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Ibrahim SS, Kouamo MFM, Muhammad A, Irving H, Riveron JM, Tchouakui M, Wondji CS. Functional Validation of Endogenous Redox Partner Cytochrome P450 Reductase Reveals the Key P450s CYP6P9a/- b as Broad Substrate Metabolizers Conferring Cross-Resistance to Different Insecticide Classes in Anopheles funestus. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8092. [PMID: 39125661 PMCID: PMC11311542 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The versatility of cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) in transferring electrons to P450s from other closely related species has been extensively exploited, e.g., by using An. gambiae CPR (AgCPR), as a homologous surrogate, to validate the role of An. funestus P450s in insecticide resistance. However, genomic variation between the AgCPR and An. funestus CPR (AfCPR) suggests that the full metabolism spectrum of An. funestus P450s might be missed when using AgCPR. To test this hypothesis, we expressed AgCPR and AfCPR side-by-side with CYP6P9a and CYP6P9b and functionally validated their role in the detoxification of insecticides from five different classes. Major variations were observed within the FAD- and NADP-binding domains of AgCPR and AfCPR, e.g., the coordinates of the second FAD stacking residue AfCPR-Y456 differ from that of AgCPR-His456. While no significant differences were observed in the cytochrome c reductase activities, when co-expressed with their endogenous AfCPR, the P450s significantly metabolized higher amounts of permethrin and deltamethrin, with CYP6P9b-AfCPR membrane metabolizing α-cypermethrin as well. Only the CYP6P9a-AfCPR membrane significantly metabolized DDT (producing dicofol), bendiocarb, clothianidin, and chlorfenapyr (bioactivation into tralopyril). This demonstrates the broad substrate specificity of An. funestus CYP6P9a/-b, capturing their role in conferring cross-resistance towards unrelated insecticide classes, which can complicate resistance management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman S. Ibrahim
- Department of Biochemistry, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (M.F.M.K.); (J.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (A.M.); (H.I.)
| | - Mersimine F. M. Kouamo
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (M.F.M.K.); (J.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Abdullahi Muhammad
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (A.M.); (H.I.)
- Center of Biotechnology Research, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria
| | - Helen Irving
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (A.M.); (H.I.)
| | - Jacob M. Riveron
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (M.F.M.K.); (J.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Magellan Tchouakui
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (M.F.M.K.); (J.M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Charles S. Wondji
- Center for Research in Infectious Diseases (CRID), Yaoundé P.O. Box 13591, Cameroon; (M.F.M.K.); (J.M.R.); (M.T.)
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine (LSTM), Liverpool L3 5QA, UK; (A.M.); (H.I.)
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Fadahunsi AI, Kumm C, Graham K, de León AAP, Guerrero F, Sparagano OAE, Finn RD. Biochemical characterisation of Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase from the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, highlights potential new acaricide target. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2023; 14:102148. [PMID: 36905815 DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2023.102148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Management of the cattle tick, Rhipicephalus microplus, presents a challenge because some populations of this cosmopolitan and economically important ectoparasite are resistant to multiple classes of acaricides. Cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) is part of the cytochrome P450 (CYP450) monooxygenases that are involved in metabolic resistance by their ability to detoxify acaricides. Inhibiting CPR, the sole redox partner that transfers electrons to CYP450s, could overcome this type of metabolic resistance. This report represents the biochemical characterisation of a CPR from ticks. Recombinant CPR of R. microplus (RmCPR), minus its N-terminal transmembrane domain, was produced in a bacterial expression system and subjected to biochemical analyses. RmCPR displayed a characteristic dual flavin oxidoreductase spectrum. Incubation with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) lead to an increase in absorbance between 500 and 600 nm with a corresponding appearance of a peak absorbance at 340-350 nm indicating functional transfer of electrons between NADPH and the bound flavin cofactors. Using the pseudoredox partner, kinetic parameters for both cytochrome c and NADPH binding were calculated as 26.6 ± 11.4 µM and 7.03 ± 1.8 µM, respectively. The turnover, Kcat, for RmCPR for cytochrome c was calculated as 0.08 s-1 which is significantly lower than the CPR homologues of other species. IC50 (Half maximal Inhibitory Concentration) values obtained for the adenosine analogues 2', 5' ADP, 2'- AMP, NADP+and the reductase inhibitor diphenyliodonium were: 140, 82.2, 24.5, and 75.3 µM, respectively. Biochemically, RmCPR resembles CPRs of hematophagous arthropods more so than mammalian CPRs. These findings highlight the potential of RmCPR as a target for the rational design of safer and potent acaricides against R. microplus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeyinka I Fadahunsi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Biotechnology Programme, Elizade University, Ondo State, Nigeria
| | - Christopher Kumm
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Kirsty Graham
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Adalberto A Pérez de León
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Felix Guerrero
- Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX, USA
| | - Oliver A E Sparagano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Robert D Finn
- Department of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University Newcastle, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK; Department of Biochemistry & Genetics, Faculty of Health & Life Sciences, St George's International School of Medicine, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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McLeman A, Troczka BJ, Homem RA, Duarte A, Zimmer C, Garrood WT, Pym A, Beadle K, Reid RJ, Douris V, Vontas J, Davies TGE, Ffrench Constant R, Nauen R, Bass C. Fly-Tox: A panel of transgenic flies expressing pest and pollinator cytochrome P450s. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 169:104674. [PMID: 32828379 PMCID: PMC7482442 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
There is an on-going need to develop new insecticides that are not compromised by resistance and that have improved environmental profiles. However, the cost of developing novel compounds has increased significantly over the last two decades. This is in part due to increased regulatory requirements, including the need to screen both pest and pollinator insect species to ensure that pre-existing resistance will not hamper the efficacy of a new insecticide via cross-resistance, or adversely affect non-target insect species. To add to this problem the collection and maintenance of toxicologically relevant pest and pollinator species and strains is costly and often difficult. Here we present Fly-Tox, a panel of publicly available transgenic Drosophila melanogaster lines each containing one or more pest or pollinator P450 genes that have been previously shown to metabolise insecticides. We describe the range of ways these tools can be used, including in predictive screens to avoid pre-existing cross-resistance, to identify potential resistance-breaking inhibitors, in the initial assessment of potential insecticide toxicity to bee pollinators, and identifying harmful pesticide-pesticide interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy McLeman
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Bartlomiej J Troczka
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
| | - Rafael A Homem
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Ana Duarte
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Christoph Zimmer
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - William T Garrood
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Adam Pym
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Katherine Beadle
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Rebecca J Reid
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Vassilis Douris
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Biological Applications and Technology, University of Ioannina,45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - John Vontas
- Institute of Molecular Biology & Biotechnology, Foundation for Research & Technology Hellas, Crete, Greece; Department of Crop Science, Agricultural University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - T G Emyr Davies
- Department of Biointeractions and Crop Protection, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Richard Ffrench Constant
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK
| | - Ralf Nauen
- Bayer AG, Crop Science Division, R&D, Alfred Nobel-Strasse 50, 40789.Monheim, Germany
| | - Chris Bass
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Penryn Campus, Penryn, Cornwall, UK.
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Yamamura Y, Mabuchi A. Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase and cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase encoding genes from Scoparia dulcis L. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2020; 61:6. [PMID: 32124148 PMCID: PMC7052086 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-020-00284-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most plant cytochrome P450 (P450) proteins need to be supplied with electrons from a redox partner, e.g. an NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR), for the activation of oxygen molecules via heme. CPR is a flavoprotein with an N-terminal transmembrane domain, which transfers electrons from NADPH to the P450 via coenzymes flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin mononucleotide. RESULTS In this study, a novel CPR (SdCPR) was isolated from a tropical medicinal plant Scoparia dulcis L. The deduced amino acid of SdCPR showed high homology of > 76% with CPR from higher plants and belonged to the class II CPRs of dicots. Recombinant SdCPR protein reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide (K3Fe(CN)6), and dichlorophenolindophenol in an NADPH-dependent manner. To elucidate the P450 monooxygenase activity of SdCPR, we isolated a cinnamic acid 4-hydroxylase (SdC4H, CYP73A111) gene from S. dulcis. Biochemical characterization of SdCPR/SdC4H demonstrated that SdCPR supports the oxidation step of SdC4H. Real-time qPCR results showed that expression levels of SdCPR and SdC4H were inducible by mechanical wounding treatment and phytohormone elicitation (methyl jasmonate, salicylic acid), which were consistent with the results of promotor analyses. CONCLUSIONS Our results showed that the SdCPR and SdC4H are related to defense reactions, including the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshimi Yamamura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan.
| | - Ayaka Mabuchi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, 2630 Sugitani, Toyama, Toyama, 930-0194, Japan
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Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20088. [PMID: 31882753 PMCID: PMC6934812 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56516-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) are diflavin oxidoreductases that supply electrons to type II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In addition, it can also reduce other proteins and molecules, including cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and different drugs. Although various CPRs have been functionally and structurally characterized, the overall mechanism and its interaction with different redox acceptors remain elusive. One of the main problems regarding electron transfer between CPRs and CYPs is the so-called “uncoupling”, whereby NAD(P)H derived electrons are lost due to the reduced intermediates’ (FAD and FMN of CPR) interaction with molecular oxygen. Additionally, the decay of the iron-oxygen complex of the CYP can also contribute to loss of reducing equivalents during an unproductive reaction cycle. This phenomenon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an inefficient reaction. Here, we present the study of the CPR from Candida tropicalis (CtCPR) lacking the hydrophobic N-terminal part (Δ2–22). The enzyme supports the reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, with an estimated 30% uncoupling during the reactions with cytochrome c. The ROS produced was not influenced by different physicochemical conditions (ionic strength, pH, temperature). The X-ray structures of the enzyme were solved with and without its cofactor, NADPH. Both CtCPR structures exhibited the closed conformation. Comparison with the different solved structures revealed an intricate ionic network responsible for the regulation of the open/closed movement of CtCPR.
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Ebrecht AC, van der Bergh N, Harrison STL, Smit MS, Sewell BT, Opperman DJ. Biochemical and structural insights into the cytochrome P450 reductase from Candida tropicalis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20088. [PMID: 31882753 DOI: 10.1101/711317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductases (CPRs) are diflavin oxidoreductases that supply electrons to type II cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs). In addition, it can also reduce other proteins and molecules, including cytochrome c, ferricyanide, and different drugs. Although various CPRs have been functionally and structurally characterized, the overall mechanism and its interaction with different redox acceptors remain elusive. One of the main problems regarding electron transfer between CPRs and CYPs is the so-called "uncoupling", whereby NAD(P)H derived electrons are lost due to the reduced intermediates' (FAD and FMN of CPR) interaction with molecular oxygen. Additionally, the decay of the iron-oxygen complex of the CYP can also contribute to loss of reducing equivalents during an unproductive reaction cycle. This phenomenon generates reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to an inefficient reaction. Here, we present the study of the CPR from Candida tropicalis (CtCPR) lacking the hydrophobic N-terminal part (Δ2-22). The enzyme supports the reduction of cytochrome c and ferricyanide, with an estimated 30% uncoupling during the reactions with cytochrome c. The ROS produced was not influenced by different physicochemical conditions (ionic strength, pH, temperature). The X-ray structures of the enzyme were solved with and without its cofactor, NADPH. Both CtCPR structures exhibited the closed conformation. Comparison with the different solved structures revealed an intricate ionic network responsible for the regulation of the open/closed movement of CtCPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana C Ebrecht
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Naadia van der Bergh
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Susan T L Harrison
- Centre for Bioprocess Engineering Research (CeBER), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - Martha S Smit
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa
| | - B Trevor Sewell
- Structural Biology Research Unit, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, 7700, South Africa.
| | - Diederik J Opperman
- Department of Microbial, Biochemical, and Food Biotechnology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, 9301, South Africa.
- South African DST-NRF Centre of Excellence in Catalysis (c*Change), University of Cape Town, Private Bag, Rondebosch, Cape Town, 7701, South Africa.
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Traylor MJ, Baek JM, Richards KE, Fusetto R, Huang W, Josh P, Chen Z, Bollapragada P, O'Hair RAJ, Batterham P, Gillam EMJ. Recombinant expression and characterization of Lucilia cuprina CYP6G3: Activity and binding properties toward multiple pesticides. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 90:14-22. [PMID: 28918158 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Revised: 09/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The Australian sheep blowfly, Lucilia cuprina, is a primary cause of sheep flystrike and a major agricultural pest. Cytochrome P450 enzymes have been implicated in the resistance of L. cuprina to several classes of insecticides. In particular, CYP6G3 is a L. cuprina homologue of Drosophila melanogaster CYP6G1, a P450 known to confer multi-pesticide resistance. To investigate the basis of resistance, a bicistronic Escherichia coli expression system was developed to co-express active L. cuprina CYP6G3 and house fly (Musca domestica) P450 reductase. Recombinant CYP6G3 showed activity towards the high-throughput screening substrates, 7-ethoxycoumarin and p-nitroanisole, but not towards p-nitrophenol, coumarin, 7-benzyloxyresorufin, or seven different luciferin derivatives (P450-Glo™ substrates). The addition of house fly cytochrome b5 enhanced the kcat for p-nitroanisole dealkylation approximately two fold (17.8 ± 0.5 vs 9.6 ± 0.2 min-1) with little effect on KM (13 ± 1 vs 10 ± 1 μM). Inhibition studies and difference spectroscopy revealed that the organochlorine compounds, DDT and endosulfan, and the organophosphate pesticides, malathion and chlorfenvinphos, bind to the active site of CYP6G3. All four pesticides showed type I binding spectra with spectral dissociation constants in the micromolar range suggesting that they may be substrates of CYP6G3. While no significant inhibition was seen with the organophosphate, diazinon, or the neonicotinoid, imidacloprid, diazinon showed weak binding in spectral assays, with a Kd value of 23 ± 3 μM CYP6G3 metabolised diazinon to the diazoxon and hydroxydiazinon metabolites and imidacloprid to the 5-hydroxy and olefin metabolites, consistent with a proposed role of CYP6G enzymes in metabolism of phosphorothioate and neonicotinoid insecticides in other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Traylor
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Jong-Min Baek
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Katelyn E Richards
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Roberto Fusetto
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - W Huang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Peter Josh
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Zhenzhong Chen
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Padma Bollapragada
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - Richard A J O'Hair
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Philip Batterham
- The Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Elizabeth M J Gillam
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia 4072, Australia.
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Campelo D, Lautier T, Urban P, Esteves F, Bozonnet S, Truan G, Kranendonk M. The Hinge Segment of Human NADPH-Cytochrome P450 Reductase in Conformational Switching: The Critical Role of Ionic Strength. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:755. [PMID: 29163152 PMCID: PMC5670117 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is a redox partner of microsomal cytochromes P450 and is a prototype of the diflavin reductase family. CPR contains 3 distinct functional domains: a FMN-binding domain (acceptor reduction), a linker (hinge), and a connecting/FAD domain (NADPH oxidation). It has been demonstrated that the mechanism of CPR exhibits an important step in which it switches from a compact, closed conformation (locked state) to an ensemble of open conformations (unlocked state), the latter enabling electron transfer to redox partners. The conformational equilibrium between the locked and unlocked states has been shown to be highly dependent on ionic strength, reinforcing the hypothesis of the presence of critical salt interactions at the interface between the FMN and connecting FAD domains. Here we show that specific residues of the hinge segment are important in the control of the conformational equilibrium of CPR. We constructed six single mutants and two double mutants of the human CPR, targeting residues G240, S243, I245 and R246 of the hinge segment, with the aim of modifying the flexibility or the potential ionic interactions of the hinge segment. We measured the reduction of cytochrome c at various salt concentrations of these 8 mutants, either in the soluble or membrane-bound form of human CPR. All mutants were found capable of reducing cytochrome c yet with different efficiency and their maximal rates of cytochrome c reduction were shifted to lower salt concentration. In particular, residue R246 seems to play a key role in a salt bridge network present at the interface of the hinge and the connecting domain. Interestingly, the effects of mutations, although similar, demonstrated specific differences when present in the soluble or membrane-bound context. Our results demonstrate that the electrostatic and flexibility properties of the hinge segment are critical for electron transfer from CPR to its redox partners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campelo
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Lautier
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Philippe Urban
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Francisco Esteves
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sophie Bozonnet
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Gilles Truan
- LISBP, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, INRA, INSA, Toulouse, France
| | - Michel Kranendonk
- Center for Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), Genetics, Oncology and Human Toxicology, NOVA Medical School, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
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Yang XQ, Wang W, Tan XL, Wang XQ, Dong H. Comparative Analysis of Recombinant Cytochrome P450 CYP9A61 from Cydia pomonella Expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:2337-2344. [PMID: 28271709 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of prior work, cytochrome P450 CYP9A61 was found to be enriched in fat bodies and during feeding stages, and transcription was induced by λ-cyhalothrin in Cydia pomonella. In this study, recombinant CYP9A61 was expressed in Escherichia coli and Pichia pastoris, and its biochemical properties were investigated. Substrate saturation curves and biochemical properties revealed that, in the presence of glycosylation, the yeast-secreted CYP9A61 exhibited a higher affinity for the substrate p-nitroanisole and was found to be more stable at certain pHs and temperatures than bacterially produced CYP9A61. Half-inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of three synthetic pyrethroids on both the bacterium- and yeast-expressed CYP9A61 suggested that recombinant CYP9A61 expressed in different hosts exhibits different inhibition properties. Taken together, our findings show that yeast-expressed CYP9A61 exhibits enzyme activity that is better than that expressed in bacteria and might be used for further metabolism assays to reveal the insecticide-detoxifying role of CYP9A61 in C. pomonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Tan
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Qi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Hui Dong
- Key Laboratory of Economical and Applied Entomology of Liaoning Province, College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University , Shenyang 110866, China
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10
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Yang Y, Huang L, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Fang S, Liu Z. No cross-resistance between imidacloprid and pymetrozine in the brown planthopper: status and mechanisms. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 130:79-83. [PMID: 27155488 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/25/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Cross-resistance between insecticides, especially from different groups, can be extremely unpredictable, and it has been a serious concern in pest control. Pymetrozine has been widely used to control Nilaparvata lugens with the suspension of imidacloprid for the resistance, and N. lugens has showed obvious pymetrozine resistance in recent years. To investigate the possible cross-resistance between imidacloprid and pymetrozine is very important to avoid the adverse effects on resistance development and pest control. Bioassays of two field populations in five consecutive years showed that imidacloprid resistance decreased greatly, while pymetrozine resistance increased significantly. The synergist piperonyl butoxide (PBO) could synergize both imidacloprid and pymetrozine in all field populations, which indicated the importance of P450s in the resistance to two insecticides. Imidacloprid resistance was reported to be associated with two P450s, CYP6AY1 and CYP6ER1, which could metabolize imidacloprid efficiently. However, the recombinant proteins of these two P450s did not show any enzymatic activity to metabolize pymetrozine. The pymetrozine susceptibility did not change when CYP6AY1 and CYP6ER1 mRNA levels were reduced by RNA interference (RNAi), although which could obviously decrease imidacloprid resistance. In vivo and in vitro studies provided evidences to demonstrate that there was no cross-resistance between imidacloprid and pymetrozine in N. lugens, which was different from the findings in Bemisia tabaci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanxue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Lixin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yunchao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Siqi Fang
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Zewen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests (Ministry of Education), College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Weigang 1, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang L, Yao J, Guo H, Fang J. Knockdown of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase results in reduced resistance to buprofezin in the small brown planthopper, Laodelphax striatellus (fallén). PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 127:21-27. [PMID: 26821654 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2015.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays an important role in cytochrome P450 function, and CPR knockdown in several insects leads to increased susceptibility to insecticides. However, a putative CPR gene has not yet been fully characterized in the small brown planthopper Laodelphax striatellus, a notorious agricultural pest in rice that causes serious damage by transmitting rice stripe and rice black-streaked dwarf viruses. The objective of this study was to clone the cDNA and to knock down the expression of the gene that encodes L. striatellus CPR (LsCPR) to further determine whether P450s are involved in the resistance of L. striatellus to buprofezin. First, the full-length cDNA of LsCPR was cloned and found to contain an open reading frame (ORF) encoding a polypeptide of 679 amino acids with a calculated molecular mass and isoelectric point of 76.92kDa and 5.37, respectively. The deduced amino acid sequence shares high identity with the CPRs of other insects (98%, 97%, 75% and 68% for Sogatella furcifera, Nilaparvata lugens, Cimex lectularius and Anopheles gambiae, respectively) and possesses the characteristic features of classical CPRs, such as an N-terminal membrane anchor and conserved domains for flavin mononucleotide (FMN), flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) binding. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LsCPR is located in a branch along with the CPRs of other hemipteran insects. LsCPR mRNA was detectable in all examined body parts and developmental stages of L. striatellus, as determined by real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR), and transcripts were most abundant in the adult abdomen and in first-instar nymphs and adults. Ingestion of 200μg/mL of LsCPR double-stranded RNA (dsLsCPR) by the planthopper for 5days significantly reduced the transcription level of LsCPR. Moreover, silencing of LsCPR caused increased susceptibility to buprofezin in a buprofezin-resistant (YN-BPF) strain but not in a susceptible (YN) strain. These data further suggested that the P450-mediated metabolic detoxification of xenobiotics might be an important mechanism for buprofezin resistance in L. striatellus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueliang Zhang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Yaming Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China; Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Management of Plant Disease and Insects, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Yao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Huifang Guo
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Jichao Fang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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12
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Huang Y, Lu XP, Wang LL, Wei D, Feng ZJ, Zhang Q, Xiao LF, Dou W, Wang JJ. Functional characterization of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase from Bactrocera dorsalis: Possible involvement in susceptibility to malathion. Sci Rep 2015; 5:18394. [PMID: 26681597 PMCID: PMC4683403 DOI: 10.1038/srep18394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) is essential for cytochrome P450 catalysis, which is important in the detoxification and activation of xenobiotics. In this study, two transcripts of Bactrocera dorsalis CPR (BdCPR) were cloned, and the deduced amino-acid sequence had an N-terminus membrane anchor for BdCPR-X1 and three conserved binding domains (FMN, FAD, and NADP), as well as an FAD binding motif and catalytic residues for both BdCPR-X1 and BdCPR-X2. BdCPR-X1 was detected to have the high expression levels in adults and in Malpighian tubules, fat bodies, and midguts of adults, but BdCPR-X2 expressed lowly in B. dorsalis. The levels of BdCPRs were similar in malathion-resistant strain compared to susceptible strain. However, injecting adults with double-stranded RNA against BdCPR significantly reduced the transcript levels of the mRNA, and knockdown of BdCPR increased adult susceptibility to malathion. Expressing complete BdCPR-X1 cDNA in Sf9 cells resulted in high activity determined by cytochrome c reduction and these cells had higher viability after exposure to malathion than control. The results suggest that BdCPR could affect the susceptibility of B. dorsalis to malathion and eukaryotic expression of BdCPR would lay a solid foundation for further investigation of P450 in B. dorsalis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Huang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Xue-Ping Lu
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Luo-Luo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wei
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Zi-Jiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Lin-Fan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Wei Dou
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Entomology and Pest Control Engineering, College of Plant Protection, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, P. R. China
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13
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Suwanchaichinda C, Sun D, Brattsten LB. Identification and analysis of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase in Aedes sollicitans (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2014; 51:958-963. [PMID: 25276923 DOI: 10.1603/me13072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) gene was identified in Aedes sollicitans Walker (Diptera: Culicidae). The open reading frame is 2,040 bp long, encoding a 679-residue polypeptide. Amino acid sequence analysis indicates that the Ae. sollicitans CPR carries conserved ligand-binding domains and belongs to the same phylogenetic group as CPRs in other mosquitoes. The cDNA of the CPR gene was cloned, and the recombinant protein was expressed in Escherichia coli. Cytochrome c reductase activity was detected in the bacterial cytosolic and membrane fractions and in larval microsomes from two New Jersey Ae. sollicitans populations, indicating that the Ae. sollicitans CPR is enzymatically functional and closely related to that in other dipterans.
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14
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Keeling CI, Henderson H, Li M, Dullat HK, Ohnishi T, Bohlmann J. CYP345E2, an antenna-specific cytochrome P450 from the mountain pine beetle, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins, catalyses the oxidation of pine host monoterpene volatiles. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1142-1151. [PMID: 24139909 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The mountain pine beetle (MPB, Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) is a significant pest of western North American pine forests. This beetle responds to pheromones and host volatiles in order to mass attack and thus overcome the terpenoid chemical defences of its host. The ability of MPB antennae to rapidly process odorants is necessary to avoid odorant receptor saturation and thus the enzymes responsible for odorant clearance are an important aspect of host colonization. An antenna-specific cytochrome P450, DponCYP345E2, is the most highly expressed transcript in adult MPB antenna. In in vitro assays with recombinant enzyme, DponCYP345E2 used several pine host monoterpenes as substrates, including (+)-(3)-carene, (+)-β-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, (+)-limonene, (-)-limonene, (-)-camphene, (+)-α-pinene, (-)-α-pinene, and terpinolene. The substrates were epoxidized or hydroxylated, depending upon the substrate. To complement DponCYP345E2, we also functionally characterized the NADPH-dependent cytochrome P450 reductase and the cytochrome b5 from MPB. DponCYP345E2 is the first cytochrome P450 to be functionally characterized in insect olfaction and in MPB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I Keeling
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, 301-2185 East Mall, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1A4.
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15
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Ding Z, Wen Y, Yang B, Zhang Y, Liu S, Liu Z, Han Z. Biochemical mechanisms of imidacloprid resistance in Nilaparvata lugens: over-expression of cytochrome P450 CYP6AY1. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 43:1021-1027. [PMID: 23994173 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2013.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2011] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is a key insecticide extensively used for control of Nilaparvata lugens, and its resistance had been reported both in the laboratory selected strains and field populations. A target site mutation Y151S in two nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits and enhanced oxidative detoxification have been identified in the laboratory resistant strain, contributing importantly to imidacloprid resistance in N. lugens. To date, however, imidacloprid resistance in field population is primarily attributable to enhanced oxidative detoxification by over-expressed P450 monooxygenases. A resistant strain (Res), originally collected from a field population and continuously selected in laboratory with imidacloprid for more than 40 generations, had 180.8-fold resistance to imidacloprid, compared to a susceptible strain (Sus). Expression of different putative P450 genes at mRNA levels was detected and compared between Res and Sus strains, and six genes were found expressed significantly higher in Res strain than in Sus strain. CYP6AY1 was found to be the most different expressed P450 gene and its mRNA level in Res strain was 17.9 times of that in Sus strain. By expressing in E. coli cells, CYP6AY1 was found to metabolize imidacloprid efficiently with initial velocity calculated of 0.851 ± 0.073 pmol/min/pmol P450. When CYP6AY1 mRNA levels in Res strain was reduced by RNA interference, imidacloprid susceptibility was recovered. In four field populations with different resistance levels, high levels of CYP6AY1 transcript were also found. In vitro and in vivo studies provided evidences that the over-expression of CYP6AY1 was one of the key factors contributing to imidacloprid resistance in the laboratory selected strain Res, which might also be the important mechanism for imidacloprid resistance in field populations, when the target site mutation was not prevalent at present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiping Ding
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Crop Diseases and Pests, Nanjing Agricultural University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210095, China
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16
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Simtchouk S, Eng JL, Meints CE, Makins C, Wolthers KR. Kinetic analysis of cytochrome P450 reductase from Artemisia annua reveals accelerated rates of NADH-dependent flavin reduction. FEBS J 2013; 280:6627-42. [PMID: 24299267 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2013] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 reductase from Artemisia annua (aaCPR) is a diflavin enzyme that has been employed for the microbial synthesis of artemisinic acid (a semi-synthetic precursor of the anti-malarial drug, artemisinin) based on its ability to transfer electrons to the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, CYP71AV1. We have isolated recombinant aaCPR (with the N-terminal transmembrane motif removed) from Escherichia coli and compared its kinetic and thermodynamic properties with other CPR orthologues, most notably human CPR. The FAD and FMN redox potentials and the macroscopic kinetic constants associated with cytochrome c(3+) reduction for aaCPR are comparable to that of other CPR orthologues, with the exception that the apparent binding affinity for the oxidized coenzyme is ~ 30-fold weaker compared to human CPR. CPR from A. annua shows a 3.5-fold increase in uncoupled NADPH oxidation compared to human CPR and a strong preference (85 100-fold) for NADPH over NADH. Strikingly, reduction of the enzyme by the first and second equivalent of NADPH is much faster in aaCPR, with rates of > 500 and 17 s(-1) at 6 °C. We also optically detect a charge-transfer species that rapidly forms in < 3 ms and then persists during the reductive half reaction. Additional stopped-flow kinetic studies with NADH and (R)-[4-(2) H]NADPH suggest that the accelerated rate of flavin reduction is attributed to the relatively weak binding affinity of aaCPR for NADP(+) .
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Simtchouk
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, Canada
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17
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Syed K, Yadav JS. P450 monooxygenases (P450ome) of the model white rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:339-63. [PMID: 22624627 PMCID: PMC3567848 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2012.682050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Phanerochaete chrysosporium, the model white rot fungus, has been the focus of research for the past about four decades for understanding the mechanisms and processes of biodegradation of the natural aromatic polymer lignin and a broad range of environmental toxic chemicals. The ability to degrade this vast array of xenobiotic compounds was originally attributed to its lignin-degrading enzyme system, mainly the extracellular peroxidases. However, subsequent physiological, biochemical, and/or genetic studies by us and others identified the involvement of a peroxidase-independent oxidoreductase system, the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase system. The whole genome sequence revealed an extraordinarily large P450 contingent (P450ome) with an estimated 149 P450s in this organism. This review focuses on the current status of understanding on the P450 monooxygenase system of P. chrysosproium in terms of pre-genomic and post-genomic identification, structural and evolutionary analysis, transcriptional regulation, redox partners, and functional characterization for its biodegradative potential. Future research on this catalytically diverse oxidoreductase enzyme system and its major role as a newly emerged player in xenobiotic metabolism/degradation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khajamohiddin Syed
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
| | - Jagjit S Yadav
- Division of Environmental Genetics and Molecular Toxicology, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056, USA
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18
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Zhu F, Sams S, Moural T, Haynes KF, Potter MF, Palli SR. RNA interference of NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase results in reduced insecticide resistance in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31037. [PMID: 22347424 PMCID: PMC3274526 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR) plays a central role in cytochrome P450 action. The genes coding for P450s are not yet fully identified in the bed bug, Cimex lectularius. Hence, we decided to clone cDNA and knockdown the expression of the gene coding for CPR which is suggested to be required for the function of all P450s to determine whether or not P450s are involved in resistance of bed bugs to insecticides. Methodology/Principal Findings The full length Cimex lectularius CPR (ClCPR) cDNA was isolated from a deltamethrin resistant bed bug population (CIN-1) using a combined PCR strategy. Bioinformatics and in silico modeling were employed to identify three conserved binding domains (FMN, FAD, NADP), a FAD binding motif, and the catalytic residues. The critical amino acids involved in FMN, FAD, NADP binding and their putative functions were also analyzed. No signal peptide but a membrane anchor domain with 21 amino acids which facilitates the localization of ClCPR on the endoplasmic reticulum was identified in ClCPR protein. Phylogenetic analysis showed that ClCPR is closer to the CPR from the body louse, Pediculus humanus corporis than to the CPRs from the other insect species studied. The ClCPR gene was ubiquitously expressed in all tissues tested but showed an increase in expression as immature stages develop into adults. We exploited the traumatic insemination mechanism of bed bugs to inject dsRNA and successfully knockdown the expression of the gene coding for ClCPR. Suppression of the ClCPR expression increased susceptibility to deltamethrin in resistant populations but not in the susceptible population of bed bugs. Conclusions/Significance These data suggest that P450-mediated metabolic detoxification may serve as one of the resistance mechanisms in bed bugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Zhu
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Sarah Sams
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Tim Moural
- Division of Natural Sciences, Bluegrass Community & Technical College, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Kenneth F. Haynes
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Michael F. Potter
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Subba R. Palli
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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19
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Lian LY, Widdowson P, McLaughlin LA, Paine MJI. Biochemical comparison of Anopheles gambiae and human NADPH P450 reductases reveals different 2'-5'-ADP and FMN binding traits. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20574. [PMID: 21655236 PMCID: PMC3105092 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) plays a central role in chemical
detoxification and insecticide resistance in Anopheles gambiae,
the major vector for malaria. Anopheles gambiae CPR (AgCPR) was
initially expressed in Eschericia coli but failed to bind
2′, 5′-ADP Sepharose. To investigate this unusual trait, we
expressed and purified a truncated histidine-tagged version for side-by-side
comparisons with human CPR. Close functional similarities were found with
respect to the steady state kinetics of cytochrome c reduction,
with rates (kcat) of 105
s−1 and 88 s−1, respectively, for mosquito
and human CPR. However, the inhibitory effects of 2′,5′-ADP on
activity were different; the IC50 value of AgCPR for 2′,
5′ –ADP was significantly higher (6–10 fold) than human CPR
(hCPR) in both phosphate and phosphate-free buffer, indicative of a decrease in
affinity for 2′, 5′- ADP. This was confirmed by isothermal titration
calorimetry where binding of 2′,5′-ADP to AgCPR
(Kd = 410±18 nM) was
∼10 fold weaker than human CPR
(Kd = 38 nM). Characterisation
of the individual AgFMN binding domain revealed much weaker binding of FMN
(Kd = 83±2.0 nM) than the equivalent
human domain (Kd = 23±0.9 nM).
Furthermore, AgCPR was an order of magnitude more sensitive than hCPR to the
reductase inhibitor diphenyliodonium chloride
(IC50 = 28 µM±2 and 361±31
µM respectively). Taken together, these results reveal unusual biochemical
differences between mosquito CPR and the human form in the binding of small
molecules that may aid the development of ‘smart’ insecticides and
synergists that selectively target mosquito CPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu-Yun Lian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJIP); (LYL)
| | - Philip Widdowson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of
Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark J. I. Paine
- Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine,
Liverpool, United Kingdom
- * E-mail: (MJIP); (LYL)
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20
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Zhou X, Li M, Sheng C, Qiu X. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase from the chicken (Gallus gallus): sequence characterization, functional expression and kinetic study. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2011; 153:53-9. [PMID: 20728568 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2010.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2010] [Revised: 08/09/2010] [Accepted: 08/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases have been well known to be responsible for the synthesis of endogenous compounds and the metabolism of exogenous compounds in almost all living organisms, which require NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (POR) as an electron donor to function. In this study, a 2031 bp open reading frame of POR gene was cloned from 35-day-old Roman hen liver, encoding an enzyme of 676 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that chicken POR shares high homology with other vertebrates PORs and possesses the conserved binding domains of FAD, FMN, and NADPH. The genomic sequences of POR genes from chicken and other four vertebrates have highly conserved exon/intron organization structure. By fusion with bacterial signal peptide, chicken POR gene was functionally expressed in E. coli membrane and showed activities in reduction of cytochrome c and oxidation of NADPH. The Km values for cytochrome c and NADPH were 21.9 ± 2.3 μM and 2.4 ± 0.3 μM respectively. A Ping-Pong mechanism was proposed for chicken POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojie Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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21
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Sarapusit S, Pethuan S, Rongnoparut P. Mosquito NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase: kinetics and role of phenylalanine amino acid substitutions at leu86 and leu219 in CYP6AA3-mediated deltamethrin metabolism. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2010; 73:232-244. [PMID: 20235118 DOI: 10.1002/arch.20354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CYPOR) enzyme is a membrane-bound protein and contains both FAD and FMN cofactors. The enzyme transfers two electrons, one at a time, from NADPH to cytochrome P450 enzymes to function in the enzymatic reactions. We previously expressed in Escherichia coli the membrane-bound CYPOR (flAnCYPOR) from Anopheles minimus mosquito. We demonstrated the ability of flAnCYPOR to support the An. minimus CYP6AA3 enzyme activity in deltamethrin degradation in vitro. The present study revealed that the flAnCYPOR purified enzyme, analyzed by a fluorometric method, readily lost its flavin cofactors. When supplemented with exogenous flavin cofactors, the activity of flAnCYPOR-mediated cytochrome c reduction was increased. Mutant enzymes containing phenylalanine substitutions at leucine residues 86 and 219 were constructed and found to increase retention of FMN cofactor in the flAnCYPOR enzymes. Kinetic study by measuring cytochrome c-reducing activity indicated that the wild-type and mutant flAnCYPORs followed a non-classical two-site Ping-Pong mechanism, similar to rat CYPOR. The single mutant (L86F or L219F) and double mutant (L86F/L219F) flAnCYPOR enzymes, upon reconstitution with the An. minimus cytochrome P450 CYP6AA3 and a NADPH-regenerating system, increased CYP6AA3-mediated deltamethrin degradation compared to the wild-type flAnCYPOR enzyme. The increased enzyme activity could illustrate a more efficient electron transfer of AnCYPOR to CYP6AA3 cytochrome P450 enzyme. Addition of extra flavin cofactors could increase CYP6AA3-mediated activity supported by wild-type and mutant flAnCYPOR enzymes. Thus, both leucine to phenylalanine substitutions are essential for flAnCYPOR enzyme in supporting CYP6AA3-mediated metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songklod Sarapusit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Jensen K, Møller BL. Plant NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductases. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:132-41. [PMID: 19931102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/21/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR) serves as the electron donor to almost all eukaryotic cytochromes P450. It belongs to a small family of diflavin proteins and is built of cofactor binding domains with high structural homology to those of bacterial flavodoxins and to ferredoxin-NADP(+) oxidoreductases. CPR shuttles electrons from NADPH through the FAD and FMN-cofactors into the central heme-group of the P450s. Mobile domains in CPR are essential for electron transfer between FAD and FMN and for P450 interaction. Blast searches identified 54 full-length gene sequences encoding CPR derived from a total of 35 different plant species. CPRs from vascular plants cluster into two major phylogenetic groups. Depending on the species, plants contain one, two or three paralogs of which one is inducible. The nature of the CPR-P450 interacting domains is well conserved as demonstrated by the ability of CPRs from different species or even from different kingdoms to at least partially complement each other functionally. This makes CPR an ideal bio-brick in synthetic biology approaches to re-design or develop entirely different combinations of existing biological systems to gain improved or completely altered functionalities based on the "share your parts" principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Jensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, University of Copenhagen, 40 Thorvaldsensvej, DK-1871 Frederiksberg C, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Yang CQ, Lu S, Mao YB, Wang LJ, Chen XY. Characterization of two NADPH: cytochrome P450 reductases from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:27-35. [PMID: 19883924 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2009.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Revised: 09/17/2009] [Accepted: 09/22/2009] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are commonly involved in biosynthesis of endogenous compounds and catabolism of xenobiotics, and their activities rely on a partner enzyme, cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR, E.C.1.6.2.4). Two CPR cDNAs, GhCPR1 and GhCPR2, were isolated from cotton (Gossypium hirsutum). They are 71% identical to each other at the amino acid sequence level and belong to the Class I and II of dicotyledonous CPRs, respectively. The recombinant enzymes reduced cytochrome c, ferricyanide and dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP) in an NADPH-dependent manner, and supported the activity of CYP73A25, a cinnamate 4-hydroxylase of cotton. Both GhCPR genes were widely expressed in cotton tissues, with a reduced expression level of GhCPR2 in the glandless cotton cultivar. Expression of GhCPR2, but not GhCPR1, was inducible by mechanical wounding and elicitation, indicating that the GhCPR2 is more related to defense reactions, including biosynthesis of secondary metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Qing Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 300 Fenglin Road, Shanghai 200032, People's Republic of China
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Sarapusit S, Xia C, Misra I, Rongnoparut P, Kim JJP. NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase from the mosquito Anopheles minimus: kinetic studies and the influence of Leu86 and Leu219 on cofactor binding and protein stability. Arch Biochem Biophys 2008; 477:53-9. [PMID: 18539133 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2008.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/18/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome c oxidoreductase from the mosquito Anopheles minimus lacking the first 55 amino acid residues was expressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzyme loses FMN, leading to an unstable protein and subsequent aggregation. To understand the basis for the instability, we constructed single and triple mutants of L86F, L219F, and P456A, with the first two residues in the FMN domain and the third in the FAD domain. The triple mutant was purified in high yield with stoichiometries of 0.97 FMN and 0.55 FAD. Deficiency in FAD content was overcome by addition of exogenous FAD to the enzyme. Both wild-type and the triple mutant follow a two-site Ping-Pong mechanism with similar kinetic constants arguing against any global structural changes. Analysis of the single mutants indicates that the proline to alanine substitution has no impact, but that both leucine to phenylalanine substitutions are essential for FMN binding and maximum stability of the enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songklod Sarapusit
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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25
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Lamb DC, Kim Y, Yermalitskaya LV, Yermalitsky VN, Lepesheva GI, Kelly SL, Waterman MR, Podust LM. A second FMN binding site in yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase suggests a mechanism of electron transfer by diflavin reductases. Structure 2006; 14:51-61. [PMID: 16407065 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2005.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2005] [Revised: 09/19/2005] [Accepted: 09/19/2005] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase transfers two reducing equivalents derived from a hydride ion of NADPH via FAD and FMN to the large family of microsomal cytochrome P450 monooxygenases in one-electron transfer steps. The mechanism of electron transfer by diflavin reductases remains elusive and controversial. Here, we determined the crystal structure of truncated yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase, which is functionally active toward its physiological substrate cytochrome P450, and discovered a second FMN binding site at the interface of the connecting and FMN binding domains. The two FMN binding sites have different accessibilities to the bulk solvent and different amino acid environments, suggesting stabilization of different electronic structures of the reduced flavin. Since only one FMN cofactor is required for function, a hypothetical mechanism of electron transfer is discussed that proposes shuttling of a single FMN between these two sites coupled with the transition between two semiquinone forms, neutral (blue) and anionic (red).
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Lamb
- Wolfson Laboratory of P450 Biodiversity, Swansea Medical School University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, Wales SA2 8PP, UK
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Jacobsen NE, Kövér KE, Murataliev MB, Feyereisen R, Walker FA. Structure and stereochemistry of products of hydroxylation of human steroid hormones by a housefly cytochrome P450 (CYP6A1). MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2006; 44:467-74. [PMID: 16408315 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.1767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The structure and stereochemistry of nine steroid metabolites isolated in quantities ranging from 0.15 to 1.8 mg were determined using a variety of NMR techniques, including heteronuclear multiple bond correlation (HMBC) using broadband adiabatic 13C pulses and phase-sensitive data presentation. Testosterone, androstenedione and progesterone were oxidized with housefly cytochrome P450 6A1 enzyme reconstituted in vitro with housefly NADPH cytochrome P450 reductase and cytochrome b5. NMR analysis in CD3OD using a modified HMBC sequence as well as 2D heteronuclear single quantum correlation (HSQC), COSY and nuclear Overhauser and exchange spectroscopy (NOESY), combined with a detailed analysis of J couplings showed that hydroxylation occurs exclusively on the beta-face of the steroids, at positions 2, 12, and 15.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil E Jacobsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Helvig C, Tijet N, Feyereisen R, Walker FA, Restifo LL. Drosophila melanogaster CYP6A8, an insect P450 that catalyzes lauric acid (ω-1)-hydroxylation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 325:1495-502. [PMID: 15555597 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.10.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Only a handful of P450 genes have been functionally characterized from the approximately 90 recently identified in the genome of Drosophila melanogaster. Cyp6a8 encodes a 506-amino acid protein with 53.6% amino acid identity with CYP6A2. CYP6A2 has been shown to catalyze the metabolism of several insecticides including aldrin and heptachlor. CYP6A8 is expressed at many developmental stages as well as in adult life. CYP6A8 was produced in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and enzymatically characterized after catalytic activity was reconstituted with D. melanogaster P450 reductase and NADPH. Although several saturated or non-saturated fatty acids were not metabolized by CYP6A8, lauric acid (C12:0), a short-chain unsaturated fatty acid, was oxidized by CYP6A8 to produce 11-hydroxylauric acid with an apparent V(max) of 25 nmol/min/nmol P450. This is the first report showing that a member of the CYP6 family catalyzes the hydroxylation of lauric acid. Our data open new prospects for the CYP6 P450 enzymes, which could be involved in important physiological functions through fatty acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Helvig
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA.
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Murataliev MB, Feyereisen R, Walker FA. Electron transfer by diflavin reductases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2004; 1698:1-26. [PMID: 15063311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2003.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2003] [Revised: 08/20/2003] [Accepted: 10/14/2003] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Diflavin reductases are enzymes which emerged as a gene fusion of ferredoxin (flavodoxin) reductase and flavodoxin. The enzymes of this family tightly bind two flavin cofactors, FAD and FMN, and catalyze transfer of the reducing equivalents from the two-electron donor NADPH to a variety of one-electron acceptors. Cytochrome P450 reductase (P450R), a flavoprotein subunit of sulfite reductase (SiR), and flavoprotein domains of naturally occurring flavocytochrome fusion enzymes like nitric oxide synthases (NOS) and the fatty acid hydroxylase from Bacillus megaterium are some of the enzymes of this family. In this review the results of the last decade of research are summarized, and some earlier results are reevaluated as well. The kinetic mechanism of cytochrome c reduction is analyzed in light of other results on flavoprotein interactions with nucleotides and cytochromes. The roles of the binding sites of the isoalloxazine rings of the flavin cofactors and conformational changes of the protein in electron transfer are discussed. It is proposed that minor conformational changes during catalysis can potentiate properties of the redox centers during the catalytic turnover. A function of the aromatic residue that shields the isoalloxazine ring of the FAD is also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat B Murataliev
- Department of Chemistry, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210041, Tucson, AZ 85721-0041, USA
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Helvig C, Koener JF, Unnithan GC, Feyereisen R. CYP15A1, the cytochrome P450 that catalyzes epoxidation of methyl farnesoate to juvenile hormone III in cockroach corpora allata. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2004; 101:4024-9. [PMID: 15024118 PMCID: PMC384689 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0306980101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular analysis of insect hormone biosynthesis has long been hampered by the minute size of the endocrine glands producing them. Expressed sequence tags from the corpora allata of the cockroach Diploptera punctata yielded a new cytochrome P450, CYP15A1. Its full-length cDNA encoded a 493-aa protein that has only 34% amino acid identity with CYP4C7, a terpenoid omega-hydroxylase previously cloned from this tissue. Heterologous expression of the cDNA in Escherichia coli produced >300 nmol of CYP15A1 per liter of culture. After purification, its catalytic activity was reconstituted by using phospholipids and house fly P450 reductase. CYP15A1 metabolizes methyl (2E,6E)-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecatrienoate (methyl farnesoate) to methyl (2E,6E)-(10R)-10,11-epoxy-3,7,11-trimethyl-2,6-dodecadienoate [juvenile hormone III, JH III] with a turnover of 3-5 nmol/min/nmol P450. The enzyme produces JH III with a ratio of approximately 98:2 in favor of the natural (10R)-epoxide enantiomer. This result is in contrast to other insect P450s, such as CYP6A1, that epoxidize methyl farnesoate with lower regio- and stereoselectivity. RT-PCR experiments show that the CYP15A1 gene is expressed selectively in the corpora allata of D. punctata, at the time of maximal JH production by the glands. We thus report the cloning and functional expression of a gene involved in an insect-specific step of juvenile hormone biosynthesis. Heterologously expressed CYP15A1 from D. punctata or its ortholog from economically important species may be useful in the design and screening of selective insect control agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Helvig
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
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Warrilow AGS, Lamb DC, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Phanerochaete chrysosporium NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase kinetic mechanism. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 299:189-95. [PMID: 12437968 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02600-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The recently completed genome of the basidiomycete, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, revealed the presence of one NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR; EC 1.6.2.4) gene and >123 cytochrome P450 (CYP) genes. How a single CPR can drive many CYPs is an important area of study. We have investigated this CPR to gain insight into the mechanistic and structural biodiversity of the cytochrome P450 catalytic system. Native CPR and a NH(2)-terminally truncated derivative lacking 23 amino acids have been overexpressed in Escherichia coli and purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. Steady-state kinetics of cytochrome c reductase activity revealed a random sequential bireactant kinetic mechanism in which both products form dead-end complexes reflecting differences in CPR kinetic mechanisms even within a single kingdom of life. Removal of the N-terminal anchor of P. chrysosporium CPR did not alter the kinetic properties displayed by the enzyme in vitro, indicating it was a useful modification for structural studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew G S Warrilow
- Wolfson Laboratory of P450 Biodiversity, Institute of Biological Sciences, The University of Wales Aberystwyth, SY23 3DA, Aberystwyth, UK
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Sabourault C, Guzov VM, Koener JF, Claudianos C, Plapp FW, Feyereisen R. Overproduction of a P450 that metabolizes diazinon is linked to a loss-of-function in the chromosome 2 ali-esterase (MdalphaE7) gene in resistant house flies. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2001; 10:609-618. [PMID: 11903631 DOI: 10.1046/j.0962-1075.2001.00303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Up-regulation of detoxifying enzymes in insecticide-resistant strains of the house fly is a common mechanism for metabolic resistance. However, the molecular basis of this increased insecticide metabolism is not well understood. In the multiresistant Rutgers strain, several cytochromes P450 and glutathione S-transferases are constitutively overexpressed at the transcriptional level. Overexpression is the result of trans-regulation, and a regulatory gene has been located on chromosome 2. A Gly137 to Asp point mutation in alphaE7 esterase gene, leading to the loss of carboxylesterase activity, has been associated with organophosphate resistance in the house fly and the sheep blowfly. We show here that purified recombinant CYP6A1 is able to detoxify diazinon with a high efficiency. We also show that either the Gly137 to Asp point mutation in alphaE7 esterase gene or a deletion at this locus confer resistance and overproduction of the CYP6A1 protein. Based on these findings, we propose it is the absence of the wild-type Gly137 allele of the alphaE7 gene that releases the transcriptional repression of genes coding for detoxification enzymes such as CYP6A1, thereby leading to metabolic resistance to diazinon.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Sabourault
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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Lamb DC, Warrilow AG, Venkateswarlu K, Kelly DE, Kelly SL. Activities and kinetic mechanisms of native and soluble NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2001; 286:48-54. [PMID: 11485306 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.2001.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Native yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (CPR; EC 1.6.2.4) and a soluble derivative lacking 33 amino acids of the NH(2)-terminus have been overexpressed as recombinant proteins in Escherichia coli. The presence of a hexahistidine sequence at the N-terminus allowed protein purification in a single step using nickel-chelating affinity chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis confirmed the predicted molecular weights of the proteins and indicated a purity of >95%. Protein functionality was demonstrated by cytochrome c reduction and reconstitution of CYP61-mediated sterol Delta(22)-desaturation. Steady-state kinetics of cytochrome c reductase activity revealed a random Bi-Bi mechanism with NADPH donating electrons directly to CPR to produce a reduced intermediary form of the enzyme. The kinetic mechanism studies showed no difference between the two yeast CPRs in mechanism or after reconstitution with CYP61-mediated 22-desaturation, confirming that the retention of the NH(2)-terminable membrane anchor is functionally dispensable.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Lamb
- Institute of Biological Sciences, University of Wales-Aberystwyth, Aberystwyth SY23 3DA, Wales, United Kingdom
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Abstract
The P450 enzymes (mixed function oxidases, cytochrome P450 monooxygenases), a diverse class of enzymes found in virtually all insect tissues, fulfill many important tasks, from the synthesis and degradation of ecdysteroids and juvenile hormones to the metabolism of foreign chemicals of natural or synthetic origin. This diversity in function is achieved by a diversity in structure, as insect genomes probably carry about 100 P450 genes, sometimes arranged in clusters, and each coding for a different P450 enzyme. Both microsomal and mitochondrial P450s are present in insects and are best studied by heterologous expression of their cDNA and reconstitution of purified enzymes. P450 genes are under complex regulation, with induction playing a central role in the adaptation to plant chemicals and regulatory mutations playing a central role in insecticide resistance. Polymorphisms in induction or constitutive expression allow insects to scan their P450 gene repertoire for the appropriate response to chemical insults, and these evolutionary pressures in turn maintain P450 diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Feyereisen
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Tucson 85721, USA.
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