1
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Dey D, Dasgupta A, Ghosh D, Bhattacharjee O, Ghosh A, Honda A, Chattopadhyay D. Host proteins Alpha-2-Macroglobulin and LRP1 associate with Chandipura virus. Biochimie 2024; 218:105-117. [PMID: 37517577 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Chandipura Virus is an emerging tropical pathogen with a high mortality rate among children. No mode of treatment or antivirals exists against CHPV infection, due to little information regarding its host interaction. Studying viral pathogen interaction with its host can not only provide valuable information regarding its propagation strategy, but also on which host proteins interact with the virus. Identifying these proteins and understanding their role in the infection process can provide more stable anti-viral targets. In this study, we focused on identifying host factors that interact with CHPV and may play a critical role in CHPV infection. We are the first to report the successful identification of Alpha-2-Macroglobulin (A2M), a secretory protein of the host that interacts with CHPV. We also established that LRP1 (Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1) and GRP78 (Glucose regulated protein 78), receptors of A2M, also interact with CHPV. Furthermore, we could also demonstrate that knocking out A2M has a severe effect on viral infection. We conclusively show the interaction of these host proteins with CHPV. Our findings also indicate that these host proteins could play a role in viral entry into the host cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhritiman Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India
| | | | - Dipanjan Ghosh
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, India
| | | | - Abhrajyoti Ghosh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bose Institute, Kolkata, India
| | - Ayae Honda
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Chen BH, Lin ZY, Zeng XX, Jiang YH, Geng F. LRP4-related signalling pathways and their regulatory role in neurological diseases. Brain Res 2024; 1825:148705. [PMID: 38065285 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2023.148705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The mechanism of action of low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 4 (LRP4) is mediated largely via the Agrin-LRP4-MuSK signalling pathway in the nervous system. LRP4 contributes to the development of synapses in the peripheral nervous system (PNS). It interacts with signalling molecules such as the amyloid beta-protein precursor (APP) and the wingless type protein (Wnt). Its mechanisms of action are complex and mediated via interaction between the pre-synaptic motor neuron and post-synaptic muscle cell in the PNS, which enhances the development of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). LRP4 may function differently in the central nervous system (CNS) than in the PNS, where it regulates ATP and glutamate release via astrocytes. It mayaffect the growth and development of the CNS by controlling the energy metabolism. LRP4 interacts with Agrin to maintain dendrite growth and density in the CNS. The goal of this article is to review the current studies involving relevant LRP4 signaling pathways in the nervous system. The review also discusses the clinical and etiological roles of LRP4 in neurological illnesses, such as myasthenia gravis, Alzheimer's disease and epilepsy. In this review, we provide a theoretical foundation for the pathogenesis and therapeutic application of LRP4 in neurologic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bai-Hui Chen
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Ze-Yu Lin
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Zeng
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Yi-Han Jiang
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China
| | - Fei Geng
- Department of Physiology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Immunopathology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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3
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Febbraro F, Andersen HHB, Kitt MM, Willnow TE. Spatially and temporally distinct patterns of expression for VPS10P domain receptors in human cerebral organoids. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1229584. [PMID: 37842085 PMCID: PMC10570844 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1229584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Vacuolar protein sorting 10 protein (VPS10P) domain receptors are a unique class of intracellular sorting receptors that emerge as major risk factors associated with psychiatric and neurodegenerative diseases, including bipolar disorders, autism, schizophrenia, as well as Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia. Yet, the lack of suitable experimental models to study receptor functions in the human brain has hampered elucidation of receptor actions in brain disease. Here, we have adapted protocols using human cerebral organoids to the detailed characterization of VPS10P domain receptor expression during neural development and differentiation, including single-cell RNA sequencing. Our studies uncovered spatial and temporal patterns of expression unique to individual receptor species in the human brain. While SORL1 expression is abundant in stem cells and SORCS1 peaks in neural progenitors at onset of neurogenesis, SORT1 and SORCS2 show increasing expression with maturation of neuronal and non-neuronal cell types, arguing for distinct functions in development versus the adult brain. In neurons, subcellular localization also distinguishes between types of receptor species, either mainly localized to the cell soma (SORL1 and SORT1) or also to neuronal projections (SORCS1 and SORCS2), suggesting divergent functions in protein sorting between Golgi and the endo-lysosomal system or along axonal and dendritic tracks. Taken together, our findings provide an important resource on temporal, spatial, and subcellular patterns of VPS10P domain receptor expression in cerebral organoids for further elucidation of receptor (dys) functions causative of behavioral and cognitive defects of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabia Febbraro
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - Meagan M. Kitt
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas E. Willnow
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité—Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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4
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Henry A, Mauperin M, Devy J, Dedieu S, Chazee L, Hachet C, Terryn C, Duca L, Martiny L, Devarenne-Charpentier E, Btaouri HE. The endocytic receptor protein LRP-1 modulate P-glycoprotein mediated drug resistance in MCF-7 cells. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285834. [PMID: 37768946 PMCID: PMC10538702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Multidrug resistance (MDR) is a major obstacle to successful cancer chemotherapy. A typical form of MDR is due to the overexpression of membrane transport proteins., such as Glycoprotein-P (P-gp), resulting in an increased drug efflux preventing drug cytotoxicity. P-gp is mainly localized on the plasma membrane; however, it can also be endocytosed resulting in the trafficking of P-gp in endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, endosomes, and lysosomes. The lysosomal P-gp has been found to be capable of transporting and sequestering P-gp substrates (e.g., Doxorubicin (Dox)) into lysosomes to protect cells against cytotoxic drugs. Many translational studies have shown that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein-1 (LRP-1) is involved in endocytosis and regulation of signalling pathways. LRP-1 mediates the endocytosis of a diverse set of extracellular ligands that play important roles in tumor progression. Here, we investigated the involvement of LRP-1 in P-gp expression and subcellular redistribution from the cell surface to the lysosomal membrane by endocytosis and its potential implication in P-gp-mediated multidrug resistance in MCF-7 cells. Our results showed that MCF-7 resistant cells (MCF-7R) overexpressed the P-gp, LRP-1 and LAMP-1 and were 11.66-fold resistant to Dox. Our study also revealed that in MCF-7R cells, lysosomes were predominantly high density compared to sensitized cells and P-gp was localized in the plasma membrane and lysosomes. LRP-1 blockade reduced lysosomes density and level of LAMP-1 and P-gp. It also affected the subcellular distribution of P-gp. Under these conditions, we restored Dox nuclear uptake and ERK 1/2 activation thus leading to MCF-7R cell sensitization to Dox. Our data suggest that LRP-1 is able to modulate the P-gp expression and subcellular redistribution by endocytosis and to potentiate the P-gp-acquired Dox resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aubery Henry
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Marine Mauperin
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Jerome Devy
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Stephane Dedieu
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Lise Chazee
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Cathy Hachet
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Christine Terryn
- Technical Platform for Cellular and Tissue Imaging (PICT), UFR Pharmacie, URCA, Reims, France
| | - Laurent Duca
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | - Laurent Martiny
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
| | | | - Hassan El Btaouri
- UMR-CNRS 7369 Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire (MEDyC), UFR SEN, URCA, Reims cedex, France
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5
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Aziz M, Hemeda SA, Albadrani GM, Fadl SE, Elgendey F. Ameliorating effect of probiotic on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and lipolytic gene expression in rabbits. Sci Rep 2023; 13:6312. [PMID: 37072469 PMCID: PMC10113232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-32584-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition that affects about 24% of people worldwide. Increased liver fat, inflammation, and, in the most severe cases, cell death are all characteristics of NAFLD. However, NAFLD pathogenesis and therapy are still not clear enough. Thus, this study aimed to determine the effect of a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) inducing NAFLD on lipolytic gene expression, liver function, lipid profile, and antioxidant enzymes in rabbits and the modulatory effects of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus (L. acidophilus) on it. A total of 45 male New Zealand white rabbits, eight weeks old, were randomly divided into three groups of three replicates (5 rabbits/replicate). Rabbits in group I were given a basal diet; rabbits in group II were given a high-cholesterol diet that caused NAFLD; and rabbits in group III were given a high-cholesterol diet as well as probiotics in water for 8 weeks. The results showed that a high-cholesterol diet caused hepatic vacuolation and upregulated the genes for lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL), and cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP). Downregulated low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr) gene, increased liver enzymes [alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)], cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), glucose, and total bilirubin. On the other hand, it decreased high-density lipoprotein (HDL), total protein, albumin, and liver antioxidants [glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH), and superoxide dismutase (SOD)]. Supplementing with probiotics helped to return all parameters to normal levels. In conclusion, probiotic supplementation, especially L. acidophilus, protected against NAFLD, and restored lipolytic gene expression, liver functions, and antioxidants to normal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Aziz
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
| | - Shabaan A Hemeda
- Department of Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ghadeer M Albadrani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh, 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sabreen E Fadl
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Matrouh University, Matrouh, Egypt.
| | - Fatma Elgendey
- Genetics and Genetic Engineering, Department of Animal Wealth Development, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Banha, Egypt
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6
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Mazura AD, Pietrzik CU. Endocrine Regulation of Microvascular Receptor-Mediated Transcytosis and Its Therapeutic Opportunities: Insights by PCSK9-Mediated Regulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041268. [PMID: 37111752 PMCID: PMC10144601 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, many neurological disorders lack effective treatment options due to biological barriers that effectively separate the central nervous system (CNS) from the periphery. CNS homeostasis is maintained by a highly selective exchange of molecules, with tightly controlled ligand-specific transport systems at the blood-brain barrier (BBB) playing a key role. Exploiting or modifying these endogenous transport systems could provide a valuable tool for targeting insufficient drug delivery into the CNS or pathological changes in the microvasculature. However, little is known about how BBB transcytosis is continuously regulated to respond to temporal or chronic changes in the environment. The aim of this mini-review is to draw attention to the sensitivity of the BBB to circulating molecules derived from peripheral tissues, which may indicate a fundamental endocrine-operating regulatory system of receptor-mediated transcytosis at the BBB. We present our thoughts in the context of the recent observation that low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1)-mediated clearance of brain amyloid-β (Aβ) across the BBB is negatively regulated by peripheral proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9). We hope that our conclusions will inspire future investigations of the BBB as dynamic communication interface between the CNS and periphery, whose peripheral regulatory mechanisms could be easily exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander D Mazura
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
| | - Claus U Pietrzik
- Institute of Pathobiochemistry, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg, University Mainz, Duesbergweg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany
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7
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Joseph BB, Naslavsky N, Binti S, Conquest S, Robison L, Bai G, Homer RO, Grant BD, Caplan S, Fay DS. Conserved NIMA kinases regulate multiple steps of endocytic trafficking. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010741. [PMID: 37099601 PMCID: PMC10166553 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human NIMA-related kinases have primarily been studied for their roles in cell cycle progression (NEK1/2/6/7/9), checkpoint-DNA-damage control (NEK1/2/4/5/10/11), and ciliogenesis (NEK1/4/8). We previously showed that Caenorhabditis elegans NEKL-2 (NEK8/9 homolog) and NEKL-3 (NEK6/7 homolog) regulate apical clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME) in the worm epidermis and are essential for molting. Here we show that NEKL-2 and NEKL-3 also have distinct roles in controlling endosome function and morphology. Specifically, loss of NEKL-2 led to enlarged early endosomes with long tubular extensions but showed minimal effects on other compartments. In contrast, NEKL-3 depletion caused pronounced defects in early, late, and recycling endosomes. Consistently, NEKL-2 was strongly localized to early endosomes, whereas NEKL-3 was localized to multiple endosomal compartments. Loss of NEKLs also led to variable defects in the recycling of two resident cargoes of the trans-Golgi network (TGN), MIG-14/Wntless and TGN-38/TGN38, which were missorted to lysosomes after NEKL depletion. In addition, defects were observed in the uptake of clathrin-dependent (SMA-6/Type I BMP receptor) and independent cargoes (DAF-4/Type II BMP receptor) from the basolateral surface of epidermal cells after NEKL-2 or NEKL-3 depletion. Complementary studies in human cell lines further showed that siRNA knockdown of the NEKL-3 orthologs NEK6 and NEK7 led to missorting of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor from endosomes. Moreover, in multiple human cell types, depletion of NEK6 or NEK7 disrupted both early and recycling endosomal compartments, including the presence of excess tubulation within recycling endosomes, a defect also observed after NEKL-3 depletion in worms. Thus, NIMA family kinases carry out multiple functions during endocytosis in both worms and humans, consistent with our previous observation that human NEKL-3 orthologs can rescue molting and trafficking defects in C. elegans nekl-3 mutants. Our findings suggest that trafficking defects could underlie some of the proposed roles for NEK kinases in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braveen B. Joseph
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Naava Naslavsky
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Shaonil Binti
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Sylvia Conquest
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Lexi Robison
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Ge Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Rafael O. Homer
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
| | - Barth D. Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Steve Caplan
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- The Fred and Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - David S. Fay
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Agriculture Life Sciences, and Natural Resources, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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8
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Dai L, Li S, Hao Q, Zhou R, Zhou H, Lei W, Kang H, Wu H, Li Y, Ma X. Low-density lipoprotein: a versatile nanoscale platform for targeted delivery. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:1011-1022. [PMID: 36798503 PMCID: PMC9926902 DOI: 10.1039/d2na00883a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is a small lipoprotein that plays a vital role in controlling lipid metabolism. LDL has a delicate nanostructure with unique physicochemical properties: superior payload capacity, long residence time in circulation, excellent biocompatibility, smaller size, and natural targeting. In recent decades, the superiority and feasibility of LDL particles as targeted delivery carriers have attracted much attention. In this review, we introduce the structure, composition, advantages, defects, and reconstruction of LDL delivery systems, summarize their research status and progress in targeted diagnosis and therapy, and finally look forward to the clinical application of LDL as an effective delivery vehicle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Dai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Shuaijun Li
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Qian Hao
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Ruina Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hui Zhou
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Wenxi Lei
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Huafeng Kang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Hao Wu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Sacramento CA 95817 USA
- Department of Biophysics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
| | - Yuanpei Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Sacramento CA 95817 USA
| | - Xiaobin Ma
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an Shaanxi 710061 China
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9
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LRP2 contributes to planar cell polarity-dependent coordination of motile cilia function. Cell Tissue Res 2023; 392:535-551. [PMID: 36764939 PMCID: PMC10172251 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-023-03757-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
Abstract
Motile cilia are protruding organelles on specialized epithelia that beat in a synchronous fashion to propel extracellular fluids. Coordination and orientation of cilia beating on individual cells and across tissues is a complex process dependent on planar cell polarity (PCP) signaling. Asymmetric sorting of PCP pathway components, essential to establish planar polarity, involves trafficking along the endocytic path, but the underlying regulatory processes remain incompletely understood. Here, we identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as regulator of PCP component trafficking in ependyma, a multi-ciliated cell type that is involved in facilitating flow of the cerebrospinal fluid in the brain ventricular system. Lack of receptor expression in gene-targeted mice results in a failure to sort PCP core proteins to the anterior or posterior cell side and, consequently, in the inability to coordinate cilia arrangement and to aligned beating (loss of rotational and translational polarity). LRP2 deficiency coincides with a failure to sort NHERF1, a cytoplasmic LRP2 adaptor to the anterior cell side. As NHERF1 is essential to translocate PCP core protein Vangl2 to the plasma membrane, these data suggest a molecular mechanism whereby LRP2 interacts with PCP components through NHERF1 to control their asymmetric sorting along the endocytic path. Taken together, our findings identified the endocytic receptor LRP2 as a novel regulator of endosomal trafficking of PCP proteins, ensuring their asymmetric partition and establishment of translational and rotational planar cell polarity in the ependyma.
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10
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Sizova O, John LS, Ma Q, Molldrem JJ. Multi-faceted role of LRP1 in the immune system. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1166189. [PMID: 37020553 PMCID: PMC10069629 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1166189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Graft versus host disease (GVHD) represents the major complication after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (Allo-SCT). GVHD-prone patients rely on GVHD prophylaxis (e.g. methotrexate) and generalized anti-GVHD medical regimen (glucocorticoids). New anti-GVHD therapy strategies are being constantly explored, however there is an urgent need to improve current treatment, since GVHD-related mortality reaches 22% within 5 years in patients with chronic GVHD. This review is an attempt to describe a very well-known receptor in lipoprotein studies - the low-density lipoprotein receptor related protein 1 (LRP1) - in a new light, as a potential therapeutic target for GVHD prevention and treatment. Our preliminary studies demonstrated that LRP1 deletion in donor murine T cells results in significantly lower GVHD-related mortality in recipient mice with MHC (major histocompatibility complex) -mismatched HSCT. Given the importance of T cells in the development of GVHD, there is a significant gap in scientific literature regarding LRP1's role in T cell biology. Furthermore, there is limited research interest and publications on this classical receptor molecule in other immune cell types. Herein, we endeavor to summarize existing knowledge about LRP1's role in various immune cells to demonstrate the possibility of this receptor to serve as a novel target for anti-GVHD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sizova
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Lisa St. John
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Qing Ma
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Jeffrey J. Molldrem
- Department of Hematopoietic Biology and Malignancy, Division of Cancer Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- ECLIPSE, Therapeutic Discovery Division, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: Jeffrey J. Molldrem,
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11
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Jiang X, Han W, Liu J, Mao J, Lee MJ, Rodriguez M, Li Y, Luo T, Xu Z, Yang K, Bissonnette M, Weichselbaum RR, Lin W. Tumor-Activatable Nanoparticles Target Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor to Enhance Drug Delivery and Antitumor Efficacy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2201614. [PMID: 35748191 PMCID: PMC9404402 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202201614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The binding of plasma proteins to nanomedicines is widely considered detrimental to their delivery to tumors. Here, the design of OxPt/SN38 nanoparticle containing a hydrophilic oxaliplatin (OxPt) prodrug in a coordination polymer core and a hydrophobic cholesterol-conjugated SN38 prodrug on the lipid shell for active tumor targeting is reported. OxPt/SN38 hitchhikes on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, concentrates in tumors via LDL receptor-mediated endocytosis, and selectively releases SN38 and OxPt in acidic, esterase-rich, and reducing tumor microenvironments, leading to 6.0- and 4.9-times higher accumulations in tumors over free drugs. By simultaneously crosslinking DNA and inhibiting topoisomerase I, OxPt/SN38 achieved 92-98% tumor growth inhibition in five colorectal cancer tumor models and prolonged mouse survival by 58-80 days compared to free drug controls in three human colorectal cancer tumor models without causing serious side effects. The study has uncovered a novel nanomedicine strategy to co-deliver combination chemotherapies to tumors via active targeting of the LDL receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Jiang
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Wenbo Han
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Jianqiao Liu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Jianming Mao
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Morten J. Lee
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Megan Rodriguez
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Youyou Li
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Taokun Luo
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Ziwan Xu
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Kaiting Yang
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis ResearchThe University of Chicago5758S Maryland AveChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Marc Bissonnette
- Department of MedicineDivision of Biological SciencesThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Ralph R. Weichselbaum
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis ResearchThe University of Chicago5758S Maryland AveChicagoIL60637USA
| | - Wenbin Lin
- Department of ChemistryThe University of ChicagoChicagoIL60637USA
- Department of Radiation and Cellular Oncology and Ludwig Center for Metastasis ResearchThe University of Chicago5758S Maryland AveChicagoIL60637USA
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12
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Bello SF, Adeola AC, Nie Q. The study of candidate genes in the improvement of egg production in ducks – a review. Poult Sci 2022; 101:101850. [PMID: 35544958 PMCID: PMC9108513 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Duck is the second-largest poultry species aside from chicken. The rate of egg production is a major determinant of the economic income of poultry farmers. Among the reproductive organs, the ovary is a major part of the female reproductive system which is highly important for egg production. Based on the importance of this organ, several studies have been carried out to identify candidate genes at the transcriptome level, and also the expression level of these genes at different tissues or egg-laying conditions, and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) of genes associated with egg production in duck. In this review, expression profile and association study analyses at SNPs level of different candidate genes with egg production traits of duck were highlighted. Furthermore, different studies on transcriptome analysis, Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping, and Genome Wide Association Study (GWAS) approach used to identify potential candidate genes for egg production in ducks were reported. This review would widen our knowledge on molecular markers that are associated or have a positive correlation to improving egg production in ducks, for the increasing world populace.
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13
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Li M, Yang X, Masoudi A, Xiao Q, Li N, Wang N, Chang G, Ren S, Li H, Liu J, Wang H. The regulatory strategy of proteins in the mouse kidney during Babesia microti infection. Exp Parasitol 2022; 235:108232. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2022.108232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Lagrange J, Worou ME, Michel JB, Raoul A, Didelot M, Muczynski V, Legendre P, Plénat F, Gauchotte G, Lourenco-Rodrigues MD, Christophe OD, Lenting PJ, Lacolley P, Denis CV, Regnault V. The VWF/LRP4/αVβ3-axis represents a novel pathway regulating proliferation of human vascular smooth muscle cells. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:622-637. [PMID: 33576766 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS Von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a plasma glycoprotein involved in primary haemostasis, while also having additional roles beyond haemostasis namely in cancer, inflammation, angiogenesis, and potentially in vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. Here, we addressed how VWF modulates VSMC proliferation and investigated the underlying molecular pathways and the in vivo pathophysiological relevance. METHODS AND RESULTS VWF induced proliferation of human aortic VSMCs and also promoted VSMC migration. Treatment of cells with a siRNA against αv integrin or the RGT-peptide blocking αvβ3 signalling abolished proliferation. However, VWF did not bind to αvβ3 on VSMCs through its RGD-motif. Rather, we identified the VWF A2 domain as the region mediating binding to the cells. We hypothesized the involvement of a member of the LDL-related receptor protein (LRP) family due to their known ability to act as co-receptors. Using the universal LRP-inhibitor receptor-associated protein, we confirmed LRP-mediated VSMC proliferation. siRNA experiments and confocal fluorescence microscopy identified LRP4 as the VWF-counterreceptor on VSMCs. Also co-localization between αvβ3 and LRP4 was observed via proximity ligation analysis and immuno-precipitation experiments. The pathophysiological relevance of our data was supported by VWF-deficient mice having significantly reduced hyperplasia in carotid artery ligation and artery femoral denudation models. In wild-type mice, infiltration of VWF in intimal regions enriched in proliferating VSMCs was found. Interestingly, also analysis of human atherosclerotic lesions showed abundant VWF accumulation in VSMC-proliferating rich intimal areas. CONCLUSION VWF mediates VSMC proliferation through a mechanism involving A2 domain binding to the LRP4 receptor and integrin αvβ3 signalling. Our findings provide new insights into the mechanisms that drive physiological repair and pathological hyperplasia of the arterial vessel wall. In addition, the VWF/LRP4-axis may represent a novel therapeutic target to modulate VSMC proliferation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Atherosclerosis/genetics
- Atherosclerosis/metabolism
- Atherosclerosis/pathology
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cells, Cultured
- Hyperplasia
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/genetics
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/genetics
- LDL-Receptor Related Proteins/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/injuries
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Plaque, Atherosclerotic
- Signal Transduction
- Vascular System Injuries/genetics
- Vascular System Injuries/metabolism
- Vascular System Injuries/pathology
- von Willebrand Factor/genetics
- von Willebrand Factor/metabolism
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Lagrange
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | - Morel E Worou
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | | | - Alexandre Raoul
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | - Mélusine Didelot
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | - Vincent Muczynski
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Paulette Legendre
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | - Marc-Damien Lourenco-Rodrigues
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Olivier D Christophe
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter J Lenting
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Patrick Lacolley
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
| | - Cécile V Denis
- HITh, UMR_S1176, INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm U1176, 80 rue du Général Leclerc,94276 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Véronique Regnault
- INSERM, UMR_S 1116, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France
- Université de Lorraine, DCAC, Nancy, France
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15
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Martínez-Gil N, Ugartondo N, Grinberg D, Balcells S. Wnt Pathway Extracellular Components and Their Essential Roles in Bone Homeostasis. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13010138. [PMID: 35052478 PMCID: PMC8775112 DOI: 10.3390/genes13010138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt pathway is involved in several processes essential for bone development and homeostasis. For proper functioning, the Wnt pathway is tightly regulated by numerous extracellular elements that act by both activating and inhibiting the pathway at different moments. This review aims to describe, summarize and update the findings regarding the extracellular modulators of the Wnt pathway, including co-receptors, ligands and inhibitors, in relation to bone homeostasis, with an emphasis on the animal models generated, the diseases associated with each gene and the bone processes in which each member is involved. The precise knowledge of all these elements will help us to identify possible targets that can be used as a therapeutic target for the treatment of bone diseases such as osteoporosis.
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16
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Kraševec N, Panevska A, Lemež Š, Razinger J, Sepčić K, Anderluh G, Podobnik M. Lipid-Binding Aegerolysin from Biocontrol Fungus Beauveria bassiana. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:820. [PMID: 34822604 PMCID: PMC8624791 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13110820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi are the most common pathogens of insects and thus important regulators of their populations. Lipid-binding aegerolysin proteins, which are commonly found in the fungal kingdom, may be involved in several biologically relevant processes including attack and defense against other organisms. Aegerolysins act alone or together with membrane-attack-complex/perforin (MACPF)-like proteins to form transmembrane pores that lead to cell lysis. We performed an in-depth bioinformatics analysis of aegerolysins in entomopathogenic fungi and selected a candidate aegerolysin, beauveriolysin A (BlyA) from Beauveria bassiana. BlyA was expressed as a recombinant protein in Escherichia coli, and purified to further determine its functional and structural properties, including lipid-binding ability. Aegerolysins were found to be encoded in genomes of entomopathogenic fungi, such as Beauveria, Cordyceps, Metarhizium and Ophiocordyceps. Detailed bioinformatics analysis revealed that they are linked to MACPF-like genes in most genomes. We also show that BlyA interacts with an insect-specific membrane lipid. These results were placed in the context of other fungal and bacterial aegerolysins and their partner proteins. We believe that aegerolysins play a role in promoting the entomopathogenic and antagonistic activity of B. bassiana, which is an active ingredient of bioinsecticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nada Kraševec
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Anastasija Panevska
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Špela Lemež
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
- Biotechnology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Razinger
- Plant Protection Department, Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (A.P.); (K.S.)
| | - Gregor Anderluh
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
| | - Marjetka Podobnik
- Department of Molecular Biology and Nanobiotechnology, National Institute of Chemistry, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (Š.L.); (G.A.); (M.P.)
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17
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Pinheiro RGR, Coutinho AJ, Pinheiro M, Neves AR. Nanoparticles for Targeted Brain Drug Delivery: What Do We Know? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111654. [PMID: 34769082 PMCID: PMC8584083 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a barrier that separates the blood from the brain tissue and possesses unique characteristics that make the delivery of drugs to the brain a great challenge. To achieve this purpose, it is necessary to design strategies to allow BBB passage, in order to reach the brain and target the desired anatomic region. The use of nanomedicine has great potential to overcome this problem, since one can modify nanoparticles with strategic molecules that can interact with the BBB and induce uptake through the brain endothelial cells and consequently reach the brain tissue. This review addresses the potential of nanomedicines to treat neurological diseases by using nanoparticles specially developed to cross the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rúben G. R. Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Joyce Coutinho
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Marina Pinheiro
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Rute Neves
- LAQV, REQUIMTE, Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- CQM—Centro de Química da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, Universidade da Madeira, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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18
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LDL receptors and their role in targeted therapy for glioma: a review. Drug Discov Today 2021; 26:1212-1225. [PMID: 33609780 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas are highly lethal forms of cancers occurring in the brain. Delivering the drugs into the brain is a major challenge to the treatment of gliomas because of the highly selectively permeable blood-brain barrier (BBB). Tapping the potential of receptor-mediated drug delivery systems using targeted nanoparticles (NPs) is a sought-after step forward toward successful glioma treatment. Several receptors are the focus of research for application in drug delivery. Low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) are abundantly expressed in both healthy brains and diseased brains with a disrupted BBB. In this review, we discuss the LDLR and the types of NPs that have been used to target the brain via this receptor.
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19
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Di L, Maiseyeu A. Low-density lipoprotein nanomedicines: mechanisms of targeting, biology, and theranostic potential. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:408-421. [PMID: 33594923 PMCID: PMC7894439 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.1886199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Native nanostructured lipoproteins such as low- and high-density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) are powerful tools for the targeted delivery of drugs and imaging agents. While the cellular recognition of well-known HDL-based carriers occurs via interactions with an HDL receptor, the selective delivery and uptake of LDL particles by target cells are more complex. The most well-known mode of LDL-based delivery is via the interaction between apolipoprotein B (Apo-B) - the main protein of LDL - and the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR). LDLR is expressed in the liver, adipocytes, and macrophages, and thus selectively delivers LDL carriers to these cells and tissues. Moreover, the elevated expression of LDLR in tumor cells indicates a role for LDL in the targeted delivery of chemotherapy drugs. In addition, chronic inflammation associated with hypercholesterolemia (i.e., high levels of endogenous LDL) can be abated by LDL carriers, which outcompete the deleterious oxidized LDL for uptake by macrophages. In this case, synthetic LDL nanocarriers act as 'eat-me' signals and exploit mechanisms of native LDL uptake for targeted drug delivery and imaging. Lastly, recent studies have shown that the delivery of LDL-based nanocarriers to macrophages via fluid-phase pinocytosis is a promising tool for atherosclerosis imaging. Hence, the present review summarizes the use of natural and synthetic LDL-based carriers for drug delivery and imaging and discusses various mechanisms of targeting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Di
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Clevehand, OH, USA
| | - Andrei Maiseyeu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Clevehand, OH, USA
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20
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Kowalczyk I, Lee C, Schuster E, Hoeren J, Trivigno V, Riedel L, Görne J, Wallingford JB, Hammes A, Feistel K. Neural tube closure requires the endocytic receptor Lrp2 and its functional interaction with intracellular scaffolds. Development 2021; 148:dev195008. [PMID: 33500317 PMCID: PMC7860117 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic mutations in the endocytic receptor LRP2 in humans are associated with severe neural tube closure defects (NTDs) such as anencephaly and spina bifida. Here, we have combined analysis of neural tube closure in mouse and in the African Clawed Frog Xenopus laevis to elucidate the etiology of Lrp2-related NTDs. Lrp2 loss of function impaired neuroepithelial morphogenesis, culminating in NTDs that impeded anterior neural plate folding and neural tube closure in both model organisms. Loss of Lrp2 severely affected apical constriction as well as proper localization of the core planar cell polarity (PCP) protein Vangl2, demonstrating a highly conserved role of the receptor in these processes, which are essential for neural tube formation. In addition, we identified a novel functional interaction of Lrp2 with the intracellular adaptor proteins Shroom3 and Gipc1 in the developing forebrain. Our data suggest that, during neurulation, motifs within the intracellular domain of Lrp2 function as a hub that orchestrates endocytic membrane removal for efficient apical constriction, as well as PCP component trafficking in a temporospatial manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Kowalczyk
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Chanjae Lee
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Elisabeth Schuster
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Josefine Hoeren
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Valentina Trivigno
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Levin Riedel
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica Görne
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - John B Wallingford
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Annette Hammes
- Disorders of the Nervous System, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Robert Rössle Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kerstin Feistel
- University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Department of Zoology, Garbenstrasse 30, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany
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21
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Zhou X, Smith QR, Liu X. Brain penetrating peptides and peptide-drug conjugates to overcome the blood-brain barrier and target CNS diseases. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2021; 13:e1695. [PMID: 33470550 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nearly one in six people worldwide suffer from disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). There is an urgent need for effective strategies to improve the success rates in CNS drug discovery and development. The lack of effective technologies for delivering drugs and genes to the brain due to the blood-brain barrier (BBB), a structural barrier that effectively blocks most neurotherapeutic agents from reaching the brain, has posed a formidable hurdle for CNS drug development. Brain-homing and brain-penetrating molecular transport vectors, such as brain permeable peptides or BBB shuttle peptides, have shown promise in overcoming the BBB and ferrying the drug molecules to the brain. The BBB shuttle peptides are discovered by phage display technology or derived from natural neurotropic proteins or certain viruses and harness the receptor-mediated transcytosis molecular machinery for crossing the BBB. Brain permeable peptide-drug conjugates (PDCs), composed of BBB shuttle peptides, linkers, and drug molecules, have emerged as a promising CNS drug delivery system by taking advantage of the endogenous transcytosis mechanism and tricking the brain into allowing these bioactive molecules to pass the BBB. Here, we examine the latest development of brain-penetrating peptide shuttles and brain-permeable PDCs as molecular vectors to deliver small molecule drug payloads across the BBB to reach brain parenchyma. Emerging knowledge of the contribution of the peptides and their specific receptors expressed on the brain endothelial cells, choice of drug payloads, the design of PDCs, brain entry mechanisms, and delivery efficiency to the brain are highlighted. This article is categorized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Neurological Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Quentin R Smith
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Xinli Liu
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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22
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Bionaz M, Vargas-Bello-Pérez E, Busato S. Advances in fatty acids nutrition in dairy cows: from gut to cells and effects on performance. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:110. [PMID: 33292523 PMCID: PMC7667790 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00512-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
High producing dairy cows generally receive in the diet up to 5-6% of fat. This is a relatively low amount of fat in the diet compared to diets in monogastrics; however, dietary fat is important for dairy cows as demonstrated by the benefits of supplementing cows with various fatty acids (FA). Several FA are highly bioactive, especially by affecting the transcriptome; thus, they have nutrigenomic effects. In the present review, we provide an up-to-date understanding of the utilization of FA by dairy cows including the main processes affecting FA in the rumen, molecular aspects of the absorption of FA by the gut, synthesis, secretion, and utilization of chylomicrons; uptake and metabolism of FA by peripheral tissues, with a main emphasis on the liver, and main transcription factors regulated by FA. Most of the advances in FA utilization by rumen microorganisms and intestinal absorption of FA in dairy cows were made before the end of the last century with little information generated afterwards. However, large advances on the molecular aspects of intestinal absorption and cellular uptake of FA were made on monogastric species in the last 20 years. We provide a model of FA utilization in dairy cows by using information generated in monogastrics and enriching it with data produced in dairy cows. We also reviewed the latest studies on the effects of dietary FA on milk yield, milk fatty acid composition, reproduction, and health in dairy cows. The reviewed data revealed a complex picture with the FA being active in each step of the way, starting from influencing rumen microbiota, regulating intestinal absorption, and affecting cellular uptake and utilization by peripheral tissues, making prediction on in vivo nutrigenomic effects of FA challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
| | - Einar Vargas-Bello-Pérez
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 3, DK-1870, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Sebastiano Busato
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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Cellular Prion Protein (PrPc): Putative Interacting Partners and Consequences of the Interaction. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197058. [PMID: 32992764 PMCID: PMC7583789 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular prion protein (PrPc) is a small glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchored protein most abundantly found in the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane (PM) in the central nervous system (CNS). PrPc misfolding causes neurodegenerative prion diseases in the CNS. PrPc interacts with a wide range of protein partners because of the intrinsically disordered nature of the protein’s N-terminus. Numerous studies have attempted to decipher the physiological role of the prion protein by searching for proteins which interact with PrPc. Biochemical characteristics and biological functions both appear to be affected by interacting protein partners. The key challenge in identifying a potential interacting partner is to demonstrate that binding to a specific ligand is necessary for cellular physiological function or malfunction. In this review, we have summarized the intracellular and extracellular interacting partners of PrPc and potential consequences of their binding. We also briefly describe prion disease-related mutations at the end of this review.
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24
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Kellogg G, Thorsson B, Cai Y, Wisotzkey R, Pollock A, Akana M, Fox R, Jansen M, Gudmundsson EF, Patel B, Chang C, Jaremko M, Puig O, Gudnason V, Emilsson V. Molecular screening of familial hypercholesterolemia in Icelanders. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2020; 80:508-514. [DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1795919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ying Cai
- Phosphorus Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Oscar Puig
- Phosphorus Diagnostics, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Valur Emilsson
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
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25
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Munis AM, Bentley EM, Takeuchi Y. A tool with many applications: vesicular stomatitis virus in research and medicine. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2020; 20:1187-1201. [PMID: 32602788 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2020.1787981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) has long been a useful research tool in virology and recently become an essential part of medicinal products. Vesiculovirus research is growing quickly following its adaptation to clinical gene and cell therapy and oncolytic virotherapy. AREAS COVERED This article reviews the versatility of VSV as a research tool and biological reagent, its use as a viral and vaccine vector delivering therapeutic and immunogenic transgenes and an oncolytic virus aiding cancer treatment. Challenges such as the immune response against such advanced therapeutic medicinal products and manufacturing constraints are also discussed. EXPERT OPINION The field of in vivo gene and cell therapy is advancing rapidly with VSV used in many ways. Comparison of VSV's use as a versatile therapeutic reagent unveils further prospects and problems for each application. Overcoming immunological challenges to aid repeated administration of viral vectors and minimizing harmful host-vector interactions remains one of the major challenges. In the future, exploitation of reverse genetic tools may assist the creation of recombinant viral variants that have improved onco-selectivity and more efficient vaccine vector activity. This will add to the preferential features of VSV as an excellent advanced therapy medicinal product (ATMP) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Altar M Munis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford , Oxford, UK.,Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Emma M Bentley
- Division of Virology, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK
| | - Yasuhiro Takeuchi
- Division of Advanced Therapies, National Institute for Biological Standards and Control , South Mimms, UK.,Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London , London, UK
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26
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Dai X, Zhang X, Ostrikov K, Abrahamyan L. Host receptors: the key to establishing cells with broad viral tropism for vaccine production. Crit Rev Microbiol 2020; 46:147-168. [PMID: 32202955 PMCID: PMC7113910 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2020.1735992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell culture-based vaccine technology is a flexible and convenient approach for vaccine production that requires adaptation of the vaccine strains to the new cells. Driven by the motivation to develop a broadly permissive cell line for infection with a wide range of viruses, we identified a set of the most relevant host receptors involved in viral attachment and entry. This identification was done through a review of different viral entry pathways and host cell lines, and in the context of the Baltimore classification of viruses. In addition, we indicated the potential technical problems and proposed some solutions regarding how to modify the host cell genome in order to meet industrial requirements for mass production of antiviral vaccines. Our work contributes to a finer understanding of the importance of breaking the host–virus recognition specificities for the possibility of creating a cell line feasible for the production of vaccines against a broad spectrum of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Dai
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xuanhao Zhang
- School of Biotechnology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Kostya Ostrikov
- School of Chemistry and Physics and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Levon Abrahamyan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Swine and Poultry Infectious Diseases Research Center (CRIPA), Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Canada
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27
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Wang T, Rahimizadeh K, Veedu RN. Development of a Novel DNA Oligonucleotide Targeting Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 19:190-198. [PMID: 31841991 PMCID: PMC6920325 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDL-R) is a cell surface receptor protein expressed in a variety of solid cancers, including lung, colon, breast, brain, and liver, and therefore it opens up opportunities to deliver lysosome-sensitive anti-cancer agents, especially synthetic nucleic acid-based therapeutic molecules. In this study, we focused on developing novel nucleic acid molecules specific to LDL-R. For this purpose, we performed in vitro selection procedure via systematic evolution of ligands by exponential enrichment (SELEX) methodologies using mammalian cell-expressed human recombinant LDL-R protein as a target. After 10 rounds of selections, we identified a novel DNA oligonucleotide aptamer, RNV-L7, that can bind specifically to LDL-R protein with high affinity and specificity (KD = 19.6 nM). Furthermore, flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging assays demonstrated efficient binding to LDL-R overexpressed human cancer cells, including Huh-7 liver cancer cells and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells, with a binding affinity of ∼200 nM. Furthermore, we evaluated the functional potential of the developed LDL-R aptamer RNV-L7 by conjugating with a previously reported miR-21 targeting DNAzyme for inhibiting miR-21 expression. The results showed that the miR-21 DNAzyme-RNV-L7 aptamer chimera efficiently reduced the expression of miR-21 in Huh-7 liver cancer cells. As currently there are no reports on LDL-R aptamer development, we think that RNV-L7 could be beneficial toward the development of targeted cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Wang
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Kamal Rahimizadeh
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Rakesh N Veedu
- Centre for Molecular Medicine and Innovative Therapeutics, Murdoch University, Perth, WA 6150, Australia; Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, WA 6009, Australia.
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28
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Shen D, Shen Y, Chen Q, Huang B, Mi Y, Shan Y, Yu G, Webster TJ. Macrophage escape by cholesterol-polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleate micelles for pulmonary delivery. Nanomedicine (Lond) 2020; 15:489-509. [PMID: 32077793 DOI: 10.2217/nnm-2019-0376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Micelles are one of the most promising nanoplatforms for drug delivery, and here, cholesterol-conjugated polyoxyethylene sorbitol oleate (CPSO) micelles have been fabricated for the pulmonary delivery of paclitaxel (PTX). Materials & methods: PTX-CPSO micelles were prepared by a dialysis-ultrasonic method, and a single-factor experiment with a Box-Behnken design was conducted to optimize the formulation. Furthermore, intracellular and phagocytosis escape studies of the optimized formulation were performed on A549 and NR8383 cells. Results: The optimal micelles exhibited satisfactory encapsulation efficiency (78.48 ± 2.36%) and drug loading (17.06 ± 1.71%). In vitro studies showed enhanced CPSO micelle A549 cellular uptake and their ability to escape macrophages. Conclusion: PTX-CPSO micelles could be a promising system for pulmonary targeting by intravenous administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Shen
- Department of Oncology, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, 214400, PR China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tong Jia Xiang, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Bin Huang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, 214400, PR China
| | - Yedong Mi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, 214400, PR China
| | - Yibo Shan
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, 214400, PR China
| | - Guiping Yu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Jiangyin Hospital of Southeast University Medical College, Jiangyin, Jiangsu Province, 214400, PR China
| | - Thomas J Webster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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29
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Zhao H, Li Y, He L, Pu W, Yu W, Li Y, Wu YT, Xu C, Wei Y, Ding Q, Song BL, Huang H, Zhou B. In Vivo AAV-CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Gene Editing Ameliorates Atherosclerosis in Familial Hypercholesterolemia. Circulation 2019; 141:67-79. [PMID: 31779484 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.119.042476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) are one of the main causes of familial hypercholesterolemia, which induces atherosclerosis and has a high lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease. The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9 system is an effective tool for gene editing to correct gene mutations and thus to ameliorate disease. METHODS The goal of this work was to determine whether in vivo somatic cell gene editing through the CRISPR/Cas9 system delivered by adeno-associated virus (AAV) could treat familial hypercholesterolemia caused by the Ldlr mutant in a mouse model. We generated a nonsense point mutation mouse line, LdlrE208X, based on a relevant familial hypercholesterolemia-related gene mutation. The AAV-CRISPR/Cas9 was designed to correct the point mutation in the Ldlr gene in hepatocytes and was delivered subcutaneously into LdlrE208X mice. RESULTS We found that homogeneous LdlrE208X mice (n=6) exhibited severe atherosclerotic phenotypes after a high-fat diet regimen and that the Ldlr mutation was corrected in a subset of hepatocytes after AAV-CRISPR/Cas9 treatment, with LDLR protein expression partially restored (n=6). Compared with the control groups (n=6 each group), the AAV-CRISPR/Cas9 with targeted single guide RNA group (n=6) had significant reductions in total cholesterol, total triglycerides, and LDL cholesterol in the serum, whereas the aorta had smaller atherosclerotic plaques and a lower degree of macrophage infiltration. CONCLUSIONS Our work shows that in vivo AAV-CRISPR/Cas9-mediated Ldlr gene correction can partially rescue LDLR expression and effectively ameliorate atherosclerosis phenotypes in Ldlr mutants, providing a potential therapeutic approach for the treatment of patients with familial hypercholesterolemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Lingjuan He
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Wenjuan Pu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.)
| | - Yan-Ting Wu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.)
| | - Chenming Xu
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.)
| | - Yuda Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y.W., Q.D., B.Z.)
| | - Qiurong Ding
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y.W., Q.D., B.Z.)
| | - Bao-Liang Song
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Cell Homeostasis, College of Life Sciences, Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, China (B.-L.S.)
| | - Hefeng Huang
- International Peace Maternity and Child Health Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.).,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo Original Diseases, China (Y.-T.W., C.X., H.H.)
| | - Bin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (H.Z., Y.L., L.H., W.P., W.Y., Y.L., B.Z.).,CAS Key Laboratory of Nutrition, Metabolism, and Food Safety, Shanghai Institute of Nutrition and Health, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y.W., Q.D., B.Z.).,School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, China (B.Z.).,Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China (B.Z.).,Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China (B.Z.).,Institute for Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (B.Z.)
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30
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Aboumsallem JP, Muthuramu I, Mishra M, De Geest B. Cholesterol-Lowering Gene Therapy Prevents Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction in Obese Type 2 Diabetic Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092222. [PMID: 31064116 PMCID: PMC6539537 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia may be causally related to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). We aimed to establish a HFpEF model associated with hypercholesterolemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus by feeding a high-sucrose/high-fat (HSHF) diet to C57BL/6J low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLr)−/− mice. Secondly, we evaluated whether cholesterol-lowering adeno-associated viral serotype 8 (AAV8)-mediated LDLr gene transfer prevents HFpEF. AAV8-LDLr gene transfer strongly (p < 0.001) decreased plasma cholesterol in standard chow (SC) mice (66.8 ± 2.5 mg/dl versus 213 ± 12 mg/dl) and in HSHF mice (84.6 ± 4.4 mg/dl versus 464 ± 25 mg/dl). The HSHF diet induced cardiac hypertrophy and pathological remodeling, which were potently counteracted by AAV8-LDLr gene transfer. Wet lung weight was 19.0% (p < 0.001) higher in AAV8-null HSHF mice than in AAV8-null SC mice, whereas lung weight was normal in AAV8-LDLr HSHF mice. Pressure–volume loop analysis was consistent with HFpEF in AAV8-null HSHF mice and showed a completely normal cardiac function in AAV8-LDLr HSHF mice. Treadmill exercise testing demonstrated reduced exercise capacity in AAV8-null HSHF mice but a normal capacity in AAV8-LDLr HSHF mice. Reduced oxidative stress and decreased levels of tumor necrosis factor-α may mediate the beneficial effects of cholesterol lowering. In conclusion, AAV8-LDLr gene therapy prevents HFpEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Pierre Aboumsallem
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Ilayaraja Muthuramu
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Mudit Mishra
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart De Geest
- Centre for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Catholic University of Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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31
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Balogh A, Karpati E, Schneider AE, Hetey S, Szilagyi A, Juhasz K, Laszlo G, Hupuczi P, Zavodszky P, Papp Z, Matko J, Than NG. Sex hormone-binding globulin provides a novel entry pathway for estradiol and influences subsequent signaling in lymphocytes via membrane receptor. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4. [PMID: 30626909 PMCID: PMC6327036 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36882-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The complex effects of estradiol on non-reproductive tissues/cells, including lymphoid tissues and immunocytes, have increasingly been explored. However, the role of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in the regulation of these genomic and non-genomic actions of estradiol is controversial. Moreover, the expression of SHBG and its internalization by potential receptors, as well as the influence of SHBG on estradiol uptake and signaling in lymphocytes has remained unexplored. Here, we found that human and mouse T cells expressed SHBG intrinsically. In addition, B lymphoid cell lines as well as both primary B and T lymphocytes bound and internalized external SHBG, and the amount of plasma membrane-bound SHBG decreased in B cells of pregnant compared to non-pregnant women. As potential mediators of this process, SHBG receptor candidates expressed by lymphocytes were identified in silico, including estrogen receptor (ER) alpha. Furthermore, cell surface-bound SHBG was detected in close proximity to membrane ERs while highly colocalizing with lipid rafts. The SHBG-membrane ER interaction was found functional since SHBG promoted estradiol uptake by lymphocytes and subsequently influenced Erk1/2 phosphorylation. In conclusion, the SHBG-SHBG receptor-membrane ER complex participates in the rapid estradiol signaling in lymphocytes, and this pathway may be altered in B cells in pregnant women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Balogh
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eva Karpati
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.,Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | - Szabolcs Hetey
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Szilagyi
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary.,Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Kata Juhasz
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gloria Laszlo
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Petronella Hupuczi
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Peter Zavodszky
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zoltan Papp
- Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Janos Matko
- Department of Immunology, Eotvos Lorand University, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Nandor Gabor Than
- Systems Biology of Reproduction Lendulet Research Group, Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary. .,Maternity Private Department, Kutvolgyi Clinical Block, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary. .,First Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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32
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Bernard DJ, Pangilinan FJ, Cheng J, Molloy AM, Brody LC. Mice lacking the transcobalamin-vitamin B12 receptor, CD320, suffer from anemia and reproductive deficits when fed vitamin B12-deficient diet. Hum Mol Genet 2018; 27:3627-3640. [PMID: 30124850 PMCID: PMC6168973 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In humans, poor nutrition, malabsorption and variation in cobalamin (vitamin B12) metabolic genes are associated with hematological, neurological and developmental pathologies. Cobalamin is transported from blood into tissues via the transcobalamin (TC) receptor encoded by the CD320 gene. We created mice carrying a targeted deletion of the mouse ortholog, Cd320. Knockout (KO) mice lacking this TC receptor have elevated levels of plasma methylmalonic acid and homocysteine but are otherwise healthy, viable, fertile and not anemic. To challenge the Cd320 KO mice we maintained them on a vitamin B12-deficient diet. After 5 weeks on this diet, reproductive failure develops in Cd320 KO females but not males. In vitro, homozygous Cd320 KO embryos from cobalamin-deficient Cd320 KO dams develop normally to embryonic day (E) 3.5, while in vivo, few uterine decidual implantation sites are observed at E7.5, suggesting that embryos perish around the time of implantation. Dietary restriction of vitamin B12 induces a severe macrocytic anemia in Cd320 KO mice after 10-12 months while control mice on this diet are anemia-free up to 2 years. Despite the severe anemia, cobalamin-deficient KO mice do not exhibit obvious neurological symptoms. Our results with Cd320 KO mice suggest that an alternative mechanism exists for mice to transport cobalamin independent of the Cd320 encoded receptor. Our findings with deficient diet are consistent with historical and epidemiological data suggesting that low vitamin B12 levels in humans are associated with infertility and developmental abnormalities. Our Cd320 KO mouse model is an ideal model system for studying vitamin B12 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Bernard
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Faith J Pangilinan
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jun Cheng
- Transgenic Mouse Core, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anne M Molloy
- School of Medicine, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Lawrence C Brody
- Division of Intramural Research, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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33
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Ce O, Rs P, Ab W, S D, Cj W, Qm M, D L. Potential Link Between Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin/Kexin Type 9 and Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 1. [PMID: 32352077 DOI: 10.31531/2581-4745.1000106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease [AD] is not only the most common neurodegenerative disease but is also currently incurable. Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin-9 [PCSK9] is an indirect regulator of plasma low density lipoprotein [LDL] levels controlling LDL receptor expression at the plasma membrane. PCSK9 also appears to regulate the development of glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, abdominal obesity, inflammation, and hypertension, conditions that have been identified as risk factors for AD. PCSK9 levels also depend on age, sex, and ethnic background, factors associated with AD. Herein, we will review indirect evidence that suggests a link between PCSK9 levels and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oldham Ce
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Powell Rs
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Williams Ab
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Dixon S
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Wooten Cj
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Melendez Qm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
| | - Lopez D
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute and Technology Enterprise [BRITE], College of Arts and Sciences, North Carolina Central University, Durham, USA
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Trafficking in Alzheimer's Disease: Modulation of APP Transport and Processing by the Transmembrane Proteins LRP1, SorLA, SorCS1c, Sortilin, and Calsyntenin. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:5809-5829. [PMID: 29079999 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0806-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP), one key player in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is extensively processed by different proteases. This leads to the generation of diverging fragments including the amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, which accumulates in brains of AD patients. Subcellular trafficking of APP is an important aspect for its proteolytic conversion, since the various secretases which cleave APP are located in different cellular compartments. As a consequence, altered subcellular targeting of APP is thought to directly affect the degree to which Aβ is generated. The mechanisms underlying intracellular APP transport are critical to understand AD pathogenesis and can serve as a target for future pharmacological interventions. In the recent years, a number of APP interacting proteins were identified which are implicated in sorting of APP, thereby influencing APP processing at different angles of the secretory or endocytic pathway. This review provides an update on the proteolytic processing of APP and the interplay of the transmembrane proteins low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1, sortilin-receptor with A-type repeats, SorCS1c, sortilin, and calsyntenin. We discuss the specific interactions with APP, the capacity to modulate the intracellular itinerary and the proteolytic conversion of APP, a possible involvement in the clearance of Aβ, and the implications of these transmembrane proteins in AD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Mechanistic understanding of in vivo protein corona formation on polymeric nanoparticles and impact on pharmacokinetics. Nat Commun 2017; 8:777. [PMID: 28974673 PMCID: PMC5626760 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-00600-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro incubation of nanomaterials with plasma offer insights on biological interactions, but cannot fully explain the in vivo fate of nanomaterials. Here, we use a library of polymer nanoparticles to show how physicochemical characteristics influence blood circulation and early distribution. For particles with different diameters, surface hydrophilicity appears to mediate early clearance. Densities above a critical value of approximately 20 poly(ethylene glycol) chains (MW 5 kDa) per 100 nm2 prolong circulation times, irrespective of size. In knockout mice, clearance mechanisms are identified for nanoparticles with low and high steric protection. Studies in animals deficient in the C3 protein showed that complement activation could not explain differences in the clearance of nanoparticles. In nanoparticles with low poly(ethylene glycol) coverage, adsorption of apolipoproteins can prolong circulation times. In parallel, the low-density-lipoprotein receptor plays a predominant role in the clearance of nanoparticles, irrespective of poly(ethylene glycol) density. These results further our understanding of nanopharmacology. Understanding the interaction between nanoparticles and biomolecules is crucial for improving current drug-delivery systems. Here, the authors shed light on the essential role of the surface and other physicochemical properties of a library of nanoparticles on their in vivo pharmacokinetics.
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Gao Z, Qu B, Ma Z, Jiao D, Ji G, Zhang S. Identification and functional characterization of a novel member of low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP)-like family in amphioxus. Gene 2017; 618:42-48. [PMID: 28400271 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP) is a group of important endocytic receptors contributing to binding ligands and maintaining internal environment. In this study, we identified a soluble LRP-like molecule in the amphioxus B. japonicum, BjLRP, with an uncharacterized domain structure combination of LY-EGF-CRD-EGF-CRD. It was mainly expressed in the gill, muscle, notochord and testis, and was significantly up-regulated following the challenge with bacteria. Recombinant BjLRP was capable of interacting with both Gram-negative and positive bacteria as well as PAMPs including lipopolysaccharide (LPS), lipoteichoic acid (LTA) and peptidoglycan (PGN). Interestingly, recombinant LY peptide was also able to bind to the Gram-negative and positive bacteria as well as the PAMPs LPS, LTA and PGN. By contrast, none of recombinant EGF1, EGF2, CRD1 and CRD2 had affinity to the bacteria and the PAMPs. In addition, BjLRPΔLY had no affinity to the PAMPs, although BjLRPΔLY showed slight affinity to the bacteria. These suggest that the interaction of BjLRP with the bacteria and PAMPs was primarily attributable to the LY domain. It is clear that BjLRP is a novel pattern recognition protein capable of identifying and interacting with invading bacteria in amphioxus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan Gao
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Baozhen Qu
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zengyu Ma
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Deyan Jiao
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Guangdong Ji
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Shicui Zhang
- Laboratory for Evolution & Development, Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Marine Biology, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
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Khalifa RH, Labib DA, Kamel MA, Shahin RMH, Bahgat DMR, Riad NM, El Khateeb E, El-Deeb AM, Hassan M. Role of ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism in the risk of Hepatitis C virus infection in Egyptian patients and in gender susceptibility. J Med Virol 2017; 89:1584-1589. [PMID: 28370191 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.24815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
At least 1 in 10 of the Egyptian population aged 15-59 is burdened with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, stamping Egypt the highest country harboring HCV worldwide. Considerable evidence supported the involvement of host genetic factors in the pathogenesis of HCV and the possibility of implementation in target therapies. ApoB gene polymorphisms are postulated to affect the susceptibility of HCV infection. Hence, we aimed to evaluate the relationship between ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism and HCV infection in a cohort of Egyptian patients and to explore whether higher levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) might compete with lipoviral particles (LVP) in the binding to LDL receptor (LDLR), thus escaping infection. Ninety-seven HCV patients and 96 matched controls were enrolled in this study. We genotyped ApoB-516C/T using PCR-RFLP method. ApoB concentrations were measured by immunoturbidimetric assay. The genotype and the allele frequencies of ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism in cases were statistically insignificant compared with healthy individuals (P = 0.109, 0.125, respectively). Sex stratification showed significantly lower counts of C/T genotype in female patients compared with female controls (P = 0.011, OR = 0.132, 95% CI = 0.026-0.657). Significantly higher levels of LDL and ApoB were detected in the control group (P < 0.001). This study shows that the ApoB-516C/T promoter gene polymorphism has no impact on the risk of HCV infection. However, the C/T genotype may be a protective factor for our female cohort. Further studies with larger samples are needed to verify this genetic gender diversity. Additionally, high levels of LDL and ApoB might prevent HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania H Khalifa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Dalia A Labib
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kamel
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | - Dina M Rasheed Bahgat
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nermine Magdi Riad
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Engy El Khateeb
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Amr M El-Deeb
- Department of Tropical Medicine, Kasr Al-Ainy, School of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Marwa Hassan
- Department of Immunology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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Endocytic receptor LRP2/megalin—of holoprosencephaly and renal Fanconi syndrome. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:907-916. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Kamper M, Mittermayer F, Cabuk R, Gelles K, Ellinger I, Hermann M. Estrogen-enhanced apical and basolateral secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 by polarized trophoblast-derived BeWo cells. Biochimie 2017; 138:116-123. [PMID: 28487135 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholesterol is an important nutrient for fetal development and transplacental transport occurs at all stages of human pregnancy. Furthermore, cholesterol is required for membrane building as well as steroid hormone synthesis. Therefore, all placental cell types require cholesterol for proper function. In human term placenta, the syncytiotrophoblast (STB) faces the maternal circulation. Uptake of maternal-derived cholesterol at the apical membrane of the STB is well understood, but the route by which cholesterol exits at the basal side for subsequent transfer across the fetal endothelial cells (FEC) or to other placental cell types remains not well characterized. Our aim was to provide evidence for basal secretion of apolipoprotein B-100 (apoB) containing lipoproteins. Furthermore, we investigated the placental localization of apolipoprotein receptors (LRP2, LDLR and LRP1) to identify cell targets of lipoprotein particles secreted in a polarized fashion by the STB. In trophoblast-derived BeWo cells grown on permeable filter supports, we demonstrate by immunoprecipitation apical as well as basolateral apoB secretion, which was significantly upregulated by estrogen-treatment for 24 or 48 h. Furthermore, we showed by immunofluorescence microscopy apoB and microsomal triglyceride transfer protein subunits localization in the STB and placental stromal cells in situ. All investigated receptors were detected by RT-qPCR and western blot in BeWo cells, but only expression of LRP2 was estrogen-inducible. In situ, the multi-ligand receptor LRP2 was expressed exclusively in the cytotrophoblast (CTB), the STB precursor cell type. LDLR and LRP1 localized to trophoblasts as well as stromal cells in situ. In summary, basal apoB secretion by BeWo cells supports the concept of basal lipoprotein particle secretion by placental STB. These lipoprotein particles may serve as cholesterol source for STB precursor cells, the CTBs, as well as all stromal cells of the chorionic villi including FECs, which were herein demonstrated to express apoB receptors, LRP2 and LDLR, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kamper
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Florian Mittermayer
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rosalinda Cabuk
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Katharina Gelles
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Isabella Ellinger
- Institute for Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Marcela Hermann
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Max F. Perutz Laboratories (MFPL), Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Pathogen recognition of a novel C-type lectin from Marsupenaeus japonicus reveals the divergent sugar-binding specificity of QAP motif. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45818. [PMID: 28374848 PMCID: PMC5379193 DOI: 10.1038/srep45818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
C-type lectins (CTLs) are calcium-dependent carbohydrate-binding proteins known to assist the innate immune system as pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). The binding specificity of CTLs lies in the motif of their carbohydrate recognition domain (CRD), the tripeptide motifs EPN and QPD bind to mannose and galactose, respectively. However, variants of these motifs were discovered including a QAP sequence reported in shrimp believed to have the same carbohydrate specificity as QPD. Here, we characterized a novel C-type lectin (MjGCTL) possessing a CRD with a QAP motif. The recombinant MjGCTL has a calcium-dependent agglutinating capability against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, and its sugar specificity did not involve either mannose or galactose. In an encapsulation assay, agarose beads coated with rMjGCTL were immediately encapsulated from 0 h followed by melanization at 4 h post-incubation with hemocytes. These results confirm that MjGCTL functions as a classical CTL. The structure of QAP motif and carbohydrate-specificity of rMjGCTL was found to be different to both EPN and QPD, suggesting that QAP is a new motif. Furthermore, MjGCTL acts as a PRR binding to hemocytes to activate their adherent state and initiate encapsulation.
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Elsafadi M, Manikandan M, Alajez NM, Hamam R, Dawud RA, Aldahmash A, Iqbal Z, Alfayez M, Kassem M, Mahmood A. MicroRNA-4739 regulates osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation of immortalized human bone marrow stromal cells via targeting LRP3. Stem Cell Res 2017; 20:94-104. [PMID: 28340487 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the regulatory networks underlying lineage differentiation and fate determination of human bone marrow stromal cells (hBMSC) is a prerequisite for their therapeutic use. The goal of the current study was to unravel the novel role of the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 3 (LRP3) in regulating the osteogenic and adipogenic differentiation of immortalized hBMSCs. Gene expression profiling revealed significantly higher LRP3 levels in the highly osteogenic hBMSC clone imCL1 than in the less osteogenic clone imCL2, as well as a significant upregulation of LRP3 during the osteogenic induction of the imCL1 clone. Data from functional and gene expression assays demonstrated the role of LRP3 as a molecular switch promoting hBMSC lineage differentiation into osteoblasts and inhibiting differentiation into adipocytes. Interestingly, microRNA (miRNA) expression profiling identified miR-4739 as the most under-represented miRNA (-36.11 fold) in imCL1 compared to imCL2. The TargetScan prediction algorithm, combined with functional and biochemical assays, identified LRP3 mRNA as a novel target of miR-4739, with a single potential binding site for miR-4739 located in the LRP3 3' UTR. Regulation of LRP3 expression by miR-4739 was subsequently confirmed by qRT-PCR, western blotting, and luciferase assays. Over-expression of miR-4739 mimicked the effects of LRP3 knockdown on promoting adipogenic and suppressing osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs. Hence, we report for the first time a novel biological role for the LRP3/hsa-miR-4739 axis in balancing osteogenic and adipocytic differentiation of hBMSCs. Our data support the potential utilization of miRNA-based therapies in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Elsafadi
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowsparken 25.1, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Muthurangan Manikandan
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nehad M Alajez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Rimi Hamam
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Raed Abu Dawud
- Department of Comparative Medicine, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre, Riyadh 12713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldahmash
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; Prince Naif Health Research Center, King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Zafar Iqbal
- Department of Basic Sciences, College of applied medical sciences, King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences (KSAU-HS), National Guard Health Affairs, Al Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Musaad Alfayez
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Moustapha Kassem
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia; KMEB, Department of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Odense, University of Southern Denmark, Winslowsparken 25.1, DK-5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | - Amer Mahmood
- Stem Cell Unit, Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine,King Saud University, Riyadh 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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Gui Y, Chu N, Qiu X, Tang W, Gober HJ, Li D, Wang L. 17-β-estradiol up-regulates apolipoprotein genes expression during osteoblast differentiation in vitro. Biosci Trends 2016; 10:140-51. [PMID: 27074899 DOI: 10.5582/bst.2016.01007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Apolipoproteins are of great physiological importance and are associated with different diseases. Many independent studies of patterns of gene expression during osteoblast differentiation have been described, and some apolipoproteins have been induced during this process. 17-β-estradiol (E2) may enhance osteoblast physiological function. However, no studies have indicated whether E2 can modulate the expression of apolipoproteins during osteoblast differentiation in vitro. The aim of the current study was to observe the regulation of apolipoprotein mRNA expression by E2 during this process. Primary osteoblasts were collected from the calvaria of newborn mice and were subjected to osteoblast differentiation in vitro with serial concentrations of E2. RNA was isolated on days 0, 5, and 25 of differentiation. Real-time PCR was performed to analyze the levels of apolipoprotein mRNA. Results showed that during osteoblast differentiation all of the apolipoprotein genes were up-regulated by E2 in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, only ApoE was strongly induced during the mineralization of cultured osteoblasts. This result suggests that ApoE might be involved in osteoblast differentiation. The hypothesis is that E2 promotes osteoblast differentiation by up-regulating ApoE gene expression, though further study is needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Gui
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, Hospital & Institute of Obstetrics and Gynecology, IBS, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College
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Le Cigne A, Chièze L, Beaussart A, El-Kirat-Chatel S, Dufrêne YF, Dedieu S, Schneider C, Martiny L, Devy J, Molinari M. Analysis of the effect of LRP-1 silencing on the invasive potential of cancer cells by nanomechanical probing and adhesion force measurements using atomic force microscopy. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:7144-7154. [PMID: 26965453 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr08649c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) can internalize proteases involved in cancer progression and is thus considered a promising therapeutic target. However, it has been demonstrated that LRP-1 is also able to regulate the endocytosis of membrane-anchored proteins. Thus, strategies that target LRP-1 to modulate proteolysis could also affect adhesion and cytoskeleton dynamics. Here, we investigated the effect of LRP-1 silencing on parameters reflecting cancer cells' invasiveness by atomic force microscopy (AFM). The results show that LRP-1 silencing induces changes in the cells' adhesion behavior, particularly the dynamics of cell attachment. Clear alterations in morphology, such as more pronounced stress fibers and increased spreading, leading to increased area and circularity, were also observed. The determination of the cells' mechanical properties by AFM showed that these differences are correlated with an increase in Young's modulus. Moreover, the measurements show an overall decrease in cell motility and modifications of directional persistence. An overall increase in the adhesion force between the LRP-1-silenced cells and a gelatin-coated bead was also observed. Ultimately, our AFM-based force spectroscopy data, recorded using an antibody directed against the β1 integrin subunit, provide evidence that LRP-1 silencing modifies the rupture force distribution. Together, our results show that techniques traditionally used for the investigation of cancer cells can be coupled with AFM to gain access to complementary phenotypic parameters that can help discriminate between specific phenotypes associated with different degrees of invasiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Le Cigne
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - L Chièze
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - A Beaussart
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, 1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgique
| | - S El-Kirat-Chatel
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, 1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgique
| | - Y F Dufrêne
- Institute of Life Sciences, Université Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 4-5, bte L7.07.06, 1348 Louvain-la-neuve, Belgique
| | - S Dedieu
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - C Schneider
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - L Martiny
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - J Devy
- Laboratoire Matrice Extracellulaire et Dynamique Cellulaire, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, Moulin de la Housse, BP 1039, 51687 Reims Cedex 2, France.
| | - M Molinari
- Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences LRN EA4682, Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, 21 rue Clément Ader, 51685 Reims Cedex 2, France.
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Angarica VE, Orozco M, Sancho J. Exploring the complete mutational space of the LDL receptor LA5 domain using molecular dynamics: linking SNPs with disease phenotypes in familial hypercholesterolemia. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:1233-46. [PMID: 26755827 PMCID: PMC4764198 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH), a genetic disorder with a prevalence of 0.2%, represents a high-risk factor to develop cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. The majority and most severe FH cases are associated to mutations in the receptor for low-density lipoproteins receptor (LDL-r), but the molecular basis explaining the connection between mutation and phenotype is often unknown, which hinders early diagnosis and treatment of the disease. We have used atomistic simulations to explore the complete SNP mutational space (227 mutants) of the LA5 repeat, the key domain for interacting with LDL that is coded in the exon concentrating the highest number of mutations. Four clusters of mutants of different stability have been identified. The majority of the 50 FH known mutations (33) appear distributed in the unstable clusters, i.e. loss of conformational stability explains two-third of FH phenotypes. However, one-third of FH phenotypes (17 mutations) do not destabilize the LR5 repeat. Combining our simulations with available structural data from different laboratories, we have defined a consensus-binding site for the interaction of the LA5 repeat with LDL-r partner proteins and have found that most (16) of the 17 stable FH mutations occur at binding site residues. Thus, LA5-associated FH arises from mutations that cause either the loss of stability or a decrease in domain's-binding affinity. Based on this finding, we propose the likely phenotype of each possible SNP in the LA5 repeat and outline a procedure to make a full computational diagnosis for FH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Espinosa Angarica
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI), Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Modesto Orozco
- Institut de Recerca Biomèdica (IRB Barcelona), Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Universitat de Barcelona, Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, Joint BSC-CRG-IRB Program in Computational Biology, Baldiri Reixac 10-12, 08028 Barcelona, Spain, and
| | - Javier Sancho
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain, Biocomputation and Complex Systems Physics Institute (BIFI), Joint Unit BIFI-IQFR (CSIC), Universidad de Zaragoza, Mariano Esquillor, Edificio I + D, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain, Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragón), Universidad de Zaragoza, Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009 Zaragoza, Spain
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Shen C, Xiong WC, Mei L. LRP4 in neuromuscular junction and bone development and diseases. Bone 2015; 80:101-108. [PMID: 26071838 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 4 (LRP4) is a member of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family. Recent studies have revealed multiple functions and complex signaling mechanisms of LRP4 in different organs and tissues. LPR4 mutation or malfunction has been implicated in neurological disorders including congenital myasthenic syndrome, myasthenia gravis, and diseases of bone or kidney. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Muscle Bone Interactions".
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyong Shen
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Wen-Cheng Xiong
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
| | - Lin Mei
- Department of Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; Department of Neurology, Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
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Van der Horst DJ, Rodenburg KW. Lipoprotein assembly and function in an evolutionary perspective. Biomol Concepts 2015; 1:165-83. [PMID: 25961995 DOI: 10.1515/bmc.2010.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Circulatory fat transport in animals relies on members of the large lipid transfer protein (LLTP) superfamily, including mammalian apolipoprotein B (apoB) and insect apolipophorin II/I (apoLp-II/I). ApoB and apoLp-II/I, constituting the structural (non-exchangeable) basis for the assembly of various lipoproteins, acquire lipids through microsomal triglyceride-transfer protein, another LLTP family member, and bind them by means of amphipathic α-helical and β-sheet structural motifs. Comparative research reveals that LLTPs evolved from the earliest animals and highlights the structural adaptations in these lipid-binding proteins. Thus, in contrast to apoB, apoLp-II/I is cleaved post-translationally by a furin, resulting in the appearance of two non-exchangeable apolipoproteins in the single circulatory lipoprotein in insects, high-density lipophorin (HDLp). The remarkable structural similarities between mammalian and insect lipoproteins notwithstanding important functional differences relate to the mechanism of lipid delivery. Whereas in mammals, partial delipidation of apoB-containing lipoproteins eventually results in endocytic uptake of their remnants, mediated by members of the low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) family, and degradation in lysosomes, insect HDLp functions as a reusable lipid shuttle capable of alternate unloading and reloading of lipid. Also, during muscular efforts (flight activity), an HDLp-based lipoprotein shuttle provides for the transport of lipid for energy generation. Although a lipophorin receptor - a homolog of LDLR - was identified that mediates endocytic uptake of HDLp during specific developmental periods, the endocytosed lipoprotein appears to be recycled in a transferrin-like manner. These data highlight that the functional adaptations in the lipoprotein lipid carriers in mammals and insects also emerge with regard to the functioning of their cognate receptors.
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Abstract
The neuromuscular junction (NMJ) is a synapse between motor neurons and skeletal muscle fibers, and is critical for control of muscle contraction. Its formation requires neuronal agrin that acts by binding to LRP4 to stimulate MuSK. Mutations have been identified in agrin, MuSK, and LRP4 in patients with congenital myasthenic syndrome, and patients with myasthenia gravis develop antibodies against agrin, LRP4, and MuSK. However, it remains unclear whether the agrin signaling pathway is critical for NMJ maintenance because null mutation of any of the three genes is perinatal lethal. In this study, we generated imKO mice, a mutant strain whose LRP4 gene can be deleted in muscles by doxycycline (Dox) treatment. Ablation of the LRP4 gene in adult muscle enabled studies of its role in NMJ maintenance. We demonstrate that Dox treatment of P30 mice reduced muscle strength and compound muscle action potentials. AChR clusters became fragmented with diminished junctional folds and synaptic vesicles. The amplitude and frequency of miniature endplate potentials were reduced, indicating impaired neuromuscular transmission and providing cellular mechanisms of adult LRP4 deficiency. We showed that LRP4 ablation led to the loss of synaptic agrin and the 90 kDa fragments, which occurred ahead of other prejunctional and postjunctional components, suggesting that LRP4 may regulate the stability of synaptic agrin. These observations demonstrate that LRP4 is essential for maintaining the structural and functional integrity of the NMJ and that loss of muscle LRP4 in adulthood alone is sufficient to cause myasthenic symptoms.
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Watt NT, Griffiths HH, Hooper NM. Lipid rafts: linking prion protein to zinc transport and amyloid-β toxicity in Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:41. [PMID: 25364748 PMCID: PMC4206978 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of neuronal zinc homeostasis plays a major role in many processes related to brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Yet, despite the critical role of zinc in neuronal function, the cellular mechanisms underpinning its homeostatic control are far from clear. We reported that the cellular prion protein (PrPC) is involved in the uptake of zinc into neurons. This PrPC-mediated zinc influx required the metal-binding octapeptide repeats in PrPC and the presence of the zinc permeable AMPA channel with which PrPC directly interacted. Together with the observation that PrPC is evolutionarily related to the ZIP family of zinc transporters, these studies indicate that PrPC plays a key role in neuronal zinc homeostasis. Therefore, PrPC could contribute to cognitive health and protect against age-related zinc dyshomeostasis but PrPC has also been identified as a receptor for amyloid-β oligomers which accumulate in the brains of those with AD. We propose that the different roles that PrPC has are due to its interaction with different ligands and/or co-receptors in lipid raft-based signaling/transport complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole T Watt
- Division of Cardiovascular and Diabetes Research, Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds Leeds, UK
| | - Heledd H Griffiths
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
| | - Nigel M Hooper
- Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester Manchester, UK
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Chisenhall DM, Christofferson RC, McCracken MK, Johnson AMF, Londono-Renteria B, Mores CN. Infection with dengue-2 virus alters proteins in naturally expectorated saliva of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:252. [PMID: 24886023 PMCID: PMC4057903 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dengue virus (DENV) is responsible for up to approximately 300 million infections and an increasing number of deaths related to severe manifestations each year in affected countries throughout the tropics. It is critical to understand the drivers of this emergence, including the role of vector-virus interactions. When a DENV-infected Aedes aegypti mosquito bites a vertebrate, the virus is deposited along with a complex mixture of salivary proteins. However, the influence of a DENV infection upon the expectorated salivary proteome of its vector has yet to be determined. Methods Therefore, we conducted a proteomic analysis using 2-D gel electrophoresis coupled with mass spectrometry based protein identification comparing the naturally expectorated saliva of Aedes aegypti infected with DENV-2 relative to that of uninfected Aedes aegypti. Results Several proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the saliva of DENV-2 infected mosquitoes, in particular proteins with anti-hemostatic and pain inhibitory functions were significantly reduced. Hypothetical consequences of these particular protein reductions include increased biting rates and transmission success, and lead to alteration of transmission potential as calculated in our vectorial capacity model. Conclusions We present our characterizations of these changes with regards to viral transmission and mosquito blood-feeding success. Further, we conclude that our proteomic analysis of Aedes aegypti saliva altered by DENV infection provides a unique opportunity to identify pro-viral impacts key to virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Christopher N Mores
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, Vector-borne Disease Laboratories, Louisiana State University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Baton Rouge, LA, USA.
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