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Hiller M, Diwo M, Wamp S, Gutsmann T, Lang C, Blankenfeldt W, Flieger A. Structure-function relationships underpin disulfide loop cleavage-dependent activation of Legionella pneumophila lysophospholipase A PlaA. Mol Microbiol 2024; 121:497-512. [PMID: 38130174 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.15201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila, the causative agent of a life-threatening pneumonia, intracellularly replicates in a specialized compartment in lung macrophages, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). Secreted proteins of the pathogen govern important steps in the intracellular life cycle including bacterial egress. Among these is the type II secreted PlaA which, together with PlaC and PlaD, belongs to the GDSL phospholipase family found in L. pneumophila. PlaA shows lysophospholipase A (LPLA) activity which increases after secretion and subsequent processing by the zinc metalloproteinase ProA within a disulfide loop. Activity of PlaA contributes to the destabilization of the LCV in the absence of the type IVB-secreted effector SdhA. We here present the 3D structure of PlaA which shows a typical α/β-hydrolase fold and reveals that the uncleaved disulfide loop forms a lid structure covering the catalytic triad S30/D278/H282. This leads to reduction of substrate access before activation; however, the catalytic site gets more accessible when the disulfide loop is processed. After structural modeling, a similar activation process is suggested for the GDSL hydrolase PlaC, but not for PlaD. Furthermore, the size of the PlaA substrate-binding site indicated preference toward phospholipids comprising ~16 carbon fatty acid residues which was verified by lipid hydrolysis, suggesting a molecular ruler mechanism. Indeed, mutational analysis changed the substrate profile with respect to fatty acid chain length. In conclusion, our analysis revealed the structural basis for the regulated activation and substrate preference of PlaA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hiller
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Maurice Diwo
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Sabrina Wamp
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Thomas Gutsmann
- Research Center Borstel, Leibniz Lung Center, Division of Biophysics, Borstel, Germany
- CSSB-Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Wulf Blankenfeldt
- Structure and Function of Proteins, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
- Institute for Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch Institute, Wernigerode, Germany
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Lin H, Xing J, Wang H, Wang S, Fang R, Li X, Li Z, Song N. Roles of Lipolytic enzymes in Mycobacterium tuberculosis pathogenesis. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1329715. [PMID: 38357346 PMCID: PMC10865251 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1329715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a bacterial pathogen that can endure for long periods in an infected patient, without causing disease. There are a number of virulence factors that increase its ability to invade the host. One of these factors is lipolytic enzymes, which play an important role in the pathogenic mechanism of Mtb. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids in host cells, thereby releasing free fatty acids that are used as energy sources and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelopes, in addition to regulating host immune responses. This review summarizes the relevant recent studies that used in vitro and in vivo models of infection, with particular emphasis on the virulence profile of lipolytic enzymes in Mtb. A better understanding of these enzymes will aid the development of new treatment strategies for TB. The recent work done that explored mycobacterial lipolytic enzymes and their involvement in virulence and pathogenicity was highlighted in this study. Lipolytic enzymes are expected to control Mtb and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria by targeting lipid metabolism. They are also potential candidates for the development of novel therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Lin
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Jiayin Xing
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shuxian Wang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Ren Fang
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Zhaoli Li
- SAFE Pharmaceutical Technology Co. Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Ningning Song
- Weifang Key Laboratory of Respiratory Tract Pathogens and Drug Therapy, School of Life Science and Technology, Shandong Second Medical University, Weifang, China
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Denessiouk K, Denesyuk AI, Permyakov SE, Permyakov EA, Johnson MS, Uversky VN. The active site of the SGNH hydrolase-like fold proteins: Nucleophile-oxyanion (Nuc-Oxy) and Acid-Base zones. Curr Res Struct Biol 2023; 7:100123. [PMID: 38235349 PMCID: PMC10792757 DOI: 10.1016/j.crstbi.2023.100123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
SGNH hydrolase-like fold proteins are serine proteases with the default Asp-His-Ser catalytic triad. Here, we show that these proteins share two unique conserved structural organizations around the active site: (1) the Nuc-Oxy Zone around the catalytic nucleophile and the oxyanion hole, and (2) the Acid-Base Zone around the catalytic acid and base. The Nuc-Oxy Zone consists of 14 amino acids cross-linked with eight conserved intra- and inter-block hydrogen bonds. The Acid-Base Zone is constructed from a single fragment of the polypeptide chain, which incorporates both the catalytic acid and base, and whose N- and C-terminal residues are linked together by a conserved hydrogen bond. The Nuc-Oxy and Acid-Base Zones are connected by an SHLink, a two-bond conserved interaction from amino acids, adjacent to the catalytic nucleophile and base.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Denessiouk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Alexander I. Denesyuk
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Sergei E. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Eugene A. Permyakov
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
| | - Mark S. Johnson
- Structural Bioinformatics Laboratory, Biochemistry, InFLAMES Research Flagship Center, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Turku, 20520, Finland
| | - Vladimir N. Uversky
- Institute for Biological Instrumentation of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Federal Research Center “Pushchino Scientific Center for Biological Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences”, Pushchino, 142290, Russia
- Department of Molecular Medicine and USF Health Byrd Alzheimer's Research Institute, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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Colombini L, Santoro F, Tirziu M, Lazzeri E, Morelli L, Pozzi G, Iannelli F. The mobilome of Lactobacillus crispatus M247 includes two novel genetic elements: Tn 7088 coding for a putative bacteriocin and the siphovirus prophage ΦM247. Microb Genom 2023; 9:001150. [PMID: 38085804 PMCID: PMC10763512 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.001150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Lactobacillus crispatus is a member of the vaginal and gastrointestinal human microbiota. Here we determined the complete genome sequence of the probiotic strain M247 combining Nanopore and Illumina technologies. The M247 genome is organized in one circular chromosome of 2 336 109 bp, with a GC content of 37.04 % and 2303 ORFs, of which 1962 could be annotated. Analysis of the M247 mobilome, which accounts for 14 % of the whole genome, revealed the presence of: (i) Tn7088, a novel 14 105 bp long integrative and mobilizable element (IME) containing 16 ORFs; (ii) ΦM247, a novel 42 510 bp long siphovirus prophage containing 52 ORFs; (iii) three clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs); and (iv) 226 insertion sequences (ISs) belonging to 14 different families. Tn7088 has a modular organization including a mobilization module encoding FtsK homologous proteins and a relaxase, an integration/excision module coding for an integrase and an excisionase, and an adaptation module coding for a class I bacteriocin and homologous to the listeriolysin S (lls) locus of Listeria monocytogenes. Genome-wide homology search analysis showed the presence of Tn7088-like elements in 12 out of 23 L. crispatus complete public genomes. Mobilization and integration/excision modules are essentially conserved, while the adaptation module is variable since it is the target site for the integration of different ISs. Prophage ΦM247 contains genes for phage structural proteins, DNA replication and packaging, lysogenic and lytic cycles. ΦM247-like prophages are present in seven L. crispatus complete genomes, with sequence variability mainly due to the integration of ISs. PCR and sequencing showed that the Tn7088 IME excises from the M247 chromosome producing a circular form at a concentration of 4.32×10-5 copies per chromosome, and reconstitution of the Tn7088 chromosomal target site occurred at 6.65×10-4 copies per chromosome. The ΦM247 prophage produces an excised form and a reconstituted target site at a level of 3.90×10-5 and 2.48×10-5 copies per chromosome, respectively. This study identified two novel genetic elements in L. crispatus. Tn7088 represents the first example of an IME carrying a biosynthetic gene cluster for a class I bacteriocin in L. crispatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Colombini
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Santoro
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Mariana Tirziu
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Elisa Lazzeri
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Morelli
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Department of Food Science and Technologies for a Sustainable Agri-food Supply Chain (DiSTAS), University of Piacenza, 53100 Piacenza, Italy
| | - Gianni Pozzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Iannelli
- Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Medical Biotechnologies, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy
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5
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Hiramatsu Y, Nishida T, Ota N, Tamaki Y, Nugraha DK, Horiguchi Y. DAT, deacylating autotransporter toxin, from Bordetella parapertussis demyristoylates Gα i GTPases and contributes to cough. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2308260120. [PMID: 37748060 PMCID: PMC10556565 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308260120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The pathogenic bacteria Bordetella pertussis and Bordetella parapertussis cause pertussis (whooping cough) and pertussis-like disease, respectively, both of which are characterized by paroxysmal coughing. We previously reported that pertussis toxin (PTx), which inactivates heterotrimeric GTPases of the Gi family through ADP-ribosylation of their α subunits, causes coughing in combination with Vag8 and lipid A in B. pertussis infection. In contrast, the mechanism of cough induced by B. parapertussis, which produces Vag8 and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) containing lipid A, but not PTx, remained to be elucidated. Here, we show that a toxin we named deacylating autotransporter toxin (DAT) of B. parapertussis inactivates heterotrimeric Gi GTPases through demyristoylation of their α subunits and contributes to cough production along with Vag8 and LPS. These results indicate that DAT plays a role in B. parapertussis infection in place of PTx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiro Hiramatsu
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishida
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Natsuko Ota
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamaki
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Dendi K. Nugraha
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
| | - Yasuhiko Horiguchi
- Department of Molecular Bacteriology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
- Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka565-0871, Japan
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6
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Rodríguez-Suárez C, Requena-Ramírez MD, Hornero-Méndez D, Atienza SG. Towards carotenoid biofortification in wheat: identification of XAT-7A1, a multicopy tandem gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 23:412. [PMID: 37674126 PMCID: PMC10481513 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04431-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/08/2023]
Abstract
Yellow pigment content, mainly due to the accumulation of carotenoids, is a quality trait in durum wheat grain as it confers the bright yellow color to pasta preferred by consumers. Also, carotenoids are essential nutrients exerting important biological functions in human health. Consequently, biofortification strategies have been developed in many crops to increase carotenoid content. In this context, carotenoid esterification is emerging as a new breeding target for wheat biofortification, as carotenoid esters have been found to promote both carotenoid accumulation and stability. Until recently, no carotenoid esters have been identified in significant proportions in durum wheat grains, and interspecific breeding programs have been started to transfer esterification ability from common wheat and Hordeum chilense.In this work, XAT-7A1 is identified as the gene responsible for carotenoid esterification in durum wheat. Sequencing, copy number variation and mapping results show that XAT-7A1 is organized as tandem or proximal GDSL esterase/lipase copies in chromosome 7A. Three XAT-7A1 haplotypes are described: Type 1 copies, associated with high levels of carotenoid esters (diesters and monoesters) production and high expression in grain development; Type 2 copies, present in landraces with low levels of carotenoid esters (monoesters) or no esters; and Type 3 copies, without the signal peptide, resulting in zero-ester phenotypes.The identification of XAT-7A1 is a necessary step to make the carotenoid esterification ability available for durum and bread wheat breeding, which should be focused on the Type 1 XAT-7A1 haplotype, which may be assessed as a single gene since XAT-7A1 copies are inherited together.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Rodríguez-Suárez
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - M D Requena-Ramírez
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain
| | - D Hornero-Méndez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa, CSIC. Campus Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Edificio 46. Ctra. de Utrera, Km 1, E-41013, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S G Atienza
- Institute for Sustainable Agriculture, CSIC, Avda, Menéndez Pidal s/n, E-14004, Córdoba, Spain.
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7
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Barker EI, Rabbi F, Brisbourne WA, Aparato VPM, Escarrega Valenzuela V, Renzaglia KS, Suh DY. Genome-wide analysis of the GDSL esterase/lipase family genes in Physcomitrium patens and the involvement of GELP31 in spore germination. Mol Genet Genomics 2023; 298:1155-1172. [PMID: 37338594 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-023-02041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
In plants, the ability to produce hydrophobic substances that would provide protection from dehydration was required for the transition to land. This genome-wide investigation outlines the evolution of GDSL-type esterase/lipase (GELP) proteins in the moss Physcomitrium patens and suggests possible functions of some genes. GELP proteins play roles in the formation of hydrophobic polymers such as cutin and suberin that protect against dehydration and pathogen attack. GELP proteins are also implicated in processes such as pollen development and seed metabolism and germination. The P. patens GELP gene family comprises 48 genes and 14 pseudogenes. Phylogenetic analysis of all P. patens GELP sequences along with vascular plant GELP proteins with reported functions revealed that the P. patens genes clustered within previously identified A, B and C clades. A duplication model predicting the expansion of the GELP gene family within the P. patens lineage was constructed. Expression analysis combined with phylogenetic analysis suggested candidate genes for functions such as defence against pathogens, cutin metabolism, spore development and spore germination. The presence of relatively fewer GELP genes in P. patens may reduce the occurrence of functional redundancy that complicates the characterization of vascular plant GELP genes. Knockout lines of GELP31, which is highly expressed in sporophytes, were constructed. Gelp31 spores contained amorphous oil bodies and germinated late, suggesting (a) role(s) of GELP31 in lipid metabolism in spore development or germination. Future knockout studies of other candidate GELP genes will further elucidate the relationship between expansion of the family and the ability to withstand the harsh land environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth I Barker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
| | - Fazle Rabbi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Wyllie A Brisbourne
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | - Vincent P M Aparato
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada
| | | | - Karen S Renzaglia
- Department of Plant Biology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Dae-Yeon Suh
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Regina, Regina, SK, Canada.
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8
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Pillay TD, Hettiarachchi SU, Gan J, Diaz-Del-Olmo I, Yu XJ, Muench JH, Thurston TL, Pearson JS. Speaking the host language: how Salmonella effector proteins manipulate the host. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001342. [PMID: 37279149 PMCID: PMC10333799 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Salmonella injects over 40 virulence factors, termed effectors, into host cells to subvert diverse host cellular processes. Of these 40 Salmonella effectors, at least 25 have been described as mediating eukaryotic-like, biochemical post-translational modifications (PTMs) of host proteins, altering the outcome of infection. The downstream changes mediated by an effector's enzymatic activity range from highly specific to multifunctional, and altogether their combined action impacts the function of an impressive array of host cellular processes, including signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and both innate and adaptive immune responses. Salmonella and related Gram-negative pathogens have been a rich resource for the discovery of unique enzymatic activities, expanding our understanding of host signalling networks, bacterial pathogenesis as well as basic biochemistry. In this review, we provide an up-to-date assessment of host manipulation mediated by the Salmonella type III secretion system injectosome, exploring the cellular effects of diverse effector activities with a particular focus on PTMs and the implications for infection outcomes. We also highlight activities and functions of numerous effectors that remain poorly characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timesh D. Pillay
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Sahampath U. Hettiarachchi
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jiyao Gan
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ines Diaz-Del-Olmo
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Xiu-Jun Yu
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Janina H. Muench
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Teresa L.M. Thurston
- Centre for Bacterial Resistance Biology, Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College, London SW7 2AZ, UK
- The Francis Crick Institute, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Jaclyn S. Pearson
- Centre for Innate Immunity and Infectious Diseases, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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9
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Wang J, Zhao H, Qu Y, Yang P, Huang J. The binding pocket properties were fundamental to functional diversification of the GDSL-type esterases/lipases gene family in cotton. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 13:1099673. [PMID: 36743561 PMCID: PMC9889996 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1099673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cotton is one of the most important crops in the world. GDSL-type esterases/lipases (GELPs) are widely present in all kingdoms and play an essential role in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this functional diversity remain unclear. Here, based on the identification of the GELP gene family, we applied genetic evolution and molecular simulation techniques to explore molecular mechanisms in cotton species. A total of 1502 GELP genes were identified in 10 cotton species. Segmental duplication and differences in evolutionary rates are the leading causes of the increase in the number and diversity of GELP genes during evolution for ecological adaptation. Structural analysis revealed that the GELP family has high structural diversity. Moreover, molecular simulation studies have demonstrated significant differences in the properties of the binding pockets among cotton GELPs. In the process of adapting to the environment, GELPs not only have segmental duplication but also have different evolutionary rates, resulting in gene diversity. This diversity leads to significant differences in the 3D structure and binding pocket properties and, finally, to functional diversity. These findings provide a reference for further functional analyses of plant GELPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshe Wang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Haiyan Zhao
- School of Biotechnology and Food Engineering, Anyang Institute of Technology, Anyang, Henan, China
| | - Yunfang Qu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Peng Yang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
| | - Jinling Huang
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, Shanxi, China
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10
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Ki DU, Song WS, Yoon SI. Structural and biochemical analysis of the GDSL-family esterase CJ0610C from Campylobacter jejuni. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2022; 631:124-129. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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11
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Cenci A, Concepción-Hernández M, Guignon V, Angenon G, Rouard M. Genome-Wide Classification and Phylogenetic Analyses of the GDSL-Type Esterase/Lipase (GELP) Family in Flowering Plants. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012114. [PMID: 36292971 PMCID: PMC9602515 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
GDSL-type esterase/lipase (GELP) enzymes have key functions in plants, such as developmental processes, anther and pollen development, and responses to biotic and abiotic stresses. Genes that encode GELP belong to a complex and large gene family, ranging from tens to more than hundreds of members per plant species. To facilitate functional transfer between them, we conducted a genome-wide classification of GELP in 46 plant species. First, we applied an iterative phylogenetic method using a selected set of representative angiosperm genomes (three monocots and five dicots) and identified 10 main clusters, subdivided into 44 orthogroups (OGs). An expert curation for gene structures, orthogroup composition, and functional annotation was made based on a literature review. Then, using the HMM profiles as seeds, we expanded the classification to 46 plant species. Our results revealed the variable evolutionary dynamics between OGs in which some expanded, mostly through tandem duplications, while others were maintained as single copies. Among these, dicot-specific clusters and specific amplifications in monocots and wheat were characterized. This approach, by combining manual curation and automatic identification, was effective in characterizing a large gene family, allowing the establishment of a classification framework for gene function transfer and a better understanding of the evolutionary history of GELP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Cenci
- Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.R.)
| | - Mairenys Concepción-Hernández
- Instituto de Biotecnología de las Plantas, Universidad Central “Marta Abreu” de Las Villas (UCLV), Carretera a Camajuaní km 5.5, Santa Clara C.P. 54830, Villa Clara, Cuba
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Valentin Guignon
- Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier, France
| | - Geert Angenon
- Research Group Plant Genetics, Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Rouard
- Bioversity International, Parc Scientifique Agropolis II, 34397 Montpellier, France
- Correspondence: (A.C.); (M.R.)
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12
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Anderson AC, Stangherlin S, Pimentel KN, Weadge JT, Clarke AJ. The SGNH hydrolase family: a template for carbohydrate diversity. Glycobiology 2022; 32:826-848. [PMID: 35871440 PMCID: PMC9487903 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The substitution and de-substitution of carbohydrate materials are important steps in the biosynthesis and/or breakdown of a wide variety of biologically important polymers. The SGNH hydrolase superfamily is a group of related and well-studied proteins with a highly conserved catalytic fold and mechanism composed of 16 member families. SGNH hydrolases can be found in vertebrates, plants, fungi, bacteria, and archaea, and play a variety of important biological roles related to biomass conversion, pathogenesis, and cell signaling. The SGNH hydrolase superfamily is chiefly composed of a diverse range of carbohydrate-modifying enzymes, including but not limited to the carbohydrate esterase families 2, 3, 6, 12 and 17 under the carbohydrate-active enzyme classification system and database (CAZy.org). In this review, we summarize the structural and functional features that delineate these subfamilies of SGNH hydrolases, and which generate the wide variety of substrate preferences and enzymatic activities observed of these proteins to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Anderson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Stefen Stangherlin
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Kyle N Pimentel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada
| | - Joel T Weadge
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L3C5, Canada
| | - Anthony J Clarke
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G2W1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo N2L3C5, Canada
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13
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Studies on the Selectivity Mechanism of Wild-Type E. coli Thioesterase ‘TesA and Its Mutants for Medium- and Long-Chain Acyl Substrates. Catalysts 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/catal12091026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
E. coli thioesterase ‘TesA is an important enzyme in fatty acid production. Medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs, C6-C10) are of great interest due to their similar physicochemical properties to petroleum-based oleo-chemicals. It has been shown that wild-type ‘TesA had better selectivity for long-chain acyl substrates (≥C16), while the two mutants ‘TesAE142D/Y145G and ‘TesAM141L/E142D/Y145G had better selectivity for medium-chain acyl substrates. However, it is difficult to obtain the selectivity mechanism of substrates for proteins by traditional experimental methods. In this study, in order to obtain more MCFAs, we analyzed the binding mode of proteins (‘TesA, ‘TesAE142D/Y145G and ‘TesAM141L/E142D/Y145G) and substrates (C16/C8-N-acetylcysteamine analogs, C16/C8-SNAC), the key residues and catalytic mechanisms through molecular docking, molecular dynamics simulations and the molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann surface area (MM/PBSA). The results showed that several main residues related to catalysis, including Ser10, Asn73 and His157, had a strong hydrogen bond interaction with the substrates. The mutant region (Met141-Tyr146) and loop107–113 were mainly dominated by Van der Waals contributions to the substrates. For C16-SNAC, except for ‘TesAM141L/E142D/Y145G with large conformational changes, there were strong interactions at both head and tail ends that distorted the substrate into a more favorable high-energy conformation for the catalytic reaction. For C8-SNAC, the head and tail found it difficult to bind to the enzyme at the same time due to insufficient chain length, which made the substrate binding sites more variable, so ‘TesAM141L/E142D/Y145G with better binding sites had the strongest activity, and ‘TesA had the weakest activity, conversely. In short, the matching substrate chain and binding pocket length are the key factors affecting selectivity. This will be helpful for the further improvement of thioesterases.
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14
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Scott H, Davies GJ, Armstrong Z. The structure of Phocaeicola vulgatus sialic acid acetylesterase. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION D STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2022; 78:647-657. [PMID: 35503212 PMCID: PMC9063846 DOI: 10.1107/s2059798322003357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The sialic acid acetylesterase from P. vulgatus was produced heterologously in Escherichia coli, purified and crystallized in two different crystal forms, from which structures at 1.44 and 2.06 Å resolution were obtained. Sialic acids terminate many N- and O-glycans and are widely distributed on cell surfaces. There are a diverse range of enzymes which interact with these sugars throughout the tree of life. They can act as receptors for influenza and specific betacoronaviruses in viral binding and their cleavage is important in virion release. Sialic acids are also exploited by both commensal and pathogenic bacteria for nutrient acquisition. A common modification of sialic acid is 9-O-acetylation, which can limit the action of sialidases. Some bacteria, including human endosymbionts, employ esterases to overcome this modification. However, few bacterial sialic acid 9-O-acetylesterases (9-O-SAEs) have been structurally characterized. Here, the crystal structure of a 9-O-SAE from Phocaeicola vulgatus (PvSAE) is reported. The structure of PvSAE was determined to resolutions of 1.44 and 2.06 Å using crystals from two different crystallization conditions. Structural characterization revealed PvSAE to be a dimer with an SGNH fold, named after the conserved sequence motif of this family, and a Ser–His–Asp catalytic triad. These structures also reveal flexibility in the most N-terminal α-helix, which provides a barrier to active-site accessibility. Biochemical assays also show that PvSAE deacetylates both mucin and the acetylated chromophore para-nitrophenyl acetate. This structural and biochemical characterization of PvSAE furthers the understanding of 9-O-SAEs and may aid in the discovery of small molecules targeting this class of enzyme.
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15
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Elucidating Sequence and Structural Determinants of Carbohydrate Esterases for Complete Deacetylation of Substituted Xylans. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092655. [PMID: 35566004 PMCID: PMC9105624 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylated glucuronoxylan is one of the most common types of hemicellulose in nature. The structure is formed by a β-(1→4)-linked D-xylopyranosyl (Xylp) backbone that can be substituted with an acetyl group at O-2 and O-3 positions, and α-(1→2)-linked 4-O-methylglucopyranosyluronic acid (MeGlcpA). Acetyl xylan esterases (AcXE) that target mono- or doubly acetylated Xylp are well characterized; however, the previously studied AcXE from Flavobacterium johnsoniae (FjoAcXE) was the first to remove the acetyl group from 2-O-MeGlcpA-3-O-acetyl-substituted Xylp units, yet structural characteristics of these enzymes remain unspecified. Here, six homologs of FjoAcXE were produced and three crystal structures of the enzymes were solved. Two of them are complex structures, one with bound MeGlcpA and another with acetate. All homologs were confirmed to release acetate from 2-O-MeGlcpA-3-O-acetyl-substituted xylan, and the crystal structures point to key structural elements that might serve as defining features of this unclassified carbohydrate esterase family. Enzymes comprised two domains: N-terminal CBM domain and a C-terminal SGNH domain. In FjoAcXE and all studied homologs, the sequence motif around the catalytic serine is Gly-Asn-Ser-Ile (GNSI), which differs from other SGNH hydrolases. Binding by the MeGlcpA-Xylp ligand is directed by positively charged and highly conserved residues at the interface of the CBM and SGNH domains of the enzyme.
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16
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Carbohydrate esterase family 16 contains fungal hemicellulose acetyl esterases (HAEs) with varying specificity. N Biotechnol 2022; 70:28-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2022.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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17
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Pearson C, Tindall S, Potts JR, Thomas GH, van der Woude MW. Diverse functions for acyltransferase-3 proteins in the modification of bacterial cell surfaces. Microbiology (Reading) 2022; 168. [PMID: 35253642 PMCID: PMC9558356 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The acylation of sugars, most commonly via acetylation, is a widely used mechanism in bacteria that uses a simple chemical modification to confer useful traits. For structures like lipopolysaccharide, capsule and peptidoglycan, that function outside of the cytoplasm, their acylation during export or post-synthesis requires transport of an activated acyl group across the membrane. In bacteria this function is most commonly linked to a family of integral membrane proteins – acyltransferase-3 (AT3). Numerous studies examining production of diverse extracytoplasmic sugar-containing structures have identified roles for these proteins in O-acylation. Many of the phenotypes conferred by the action of AT3 proteins influence host colonisation and environmental survival, as well as controlling the properties of biotechnologically important polysaccharides and the modification of antibiotics and antitumour drugs by Actinobacteria. Herein we present the first systematic review, to our knowledge, of the functions of bacterial AT3 proteins, revealing an important protein family involved in a plethora of systems of importance to bacterial function that is still relatively poorly understood at the mechanistic level. By defining and comparing this set of functions we draw out common themes in the structure and mechanism of this fascinating family of membrane-bound enzymes, which, due to their role in host colonisation in many pathogens, could offer novel targets for the development of antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Tindall
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | | | - Gavin H. Thomas
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
| | - Marjan W. van der Woude
- Hull York Medical School, Heslington, UK
- York Biomedical Institute, University of York, Heslington, UK
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Sánchez-Barrionuevo L, Mateos J, Fernández-Puente P, Begines P, Fernández-Bolaños JG, Gutiérrez G, Cánovas D, Mellado E. Identification of an acetyl esterase in the supernatant of the environmental strain Bacillus sp. HR21-6. Biochimie 2022; 198:48-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2022.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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19
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Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhao J, Sun L, Wang H, Zhu Y, Xiao J, Wang X. Genome-Wide Identification of GDSL-Type Esterase/Lipase Gene Family in Dasypyrum villosum L. Reveals That DvGELP53 Is Related to BSMV Infection. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222212317. [PMID: 34830200 PMCID: PMC8624868 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) characterized by a conserved GDSL motif at their N-terminus belong to the lipid hydrolysis enzyme superfamily. In plants, GELPs play an important role in plant growth, development and stress response. The studies of the identification and characterization of the GELP gene family in Triticeae have not been reported. In this study, 193 DvGELPs were identified in Dasypyrum villosum and classified into 11 groups (clade A–K) by means of phylogenetic analysis. Most DvGELPs contain only one GDSL domain, only four DvGELPs contain other domains besides the GDSL domain. Gene structure analysis indicated 35.2% DvGELP genes have four introns and five exons. In the promoter regions of the identified DvGELPs, we detected 4502 putative cis-elements, which were associated with plant hormones, plant growth, environmental stress and light responsiveness. Expression profiling revealed 36, 44 and 17 DvGELPs were highly expressed in the spike, the root and the grain, respectively. Further investigation of a root-specific expressing GELP, DvGELP53, indicated it was induced by a variety of biotic and abiotic stresses. The knockdown of DvGELP53 inhibited long-distance movement of BSMV in the tissue of D. villosum. This research provides a genome-wide glimpse of the D. villosum GELP genes and hints at the participation of DvGELP53 in the interaction between virus and plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to The Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jia Zhao
- College of Agriculture, South China Agriculture University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
| | - Li Sun
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to The Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China; (H.Z.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Jin Xiao
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Xiue Wang
- State Key Lab of Crop Genetics and Germplasm Enhancement, Cytogenetics Institute, Nanjing Agricultural University/JCIC-MCP, Nanjing 210095, China; (X.Z.); (L.S.); (H.W.); (J.X.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-25-84395308
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20
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Yamamoto K, Momonoki YS. Identification and molecular characterization of propionylcholinesterase, a novel pseudocholinesterase in rice. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2021; 16:1961062. [PMID: 34334124 PMCID: PMC8525928 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2021.1961062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cholinesterase is consisting of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase in vertebrates and invertebrates. AChE gene has been identified in several plant species, while pseudocholinesterase gene has not yet been found in any plant species. In this study, we report that the AChE gene paralog encodes propionylcholinesterase (PChE), a pseudocholinesterase in rice. PChE was found to be located adjacent to AChE (Os07g0586200) on rice chromosome 7 and designated as Os07g0586100. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed a close relationship between rice AChE and PChE. PChE-overexpressing rice had higher hydrolytic activity toward propionylthiocholine than acetylthiocholine and showed extremely low activity against butyrylthiocholine. Therefore, the PChE gene product was characterized as a propionylcholinesterase, a pseudocholinesterase. The rice PChE displayed lower sensitivity to the cholinesterase inhibitor, neostigmine bromide, than electric eel, maize, and rice AChEs. The recombinant PChE functions as a 171 kDa homotetramer. PChE was expressed during the later developmental stage, and it was found be localized in the extracellular spaces of the rice leaf tissue. These results suggest that the rice plant possesses PChE, which functions in the extracellular spaces at a later developmental stage. To the best of our knowledge, this study provides the first direct evidence and molecular characterization of PChE in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Yamamoto
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Tang XD, Dong FY, Zhang QH, Lin L, Wang P, Xu XY, Wei W, Wei DZ. Protein engineering of a cold-adapted rhamnogalacturonan acetylesterase: In vivo functional expression and cinnamyl acetate synthesis. Process Biochem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2021.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Albers M, Schröter L, Belousov S, Hartmann M, Grove M, Abeln M, Mühlenhoff M. The sialyl-O-acetylesterase NanS of Tannerella forsythia encompasses two catalytic modules with different regiospecificity for O7 and O9 of sialic acid. Glycobiology 2021; 31:1176-1191. [PMID: 33909048 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwab034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The periodontal pathogen Tannerella forsythia utilizes host sialic acids as a nutrient source. To also make O-acetylated sialyl residues susceptible to the action of its sialidase and sialic acid up-take system, Tannerella produces NanS, an O-acetylesterase with two putative catalytic domains. Here, we analyzed NanS by homology modeling, predicted a catalytic serine-histidine-aspartate triad for each catalytic domain and performed individual domain inactivation by single alanine exchanges of the triad nucleophiles S32 and S311. Subsequent functional analyses revealed that both domains possess sialyl-O-acetylesterase activity, but differ in their regioselectivity with respect to position O9 and O7 of sialic acid. The 7-O-acetylesterase activity inherent to the C-terminal domain of NanS is unique among sialyl-O-acetylesterases and fills the current gap in tools targeting 7-O-acetylation. Application of the O7-specific variant NanS-S32A allowed us to evidence the presence of cellular 7,9-di-O-acetylated sialoglycans by monitoring the gain in 9-O-acetylation upon selective removal of acetyl groups from O7. Moreover, we established de-7,9-O-acetylation by wild-type NanS as an easy and efficient method to validate the specific binding of three viral lectins commonly used for the recognition of (7),9-O-acetylated sialoglycans. Their binding critically depends on an acetyl group in O9, yet de-7,9-O-acetylation proved advantageous over de-9-O-acetylation as the additional removal of the 7-O-acetyl group eliminated ligand formation by 7,9-ester migration. Together, our data show that NanS gained dual functionality through recruitment of two esterase modules with complementary activities. This enables Tannerella to scavenge 7,9-di-O-acetylated sialyl residues and provides a novel, O7-specific tool for studying sialic acid O-acetylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malena Albers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Larissa Schröter
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Sergej Belousov
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Maike Hartmann
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Melanie Grove
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Markus Abeln
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Mühlenhoff
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
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23
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Jo E, Kim J, Lee A, Moon K, Cha J. Identification and Characterization of a Novel Thermostable GDSL-Type Lipase from Geobacillus thermocatenulatus. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 31:483-491. [PMID: 33622993 PMCID: PMC9706006 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2012.12036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Two putative genes, lip29 and est29, encoding lipolytic enzymes from the thermophilic bacterium Geobacillus thermocatenulatus KCTC 3921 were cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant Lip29 and Est29 were purified 67.3-fold to homogeneity with specific activity of 2.27 U/mg and recovery of 5.8% and 14.4-fold with specific activity of 0.92 U/mg and recovery of 1.3%, respectively. The molecular mass of each purified enzyme was estimated to be 29 kDa by SDSPAGE. The alignment analysis of amino acid sequences revealed that both enzymes belonged to GDSL lipase/esterase family including conserved blocks with SGNH catalytic residues which was mainly identified in plants before. While Est29 showed high specificity toward short-chain fatty acids (C4-C8), Lip29 showed strong lipolytic activity to long-chain fatty acids (C12-C16). The optimal activity of Lip29 toward p-nitrophenyl palmitate as a substrate was observed at 50°C and pH 9.5, respectively, and its activity was maintained more than 24 h at optimal temperatures, indicating that Lip29 was thermostable. Lip29 exhibited high tolerance against detergents and metal ions. The homology modeling and substrate docking revealed that the long-chain substrates showed the greatest binding affinity toward enzyme. Based on the biochemical and in silico analyses, we present for the first time a GDSL-type lipase in the thermophilic bacteria group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunhye Jo
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihye Kim
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Lee
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Keumok Moon
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeho Cha
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Microbiological Resource Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-51-510-2196 Fax: +82-51-514-1778 E-mail:
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24
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Urbániková Ľ. CE16 acetylesterases: in silico analysis, catalytic machinery prediction and comparison with related SGNH hydrolases. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:84. [PMID: 33505839 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioinformatics analysis was focused on unique acetylesterases annotated in the CAZy database within the CE16 family and simultaneously belonging to the SGNH hydrolase superfamily. The CE16 acetylesterases were compared to structurally related SGNH hydrolases: (i) selected members of the CE2, CE3, CE6, CE12 and CE17 family of the CAZy database and (ii) structural representatives of the Lipase_GDSL and Lipase_GDSL_2 families according to the Pfam database. Sequence alignment based on four conserved sequence regions (CSRs) containing active-site residues was used to calculate sequence logos specific for each CE family and to construct a phylogenetic tree. In many members of the CE16 family, aspartic acid from the Ser-His-Asp catalytic triad has been replaced by asparagine, and based on structure-sequence comparison, an alternative catalytic dyad mechanism was predicted for these enzymes. In addition to four conserved regions, CSR-I, CSR-II, CSR-III and CSR-V, containing catalytic and oxyanion-hole residues, CSR-IV was found in the CE16 family as the only CAZy family. Tertiary structures of the characterized CE16 members prepared by homology modeling showed that the α/β/α sandwich fold as well as the topology of their active sites are preserved. The phylogenetic tree and sequence alignment indicate the existence of a subfamily in the CE16 family fully consistent with the known biochemical data. In addition, nonstandard CE16 members that differ from others were analyzed and their active-site residues were predicted. A better understanding of the structure-function relationship of acetylesterases can help in the targeted design of these enzymes for biotechnology. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-020-02575-w.
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25
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Vazquez-Morado LE, Robles-Zepeda RE, Ochoa-Leyva A, Arvizu-Flores AA, Garibay-Escobar A, Castillo-Yañez F, Lopez-Zavala AA. Biochemical characterization and inhibition of thermolabile hemolysin from Vibrio parahaemolyticus by phenolic compounds. PeerJ 2021; 9:e10506. [PMID: 33505784 PMCID: PMC7796666 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.10506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp), a typical microorganism inhabiting marine ecosystems, uses pathogenic virulence molecules such as hemolysins to cause bacterial infections of both human and marine animals. The thermolabile hemolysin VpTLH lyses human erythrocytes by a phospholipase B/A2 enzymatic activity in egg-yolk lecithin. However, few studies have been characterized the biochemical properties and the use of VpTLH as a molecular target for natural compounds as an alternative to control Vp infection. Here, we evaluated the biochemical and inhibition parameters of the recombinant VpTLH using enzymatic and hemolytic assays and determined the molecular interactions by in silico docking analysis. The highest enzymatic activity was at pH 8 and 50 °C, and it was inactivated by 20 min at 60 °C with Tm = 50.9 °C. Additionally, the flavonoids quercetin, epigallocatechin gallate, and morin inhibited the VpTLH activity with IC50 values of 4.5 µM, 6.3 µM, and 9.9 µM, respectively; while phenolics acids were not effective inhibitors for this enzyme. Boltzmann and Arrhenius equation analysis indicate that VpTLH is a thermolabile enzyme. The inhibition of both enzymatic and hemolytic activities by flavonoids agrees with molecular docking, suggesting that flavonoids could interact with the active site’s amino acids. Future research is necessary to evaluate the antibacterial activity of flavonoids against Vp in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis E Vazquez-Morado
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico.,Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Ramon E Robles-Zepeda
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adrian Ochoa-Leyva
- Departamento de Microbiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Aldo A Arvizu-Flores
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adriana Garibay-Escobar
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
| | | | - Alonso A Lopez-Zavala
- Departamento de Ciencias Quimico Biologicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico
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Wang H, Wang Q, Pak H, Yan T, Chen M, Chen X, Wu D, Jiang L. Genome-wide association study reveals a patatin-like lipase relating to the reduction of seed oil content in Brassica napus. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:6. [PMID: 33407143 PMCID: PMC7788869 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02774-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is an important oil crop world-widely cultivated, and seed oil content (SOC) is one of the most important traits for rapeseed. To increase SOC, many efforts for promoting the function of genes on lipid biosynthesis pathway have been previously made. However, seed oil formation is a dynamic balance between lipid synthesis and breakdown. It is, therefore, also reasonable to weaken or eliminate the function of genes involved in lipid degradation for a higher final SOC. RESULTS We applied a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on SOC in a collection of 290 core germplasm accessions. A total of 2,705,480 high-quality SNPs were used in the GWAS, and we identified BnaC07g30920D, a patatin-like lipase (PTL) gene, that was associated with SOC. In particular, six single-nucleotide-polymorphisms (SNPs) in the promoter region of BnaC07g30920D were associated with the significant reduction of SOC, leading to a 4.7-6.2% reduction of SOCs. We performed in silico analysis to show a total of 40 PTLs, which were divided into four clades, evenly distributed on the A and C subgenomes of Brassica napus. RNA-seq analysis unveiled that BnPTLs were preferentially expressed in reproductive tissues especially maturing seeds. CONCLUSIONS We identified BnaC07g30920D, a BnPTL gene, that was associated with SOC using GWAS and performed in silico analysis of 40 PTLs in Brassica napus. The results enrich our knowledge about the SOC formation in rapeseed and facilitate the future study in functional characterization of BnPTL genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyi Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Haksong Pak
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mingxun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Jinhua Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 828 Shuanglong Nan, Jinhua, 321017, China
| | - Dezhi Wu
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lixi Jiang
- Institute of Crop Science, Zhejiang University, Yu-Hang-Tang Road 866, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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Karunarathna NL, Wang H, Harloff H, Jiang L, Jung C. Elevating seed oil content in a polyploid crop by induced mutations in SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER genes. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2251-2266. [PMID: 32216029 PMCID: PMC7589255 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plant-based oils are valuable agricultural products, and seed oil content (SOC) is the major yield component in oil crops. Increasing SOC has been successfully targeted through the selection and genetic modification of oil biosynthesis. The SOC in rapeseed declined during the seed maturation and eventually caused the final accumulated seed oil quantity. However, genes involved in oil degradation during seed maturity are not deeply studied so far. We performed a candidate gene association study using a worldwide collection of rapeseed germplasm. We identified SEED FATTY ACID REDUCER (SFAR) genes, which had a significant effect on SOC and fatty acid (FA) composition. SFAR genes belong to the GDSL lipases, and GDSL lipases have a broad range of functions in plants. After quantification of gene expression using RNA-seq and quantitative PCR, we used targeted (CRISPR-Cas mediated) and random (chemical) mutagenesis to modify turnover rates of seed oil in winter rapeseed. For the first time, we demonstrate significant increase of SOC in a crop after knocking out members of the BnSFAR4 and BnSFAR5 gene families without pleiotropic effects on seed germination, vigour and oil mobilization. Our results offer new perspectives for improving oil yield by targeted mutagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Haoyi Wang
- Institute of Crop ScienceZhejiang UniversityHangzhouChina
| | | | - Lixi Jiang
- Plant Breeding InstituteChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
| | - Christian Jung
- Plant Breeding InstituteChristian‐Albrechts‐University of KielKielGermany
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Lu JY, Xiong SX, Yin W, Teng XD, Lou Y, Zhu J, Zhang C, Gu JN, Wilson ZA, Yang ZN. MS1, a direct target of MS188, regulates the expression of key sporophytic pollen coat protein genes in Arabidopsis. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4877-4889. [PMID: 32374882 PMCID: PMC7410184 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sporophytic pollen coat proteins (sPCPs) derived from the anther tapetum are deposited into pollen wall cavities and function in pollen-stigma interactions, pollen hydration, and environmental protection. In Arabidopsis, 13 highly abundant proteins have been identified in pollen coat, including seven major glycine-rich proteins GRP14, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, and GRP-oleosin; two caleosin-related family proteins (AT1G23240 and AT1G23250); three lipase proteins EXL4, EXL5 and EXL6, and ATA27/BGLU20. Here, we show that GRP14, 17, 18, 19, and EXL4 and EXL6 fused with green fluorescent protein (GFP) are translated in the tapetum and then accumulate in the anther locule following tapetum degeneration. The expression of these sPCPs is dependent on two essential tapetum transcription factors, MALE STERILE188 (MS188) and MALE STERILITY 1 (MS1). The majority of sPCP genes are up-regulated within 30 h after MS1 induction and could be restored by MS1 expression driven by the MS188 promoter in ms188, indicating that MS1 is sufficient to activate their expression; however, additional MS1 downstream factors appear to be required for high-level sPCP expression. Our ChIP, in vivo transactivation assay, and EMSA data indicate that MS188 directly activates MS1. Together, these results reveal a regulatory cascade whereby outer pollen wall formation is regulated by MS188 followed by synthesis of sPCPs controlled by MS1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie-Yang Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang-Xi Xiong
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wenzhe Yin
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Xiao-Dong Teng
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Lou
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Nan Gu
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zoe A Wilson
- School of Biosciences, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire, UK
- Correspondence: or
| | - Zhong-Nan Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence: or
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Abstract
Microbial lipases represent one of the most important groups of biotechnological biocatalysts. However, the high-level production of lipases requires an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of gene expression, folding, and secretion processes. Stable, selective, and productive lipase is essential for modern chemical industries, as most lipases cannot work in different process conditions. However, the screening and isolation of a new lipase with desired and specific properties would be time consuming, and costly, so researchers typically modify an available lipase with a certain potential for minimizing cost. Improving enzyme properties is associated with altering the enzymatic structure by changing one or several amino acids in the protein sequence. This review detailed the main sources, classification, structural properties, and mutagenic approaches, such as rational design (site direct mutagenesis, iterative saturation mutagenesis) and direct evolution (error prone PCR, DNA shuffling), for achieving modification goals. Here, both techniques were reviewed, with different results for lipase engineering, with a particular focus on improving or changing lipase specificity. Changing the amino acid sequences of the binding pocket or lid region of the lipase led to remarkable enzyme substrate specificity and enantioselectivity improvement. Site-directed mutagenesis is one of the appropriate methods to alter the enzyme sequence, as compared to random mutagenesis, such as error-prone PCR. This contribution has summarized and evaluated several experimental studies on modifying the substrate specificity of lipases.
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Biđin S, Vujaklija I, Paradžik T, Bielen A, Vujaklija D. Leitmotif: protein motif scanning 2.0. Bioinformatics 2020; 36:3566-3567. [PMID: 32154834 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btaa133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Motif-HMM (mHMM) scanning has been shown to possess unique advantages over standardly used sequence-profile search methods (e.g. HMMER, PSI-BLAST) since it is particularly well-suited to discriminate proteins with variations inside conserved motifs (e.g. family subtypes) or motifs lacking essential residues (false positives, e.g. pseudoenzymes). RESULTS In order to make mHMM widely accessible to a broader scientific community, we developed Leitmotif, an mHMM web application with many parametrization options easily accessible through intuitive interface. Substantial improvement of performance (ROC scores) was obtained by using two novel parameters. To the best of our knowledge, Leitmotif is the only available mHMM application. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Leitmotif is freely available at https://leitmotif.irb.hr. CONTACT sinisa@heuristika.hr or ivan.vujaklija@fer.hr. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siniša Biđin
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Vujaklija
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computing, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tina Paradžik
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ana Bielen
- Department of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology, University of Zagreb, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Dušica Vujaklija
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Institute Ruđer Bošković, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
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Maršavelski A, Sabljić I, Sugimori D, Kojić-Prodić B. The substrate selectivity of the two homologous SGNH hydrolases from Streptomyces bacteria: Molecular dynamics and experimental study. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 158:222-230. [PMID: 32348859 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.04.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Two extracellular enzymes of the SGNH hydrolase superfamily reveal highly homologous 3D structures, but act on different substrates; one is a true phospholipase A1 from Streptomyces albidoflavus (SaPLA1, EC: 3.1.1.32, PDB code: 4HYQ), whereas the promiscuous enzyme from Streptomyces rimosus (SrLip, EC: 3.1.1.3, PDB code: 5MAL) exhibits lipase, phospholipase, esterase, thioesterase, and Tweenase activities. To get insight into binding modes of phospholipid and triglyceride substrates in both enzymes and understand their chain-length preferences, we opted for computational approach based on in silico prepared enzyme-substrate complexes. Docking procedure and molecular dynamics simulations at microsecond time scale were applied. The modelled complexes of SaPLA1 and SrLip enzymes revealed substrate accommodation: a) the acyl-chain attached to sn-1 position fits into the hydrophobic pocket, b) the acyl-chain attached to sn-2 position fits in the hydrophobic cleft, whereas c) the sn-3 bound acyl chain of the triglyceride or polar head of the glycerophospholipid fits into the binding groove. Moreover, our results pinpointed subtle amino acid differences in the hydrophobic pockets of these two enzymes which accommodate the acyl chain attached to sn-1 position of glycerol to be responsible for the chain length preference. Slight differences in the binding grooves of SaPLA1 and SrLip, which accommodate the acyl chain attached to sn-3 position are responsible for exclusive phospholipase and both phospholipase/lipase activities of these two enzymes, respectively. The results of modelling correlate with the experimentally obtained kinetic parameters given in the literature and are important for protein engineering that aims to obtain a variant of enzyme, which would preferably act on the substrate of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Igor Sabljić
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75651, Sweden; Ruđer Bošković Institute, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Daisuke Sugimori
- Department of Symbiotic Systems Science and Technology, Fukushima University, 1 Kanayagawa, Fukushima 960-1296, Japan
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Sarkar J, Dutta A, Pal Chowdhury P, Chakraborty J, Dutta TK. Characterization of a novel family VIII esterase EstM2 from soil metagenome capable of hydrolyzing estrogenic phthalates. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:77. [PMID: 32209105 PMCID: PMC7092541 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01336-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microbes are rich sources of enzymes and esterases are one of the most important classes of enzymes because of their potential for application in the field of food, agriculture, pharmaceuticals and bioremediation. Due to limitations in their cultivation, only a small fraction of the complex microbial communities can be cultured from natural habitats. Thus to explore the catalytic potential of uncultured organisms, the metagenomic approach has turned out to be an effective alternative method for direct mining of enzymes of interest. Based on activity-based screening method, an esterase-positive clone was obtained from metagenomic libraries. RESULTS Functional screening of a soil metagenomic fosmid library, followed by transposon mutagenesis led to the identification of a 1179 bp esterase gene, estM2, that encodes a 392 amino acids long protein (EstM2) with a translated molecular weight of 43.12 kDa. Overproduction, purification and biochemical characterization of the recombinant protein demonstrated carboxylesterase activity towards short-chain fatty acyl esters with optimal activity for p-nitrophenyl butyrate at pH 8.0 and 37 °C. Amino acid sequence analysis and subsequent phylogenetic analysis suggested that EstM2 belongs to the family VIII esterases that bear modest similarities to class C β-lactamases. EstM2 possessed the conserved S-x-x-K motif of class C β-lactamases but did not exhibit β-lactamase activity. Guided by molecular docking analysis, EstM2 was shown to hydrolyze a wide range of di- and monoesters of alkyl-, aryl- and benzyl-substituted phthalates. Thus, EstM2 displays an atypical hydrolytic potential of biotechnological significance within family VIII esterases. CONCLUSIONS This study has led to the discovery of a new member of family VIII esterases. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first phthalate hydrolase (EstM2), isolated from a soil metagenomic library that belongs to a family possessing β-lactamase like catalytic triad. Based on its catalytic potential towards hydrolysis of both phthalate diesters and phthalate monoesters, this enzyme may find use to counter the growing pollution caused by phthalate-based plasticizers in diverse geological environment and in other aspects of biotechnological applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayita Sarkar
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Arindam Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Piyali Pal Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Joydeep Chakraborty
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Tapan K Dutta
- Department of Microbiology, Bose Institute, P-1/12 CIT Scheme VII M, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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Su HG, Zhang XH, Wang TT, Wei WL, Wang YX, Chen J, Zhou YB, Chen M, Ma YZ, Xu ZS, Min DH. Genome-Wide Identification, Evolution, and Expression of GDSL-Type Esterase/Lipase Gene Family in Soybean. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:726. [PMID: 32670311 PMCID: PMC7332888 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
GDSL-type esterase/lipase proteins (GELPs) belong to the SGNH hydrolase superfamily and contain a conserved GDSL motif at their N-terminus. GELPs are widely distributed in nature, from microbes to plants, and play crucial roles in growth and development, stress responses and pathogen defense. However, the identification and functional analysis of GELP genes are hardly explored in soybean. This study describes the identification of 194 GELP genes in the soybean genome and their phylogenetic classification into 11 subfamilies (A-K). GmGELP genes are disproportionally distributed on 20 soybean chromosomes. Large-scale WGD/segmental duplication events contribute greatly to the expansion of the soybean GDSL gene family. The Ka/Ks ratios of more than 70% of duplicated gene pairs ranged from 0.1-0.3, indicating that most GmGELP genes were under purifying selection pressure. Gene structure analysis indicate that more than 74% of GmGELP genes are interrupted by 4 introns and composed of 5 exons in their coding regions, and closer homologous genes in the phylogenetic tree often have similar exon-intron organization. Further statistics revealed that approximately 56% of subfamily K members contain more than 4 introns, and about 28% of subfamily I members consist of less than 4 introns. For this reason, the two subfamilies were used to simulate intron gain and loss events, respectively. Furthermore, a new model of intron position distribution was established in current study to explore whether the evolution of multi-gene families resulted from the diversity of gene structure. Finally, RNA-seq data were used to investigate the expression profiles of GmGELP gene under different tissues and multiple abiotic stress treatments. Subsequently, 7 stress-responsive GmGELP genes were selected to verify their expression levels by RT-qPCR, the results were consistent with RNA-seq data. Among 7 GmGELP genes, GmGELP28 was selected for further study owing to clear responses to drought, salt and ABA treatments. Transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana and soybean plants showed drought and salt tolerant phenotype. Overexpression of GmGELP28 resulted in the changes of several physiological indicators, which allowed plants to adapt adverse conditions. In all, GmGELP28 is a potential candidate gene for improving the salinity and drought tolerance of soybean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Gang Su
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Hong Zhang
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wang
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, China
| | - Wen-Liang Wei
- College of Agriculture, Yangtze University, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Grain Industry, Engineering Research Center of Ecology and Agricultural Use of Wetland, Ministry of Education, Jingzhou, China
| | - Yan-Xia Wang
- Shijiazhuang Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Research Center of Wheat Engineering Technology of Hebei, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yong-Bin Zhou
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - You-Zhi Ma
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao-Shi Xu
- Institute of Crop Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)/National Key Facility for Crop Gene Resources and Genetic Improvement, Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Triticeae Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
- Zhao-Shi Xu,
| | - Dong-Hong Min
- College of Life Sciences, College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University/State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Yangling, China
- *Correspondence: Dong-Hong Min,
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AbuSara NF, Piercey BM, Moore MA, Shaikh AA, Nothias LF, Srivastava SK, Cruz-Morales P, Dorrestein PC, Barona-Gómez F, Tahlan K. Comparative Genomics and Metabolomics Analyses of Clavulanic Acid-Producing Streptomyces Species Provides Insight Into Specialized Metabolism. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2550. [PMID: 31787949 PMCID: PMC6856088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid is a bacterial specialized metabolite, which inhibits certain serine β-lactamases, enzymes that inactivate β-lactam antibiotics to confer resistance. Due to this activity, clavulanic acid is widely used in combination with penicillin and cephalosporin (β-lactam) antibiotics to treat infections caused by β-lactamase-producing bacteria. Clavulanic acid is industrially produced by fermenting Streptomyces clavuligerus, as large-scale chemical synthesis is not commercially feasible. Other than S. clavuligerus, Streptomyces jumonjinensis and Streptomyces katsurahamanus also produce clavulanic acid along with cephamycin C, but information regarding their genome sequences is not available. In addition, the Streptomyces contain many biosynthetic gene clusters thought to be "cryptic," as the specialized metabolites produced by them are not known. Therefore, we sequenced the genomes of S. jumonjinensis and S. katsurahamanus, and examined their metabolomes using untargeted mass spectrometry along with S. clavuligerus for comparison. We analyzed the biosynthetic gene cluster content of the three species to correlate their biosynthetic capacities, by matching them with the specialized metabolites detected in the current study. It was recently reported that S. clavuligerus can produce the plant-associated metabolite naringenin, and we describe more examples of such specialized metabolites in extracts from the three Streptomyces species. Detailed comparisons of the biosynthetic gene clusters involved in clavulanic acid (and cephamycin C) production were also performed, and based on our analyses, we propose the core set of genes responsible for producing this medicinally important metabolite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader F. AbuSara
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Brandon M. Piercey
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Marcus A. Moore
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Arshad Ali Shaikh
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
| | - Louis-Félix Nothias
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | | | - Pablo Cruz-Morales
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Pieter C. Dorrestein
- Collaborative Mass Spectrometry Innovation Center, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Francisco Barona-Gómez
- Evolution of Metabolic Diversity Laboratory, Unidad de Genómica Avanzada (Langebio), Cinvestav-IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Kapil Tahlan
- Department of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John’s, NL, Canada
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Kuskovsky R, Lloyd D, Arora K, Plotkin BJ, Green JM, Boshoff HI, Barry C, Deschamps J, Konaklieva MI. C4-Phenylthio β-lactams: Effect of the chirality of the β-lactam ring on antimicrobial activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2019; 27:115050. [PMID: 31474471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2019.115050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
C4-phenylthio β-lactams are a new family of antibacterial agents that have activity against two phylogenetically distant bacteria - Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) and Moraxella catarrhalis (M. cat). These compounds are effective against β-lactamase producing Mtb and M. cat unlike the clinically relevant β-lactam antibiotics. The structure-activity relationship for the C4 phenylthio β-lactams has not yet been completely defined. Earlier efforts in our laboratories established that the C4-phenylthio substituent is essential for antimicrobial activity, while the N1 carbamyl substituent plays a more subtle role. In this present study, we investigated the role that the stereochemistry at C4 plays in these compounds' antibacterial activity. This was achieved by synthesizing and testing the antimicrobial activity of diastereomers with a chiral carbamyl group at N1. Our findings indicate that a strict stereochemistry for the C4-phenylthio β-lactams is not required to obtain optimal anti-Mtb and anti-M. cat activity. Furthermore, the structure-bioactivity profiles more closely relate to the electronic requirement of the phenylthiogroup. In addition, the MICs of Mtb are sensitive to growth medium composition. Select compounds showed activity against non-replicating and multi-drug resistant Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dina Lloyd
- Department of Chemistry, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Kriti Arora
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Balbina J Plotkin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Jacalyn M Green
- Department of Biochemistry, Midwestern University, Chicago, IL 60515, USA
| | - Helena I Boshoff
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Clifton Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM, NIAID, NIH, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffrey Deschamps
- Naval Research Laboratory, Code 6930 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, USA
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Kaur J, Kaur J. Rv0518, a nutritive stress inducible GDSL lipase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, enhanced intracellular survival of bacteria by cell wall modulation. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 135:180-195. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.05.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Insights into the Periplasmic Proteins of Acinetobacter baumannii AB5075 and the Impact of Imipenem Exposure: A Proteomic Approach. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20143451. [PMID: 31337077 PMCID: PMC6679007 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains cause life-threatening infections due to the lack of therapeutic options. Although the main mechanisms underlying antibiotic-resistance have been extensively studied, the general response to maintain bacterial viability under antibiotic exposure deserves to be fully investigated. Since the periplasmic space contains several proteins with crucial cellular functions, besides carbapenemases, we decided to study the periplasmic proteome of the multidrug-resistant (MDR) A. baumannii AB5075 strain, grown in the absence and presence of imipenem (IMP). Through the proteomic approach, 65 unique periplasmic proteins common in both growth conditions were identified: eight proteins involved in protein fate, response to oxidative stress, energy metabolism, antibiotic-resistance, were differentially expressed. Among them, ABUW_1746 and ABUW_2363 gene products presented the tetratricopeptide repeat motif, mediating protein-protein interactions. The expression switch of these proteins might determine specific protein interactions to better adapt to changing environmental conditions. ABUW_2868, encoding a heat shock protein likely involved in protection against oxidative stress, was upregulated in IMP-exposed bacteria. Accordingly, the addition of periplasmic proteins from A. baumannii cultured with IMP increased bacterial viability in an antioxidant activity assay. Overall, this study provides the first insights about the composition of the periplasmic proteins of a MDR A. baumannii strain, its biological response to IMP and suggests possible new targets to develop alternative antibiotic drugs.
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Apitius L, Rübsam K, Jakesch C, Jakob F, Schwaneberg U. Ultrahigh‐throughput screening system for directed polymer binding peptide evolution. Biotechnol Bioeng 2019; 116:1856-1867. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lina Apitius
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachen Germany
- RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen Germany
| | - Kristin Rübsam
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachen Germany
| | | | - Felix Jakob
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachen Germany
- RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen Germany
| | - Ulrich Schwaneberg
- DWI – Leibniz‐Institute for Interactive MaterialsAachen Germany
- RWTH Aachen UniversityAachen Germany
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Yang D, He X, Li S, Liu J, Stabenow J, Zalduondo L, White S, Kong Y. Rv1075c of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a GDSL-Like Esterase and Is Important for Intracellular Survival. J Infect Dis 2019; 220:677-686. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiz169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractMycobacterium tuberculosis lipid metabolism pathways facilitate access to carbon and energy sources during infection. M. tuberculosis gene Rv1075c was annotated as a conserved hypothetical protein. We identified that Rv1075c amino acid sequence shares similarities with other bacterial lipase/esterases and we demonstrated that it has esterase activity, with preference for short-chain fatty acids, particularly acetate, with highest activity at 45°C, pH 9. Site-direct mutagenesis revealed its activity triad as Ser80, Asp244, and His247. We further determined that rRv1075c hydrolyzed triacetin and tributyrin, and it was mainly distributed in cell wall and membrane. Its expression was induced at pH 4.5, mimicking the acidic phagosome of macrophages. Mutation of Rv1075c led to reduced bacterial growth in THP-1 cells and human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages, and attenuated M. tuberculosis infection in mice. Our data suggest that Rv1075c is involved in ester and fatty acid metabolism inside host cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Xiaoping He
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shaoji Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Jiawang Liu
- Medicinal Chemistry Core, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Jennifer Stabenow
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Lillian Zalduondo
- Regional Biocontainment Laboratory, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
| | - Stephen White
- Department of Structural Biology, St Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Ying Kong
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis
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Ding LN, Guo XJ, Li M, Fu ZL, Yan SZ, Zhu KM, Wang Z, Tan XL. Improving seed germination and oil contents by regulating the GDSL transcriptional level in Brassica napus. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2019; 38:243-253. [PMID: 30535511 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Seed germination rate and oil content can be regulated at theGDSL transcriptional level by eitherAtGDSL1 orBnGDSL1 inB. napus. Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-motif lipases represent an important subfamily of lipolytic enzymes, which play important roles in lipid metabolism, seed development, abiotic stress, and pathogen defense. In the present study, two closely related GDSL-motif lipases, Brassica napus GDSL1 and Arabidopsis thaliana GDSL1, were characterized as functioning in regulating germination rate and seed oil content in B. napus. AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 overexpression lines showed an increased seed germination rate and improved seedling establishment compared with wild type. Meanwhile, the constitutive overexpression of AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 promoted lipid catabolism and decreased the seed oil content. While RNAi-mediated suppression of BnGDSL1 (Bngdsl1) in B. napus improved the seed oil content and decreased seed germination rate. Moreover, the Bngdsl1 transgenic seeds showed changes in the fatty acid (FA) composition, featuring an increase in C18:1 and a decrease in C18:2 and C18:3. The transcriptional levels of six related core enzymes involved in FA mobilization were all elevated in the AtGDSL1 and BnGDSL1 overexpression lines, but strongly suppressed in the Bngdsl1 transgenic line. These results suggest that improving the seed germination and seed oil content in B. napus could be achieved by regulating the GDSL transcriptional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Ding
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Juan Guo
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zheng-Li Fu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Su-Zhen Yan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ke-Ming Zhu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiao-Li Tan
- Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.
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Lee HJ, Park OK. Lipases associated with plant defense against pathogens. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:51-58. [PMID: 30709493 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When facing microbe invaders, plants activate genetic and metabolic defense mechanisms and undergo extracellular and intracellular changes to obtain a certain level of host resistance. Dynamic adjustment and adaptation occur in structures containing lipophilic compounds and cellular metabolites. Lipids encompassing fatty acids, fatty acid-based polymers, and fatty acid derivatives are part of the fundamental architecture of cells and tissues and are essential compounds in numerous biological processes. Lipid-associated plant defense responses are mostly facilitated by the activation of lipases (lipid hydrolyzing proteins), which cleave or transform lipid substrates in various subcellular compartments. In this review, several types of plant defense-associated lipases are described, including their molecular aspects, enzymatic actions, cellular functions, and possible functional relevance in plant defense. Defensive roles are discussed considering enzyme properties, lipid metabolism, downstream regulation, and phenotypic traits in loss-of-function mutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jung Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ohkmae K Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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42
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Duong VT, Unhelkar MH, Kelly JE, Kim SH, Butts CT, Martin RW. Protein structure networks provide insight into active site flexibility in esterase/lipases from the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis. Integr Biol (Camb) 2018; 10:768-779. [PMID: 30516771 PMCID: PMC6336102 DOI: 10.1039/c8ib00140e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In plants, esterase/lipases perform transesterification reactions, playing an important role in the synthesis of useful molecules, such as those comprising the waxy coatings of leaf surfaces. Plant genomes and transcriptomes have provided a wealth of data about expression patterns and the circumstances under which these enzymes are upregulated, e.g. pathogen defense and response to drought; however, predicting their functional characteristics from genomic or transcriptome data is challenging due to weak sequence conservation among the diverse members of this group. Although functional sequence blocks mediating enzyme activity have been identified, progress to date has been hampered by the paucity of information on the structural relationships among these regions and how they affect substrate specificity. Here we present methodology for predicting overall protein flexibility and active site flexibility based on molecular modeling and analysis of protein structure networks (PSNs). We define two new types of specialized PSNs: sequence region networks (SRNs) and active site networks (ASNs), which provide parsimonious representations of molecular structure in reference to known features of interest. Our approach, intended as an aid to target selection for poorly characterized enzyme classes, is demonstrated for 26 previously uncharacterized esterase/lipases from the genome of the carnivorous plant Drosera capensis and validated using a case/control design. Analysis of the network relationships among functional blocks and among the chemical moieties making up the catalytic triad reveals potentially functionally significant differences that are not apparent from sequence analysis alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vy T. Duong
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine
| | | | | | | | - Carter T. Butts
- Departments of Sociology, Statistics, and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science, UC Irvine
| | - Rachel W. Martin
- Department of Chemistry, UC Irvine
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, UC Irvine
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43
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Pavan ME, Venero ES, Egoburo DE, Pavan EE, López NI, Julia Pettinari M. Glycerol inhibition of melanin biosynthesis in the environmental Aeromonas salmonicida 34mel T. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:1865-1876. [PMID: 30539256 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9545-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The environmental strain Aeromonas salmonicida subsp. pectinolytica 34melT produces abundant melanin through the homogentisate pathway in several culture media, but unexpectedly not when grown in a medium containing glycerol. Using this observation as a starting point, this study investigated the underlying causes of the inhibition of melanin synthesis by glycerol, to shed light on factors that affect melanin production in this microorganism. The effect of different carbon sources on melanin formation was related to the degree of oxidation of their C atoms, as the more reduced substrates delayed melanization more than the more oxidized ones, although only glycerol completely abolished melanin production. Glyphosate, an inhibitor of aromatic amino acid synthesis, did not affect melanization, while bicyclopyrone, an inhibitor of 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase (Hpd), the enzyme responsible for the synthesis of homogentisate, prevented melanin synthesis. These results showed that melanin production in 34melT depends on the degradation of aromatic amino acids from the growth medium and not on de novo aromatic amino acid synthesis. The presence of glycerol changed the secreted protein profile, but none of the proteins affected could be directly connected with melanin synthesis or transport. Transcription analysis of hpd, encoding the key enzyme for melanin synthesis, showed a clear inhibition caused by glycerol. The results obtained in this work indicate that a significant decrease in the transcription of hpd, together with a more reduced intracellular state, would lead to the abolishment of melanin synthesis observed. The effect of glycerol on melanization can thus be attributed to a combination of metabolic and regulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Elisa Pavan
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esmeralda Solar Venero
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diego E Egoburo
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Esteban E Pavan
- Biomedical Technologies Laboratory, Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Nancy I López
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - M Julia Pettinari
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,IQUIBICEN-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Rameshwaram NR, Singh P, Ghosh S, Mukhopadhyay S. Lipid metabolism and intracellular bacterial virulence: key to next-generation therapeutics. Future Microbiol 2018; 13:1301-1328. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2018-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lipid metabolism is thought to play a key role in the pathogenicity of several intracellular bacteria. Bacterial lipolytic enzymes hydrolyze lipids from the host cell to release free fatty acids which are used as an energy source and building blocks for the synthesis of cell envelope and also to modulate host immune responses. In this review, we discussed the role of lipid metabolism and lipolytic enzymes in the life cycle and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other intracellular bacteria. The lipolytic enzymes appear to be potential candidates for developing novel therapeutics by targeting lipid metabolism for controlling M. tuberculosis and other intracellular pathogenic bacteria. [Formula: see text]
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagender Rao Rameshwaram
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
| | - Parul Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
- Graduate Studies, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India. 576 104
| | - Sudip Ghosh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Nutrition (ICMR), Jamai-Osmania PO, Hyderabad, India. 500 007
| | - Sangita Mukhopadhyay
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology, Centre for DNA Fingerprinting & Diagnostics (CDFD), Inner Ring Road, Uppal, Hyderabad, India. 500 039
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45
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Cao Y, Han Y, Meng D, Abdullah M, Yu J, Li D, Jin Q, Lin Y, Cai Y. Expansion and evolutionary patterns of GDSL-type esterases/lipases in Rosaceae genomes. Funct Integr Genomics 2018; 18:673-684. [DOI: 10.1007/s10142-018-0620-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Lang C, Hiller M, Flieger A. Disulfide loop cleavage of Legionella pneumophila PlaA boosts lysophospholipase A activity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:16313. [PMID: 29176577 PMCID: PMC5701174 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12796-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
L. pneumophila, an important facultative intracellular bacterium, infects the human lung and environmental protozoa. At least fifteen phospholipases A (PLA) are encoded in its genome. Three of which, namely PlaA, PlaC, and PlaD, belong to the GDSL lipase family abundant in bacteria and higher plants. PlaA is a lysophospholipase A (LPLA) that destabilizes the phagosomal membrane in absence of a protective factor. PlaC shows PLA and glycerophospholipid: cholesterol acyltransferase (GCAT) activities which are activated by zinc metalloproteinase ProA via cleavage of a disulphide loop. In this work, we compared GDSL enzyme activities, their secretion, and activation of PlaA. We found that PlaA majorly contributed to LPLA, PlaC to PLA, and both substrate-dependently to GCAT activity. Western blotting revealed that PlaA and PlaC are type II-secreted and both processed by ProA. Interestingly, ProA steeply increased LPLA but diminished GCAT activity of PlaA. Deletion of 20 amino acids within a predicted disulfide loop of PlaA had the same effect. In summary, we propose a model by which ProA processes PlaA via disulfide loop cleavage leading to a steep increase in LPLA activity. Our results help to further characterize the L. pneumophila GDSL hydrolases, particularly PlaA, an enzyme acting in the Legionella-containing phagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Lang
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Miriam Hiller
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella (FG11), Robert Koch-Institut, Burgstr. 37, D-38855, Wernigerode, Germany.
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47
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Li C, Chen G, Mishina K, Yamaji N, Ma JF, Yukuhiro F, Tagiri A, Liu C, Pourkheirandish M, Anwar N, Ohta M, Zhao P, Lundqvist U, Li X, Komatsuda T. A GDSL-motif esterase/acyltransferase/lipase is responsible for leaf water retention in barley. PLANT DIRECT 2017; 1:e00025. [PMID: 31245672 PMCID: PMC6508521 DOI: 10.1002/pld3.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic cuticle covers the surface of the most aerial organs of land plants. The barley mutant eceriferum-zv (cer-zv), which is hypersensitive to drought, is unable to accumulate a sufficient quantity of cutin in its leaf cuticle. The mutated locus has been mapped to a 0.02 cM segment in the pericentromeric region of chromosome 4H. As a map-based cloning approach to isolate the gene was therefore considered unlikely to be feasible, a comparison was instead made between the transcriptomes of the mutant and the wild type. In conjunction with extant genomic information, on the basis of predicted functionality, only two genes were considered likely to encode a product associated with cutin formation. When eight independent cer-zv mutant alleles were resequenced with respect to the two candidate genes, it was confirmed that the gene underlying the mutation in each allele encodes a Gly-Asp-Ser-Leu (GDSL)-motif esterase/acyltransferase/lipase. The gene was transcribed in the epidermis, and its product was exclusively deposited in cell wall at the boundary of the cuticle in the leaf elongation zone, coinciding with the major site of cutin deposition. CER-ZV is speculated to function in the deposition of cutin polymer. Its homologs were found in green algae, moss, and euphyllophytes, indicating that it is highly conserved in plant kingdom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and ResourcesShanghai Chenshan Botanical GardenShanghaiChina
- Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research CenterChinese Academy of SciencesShanghaiChina
| | - Guoxiong Chen
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Kohei Mishina
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Naoki Yamaji
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Jian Feng Ma
- Institute of Plant Science and ResourcesOkayama UniversityKurashikiJapan
| | - Fumiko Yukuhiro
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Akemi Tagiri
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Cheng Liu
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Crop Research InstituteShandong Academy of Agricultural SciencesJi'nanChina
| | - Mohammad Pourkheirandish
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Faculty of Agriculture and EnvironmentPlant Breeding InstituteThe University of SydneyCobbittyNSWAustralia
| | - Nadia Anwar
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Masaru Ohta
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
| | - Pengshan Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | | | - Xinrong Li
- Key Laboratory of Stress Physiology and Ecology in Cold and Arid RegionsGansu ProvinceChina
- Northwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
- Shapotou Desert Research and Experimental StationNorthwest Institute of Eco‐Environment and ResourcesChinese Academy of SciencesLanzhouChina
| | - Takao Komatsuda
- National Institute of Agrobiological SciencesTsukubaIbarakiJapan
- Institute of Crop ScienceNAROKannondaiTsukubaIbarakiJapan
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48
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Hiller M, Lang C, Michel W, Flieger A. Secreted phospholipases of the lung pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Int J Med Microbiol 2017; 308:168-175. [PMID: 29108710 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmm.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen and the main causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, a potentially fatal pneumonia. The bacteria infect both mammalian cells and environmental hosts, such as amoeba. Inside host cells, the bacteria withstand the multifaceted defenses of the phagocyte and replicate within a unique membrane-bound compartment, the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV). For establishment and maintenance of the infection, L. pneumophila secretes many proteins including effector proteins by means of different secretion systems and outer membrane vesicles. Among these are a large variety of lipolytic enzymes which possess phospholipase/lysophospholipase and/or glycerophospholipid:cholesterol acyltransferase activities. Secreted lipolytic activities may contribute to bacterial virulence, for example via modification of eukaryotic membranes, such as the LCV. In this review, we describe the secretion systems of L. pneumophila, introduce the classification of phospholipases, and summarize the state of the art on secreted L. pneumophila phospholipases. We especially highlight those enzymes secreted via the type II secretion system Lsp, via the type IVB secretion system Dot/Icm, via outer membrane vesicles, and such where the mode of secretion has not yet been defined. We also give an overview on the complexity of their activities, activation mechanisms, localization, growth-phase dependent abundance, and their role in infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Hiller
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch-Institute, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Christina Lang
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch-Institute, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Wiebke Michel
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch-Institute, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany
| | - Antje Flieger
- Division of Enteropathogenic Bacteria and Legionella, Robert Koch-Institute, Burgstraße 37, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany.
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Lai CP, Huang LM, Chen LFO, Chan MT, Shaw JF. Genome-wide analysis of GDSL-type esterases/lipases in Arabidopsis. PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 95:181-197. [PMID: 28840447 DOI: 10.1007/s11103-017-0648-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
In this present study, we introduce a fundamental framework and provide information regarding the possible roles of GDSL-type esterase/lipase gene family in Arabidopsis. GDSL-type esterases/lipases are hydrolytic enzymes with multifunctional properties such as broad substrate specificity, regiospecificity, and stereoselectivity. In this study, we identified 105 GDSL-type esterase/lipase genes in Arabidopsis thaliana by conducting a comprehensive computational analysis. Expression studies indicated that GDSL-type lipase proteins showed varied expression patterns. Phylogenetic tree analysis indicated that AtGELP (Arabidopsis thaliana GDSL-type esterase/lipase protein) gene family was divided into four clades. The phylogenetic analysis, combined with protein motif architectures, and expression profiling were used to predict the roles AtGELP genes. To investigate the physical roles of the AtGELP gene family, we successfully screened 88 AtGELP T-DNA knockout lines for 54 AtGELP genes from 199 putative SALK T-DNA mutants. Transgenic plants of AtGELP genes were used to elucidate the phenotypic characteristics in various developmental stages or stress conditions. Our results suggest that the AtGELP genes have diverse physical functions such as affecting the germination rate and early growth of seedlings subjected to high concentrations of glucose, or being involved in biotic stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ping Lai
- Department of Food and Beverage Management, Far East University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Min Huang
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Long-Fang O Chen
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Ming-Tsair Chan
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Academia Sinica Biotechnology Center in Southern Taiwan, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Jei-Fu Shaw
- Institute of Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
- Agricultural Biotechnology Center, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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50
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Chen F, Cui G, Wang S, Nair MKM, He L, Qi X, Han X, Zhang H, Zhang JR, Su J. Outer membrane vesicle-associated lipase FtlA enhances cellular invasion and virulence in Francisella tularensis LVS. Emerg Microbes Infect 2017; 6:e66. [PMID: 28745311 PMCID: PMC5567169 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2017.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Francisella tularensis is a highly infectious intracellular pathogen that infects a wide range of host species and causes fatal pneumonic tularemia in humans. ftlA was identified as a potential virulence determinant of the F. tularensis live vaccine strain (LVS) in our previous transposon screen, but its function remained undefined. Here, we show that an unmarked deletion mutant of ftlA was avirulent in a pneumonia mouse model with a severely impaired capacity to infect host cells. Consistent with its sequence homology with GDSL lipase/esterase family proteins, the FtlA protein displayed lipolytic activity in both E. coli and F. tularensis with a preference for relatively short carbon-chain substrates. FtlA thus represents the first F. tularensis lipase to promote bacterial infection of host cells and in vivo fitness. As a cytoplasmic protein, we found that FtlA was secreted into the extracellular environment as a component of outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). Further confocal microscopy analysis revealed that the FtlA-containing OMVs isolated from F. tularensis LVS attached to the host cell membrane. Finally, the OMV-associated FtlA protein complemented the genetic deficiency of the ΔftlA mutant in terms of host cell infection when OMVs purified from the parent strain were co-incubated with the mutant bacteria. These lines of evidence strongly suggest that the FtlA lipase promotes F. tularensis adhesion and internalization by modifying bacterial and/or host molecule(s) when it is secreted as a component of OMVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guolin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shuxia Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | | | - Lihong He
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xinyi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangmin Han
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hanqi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jing-Ren Zhang
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingliang Su
- Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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