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Matheson GJ, Ogden RT. Simultaneous multifactor Bayesian analysis (SiMBA) of PET time activity curve data. Neuroimage 2022; 256:119195. [PMID: 35452807 PMCID: PMC9470242 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.119195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Positron emission tomography (PET) is an in vivo imaging method essential for studying the neurochemical pathophysiology of psychiatric and neurological disease. However, its high cost and exposure of participants to radiation make it unfeasible to employ large sample sizes. The major shortcoming of PET imaging is therefore its lack of power for studying clinically-relevant research questions. Here, we introduce a new method for performing PET quantification and analysis called SiMBA, which helps to alleviate these issues by improving the efficiency of PET analysis by exploiting similarities between both individuals and regions within individuals. In simulated [11C]WAY100635 data, SiMBA greatly improves both statistical power and the consistency of effect size estimation without affecting the false positive rate. This approach makes use of hierarchical, multifactor, multivariate Bayesian modelling to effectively borrow strength across the whole dataset to improve stability and robustness to measurement error. In so doing, parameter identifiability and estimation are improved, without sacrificing model interpretability. This comes at the cost of increased computational overhead, however this is practically negligible relative to the time taken to collect PET data. This method has the potential to make it possible to test clinically-relevant hypotheses which could never be studied before given the practical constraints. Furthermore, because this method does not require any additional information over and above that required for traditional analysis, it makes it possible to re-examine data which has already previously been collected at great expense. In the absence of dramatic advancements in PET image data quality, radiotracer development, or data sharing, PET imaging has been fundamentally limited in the scope of research hypotheses which could be studied. This method, especially combined with the recent steps taken by the PET imaging community to embrace data sharing, will make it possible to greatly improve the research possibilities and clinical relevance of PET neuroimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Granville J Matheson
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA.
| | - R Todd Ogden
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE The current state-of-the-art for compartment modeling of dynamic PET data can be described as a two-stage approach. In Stage 1, individual estimates of kinetic parameters are obtained by fitting models using standard techniques, such as nonlinear least squares, to each individual's data one subject at a time. Population-level effects, such as the difference between diagnostic groups, are analyzed in Stage 2 using standard statistical methods by treating the individual estimates as if they were observed data. While this approach is generally valid, it is possible to increase efficiency and precision of the analysis, allow more complex models to be fitted, and also to permit parameter-specific investigation by fitting data across subjects simultaneously. We explore the application of nonlinear mixed-effects (NLME) models for estimation and inference in this setting. METHODS In the NLME framework, subjects are modeled simultaneously through the inclusion of random effects of subjects for each kinetic parameter; meanwhile, population parameters are estimated directly in a joint model. RESULTS Simulation results indicate that NLME outperforms the two-stage approach in estimating group-level effects and also has improved power to detect differences across groups. We applied our NLME approach to clinical PET data and found effects not detected by the two-stage approach. CONCLUSION The proposed NLME approach is more accurate and correspondingly more powerful than the two-stage approach in compartment modeling of PET data. SIGNIFICANCE The NLME method can broaden the methodological scope of PET modeling because of its efficiency and stability.
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Wang X, Zhang ZY, Powers D, Wang J, Lu S, Kansra V. Rolapitant Absolute Bioavailability and PET Imaging Studies in Healthy Adult Volunteers. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2017; 102:332-339. [DOI: 10.1002/cpt.637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- X Wang
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
| | - ZY Zhang
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
| | - D Powers
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
| | - J Wang
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
| | - S Lu
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
| | - V Kansra
- Tesaro Inc; Waltham Massachusetts USA
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Kågedal M, Varnäs K, Hooker AC, Karlsson MO. Estimation of drug receptor occupancy when non-displaceable binding differs between brain regions – extending the simplified reference tissue model. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2015; 80:116-27. [PMID: 25406494 PMCID: PMC4500331 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The simplified reference tissue model (SRTM) is used for estimation of receptor occupancy assuming that the non-displaceable binding in the reference region is identical to the brain regions of interest. The aim of this work was to extend the SRTM to also account for inter-regional differences in non-displaceable concentrations, and to investigate if this model allowed estimation of receptor occupancy using white matter as reference. It was also investigated if an apparent higher affinity in caudate compared with other brain regions, could be better explained by a difference in the extent of non-displaceable binding. METHODS The analysis was based on a PET study in six healthy volunteers using the 5-HT1B receptor radioligand [(11)C]-AZ10419369. The radioligand was given intravenously as a tracer dose alone and following different oral doses of the 5-HT1B receptor antagonist AZD3783. Non-linear mixed effects models were developed where differences between regions in non-specific concentrations were accounted for. The properties of the models were also evaluated by means of simulation studies. RESULTS The estimate (95% CI) of Ki(PL) was 10.2 ng ml(-1) (5.4, 15) and 10.4 ng ml(-1) (8.1, 13.6) based on the extended SRTM with white matter as reference and based on the SRTM using cerebellum as reference, respectively. The estimate (95% CI) of Ki(PL) for caudate relative to other brain regions was 55% (48, 62%). CONCLUSIONS The extended SRTM allows consideration of white matter as reference region when no suitable grey matter region exists. AZD3783 affinity appears to be higher in the caudate compared with other brain regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matts Kågedal
- AstraZeneca R&DSE-151 85, Södertälje, Sweden
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Katarina Varnäs
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Center for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska HospitalS-171 76, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew C Hooker
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
| | - Mats O Karlsson
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala UniversityUppsala, Sweden
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Hargreaves RJ, Rabiner EA. Translational PET imaging research. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 61:32-8. [PMID: 24055214 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of any early central nervous system (CNS) drug development program is always to test the mechanism and not the molecule in order to support additional research investments in late phase clinical trials. Confirmation that drugs reach their targets using translational positron emission tomography (PET) imaging markers of engagement is central to successful clinical proof-of-concept testing and has become an important feature of most neuropsychiatric drug development programs. CNS PET imaging can also play an important role in the clinical investigation of the neuropharmacological basis of psychiatric disease and the optimization of drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Hargreaves
- Merck and Co, WP-42-212, 770, Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA19486, USA.
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Müllauer J, Kuntner C, Bauer M, Bankstahl JP, Müller M, Voskuyl RA, Langer O, Syvänen S. Pharmacokinetic modeling of P-glycoprotein function at the rat and human blood-brain barriers studied with (R)-[11C]verapamil positron emission tomography. EJNMMI Res 2012; 2:58. [PMID: 23072492 PMCID: PMC3520775 DOI: 10.1186/2191-219x-2-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the influence of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) inhibitor tariquidar on the pharmacokinetics of P-gp substrate radiotracer (R)-[11C]verapamil in plasma and brain of rats and humans by means of positron emission tomography (PET). Methods Data obtained from a preclinical and clinical study, in which paired (R)-[11C]verapamil PET scans were performed before, during, and after tariquidar administration, were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects (NLME) modeling. Administration of tariquidar was included as a covariate on the influx and efflux parameters (Qin and Qout) in order to investigate if tariquidar increased influx or decreased outflux of radiotracer across the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Additionally, the influence of pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) was tested on all model parameters, and the brain-to-plasma partition coefficient (VT-NLME) was calculated. Results Our model indicated that tariquidar enhances brain uptake of (R)-[11C]verapamil by decreasing Qout. The reduction in Qout in rats during and immediately after tariquidar administration (sevenfold) was more pronounced than in the second PET scan acquired 2 h after tariquidar administration (fivefold). The effect of tariquidar on Qout in humans was apparent during and immediately after tariquidar administration (twofold reduction in Qout) but was negligible in the second PET scan. SE was found to influence the pharmacological volume of distribution of the central brain compartment Vbr1. Tariquidar treatment lead to an increase in VT-NLME, and pilocarpine-induced SE lead to increased (R)-[11C]verapamil distribution to the peripheral brain compartment. Conclusions Using NLME modeling, we were able to provide mechanistic insight into the effects of tariquidar and SE on (R)-[11C]verapamil transport across the BBB in control and 48 h post SE rats as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Müllauer
- Division of Pharmacology, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, Leiden, 2333 CC, The Netherlands.
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Non-linear mixed effects modelling of positron emission tomography data for simultaneous estimation of radioligand kinetics and occupancy in healthy volunteers. Neuroimage 2012; 61:849-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.02.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
The early developments of brain positron emission tomography (PET), including the methodological advances that have driven progress, are outlined. The considerable past achievements of brain PET have been summarized in collaboration with contributing experts in specific clinical applications including cerebrovascular disease, movement disorders, dementia, epilepsy, schizophrenia, addiction, depression and anxiety, brain tumors, drug development, and the normal healthy brain. Despite a history of improving methodology and considerable achievements, brain PET research activity is not growing and appears to have diminished. Assessments of the reasons for decline are presented and strategies proposed for reinvigorating brain PET research. Central to this is widening the access to advanced PET procedures through the introduction of lower cost cyclotron and radiochemistry technologies. The support and expertize of the existing major PET centers, and the recruitment of new biologists, bio-mathematicians and chemists to the field would be important for such a revival. New future applications need to be identified, the scope of targets imaged broadened, and the developed expertize exploited in other areas of medical research. Such reinvigoration of the field would enable PET to continue making significant contributions to advance the understanding of the normal and diseased brain and support the development of advanced treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Jones
- PET Research Advisory Company, 8 Prestbury Road, Wilmslow, Cheshire SK9 2LJ, UK.
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A pharmacokinetic PET study of NK1 receptor occupancy. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2011; 39:226-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-1954-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Zamuner S, Di Iorio VL, Nyberg J, Gunn RN, Cunningham VJ, Gomeni R, Hooker AC. Adaptive-Optimal Design in PET Occupancy Studies. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010; 87:563-71. [DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2010.9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Tauscher J, Kielbasa W, Iyengar S, Vandenhende F, Peng X, Mozley D, Gehlert DR, Marek G. Development of the 2nd generation neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist LY686017 for social anxiety disorder. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2010; 20:80-7. [PMID: 20018493 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The neurokinin-1 (NK-1) antagonist LY686017 showed activity in preclinical anxiety models. The clinical development of LY686017 included a PET study and a proof-of-concept in social anxiety disorder (SAD). [(11)C]GR205171 was used healthy volunteers receiving 1-100mg/d LY686017 for 28 days to determine brain receptor occupancy (RO). The mean NK-1 RO increased ranged from 25% with 1mg to 93% with 100mg. Subsequently, a 12-week randomized clinical trial tested LY686017 vs. paroxetine, or placebo in SAD. Pharmacokinetic (PK)/RO modeling based on the PET results predicted that once daily dosing of >30mg LY686017 led to sustained trough RO of over 80%. 189 outpatients(1) suffering from SAD were randomly assigned to 12-weeks treatment with 50mg/d LY686017 (N=77), placebo (N=74), or 20mg/d paroxetine (N=38). There was no significant difference between LY686017 and placebo as measured with the Liebowitz Social Anxiety scale (LSAS). The active comparator paroxetine showed positive trends on primary and secondary measures. The plasma concentrations were above the level expected to produce maximal brain NK-1 RO based on the PK/RO relationship obtained in the human PET investigation. Thus, further evaluation of LY686017 for the treatment of SAD does not seem warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Tauscher
- Lilly Research Laboratories, Eli Lilly and Co., Indianapolis, IN 46285, USA.
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Nucci G, Gomeni R, Poggesi I. Model-based approaches to increase efficiency of drug development in schizophrenia: a can't miss opportunity. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2009; 4:837-56. [PMID: 23496270 DOI: 10.1517/17460440903036073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Vandenhende F, Renard D, Nie Y, Kumar A, Miller J, Tauscher J, Witcher J, Zhou Y, Wong DF. Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of Receptor Occupancy in PET Trials. J Biopharm Stat 2008; 18:256-72. [DOI: 10.1080/10543400701697158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Vandenhende
- a Global Statistics , Lilly Research Laboratories, Mont-Saint-Guibert , Belgium
| | - D. Renard
- a Global Statistics , Lilly Research Laboratories, Mont-Saint-Guibert , Belgium
| | - Y. Nie
- b Biostatistics Department , Universiteit Hasselt , Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - A. Kumar
- c School of Medicine , PET Center, John Hopkins , Baltimore, USA
| | - J. Miller
- d Clinical Pharmacology , Lilly Research Laboratories , Indianapolis, USA
| | - J. Tauscher
- e Imaging Department , Lilly Research Laboratories , Indianapolis, USA
| | - J. Witcher
- f Global PK/PD , Lilly Research Laboratories , Indianapolis, USA
| | - Y. Zhou
- c School of Medicine , PET Center, John Hopkins , Baltimore, USA
| | - D. F. Wong
- c School of Medicine , PET Center, John Hopkins , Baltimore, USA
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Griffante C, Carletti R, Andreetta F, Corsi M. [3H]GR205171 displays similar NK1 receptor binding profile in gerbil and human brain. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 148:39-45. [PMID: 16501582 PMCID: PMC1617048 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
1 In this study, [(3)H]GR205171 (3(S)-(2-methoxy-5-(5-trifluoromethyltetrazol-1-yl)-phenylmethylamino)-2(S)-phenylpiperidine), a potent and selective NK1 receptor antagonist, was characterised in autoradiographic studies in gerbil brain and in binding experiments on homogenates from gerbil and human brain cortex and striatum. 2 In autoradiographic studies in gerbil brain, highest levels of [(3)H]GR205171 binding sites were observed in caudate putamen, nucleus accumbens, medial and cortical nuclei of the amygdala and intermediate levels were detected in the hypothalamus, basolateral amygdala, septum, and cortex. 3 Saturation experiments in homogenates of brain striatum from gerbil showed that [(3)H]GR205171 binds to a single receptor population with a pK(d) value of 10.8+/-0.2 and a B(max) value of 607+/-40 fmol mg(-1). A lower number of NK1 receptor sites was found in cortex, where a B(max) of 94+/-6 fmol mg(-1) protein was obtained. Saturation experiments performed on homogenates from brain striatum of two human subjects and brain cortex of three human subjects showed that [(3)H]GR205171 binds with pK(d) values not different from gerbil and B(max) values ranging from 318+/-51 to 432+/-27 fmol mg(-1) protein in striatum and from 59+/-1 to 74+/-21 fmol mg(-1) protein in cortex. The natural ligand [(3)H]Substance P (SP) bound with sub-nanomolar affinity to 15 and 6% sites compared to [(3)H]GR205171 in gerbil and human striatum, respectively. 4 In competition binding experiments, GR205171 and the NK1 receptor antagonists aprepitant (MK-869), L-733,060 and NKP-608 bound with similar pK(i) values in gerbil and human striatum, irrespective of the use of [(3)H]GR205171 or [(3)H]SP as radioligand. The following rank order was found in terms of pK(i) values: GR205171>aprepitant> or =L-733,060>NKP-608. In homologous displacement experiments in gerbil and human striatum, SP showed nanomolar affinity, whereas in [(3)H]GR205171 competition experiments SP bound with pIC(50) values in the micromolar range and Hill slopes significantly lower than one. 5 It is concluded that the similarities of [(3)H]GR205171 binding characteristics and pharmacology between gerbil and human in cortex and striatum support the use of gerbil in preclinical models to study the effects of NK1 receptor antagonists in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Griffante
- Psychiatry Centre of Excellence for Drug Discovery, GlaxoSmithKline Group, Medicines Research Centre, 37135 Verona, Italy.
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Furmark T, Appel L, Michelgård A, Wahlstedt K, Ahs F, Zancan S, Jacobsson E, Flyckt K, Grohp M, Bergström M, Pich EM, Nilsson LG, Bani M, Långström B, Fredrikson M. Cerebral blood flow changes after treatment of social phobia with the neurokinin-1 antagonist GR205171, citalopram, or placebo. Biol Psychiatry 2005; 58:132-42. [PMID: 16038684 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2005.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Revised: 03/07/2005] [Accepted: 03/15/2005] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence is accumulating that pharmacological blockade of the substance P preferring neurokinin-1 (NK1) receptor reduces anxiety. This study compared the effects of an NK1 receptor antagonist, citalopram, and placebo on brain activity and anxiety symptoms in social phobia. METHODS Thirty-six patients diagnosed with social phobia were treated for 6 weeks with the NK1 antagonist GR205171 (5 mg), citalopram (40 mg), or matching placebo under randomized double-blind conditions. GR205171 was administered for 4 weeks preceded by 2 weeks of placebo. Before and after treatment, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) during a stressful public speaking task was assessed using oxygen-15 positron emission tomography. Response rate was determined by the Clinical Global Impression Improvement Scale. RESULTS Patients improved to a larger extent with the NK1 antagonist (41.7% responders) and citalopram (50% responders), compared with placebo (8.3% responders). Within- and between-group comparisons showed that symptom improvement was paralleled by a significantly reduced rCBF response to public speaking in the rhinal cortex, amygdala, and parahippocampal-hippocampal regions. The rCBF pattern was corroborated in follow-up analyses of responders and subjects showing large state anxiety reduction. CONCLUSIONS Short-term administration of GR205171 and citalopram alleviated social anxiety. Neurokinin-1 antagonists may act like serotonin reuptake inhibitors by attenuating neural activity in a medial temporal lobe network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Furmark
- Department of Psychology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Gatley SJ, Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Ding YS, Logan J, Wang GJ, Gifford AN. Positron emission tomography and its use to image the occupancy of drug binding sites. Drug Dev Res 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/ddr.10219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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