
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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8
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Aljaar N, Gujjarappa R, Al‐Refai M, Shtaiwi M, Malakar CC. Overview on Recent Approaches towards Synthesis of 2‐Keto‐annulated Oxazole Derivatives. J Heterocycl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/jhet.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayyef Aljaar
- Chemistry DepartmentThe Hashemite University P.O. Box 150459 Zarqa 13115 Jordan
| | - Raghuram Gujjarappa
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 India
| | - Mahmoud Al‐Refai
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceAl al‐Bayt University Al‐Mafraq 25113 Jordan
| | - Majed Shtaiwi
- Chemistry DepartmentThe Hashemite University P.O. Box 150459 Zarqa 13115 Jordan
| | - Chandi C. Malakar
- Department of ChemistryNational Institute of Technology Manipur Langol Imphal 795004 India
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9
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Gao X, Han S, Zheng M, Liang A, Li J, Zou D, Wu Y, Wu Y. Transition-Metal-Free Oxidation of Benzylic C-H Bonds of Six-Membered N-Heteroaromatic Compounds. J Org Chem 2019; 84:4040-4049. [PMID: 30854850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A novel oxidation of benzylic C-H bonds for the synthesis of diverse six-membered N-heteroaromatic aldehydes and ketones has been developed. The obvious advantages of this approach are the simple operation, mild reaction conditions, and without use of toxic reagent and transition metal. The present method should provide a useful access for the synthesis and modification of N-heterocycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianying Gao
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaijun Han
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Maolin Zheng
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Apeng Liang
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Jingya Li
- Tetranov Biopharm LLC and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Dapeng Zou
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yusheng Wu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China.,Tetranov Biopharm LLC and Collaborative Innovation Center of New Drug Research and Safety Evaluation , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China.,Tetranov International, Inc. , 100 Jersey Avenue, Suite A340 , New Brunswick , New Jersey 08901 , United States
| | - Yangjie Wu
- The College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Henan Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Organic Chemistry , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450052 , People's Republic of China
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10
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Zhang Y, Yue Y, Wang X, Wang K, Lou Y, Yao M, Zhuo K, Lv Q, Liu J. DMSO‐Promoted Metal‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Heterobenzylic Methylene to Prepare N‐Heterocyclic Ketones. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201800576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Zhang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Yue
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Xiaopei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Ke Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Yixiao Lou
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Meihuan Yao
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Kelei Zhuo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Qingzhang Lv
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Jianming Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine ChemicalsKey Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and ReactionsMinistry of EducationSchool of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringHenan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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11
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Cooper JC, Luo C, Kameyama R, Van Humbeck JF. Combined Iron/Hydroxytriazole Dual Catalytic System for Site Selective Oxidation Adjacent to Azaheterocycles. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:1243-1246. [PMID: 29345461 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This report details a new method for site-selective methylene oxidation adjacent to azaheterocycles. A dual catalysis approach, utilizing both an iron Lewis acid and an organic hydroxylamine catalyst, proved highly effective. We demonstrate that this method provides complementary selectivity to other known catalytic approaches and represents an improvement over current heterocycle-selective reactions that rely on stoichiometric activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Chaosheng Luo
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ryohei Kameyama
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University , Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Jeffrey F Van Humbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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12
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An insight into the biological activities of heterocyclic–fatty acid hybrid molecules. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 141:113-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.09.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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13
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Boger DL. The Difference a Single Atom Can Make: Synthesis and Design at the Chemistry-Biology Interface. J Org Chem 2017; 82:11961-11980. [PMID: 28945374 PMCID: PMC5712263 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
A Perspective of work in our laboratory on the examination of biologically active compounds, especially natural products, is presented. In the context of individual programs and along with a summary of our work, selected cases are presented that illustrate the impact single atom changes can have on the biological properties of the compounds. The examples were chosen to highlight single heavy atom changes that improve activity, rather than those that involve informative alterations that reduce or abolish activity. The examples were also chosen to illustrate that the impact of such single-atom changes can originate from steric, electronic, conformational, or H-bonding effects, from changes in functional reactivity, from fundamental intermolecular interactions with a biological target, from introduction of a new or altered functionalization site, or from features as simple as improvements in stability or physical properties. Nearly all the examples highlighted represent not only unusual instances of productive deep-seated natural product modifications and were introduced through total synthesis but are also remarkable in that they are derived from only a single heavy atom change in the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and
The Skaggs Research Institute, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550
North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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14
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Shi WM, Li XH, Liang C, Mo DL. Base-Free Selective O
-Arylation and Sequential [3,3]-Rearrangement of Amidoximes with Diaryliodonium Salts: Synthesis of 2-Substituted Benzoxazoles. Adv Synth Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201700906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Hua Li
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
| | - Dong-Liang Mo
- State Key Laboratory for Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Medicinal Resources, Ministry of Science and Technology of China; School of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Guangxi Normal University; 15 Yu Cai Road Guilin 541004 People's Republic of China
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15
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Kornahrens AF, Cognetta AB, Brody DM, Matthews ML, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design of Benzoxathiazin-3-one 1,1-Dioxides as a New Class of Irreversible Serine Hydrolase Inhibitors: Discovery of a Uniquely Selective PNPLA4 Inhibitor. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:7052-7061. [PMID: 28498651 PMCID: PMC5501285 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The design and examination of 4,1,2-benzoxathiazin-3-one 1,1-dioxides as candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors are disclosed, and represent the synthesis and study of a previously unexplored heterocycle. This new class of activated cyclic carbamates provided selective irreversible inhibition of a small subset of serine hydrolases without release of a leaving group, does not covalently modify active site catalytic cysteine and lysine residues of other enzyme classes, and was found to be amenable to predictable structural modifications that modulate intrinsic reactivity or active site recognition. Even more remarkable and within the small pilot series of candidate inhibitors examined in an initial study, an exquisitely selective inhibitor for a poorly characterized serine hydrolase (PNPLA4, patatin-like phospholipase domain-containing protein 4) involved in adipocyte triglyceride homeostasis was discovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne F. Kornahrens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Armand B. Cognetta
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Daniel M. Brody
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Megan L. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037
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16
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Srivastava A, Shukla G, Singh MS. p -Toluenesulfonic acid-catalyzed metal-free formal [4 + 1] heteroannulation via N H/O H/S H functionalization: One-pot access to 2-aryl/hetaryl/alkyl benzazole derivatives. Tetrahedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Tuo W, Leleu-Chavain N, Spencer J, Sansook S, Millet R, Chavatte P. Therapeutic Potential of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase, Monoacylglycerol Lipase, and N-Acylethanolamine Acid Amidase Inhibitors. J Med Chem 2016; 60:4-46. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.6b00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Tuo
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Natascha Leleu-Chavain
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - John Spencer
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Supojjanee Sansook
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QJ, U.K
| | - Régis Millet
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Philippe Chavatte
- Université de Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U995,
LIRIC, Lille Inflammation Research International Center, F-59000 Lille, France
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18
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Aljaar N, Malakar CC, Conrad J, Beifuss U. Base-Promoted Domino Reaction of 5-Substituted 2-Nitrosophenols with Bromomethyl Aryl Ketones: A Transition-Metal-Free Approach to 2-Aroylbenzoxazoles. J Org Chem 2015; 80:10829-37. [PMID: 26399156 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.5b02000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of 5-substituted 2-nitrosophenols with bromomethyl aryl ketones and related compounds employing K2CO3 as a base in refluxing THF and DMF at 80 °C, respectively, delivers 2-aroylbenzoxazoles in a single step with yields up to 85%. The new method involves an intermolecular nucleophilic substitution followed by intramolecular 1,2-addition and elimination. It allows an efficient and practical access to 2-aroylbenzoxazoles under transition-metal-free conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayyef Aljaar
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany.,Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University , Amman 19328, Jordan
| | - Chandi C Malakar
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Jürgen Conrad
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Uwe Beifuss
- Bioorganische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Universität Hohenheim , Garbenstraße 30, D-70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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19
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Liu J, Zhang X, Yi H, Liu C, Liu R, Zhang H, Zhuo K, Lei A. Chloroacetate-Promoted Selective Oxidation of Heterobenzylic Methylenes under Copper Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201409580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Liu J, Zhang X, Yi H, Liu C, Liu R, Zhang H, Zhuo K, Lei A. Chloroacetate-promoted selective oxidation of heterobenzylic methylenes under copper catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 54:1261-5. [PMID: 25483218 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201409580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The efficient selective oxidation and functionalization of C-H bonds with molecular oxygen and a copper catalyst to prepare the corresponding ketones was achieved with ethyl chloroacetate as a promoter. In this transformation, various substituted N-heterocyclic compounds were well tolerated. Preliminary mechanistic investigations indicated that organic radical species were involved in the overall process. The N-heterocyclic compounds and ethyl chloroacetate work synergistically to activate C-H bonds in the methylene group, which results in the easy generation of free radical intermediates, thus leading to the corresponding ketones in good yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Liu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072 (P. R. China) http://aiwenlei.whu.edu.cn/Main_Website/; Collaborative Innovation Center of Henan Province for Green Manufacturing of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, Henan 453007 (P. R. China)
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21
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Otrubova K, Srinivasan V, Boger DL. Discovery libraries targeting the major enzyme classes: the serine hydrolases. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:3807-13. [PMID: 25037918 PMCID: PMC4130767 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.06.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Two libraries of modestly reactive ureas containing either electron-deficient acyl anilines or acyl pyrazoles were prepared and are reported as screening libraries for candidate serine hydrolase inhibitors. Within each library is a small but powerful subset of compounds that serve as a chemotype fragment screening library capable of subsequent structural diversification. Elaboration of the pyrazole-based ureas provided remarkably potent irreversible inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH, apparent Ki=100-200 pM) complementary to those previously disclosed enlisting electron-deficient aniline-based ureas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Venkat Srinivasan
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla CA 92037, United States.
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22
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Duncan KK, Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase: exploration of conformational constraints in the acyl side chain. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:2763-70. [PMID: 24690529 PMCID: PMC4029506 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing heteroatoms embedded within conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were synthesized and evaluated as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). The studies reveal that the installation of a heteroatom (O) in the conformational constraint is achievable, although the potency of these novel derivatives is reduced slightly relative to 2 and the analogous 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene series. Interestingly, both enantiomers (R and S) of the candidate inhibitors bearing a chiral center adjacent to the electrophilic carbonyl were found to effectively inhibit FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine K Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States
| | - Dale L Boger
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, United States.
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23
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Otrubova K, Cravatt BF, Boger DL. Design, synthesis, and characterization of α-ketoheterocycles that additionally target the cytosolic port Cys269 of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2014; 57:1079-89. [PMID: 24456116 PMCID: PMC3940414 DOI: 10.1021/jm401820q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
A series
of α-ketooxazoles incorporating electrophiles at
the C5 position of the pyridyl ring of 2 (OL-135) and
related compounds were prepared and examined as inhibitors of fatty
acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) that additionally target the cytosolic
port Cys269. From this series, a subset of the candidate inhibitors
exhibited time-dependent FAAH inhibition and noncompetitive irreversible
inactivation of the enzyme, consistent with the targeted Cys269 covalent
alkylation or addition, and maintained or enhanced the intrinsic selectivity
for FAAH versus other serine hydrolases. A preliminary in vivo assessment
demonstrates that these inhibitors raise endogenous brain levels of
anandamide and other FAAH substrates upon intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration
to mice, with peak levels achieved within 1.5–3 h, and that
the elevations of the signaling lipids were maintained >6 h, indicating
that the inhibitors effectively reach and remain active in the brain,
inhibiting FAAH for a sustained period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, ‡Chemical Physiology, and §The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute , 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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24
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25
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Baggelaar MP, Janssen FJ, van Esbroeck ACM, den Dulk H, Allarà M, Hoogendoorn S, McGuire R, Florea BI, Meeuwenoord N, van den Elst H, van der Marel GA, Brouwer J, Di Marzo V, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Development of an Activity-Based Probe and In Silico Design Reveal Highly Selective Inhibitors for Diacylglycerol Lipase-α in Brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201306295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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26
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Baggelaar MP, Janssen FJ, van Esbroeck ACM, den Dulk H, Allarà M, Hoogendoorn S, McGuire R, Florea BI, Meeuwenoord N, van den Elst H, van der Marel GA, Brouwer J, Di Marzo V, Overkleeft HS, van der Stelt M. Development of an activity-based probe and in silico design reveal highly selective inhibitors for diacylglycerol lipase-α in brain. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013; 52:12081-5. [PMID: 24173880 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201306295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Dept. of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden (The Netherlands)
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27
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Macamides and their synthetic analogs: Evaluation of in vitro FAAH inhibition. Bioorg Med Chem 2013; 21:5188-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2013.06.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Otrubova K, Brown M, McCormick MS, Han GW, O’Neal ST, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Boger DL. Rational design of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors that act by covalently bonding to two active site residues. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:6289-99. [PMID: 23581831 PMCID: PMC3678763 DOI: 10.1021/ja4014997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The design and characterization of α-ketoheterocycle fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors are disclosed that additionally and irreversibly target a cysteine (Cys269) found in the enzyme cytosolic port while maintaining the reversible covalent Ser241 attachment responsible for their rapid and initially reversible enzyme inhibition. Two α-ketooxazoles (3 and 4) containing strategically placed electrophiles at the C5 position of the pyridyl substituent of 2 (OL-135) were prepared and examined as inhibitors of FAAH. Consistent with the observed time-dependent noncompetitive inhibition, the cocrystal X-ray structure of 3 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed that 3 was not only covalently bound to the active site catalytic nucleophile Ser241 as a deprotonated hemiketal, but also to Cys269 through the pyridyl C5-substituent, thus providing an inhibitor with dual covalent attachment in the enzyme active site. In vivo characterization of the prototypical inhibitors in mice demonstrates that they raise endogenous brain levels of FAAH substrates to a greater extent and for a much longer duration (>6 h) than the reversible inhibitor 2, indicating that the inhibitors accumulate and persist in the brain to completely inhibit FAAH for a prolonged period. Consistent with this behavior and the targeted irreversible enzyme inhibition, 3 reversed cold allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain in mice for a sustained period (>6 h) beyond that observed with the reversible inhibitor 2, providing effects that were unchanged over the 1-6 h time course monitored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Monica Brown
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Michael S. McCormick
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Gye W. Han
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Scott T. O’Neal
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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29
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Bisogno T, Maccarrone M. Latest advances in the discovery of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2013; 8:509-22. [PMID: 23488865 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2013.780021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is the major catabolic enzyme of the endocannabinoid N-arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide) that, with different degrees of efficiency, also hydrolyzes other endogenous fatty acid ethanolamides. FAAH is increasingly being considered a relevant therapeutic target, especially in models of inflammatory pain. The opportunity to selectively increase the endocannabinoid tone only in those tissues where such an enhancement can be beneficial might result in a therapeutic benefit with more limited side effects, compared to the use of direct agonists of anandamide-binding receptors. Thus the research for selective FAAH inhibitors has become a hot topic in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED This review highlights the advances in the development of different compounds belonging to different chemical families that have been proposed as FAAH inhibitors. Several classes of inhibitors have been reported so far, and they may be classified into two major classes: reversible and irreversible compounds. These inhibitors are reviewed herein with an emphasis on their potency and selectivity. EXPERT OPINION In recent years, tremendous efforts have been made to develop the FAAH inhibitors, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. It is still a major challenge to identify the first inhibitor of FAAH suitable for clinical exploitation that satisfies the requirements of potency, selectivity versus proteins related to anandamide activity as well as other potential off-targets, reversibility versus irreversibility, and efficacy toward rat versus human FAAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Bisogno
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry/Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
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30
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Butini S, Brindisi M, Gemma S, Minetti P, Cabri W, Gallo G, Vincenti S, Talamonti E, Borsini F, Caprioli A, Stasi MA, Di Serio S, Ros S, Borrelli G, Maramai S, Fezza F, Campiani G, Maccarrone M. Discovery of Potent Inhibitors of Human and Mouse Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolases. J Med Chem 2012; 55:6898-915. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300689c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrizia Minetti
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Walter Cabri
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Grazia Gallo
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Silvia Vincenti
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Talamonti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”,
00133 Rome, Italy
- Centro
Europeo di Ricerca sul
Cervello (CERC)/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Borsini
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Antonio Caprioli
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Stasi
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | - Stefano Di Serio
- Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche
Riunite spa, Via Pontina Km 30400, 00040 Pomezia, Italy
| | | | | | | | - Filomena Fezza
- Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale
e Chirurgia, Università degli Studi di Roma “Tor Vergata”,
00133 Rome, Italy
- Centro
Europeo di Ricerca sul
Cervello (CERC)/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Centro
Europeo di Ricerca sul
Cervello (CERC)/IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00143 Rome, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche,
Università degli Studi di Teramo, Piazza Aldo Moro 45, 64100
Teramo, Italy
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31
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Otrubova K, Boger DL. α-Ketoheterocycle-based Inhibitors of Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase (FAAH). ACS Chem Neurosci 2012; 3:340-348. [PMID: 22639704 PMCID: PMC3359644 DOI: 10.1021/cn2001206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A summary of the initial discovery and characterization of the enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), and the subsequent advancement of an important class of competitive, reversible, potent and selective inhibitors is presented. Initially explored using substrate-inspired inhibitors bearing electrophilic carbonyls, the examination of α-ketoheterocyle-based inhibitors of FAAH with the benefit of a unique activity-based protein-profiling (ABPP)-based proteome-wide selectivity assay, a powerful in vivo biomarker-based in vivo screen, and subsequent retrospective X-ray co-crystal structures with the enzyme, is summarized. These efforts defined the impact of the central activating heterocycle and its key substituents, provided key simplifications in the C2 acyl side chain and clear interpretations for the unique role and subsequent optimization of the central activating heterocycle, and established the basis for the recent further conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain, providing potent, long-acting, orally-active FAAH inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs
Institute for
Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, United
States
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32
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Cui L, He Y, Fan X. A Sustainable Synthesis of 2-Benzoxazyl and 2-Benzothiazyl Ketones from Alkynyl Bromides and 2-Amino(thio)phenols Promoted by a Recyclable Catalytic System. CHINESE J CHEM 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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33
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Estiarte MA, Johnson RJ, Kaub CJ, Gowlugari S, O'Mahony DJR, Nguyen MT, Emerling DE, Kelly MG, Kincaid J, Vincent F, Duncton MAJ. 2-Amino-5-arylbenzoxazole derivatives as potent inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md00307d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Otrubova K, Ezzili C, Boger DL. The discovery and development of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2011; 21:4674-85. [PMID: 21764305 PMCID: PMC3146581 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2011.06.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2011] [Revised: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 06/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A summary of the discovery and advancement of inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey, Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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35
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36
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Ezzili C, Mileni M, McGlinchey N, Long JZ, Kinsey SG, Hochstatter DG, Stevens RC, Lichtman AH, Cravatt BF, Bilsky EJ, Boger DL. Reversible competitive α-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase containing additional conformational constraints in the acyl side chain: orally active, long-acting analgesics. J Med Chem 2011; 54:2805-22. [PMID: 21428410 PMCID: PMC3085948 DOI: 10.1021/jm101597x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A series of α-ketooxazoles containing conformational constraints in the C2 acyl side chain of 2 (OL-135) were examined as inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). Only one of the two possible enantiomers displayed potent FAAH inhibition (S vs R enantiomer), and their potency is comparable or improved relative to 2, indicating that the conformational restriction in the C2 acyl side chain is achievable. A cocrystal X-ray structure of the α-ketoheterocycle 12 bound to a humanized variant of rat FAAH revealed its binding details, confirmed that the (S)-enantiomer is the bound active inhibitor, shed light on the origin of the enantiomeric selectivity, and confirmed that the catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the electrophilic carbonyl as a deprotonated hemiketal. Preliminary in vivo characterization of the inhibitors 12 and 14 is reported demonstrating that they raise brain anandamide levels following either intraperitoneal (ip) or oral (po) administration indicative of effective in vivo FAAH inhibition. Significantly, the oral administration of 12 caused dramatic accumulation of anandamide in the brain, with peak levels achieved between 1.5 and 3 h, and these elevations were maintained over 9 h. Additional studies of these two representative members of the series (12 and 14) in models of thermal hyperalgesia and neuropathic pain are reported, including the demonstration that 12 administered orally significantly attenuated mechanical (>6 h) and cold (>9 h) allodynia for sustained periods consistent with its long-acting effects in raising the endogenous concentration of anandamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Nicholas McGlinchey
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Jonathan Z. Long
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Steven G. Kinsey
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | | | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Aron H. Lichtman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Edward J. Bilsky
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Osteopathic Medicine, University of New England, Biddeford, ME 04005
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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37
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. Fluoride-mediated capture of a noncovalent bound state of a reversible covalent enzyme inhibitor: X-ray crystallographic analysis of an exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:4092-100. [PMID: 21355555 PMCID: PMC3060301 DOI: 10.1021/ja110877y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two cocrystal X-ray structures of the exceptionally potent α-ketoheterocycle inhibitor 1 (K(i) = 290 pM) bound to a humanized variant of rat fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed, representing noncovalently and covalently bound states of the same inhibitor with the enzyme. Key to securing the structure of the noncovalently bound state of the inhibitor was the inclusion of fluoride ion in the crystallization conditions that is proposed to bind the oxyanion hole precluding inhibitor covalent adduct formation with stabilization of the tetrahedral hemiketal. This permitted the opportunity to detect important noncovalent interactions stabilizing the binding of the inhibitor within the FAAH active site independent of the covalent reaction. Remarkably, noncovalently bound 1 in the presence of fluoride appears to capture the active site in the same "in action" state with the three catalytic residues Ser241-Ser217-Lys142 occupying essentially identical positions observed in the covalently bound structure of 1, suggesting that this technique of introducing fluoride may have important applications in structural studies beyond inhibiting substrate or inhibitor oxyanion hole binding. Key insights to emerge from the studies include the observations that noncovalently bound 1 binds in its ketone (not gem diol) form, that the terminal phenyl group in the acyl side chain of the inhibitor serves as the key anchoring interaction overriding the intricate polar interactions in the cytosolic port, and that the role of the central activating heterocycle is dominated by its intrinsic electron-withdrawing properties. These two structures are also briefly compared with five X-ray structures of α-ketoheterocycle-based inhibitors bound to FAAH recently disclosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research
Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute,
10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps
Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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38
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Fan X, He Y, Guo S, Zhang X. RuCl3·3H2O Catalyzed Tandem Reaction of Alkynylbromides with 2-Aminothiophenols in Water: A Convenient Synthesis of 2-Benzoylbenzothiazoles. Aust J Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1071/ch11217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
RuCl3·3H2O catalyzed tandem reaction of alkynyl bromides with 2-aminothiophenols mediated by water is shown to represent a convenient synthesis of 2-benzoylbenzothiazoles. In addition, the Ru(iii) catalyst could be readily recovered and efficiently reused together with water up to three times.
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39
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Ezzili C, Otrubova K, Boger DL. Fatty acid amide signaling molecules. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:5959-68. [PMID: 20817522 PMCID: PMC2942981 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Key studies leading to the discovery and definition of the role of endogenous fatty acid amide signaling molecules are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Katerina Otrubova
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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40
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Deng H. Recent advances in the discovery and evaluation of fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2010; 5:961-93. [PMID: 22823990 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2010.513378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Cannabis has been used for both medicinal and recreational purposes since ancient times. Although cannabinoid-based medicines hold great promise in several challenging therapeutic areas such as pain management and mode control, their development has been hampered by psychoactive and other CNS-related side effects. The identification of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzyme responsible for the degradation of endocannabinoids, has brought in tremendous opportunities in that inhibition of FAAH leads to local elevation of endocannabinoids under certain stimuli, thus, avoiding the side effects from global activation of cannabinoid receptors by exogenous cannabimimetic compounds. The search for selective FAAH inhibitors has thus become a strong focus in current drug discovery. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review summarizes our current understanding of FAAH including its structure, catalytic mechanism and biological functions with emphases on its role in the regulation of endocannabinoids and other signaling lipids. The review then highlights the most recent discovery and biological activities of different classes of FAAH inhibitors. Last, the review discusses challenges and potential drawbacks in the development of FAAH inhibitor-based therapy. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN Readers will have an overview of FAAH and obtain a rationale on FAAH as an attractive therapeutic target for the development of medicines for treating pain, inflammation, anxiety and other diseases. More importantly, readers will gain knowledge on various newly established FAAH inhibitor scaffolds and their development potentials, and such information will hopefully stimulate ideas for the designing of new inhibitors with superior activity profiles. The discussions on the potential challenges in developing FAAH inhibitors will impose more caution in the decision-making process, thus, lowering the possibility of late stage failure. TAKE HOME MESSAGE FAAH is an attractive target for modulating the endocannabinoid system, thus, treating many disease conditions including pain and mode control without the CNS side effects associated with cannabis usage. In recent years, tremendous effort has been focused in the FAAH inhibitor research field, and consequently many novel chemical templates have been discovered. FAAH hydrolyzes several important signaling lipids, but the long-term effects of FAAH inhibition in humans remain to be seen. While it is challenging to identify the right molecule with the right level of intervention of the FAAH function for treating a disease condition, it is possible to avoid mechanism-related undesired effects. With the entry of several compounds into clinical trials, FAAH inhibitor-based medicines are on the horizon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongfeng Deng
- GlaxoSmithKline, Platform Technology & Science/Molecular Discovery Research, ELT-Boston, 830 Winter Street, Waltham, MA 02451, USA
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41
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Kimball FS, Cravatt BF, Stevens RC, Boger DL. X-ray crystallographic analysis of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2010; 53:230-40. [PMID: 19924997 PMCID: PMC2804032 DOI: 10.1021/jm9012196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three cocrystal X-ray structures of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors 3-5 bound to a humanized variant of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) are disclosed and comparatively discussed alongside those of 1 (OL-135) and its isomer 2. These five X-ray structures systematically probe each of the three active site regions key to substrate or inhibitor binding: (1) the conformationally mobile acyl chain-binding pocket and membrane access channel responsible for fatty acid amide substrate and inhibitor acyl chain binding, (2) the atypical active site catalytic residues and surrounding oxyanion hole that covalently binds the core of the alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors captured as deprotonated hemiketals mimicking the tetrahedral intermediate of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction, and (3) the cytosolic port and its uniquely important imbedded ordered water molecules and a newly identified anion binding site. The detailed analysis of their key active site interactions and their implications on the interpretation of the available structure-activity relationships are discussed providing important insights for future design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Cyrine Ezzili
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - F. Scott Kimball
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037
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42
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Wu J, Chen W, Hu M, Zou H, Yu Y. Synthesis of Polysubstituted 5-Aminooxazoles from α- Diazocarbonyl Esters and α-Isocyanoacetamides. Org Lett 2010; 12:616-8. [DOI: 10.1021/ol902850a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Wu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Wenteng Chen
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Miao Hu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Hongbin Zou
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
| | - Yongping Yu
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, P. R. China
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43
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Mileni M, Garfunkle J, DeMartino JK, Cravatt BF, Boger DL, Stevens RC. Binding and inactivation mechanism of a humanized fatty acid amide hydrolase by alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors revealed from cocrystal structures. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:10497-506. [PMID: 19722626 PMCID: PMC2739126 DOI: 10.1021/ja902694n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The cocrystal X-ray structures of two isomeric alpha-ketooxazole inhibitors (1 (OL-135) and 2) bound to fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), a key enzymatic regulator of endocannabinoid signaling, are disclosed. The active site catalytic Ser241 is covalently bound to the inhibitors' electrophilic carbonyl groups, providing the first structures of FAAH bound to an inhibitor as a deprotonated hemiketal mimicking the enzymatic tetrahedral intermediate. The work also offers a detailed view of the oxyanion hole and an exceptional "in-action" depiction of the unusual Ser-Ser-Lys catalytic triad. These structures capture the first picture of inhibitors that span the active site into the cytosolic port providing new insights that help to explain FAAH's interaction with substrate leaving groups and their role in modulating inhibitor potency and selectivity. The role for the activating central heterocycle is clearly defined and distinguished from that observed in prior applications with serine proteases, reconciling the large electronic effect of attached substituents found unique to this class of inhibitors with FAAH. Additional striking active site flexibility is seen upon binding of the inhibitors, providing insights into the existence of a now well-defined membrane access channel with the disappearance of a spatially independent portion of the acyl chain-binding pocket. Finally, comparison of the structures of OL-135 (1) and its isomer 2 indicates that they bind identically to FAAH, albeit with reversed orientations of the central activating heterocycle, revealing that the terminal 2-pyridyl substituent and the acyl chain phenyl group provide key anchoring interactions and confirming the distinguishing role of the activating oxazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Mileni
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Jessica K. DeMartino
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Benjamin F. Cravatt
- Department of Chemical Physiology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Dale L. Boger
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
| | - Raymond C. Stevens
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037 USA
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44
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Seierstad M, Breitenbucher JG. Discovery and development of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) inhibitors. J Med Chem 2009; 51:7327-43. [PMID: 18983142 DOI: 10.1021/jm800311k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mark Seierstad
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, L.L.C., 3210 Merryfield Row, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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45
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Liebeskind L, Yang H, Li H. A Copper‐Catalyzed, pH‐Neutral Construction of High‐Enantiopurity Peptidyl Ketones from PeptidicS‐Acylthiosalicylamides in Air at Room Temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200804524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lanny S. Liebeskind
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404‐727‐6604
| | - Hao Yang
- Abbott Laboratories, GPRD, Process R&D, R450‐NCR13‐323A, 1401 Sheridan Road, North Chicago, IL 60064 (USA)
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA), Fax: (+1) 404‐727‐6604
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46
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Karbarz MJ, Luo L, Chang L, Tham CS, Palmer JA, Wilson SJ, Wennerholm ML, Brown SM, Scott BP, Apodaca RL, Keith JM, Wu J, Breitenbucher JG, Chaplan SR, Webb M. Biochemical and biological properties of 4-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4] thiadiazol-5-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid phenylamide, a mechanism-based inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase. Anesth Analg 2009; 108:316-29. [PMID: 19095868 DOI: 10.1213/ane.0b013e31818c7cbd] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is an integral membrane enzyme within the amidase-signature family. It catalyzes the hydrolysis of several endogenous biologically active lipids, including anandamide (arachidonoyl ethanolamide), oleoyl ethanolamide, and palmitoyl ethanolamide. These endogenous FAAH substrates have been shown to be involved in a variety of physiological and pathological processes, including synaptic regulation, regulation of sleep and feeding, locomotor activity, pain and inflammation. Here we describe the biochemical and biological properties of a potent and selective FAAH inhibitor, 4-(3-phenyl-[1,2,4]thiadiazol-5-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid phenylamide (JNJ-1661010). The time-dependence of apparent IC(50) values at rat and human recombinant FAAH, dialysis and mass spectrometry data indicate that the acyl piperazinyl fragment of JNJ-1661010 forms a covalent bond with the enzyme. This bond is slowly hydrolyzed, with release of the piperazinyl fragment and recovery of enzyme activity. The lack of inhibition observed in a rat liver esterase assay suggests that JNJ-1661010 is not a general esterase inhibitor. JNJ-1661010 is >100-fold preferentially selective for FAAH-1 when compared to FAAH-2. JNJ-1661010 dose-dependently increases arachidonoyl ethanolamide, oleoyl ethanolamide, and palmitoyl ethanolamide in the rat brain. The compound attenuates tactile allodynia in the rat mild thermal injury model of acute tissue damage and in the rat spinal nerve ligation (Chung) model of neuropathic pain. JNJ-1661010 also diminishes thermal hyperalgesia in the inflammatory rat carrageenan paw model. These data suggest that FAAH inhibitors with modes of action similar to JNJ-1661010 may be useful clinically as broad-spectrum analgesics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Karbarz
- Pain and Related Disorders, Johnson and Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development, LLC, San Diego, California 92121, USA
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47
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Liebeskind LS, Yang H, Li H. A copper-catalyzed, pH-neutral construction of high-enantiopurity peptidyl ketones from peptidic s-acylthiosalicylamides in air at room temperature. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2009; 48:1417-21. [PMID: 19145620 PMCID: PMC2790066 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200804524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A copper-catalyzed transformation of peptidic thiol esters and boronic acids gives peptidyl ketones and takes place in DMF or DMF/H(2)O at room temperature in air (see scheme). This aerobic reaction only occurs at a thiol ester group capable of coordinating to Cu through its appendage on the sulfur center and is not hampered by racemization of the reactants or products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanny S Liebeskind
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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48
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Naidu PS, Booker L, Cravatt BF, Lichtman AH. Synergy between enzyme inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase and cyclooxygenase in visceral nociception. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 329:48-56. [PMID: 19118134 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.108.143487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study investigated whether inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the enzyme responsible for anandamide catabolism, produces antinociception in the acetic acid-induced abdominal stretching model of visceral nociception. Genetic deletion or pharmacological inhibition of FAAH reduced acetic acid-induced abdominal stretching. Transgenic mice that express FAAH exclusively in the nervous system displayed the antinociceptive phenotype, indicating the involvement of peripheral fatty acid amides. The cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB(1)) receptor antagonist, rimonabant, but not the cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB(2)) receptor antagonist, SR144528, blocked the antinociceptive phenotype of FAAH(-/-) mice and the analgesic effects of URB597 (3'-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl-cyclohexylcarbamate) or OL-135 (1-oxo-1[5-(2-pyridyl)-2-yl]-7-phenyl heptane), respective irreversible and reversible FAAH inhibitors, administered to C57BL/6 mice. The opioid receptor antagonist, naltrexone, did not block the analgesic effects of either FAAH inhibitor. URB597, ED(50) [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.1 (1.5-2.9) mg/kg], and the nonselective cyclooxygenase inhibitor, diclofenac sodium [ED(50) (95% CI) = 9.8 (8.2-11.7) mg/kg], dose-dependently inhibited acetic acid-induced abdominal stretching. Combinations of URB597 and diclofenac yielded synergistic analgesic interactions according to isobolographic analysis. It is important that FAAH(-/-) mice and URB597-treated mice displayed significant reductions in the severity of gastric irritation caused by diclofenac. URB597 lost its gastroprotective effects in CB(1)(-/-) mice, whereas it maintained its efficacy in CB(2)(-/-) mice, indicating a CB(1) mechanism of action. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that FAAH represents a promising target for the treatment of visceral pain, and a combination of FAAH inhibitors and NSAIDs may have great utility to treat visceral pain, with reduced gastric toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattipati S Naidu
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA
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49
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Li H, Yang H, Liebeskind LS. Synthesis of high enantiopurity N-protected alpha-amino ketones by thiol ester-organostannane cross-coupling using pH-neutral conditions. Org Lett 2008; 10:4375-8. [PMID: 18759432 DOI: 10.1021/ol8018456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of high enantiopurity N-protected alpha-amino ketones is described. Complementing other studies using boronic acids and thiol esters, this Cu(I) diphenylphosphinate (CuDPP)-mediated, palladium-catalyzed coupling of alpha-amino thiol esters with aryl, heteroaryl, allyl, and alkenyl organostannanes gives N-protected alpha-amino ketones in high yields with high enantiopurity (in almost all cases) under mild and pH-neutral reaction conditions. The viability of pi-deficient heteroarylstannanes is an advantage of this reaction compared to the related boronic acid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA.
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50
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Garfunkle J, Ezzili C, Rayl TJ, Hochstatter DG, Hwang I, Boger DL. Optimization of the central heterocycle of alpha-ketoheterocycle inhibitors of fatty acid amide hydrolase. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4392-403. [PMID: 18630870 DOI: 10.1021/jm800136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis and evaluation of a refined series of alpha-ketoheterocycles based on the oxazole 2 (OL-135) incorporating systematic changes in the central heterocycle bearing a key set of added substituents are described. The nature of the central heterocycle, even within the systematic and minor perturbations explored herein, significantly influenced the inhibitor activity: 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 9 > tetrazoles, the isomeric 1,2,4-oxadiazoles 10, 1,3,4-thiadiazoles > oxazoles including 2 > 1,2-diazines > thiazoles > 1,3,4-triazoles. Most evident in these trends is the observation that introduction of an additional heteroatom at position 4 (oxazole numbering, N > O > CH) substantially increases activity that may be attributed to a reduced destabilizing steric interaction at the FAAH active site. Added heterocycle substituents displaying well-defined trends may be utilized to enhance the inhibitor potency and, more significantly, to enhance the inhibitor selectivity. These trends, exemplified herein, emerge from both enhancements in the FAAH activity and simultaneous disruption of binding affinity for competitive off-target enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joie Garfunkle
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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