1
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Wang X, Bittner T, Milanov M, Kaul L, Mundinger S, Koch HG, Jessen-Trefzer C, Jessen HJ. Pyridinium Modified Anthracenes and Their Endoperoxides Provide a Tunable Scaffold with Activity against Gram-Positive and Gram-Negative Bacteria. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2073-2080. [PMID: 34291902 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.1c00263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Due to the emergence of multidrug resistant bacteria, the development of new antibiotics is required. We introduce here asymmetrically modified positively charged bis(methylpyridinium) anthracenes as a novel tunable scaffold, in which the two positive charges can be placed at a defined distance and angle. Our structure-activity relationship reveals that coupling the methylpyridiniums with alkynyl linkers to the central anthracene unit yields antibacterial compounds against a wide range of bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Staphylococcus epidermidis. Also, different mycobacteria, such as Mycobacterium smegmatis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, are efficiently targeted by these compounds. The antibacterial activity depends on the number of alkynyl linkers and consequently also on the distance of the positive charges in the rigid anthracene scaffold. Additionally, the formation of an anthracene endoperoxide further increases the antibacterial activity, likely due to the release of toxic singlet oxygen that converts the endoperoxide back to the antibacterial anthracene scaffold with half-lives of several hours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tamara Bittner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Milanov
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laurine Kaul
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Richter Lab, Department of Surgery, Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5000, Australia
| | - Stephan Mundinger
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Georg Koch
- Institute for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Zentrum für Biochemie und Molekulare Medizin (ZBMZ), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Jessen-Trefzer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS-Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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2
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Wiehe A, O'Brien JM, Senge MO. Trends and targets in antiviral phototherapy. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2019; 18:2565-2612. [PMID: 31397467 DOI: 10.1039/c9pp00211a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a well-established treatment option in the treatment of certain cancerous and pre-cancerous lesions. Though best-known for its application in tumor therapy, historically the photodynamic effect was first demonstrated against bacteria at the beginning of the 20th century. Today, in light of spreading antibiotic resistance and the rise of new infections, this photodynamic inactivation (PDI) of microbes, such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses, is gaining considerable attention. This review focuses on the PDI of viruses as an alternative treatment in antiviral therapy, but also as a means of viral decontamination, covering mainly the literature of the last decade. The PDI of viruses shares the general action mechanism of photodynamic applications: the irradiation of a dye with light and the subsequent generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which are the effective phototoxic agents damaging virus targets by reacting with viral nucleic acids, lipids and proteins. Interestingly, a light-independent antiviral activity has also been found for some of these dyes. This review covers the compound classes employed in the PDI of viruses and their various areas of use. In the medical area, currently two fields stand out in which the PDI of viruses has found broader application: the purification of blood products and the treatment of human papilloma virus manifestations. However, the PDI of viruses has also found interest in such diverse areas as water and surface decontamination, and biosafety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arno Wiehe
- biolitec research GmbH, Otto-Schott-Str. 15, 07745 Jena, Germany. and Institut für Chemie und Biochemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jessica M O'Brien
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mathias O Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry, Trinity Translational Medicine Institute, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, St. James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
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3
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Abstract
Growing evidence indicates intermediacy of singlet dioxygen (1O2) in a variety of pathophysiological processes. 1O2 has also found great utility of destructive actions for clinical and environmental applications. However, many details of the molecular mechanisms mediated by 1O2 remain insufficiently understood. Efforts to elucidate the 1O2 chemistry have been hampered by the lack of chemical tools capable of generation and detection of 1O2. In this review, I summarize the recent advances in the development of the chemical tools of 1O2. This article focuses on two topics. The first part introduces chemical methods for ground-state generation of 1O2. Designs of the molecular carriers of 1O2 are also explained. The second part discloses molecular probes of 1O2. The probes are categorized into three groups, depending on signaling modalities: absorption-based probes, photoluminescent probes, and chemiluminescent probes. Focus is on the molecular design to maximize the signaling actions. Disadvantages of using the probes are also discussed to motivate the future research. I hope that this review will serve as helpful guidance to the exploitation and development of the chemical tools of 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmin You
- Division of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Korea.
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4
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Release of Singlet Oxygen from Organic Peroxides under Mild Conditions. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.201700235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Fudickar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
| | - Torsten Linker
- Department of Chemistry; University of Potsdam; Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25 14476 Potsdam Germany
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5
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Boggio-Pasqua M, López Vidal M, Garavelli M. Theoretical mechanistic study of self-sensitized photo-oxygenation and singlet oxygen thermal release in a dimethyldihydropyrene derivative. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2016.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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6
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Mattle MJ, Vione D, Kohn T. Conceptual model and experimental framework to determine the contributions of direct and indirect photoreactions to the solar disinfection of MS2, phiX174, and adenovirus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:334-42. [PMID: 25419957 DOI: 10.1021/es504764u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight inactivates waterborne viruses via direct (absorption of sunlight by the virus) and indirect processes (adsorption of sunlight by external chromophores, which subsequently generate reactive species). While the mechanisms underlying these processes are understood, their relative importance remains unclear. This study establishes an experimental framework to determine the kinetic parameters associated with a virus' susceptibility to solar disinfection and proposes a model to estimate disinfection rates and to apportion the contributions of different inactivation processes. Quantum yields of direct inactivation were determined for three viruses (MS2, phiX174, and adenovirus), and second-order rate constants associated with indirect inactivation by four reactive species ((1)O2, OH(•), CO3(•-), and triplet states) were established. PhiX174 exhibited the greatest quantum yield (1.4 × 10(-2)), indicating that it is more susceptible to direct inactivation than MS2 (2.9 × 10(-3)) or adenovirus (2.5 × 10(-4)). Second-order rate constants ranged from 1.7 × 10(7) to 7.0 × 10(9) M(-1) s(-1) and followed the sequence MS2 > adenovirus > phiX174. A predictive model based on these parameters accurately estimated solar disinfection of MS2 and phiX174 in a natural water sample and approximated that of adenovirus within a factor of 6. Inactivation mostly occurred by direct processes, though indirect inactivation by (1)O2 also contributed to the disinfection of MS2 and adenovirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Mattle
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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7
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Cobo S, Lafolet F, Saint-Aman E, Philouze C, Bucher C, Silvi S, Credi A, Royal G. Reactivity of a pyridinium-substituted dimethyldihydropyrene switch under aerobic conditions: self-sensitized photo-oxygenation and thermal release of singlet oxygen. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc04763c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A reversible photo-switch is converted into an endoperoxide when irradiated with red light under air. This photo-produced species thermally releases 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saioa Cobo
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS-5250
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Frédéric Lafolet
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS-5250
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Eric Saint-Aman
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS-5250
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Christian Philouze
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS-5250
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
| | - Christophe Bucher
- Laboratoire de Chimie (UMR 5182)
- École Normale Supérieure de Lyon/CNRS Université de Lyon 1
- Lyon
- France
| | - Serena Silvi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory and SolarChem Center
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Alberto Credi
- Photochemical Nanosciences Laboratory and SolarChem Center
- Dipartimento di Chimica “G. Ciamician”
- Università di Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Guy Royal
- Université Joseph Fourier Grenoble I
- Département de Chimie Moléculaire
- UMR CNRS-5250
- 38041 Grenoble Cedex 9
- France
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8
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Fudickar W, Linker T. Intermediates in the Formation and Thermolysis of Peroxides from Oxidations with Singlet Oxygen. Aust J Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/ch13423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe the recent mechanistic understandings of the singlet oxygen ene reaction to give hydroperoxides and the [4+2] cycloaddition affording endoperoxides. Both experimental findings and theoretical work conclude in the formation of intermediates structurally similar to perepoxides during the ene reaction. Such intermediates mainly control the regio- and stereoselectivities of this reaction class. For the [4+2] cycloaddition, both a synchronous concerted reaction (benzene, naphthalenes) and a stepwise reaction with a non-symmetric zwitterionic intermediate (larger acenes) have been found. The thermolysis of endoperoxides derived from acenes proceeds stepwise for anthracenes, but in a concerted manner for less stable adducts such as naphthalene.
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9
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Benz S, Nötzli S, Siegel JS, Eberli D, Jessen HJ. Controlled Oxygen Release from Pyridone Endoperoxides Promotes Cell Survival under Anoxic Conditions. J Med Chem 2013; 56:10171-82. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4016137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Benz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah Nötzli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jay S. Siegel
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Eberli
- Department of Urology, University of Zürich, University Hospital, Frauenklinikstrasse 10, 8091 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Henning J. Jessen
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Zürich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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10
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Silverman AI, Peterson BM, Boehm AB, McNeill K, Nelson KL. Sunlight inactivation of human viruses and bacteriophages in coastal waters containing natural photosensitizers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:1870-1878. [PMID: 23384052 DOI: 10.1021/es3036913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Sunlight inactivation of poliovirus type 3 (PV3), adenovirus type 2 (HAdV2), and two bacteriophage (MS2 and PRD1) was investigated in an array of coastal waters to better understand solar inactivation mechanisms and the effect of natural water constituents on observed inactivation rates (k(obs)). Reactor scale inactivation experiments were conducted using a solar simulator, and k(obs) for each virus was measured in a sensitizer-free control and five unfiltered surface water samples collected from different sources. k(obs) values varied between viruses in the same water matrix, and for each virus in different matrices, with PV3 having the fastest and MS2 the slowest k(obs) in all waters. When exposed to full-spectrum sunlight, the presence of photosensitizers increased k(obs) of HAdV2, PRD1 and MS2, but not PV3, which provides evidence that the exogenous sunlight inactivation mechanism, involving damage by exogenously produced reactive intermediates, played a greater role for these viruses. While PV3 inactivation was observed to be dominated by endogenous mechanisms, this may be due to a masking of exogenous k(obs) by significantly faster endogenous k(obs). Results illustrate that differences in water composition can shift absolute and relative inactivation rates of viruses, which has important implications for natural wastewater treatment systems, solar disinfection (SODIS), and the use of indicator organisms for monitoring water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea I Silverman
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California, USA
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11
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Costa L, Faustino MAF, Tomé JPC, Neves MGPMS, Tomé AC, Cavaleiro JAS, Cunha A, Almeida A. Involvement of type I and type II mechanisms on the photoinactivation of non-enveloped DNA and RNA bacteriophages. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2013; 120:10-6. [PMID: 23416708 DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Microbial photodynamic inactivation (PDI), involving the use of a photosensitizer (PS), light and molecular oxygen, with the subsequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), has been considered a promising and effective technology for viral inactivation. Although singlet oxygen is generally accepted as the main damaging species in PDI, ROS like free radicals may also be involved in the process, inducing damages to proteins, lipids, nucleic acids and other molecular structures. In this study, the relative importance of each mechanism (type I and type II) on the photoinactivation of non-enveloped DNA (T4-like phage) and RNA (Qβ phage) viruses was evaluated. For this purpose, two cationic porphyrins (Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF and Tetra-Py(+)-Me) and four different ROS scavengers were used. The scavenging effect of sodium azide and L-histidine (singlet oxygen quenchers) and of D-mannitol and L-cysteine (free radical scavengers) was assessed by exposure of both phages (T4-like and Qβ) to each cationic porphyrin (5.0μM for T4-like phage and 0.5μM for Qβ phage) and white light (40Wm(-2)) in the presence of different concentrations of the scavengers (5, 10, 50 and 100mM). Sodium azide and L-histidine gave the best protection, reducing the phototoxic effect of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF on T4-like phage respectively by 80% and 72% and in the presence of Tetra-Py(+)-Me by 90% and 78%. Free radical scavengers D-mannitol and L-cysteine did not significantly reduce the rate of T4-like phage photoinactivation (around 20% protection, for both PS). The sodium azide protection on Qβ phage photoinactivation, in the presence of Tri-Py(+)-Me-PF, was lower (39%) when compared with T4-like phage. D-mannitol did not exert on Qβ phage any protective effect after 90min of irradiation. The effect of the simultaneous presence of singlet oxygen and free radicals scavengers at 100mM confirmed that singlet oxygen (type II mechanism) is clearly the main ROS involved in T4-like and Qβ phages photoinactivation by these two cationic PS. As RNA-type phages are more easily photoinactivated when compared with DNA-type ones, the protection conferred by the scavengers during the PDI process is lower and this should be taken into account when the main mechanism involved in PDI of different viruses is to be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Costa
- Department of Biology and CESAM, University of de Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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12
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Vileno B, Jeney S, Sienkiewicz A, Marcoux PR, Miller LM, Forró L. Evidence of lipid peroxidation and protein phosphorylation in cells upon oxidative stress photo-generated by fullerols. Biophys Chem 2010; 152:164-9. [PMID: 20970241 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Revised: 09/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/18/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
An oxidative stress (OS) state is characterized by the generation of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in a biological system above its capacity to counterbalance them [1]. Exposure to OS induces the accumulation of intracellular ROS, which in turn causes cell damage in the form of protein, lipid, and/or DNA oxidations. Such conditions are believed to be linked to numerous diseases or simply to the ageing of tissues. However, the controlled generation of ROS via photosensitizing drugs or photosensitizers (PS) is now widely used to treat various tumors and other infections [2,3]. Here we present a method to track the chemical changes in a cell after exposure to oxidative stress. OS is induced via fullerols, a custom made water soluble derivative of fullerene (C(60)), under visible light illumination. Synchrotron-based Fourier Transform InfraRed Microspectroscopy (S-FTIRM) was used to assess the chemical makeup of single cells after OS exposure. Consequently, a chemical fingerprint of oxidative stress was probed in this study through an increase in the bands linked with lipid peroxidation (carbonyl ester group at 1740 cm(-1)) and protein phosphorylation (asymmetric phosphate stretching at 1240 cm(-1)).
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vileno
- NN Group, Institute of Physics of Condensed Matter, School of Basic Sciences (Station 3), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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13
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Pierlot C, Barbillat J, Nardello-Rataj V, Mathieu D, Sergent M, Marko J, Aubry JM. Optimisation of the chemical generation of singlet oxygen (1O2, 1Δg) from the hydrogen peroxide–lanthanum(iii) catalytic system using an improved NIR spectrometer. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2009; 8:1024-31. [DOI: 10.1039/b902835h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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14
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Renirie R, Dewilde A, Pierlot C, Wever R, Hober D, Aubry JM. Bactericidal and virucidal activity of the alkalophilic P395D/L241V/T343A mutant of vanadium chloroperoxidase. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 105:264-70. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2008.03742.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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15
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Lebedeva IV, Washington I, Sarkar D, Clark JA, Fine RL, Dent P, Curiel DT, Turro NJ, Fisher PB. Strategy for reversing resistance to a single anticancer agent in human prostate and pancreatic carcinomas. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104:3484-9. [PMID: 17360670 PMCID: PMC1805584 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0700042104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective therapies for most solid cancers, especially those that have progressed to metastasis, remain elusive because of inherent and acquired resistance of tumor cells to conventional treatments. Additionally, the effective therapeutic window for many protocols can be very narrow, frequently resulting in toxicity. The present study explores an anticancer strategy that effectively eliminates resistant cancer cells without exerting deleterious effects on normal cells. This approach employs melanoma differentiation-induced gene-7/interleukin-24 (mda-7/IL-24), a cancer-specific, apoptosis-inducing cytokine, in combination with nontoxic doses of a chemical compound from the endoperoxide class that decomposes in water generating singlet oxygen. This combinatorial regimen specifically induced in vitro apoptosis in prostate carcinoma cells, with innate resistance to chemotherapy or engineered resistance to mda-7/IL-24, as well as pancreatic carcinoma cells inherently resistant to any treatment modality, including mda-7/IL-24. Apoptosis induction correlated with increased cellular reactive oxygen species production and was prevented by general antioxidants, such as N-acetyl-l-cysteine or Tiron. Induction of apoptosis in combination-treated cancer cells correlated with a reduction in the antiapoptotic protein BCL-x(L). In contrast, both normal prostate and pancreatic epithelial cells were unaffected by the single or combination treatment. These provocative findings suggest that this combinatorial strategy might provide a platform for developing effective treatments for therapy-resistant cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ilyas Washington
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
| | | | | | | | - Paul Dent
- Department of Biochemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298; and
| | - David T. Curiel
- Division of Human Gene Therapy, Departments of Medicine, Pathology, Surgery, and Obstetrics & Gynecology, and the Gene Therapy Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294
| | - Nicholas J. Turro
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
| | - Paul B. Fisher
- Departments of *Urology
- **Pathology, and
- Neurosurgery, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032
- To whom correspondence may be addressed. E-mail:
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16
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Günther S G, Lemp M E, Zanocco AL. Determination of chemical rate constants in singlet molecular oxygen reactions by using 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene endoperoxide. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1010-6030(02)00175-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Pierlot C, Nardello V, Schrive J, Mabille C, Barbillat J, Sombret B, Aubry JM. Calcium peroxide diperoxohydrate as a storable chemical generator of singlet oxygen for organic synthesis. J Org Chem 2002; 67:2418-23. [PMID: 11950282 DOI: 10.1021/jo010766x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Calcium peroxide diperoxohydrate (CaO(2).2H(2)O(2)) is an environmentally friendly generator of singlet oxygen ((1)O(2), (1)Delta(g)) that can be used in organic synthesis as an alternative to the regular photochemical method. This compound produces (1)O(2) in various solvents and can be easily recovered by filtration for further regeneration. Both monitoring of (1)O(2) luminescence at 1270 nm and specific trapping have shown that CaO(2).2H(2)O(2) can be stored for several days at -80 degrees C and that the yield of (1)O(2) is equal to 25%. Oxidation of typical organic substrates in methanol or THF through [4 + 2] or [2 + 2] cycloaddition and ene reaction have been carried out on a preparative scale with total conversion and selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christel Pierlot
- LCOM, Equipe "Oxydation et Formulation", ESA CNRS 8009, ENSCL, BP 108, F-59 652 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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18
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Agnez-Lima LF, Di Mascio P, Demple B, Menck CF. Singlet molecular oxygen triggers the soxRS regulon of Escherichia coli. Biol Chem 2001; 382:1071-5. [PMID: 11530938 DOI: 10.1515/bc.2001.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The electronically excited molecular oxygen (singlet oxygen, 1O2) can be detrimental to cells in several ways, although recent reports indicate that it may play a role as an intercellular signal in eukaryotes. Here we present evidence that 1O2, generated by thermodissociation of disodium 3,3'-(1,4-naphthylidene) diproprionate endoperoxide, activates transcription of genes of the soxRS regulon, and that this induction is paralleled by induction of a soxS'::lacZ operon fusion. The inductions were dependent on a functional soxR gene. These data imply that protective responses, such as induction of the soxRS regulon, may be triggered by diverse environmental oxidative stresses, and that 1O2 may also function as a signal molecule in prokaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Agnez-Lima
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Ravanat JL, Di Mascio P, Martinez GR, Medeiros MH, Cadet J. Singlet oxygen induces oxidation of cellular DNA. J Biol Chem 2000; 275:40601-4. [PMID: 11007783 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m006681200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to evaluate the potential for (1)O(2) to induce oxidation of cellular DNA. For this purpose cells were incubated in the presence of a water-soluble endoperoxide whose thermal decomposition leads to the formation of singlet oxygen. Thereafter, DNA was extracted and the level of several modified DNA bases was determined by HPLC analysis coupled to a tandem mass spectrometric detection. A significant increase in the level of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine was observed upon incubation of the cells with the chemical generator of (1)O(2), whereas the level of the other DNA bases measured remained unchanged. To demonstrate that singlet oxygen is directly involved in the formation of 8-oxo-7, 8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine, the corresponding (18)O-labeled endoperoxide was used. Incubation of the cells with such a generator of (18)O-labeled singlet oxygen results in the formation of (18)O-labeled 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine in the nuclear DNA. This result clearly demonstrates that singlet oxygen, when released within cells, is able to directly oxidize cellular DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Ravanat
- Laboratoire "Lésions des Acides Nucléiques" Service de Chimie Inorganique et Biologique, UMR CNRS 5046, Département de Recherche Fondamentale sur la Matière Condensée, CEA Grenoble, France
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20
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Pierlot C, Aubry JM, Briviba K, Sies H, Di Mascio P. Naphthalene endoperoxides as generators of singlet oxygen in biological media. Methods Enzymol 2000; 319:3-20. [PMID: 10907494 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)19003-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Pierlot
- Equipe de Recherche, Oxydation et Formulation, Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
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21
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Pellieux C, Dewilde A, Pierlot C, Aubry JM. Bactericidal and virucidal activities of singlet oxygen generated by thermolysis of naphthalene endoperoxides. Methods Enzymol 2000; 319:197-207. [PMID: 10907511 DOI: 10.1016/s0076-6879(00)19020-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C Pellieux
- Division of Hypertension, University of Lausanne Medical School, Switzerland
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22
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Abstract
This paper demonstrates that there are many examples in the literature of contradictory data concerning reactive oxygen intermediates (ROIs), responsible for producing cellular oxidative stress (OS), and their enhancement or diminution of viral replication. Nevertheless, ROIs repeatedly have been shown to be virucidal against enveloped-viruses, like the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) increases the production of ROIs throughout the body, leaving no safe harbor for the virus to hide outside the genome. This technique already has been tried on acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) patients, with exciting results. Historically, the biggest setback to demonstrating HBO's antiviral effects has been the investigator's folly of studying non-enveloped viruses or failing to initiate ROI production. ROIs specifically attack areas of unsaturation occurring in the polyunsaturated fatty acids of cell membranes and viral envelopes. Moreover, it consistently has been shown that a peroxidized viral envelope breaches, and a breached viral envelope causes viral disintegration.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Baugh
- BaroAntiviral, San Diego, California 92103, USA
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23
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Schweigert N, Acero JL, von Gunten U, Canonica S, Zehnder AJ, Eggen RI. DNA degradation by the mixture of copper and catechol is caused by DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complexes, probably DNA-Cu(I)OOH. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2000; 36:5-12. [PMID: 10918354 DOI: 10.1002/1098-2280(2000)36:1<5::aid-em2>3.0.co;2-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Free hydroxyl radicals (free (.)OH), singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), or (. )OH produced by DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complexes are possible DNA-damaging reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the reaction system containing copper, catechol, and DNA. para-Chlorobenzoic acid (pCBA) degradation studies revealed that CuCl(2) mixed with catechol produced free (.)OH. In the presence of DNA, however, inhibition of the pCBA degradation suggested that another ROS is responsible for the DNA degradation. Of a series of ROS scavengers investigated, only KI, NaN(3), and Na-formate-all of the salts tested-strongly inhibited the DNA degradation, suggesting that the ionic strength rather than the reactivity of the individual scavengers could be responsible for the observed inhibition. The ionic strength effect was confirmed by increasing the concentration of phosphate buffer, which is a poor (.)OH scavenger, and was interpreted as the result of destabilization of DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complexes. Piperidine-labile site patterns in DNA degraded by copper and catechol showed that the mixture of Cu(II) and catechol degrades DNA via the intermediate formation of a DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complex. Replacement of guanine by 7-deazaguanine did not retard the DNA degradation, suggesting that the DNA-copper-hydroperoxo complexes do not bind to the guanine N-7 as proposed in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Schweigert
- Swiss Federal Institute for Environmental Science and Technology (EAWAG), Dübendorf, Switzerland
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24
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Schagen FH, Moor AC, Cheong SC, Cramer SJ, van Ormondt H, van der Eb AJ, Dubbelman TM, Hoeben RC. Photodynamic treatment of adenoviral vectors with visible light: an easy and convenient method for viral inactivation. Gene Ther 1999; 6:873-81. [PMID: 10505113 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gt.3300897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant adenovirus vectors are popular tools for gene transfer and gene therapy. However biosafety constraints require that all handling of the vectors and vector-containing samples is restricted to dedicated containment laboratories, unless they had undergone a validated virus-inactivation procedure, which decontaminates the samples from any active virus. In this study we evaluated the feasibility of photodynamic treatment (PDT) with visible light to inactivate recombinant adenovirus vectors in biological samples, with minimum associated effects on other biological activities. Several photosensitizers were tested for their capacity to inactivate a model human adenovirus vector, AdCMVLuc, upon illumination. Four photosensitizers (methylene blue (MB), rose bengal (RB), uroporphyrin (UP) and aluminum phthalocynine tetrasulphonate (AIPcS4)) could inactivate the adenovirus, as measured by expression of the luciferase reporter gene and by plaque assay. Of these, MB demonstrated to be the most effective sensitizer in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), giving > 7 log10 inactivation of the adenovirus. DNA isolated from MB- and light-treated virions was inefficient as a template for transcription. Furthermore, Southern blot analysis revealed fragmentation of the viral DNA. Based on its preference for DNA, MB is suited for adenovirus inactivation in blood plasma. Spiking experiments in which AdCMVLuc was added to plasma samples demonstrated a reduction (> 4 log10-fold) of reporter gene expression to almost background levels. In contrast to MB, photodynamic treatment with RB, UP or AIPcS4 did not lead to DNA damage. Although alterations of the viral capsid could not be detected, the binding pattern of the particles to target cells was significantly changed. Taken together, our data demonstrate that PDT is an efficient, convenient and useful method for the inactivation of adenovirus vectors in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- F H Schagen
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands
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25
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Abstract
The presence of intervening sequences or introns in eukaryotic genes has been known for more than 20 years, and the mechanisms underlying RNA splicing have been studied in depth both genetically and biochemically. In recent years, however, an increasing number of bacterial genes have been introduced into higher eukaryotes as important tools for genetic studies. Their gene products are frequently used as an indirect measure for cell type-specific promoter activity, as, for example, in the case of chloramphenicol acetyl transferase (CAT assay) or beta-galactosidase. Here we show that RNA splicing of two prokaryotic genes encoding site-specific DNA recombinases occurs in eukaryotic cells. In one case, splicing is only observed after treatment of cells with the cytokine alpha interferon. We further demonstrate that mutating an intragenic donor splice site in a bacterial gene apparently activates a second, alternative splicing pathway. In conjunction with previous reports, our findings should also be regarded as a warning that splicing of bacterial genes in higher eukaryotes is a more common phenomenon than presently recognized, which may be difficult to overcome and may cause problems in the interpretation of experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lorbach
- Institute of Genetics, University of Cologne, Germany
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26
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Abstract
The development of new virus inactivation procedures has become an area of growing interest mainly due to increased demands concerning the safety of biological products. Photochemical processes represent the most promising methods for the future to inactivate viruses. In these methods, dyes are the most widely used photosensitising reagents. The current article covers a new interesting alternative, namely the use of buckminsterfullerene (C60). The unique properties of this molecule make it a valid candidate for future applications in the inactivation of viruses in biological fluids. Copyright 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Käsermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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27
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Käsermann F, Kempf C. Inactivation of enveloped viruses by singlet oxygen thermally generated from a polymeric naphthalene derivative. Antiviral Res 1998; 38:55-62. [PMID: 9614004 DOI: 10.1016/s0166-3542(98)00007-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Inactivation of viruses can be induced by singlet oxygen generating agents. The water-insoluble polymeric compound PVNE (poly (1,4-dimethyl-6-vinylnaphthalene-1,4-endoperoxide)) is used as a storage for reactive oxygen and is able to produce thermally generated 1O2 in a dark-reaction. Enveloped viruses from two different families, Semliki Forest virus (SFV, Togaviridae) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV, Rhabdoviridae) showed a loss of infectivity of up to 8 log10/ml (TCID50) when incubated at 37 degrees C with PVNE in buffered solutions. PVNE produces singlet oxygen by thermal decomposition without irradiation. Such chemically generated oxygen excludes reactions involving radicals (type I photoreactions), a problem often encountered in photodynamic processes utilizing dyes as sensitizers. In addition, the water insolubility of the oxygen-carrier allows an easy removal and recycling from aqueous solutions. Therefore, it may prove useful in the inactivation of viruses in biological systems and may be a helpful tool in studies concerning the inactivation mechanism by 1O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Käsermann
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Switzerland
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28
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Herrlich P, Blattner C, Knebel A, Bender K, Rahmsdorf HJ. Nuclear and non-nuclear targets of genotoxic agents in the induction of gene expression. Shared principles in yeast, rodents, man and plants. Biol Chem 1997; 378:1217-29. [PMID: 9426181 DOI: 10.1515/bchm.1997.378.11.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interplay between environmental cues and the genetic response is decisive for the development, health and well-being of an organism. For some environmental factors a narrow margin separates beneficial and toxic impacts. With the increasing exposure to UV-B this dichotomy has reached public attention. This review will be concerned with the mechanisms that mediate a cellular genetic response to noxious agents. The toxic stimuli find access to the regulatory network inside cells by interacting at several points with cellular molecules - a process that converts the 'outside information' into 'cellular language'. As a consequence of such interactions, many adverse agents cause massive signal transduction and changes of gene expression. There is an interesting conservation of the mechanisms from yeast to man. An understanding of the genetic programs and of their phenotypic consequences is lagging behind.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Herrlich
- Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe, Institut für Genetik and Universität Karlsruhe, Germany
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